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History of Science and Technology
Number of Followers: 5  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 2415-7422 - ISSN (Online) 2415-7430 Published by State University of Infrastructure and Technologies  [1 journal]
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- Organic photovoltaics: A journey through time, advancements, and future
opportunities
Authors: Gennadiy Bulavko
Pages: 10 - 32
Abstract: This comprehensive study explores the realm of organic photovoltaics, a pivotal green energy technology, tracing its journey from early theoretical concepts to its current status as a promising avenue for sustainable energy production. The research meticulously examines the series of developmental milestones in the conversion of solar energy into electrical power, with a specialized focus on the evolution, technological advancements, and the inherent challenges faced by organic solar cells. Delving into the foundational aspects of organic photovoltaics, this paper reviews the initial discovery and subsequent enhancements in material science that have significantly influenced the efficiency and practicality of organic solar cells. It provides a detailed analysis of the various organic materials used over the years, including small molecules and polymers, discussing their light-absorbing capabilities, charge transport properties, and the innovative engineering behind the architectures of organic photovoltaic devices. A substantial portion of the study is dedicated to highlighting the unique advantages of organic photovoltaics, such as their lightweight nature, flexibility, and potential for low-cost production through roll-to-roll processes. These benefits are juxtaposed with the current limitations of organic photovoltaic technology, including comparatively lower efficiency and lifespan issues, to present a balanced perspective on the current state of organic photovoltaic development. Furthermore, the paper explores the environmental impact of organic solar cells, emphasizing their role in reducing carbon footprint and dependency on fossil fuels. It assesses the lifecycle analyses of organic photovoltaics, from manufacturing to disposal, to underscore their potential as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional photovoltaic technologies. In addressing the future prospects of organic photovoltaics, the research outlines the ongoing efforts in material innovation, device engineering, and scalability challenges. It discusses the role of interdisciplinary collaboration in overcoming the technical hurdles and enhancing the commercial viability of organic photovoltaics. The potential for integration of organic photovoltaics s into the urban landscape, wearable technology, and portable power sources is also explored, highlighting the versatile applications of organic solar cells in meeting the diverse energy needs of the modern world. In conclusion, this paper not only provides a thorough historical overview and current state analysis of organic photovoltaics but also forecasts the exciting advancements on the horizon. By identifying the critical factors for the success of organic photovoltaics and proposing strategic directions for future research, this study contributes valuable insights into the ongoing quest for renewable energy solutions. It calls for increased investment and research focus on organic photovoltaics as a key player in the global transition towards a sustainable and energy-efficient future.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-10-32
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- The epistemological impact of Augustin-Jean Fresnel and his wave theory of
light in the 19th century
Authors: Igor Garcia-Atutxa, Ekaitz Dudagoitia Barrio, Francisca Villanueva-Flores
Pages: 33 - 45
Abstract: Skepticism and critical inquiry play crucial roles in the scientific process, acting as safeguards against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted solely based on authority endorsement. This study thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. Supported by precise measurements and the "Fresnel integrals," Fresnel earned the Paris Academy of Sciences Prize in 1819. Despite staunch opposition from corpuscular theory proponents, his theory's validity was confirmed with Poisson's point paradox, where light waves from two sources interfere to create a bright spot in the center of a shadow, providing compelling evidence for the wave nature of light. This successful resolution of the paradox confirmed the validity of Fresnel's wave theory and contributed significantly to the acceptance of wave optics over the corpuscular theory. This conflict transcended a mere clash of explanatory models in the physics of light, prompting reflections on the nature of light, reality, and epistemological issues. Examining how Fresnel overcame challenges offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, emphasizing the importance of avoiding theory acceptance based solely on authority and focusing on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. The case of Fresnel serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding complex scientific evolution. Analyzing how Fresnel navigated challenges and opposition provides valuable insights into the development of scientific knowledge, emphasizing the intricate nature of scientific progress characterized by debates and efforts to gain acceptance. This study on Fresnel's groundbreaking wave theory of light not only illuminates the historical clash between competing scientific paradigms but also aims to contribute to modern science by emphasizing the enduring significance of empirical evidence and theoretical coherence in knowledge construction. Through an insightful exploration of Fresnel's triumph over challenges, we anticipate offering valuable insights that resonate with contemporary scientific methodologies, fostering a deeper understanding of the dynamic evolution of scientific thought.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-33-45
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- National, cultural, educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian
student societies in Eastern Galicia (from the late nineteenth century to
1939) through the prism of cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi
Authors: Iryna Humenna
Pages: 46 - 63
Abstract: In the latter half of the 19th century, students of Eastern Galicia, who were destined to become scientists, engineers and cultural figures, had joined together in societies to advocate for their right to receive education in their native language. Additionally, they endeavored to advance the concept of developing a distinct «national science». The aim of the study is to analyze a new stage of nationally oriented, cultural, educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia from the late 19th century to 1939 which began due to active cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi. The author has used chronological, historical-comparative, retrospective, and interdisciplinary methods, including the structural method, to analyze historical evidence. The specificity of functioning of Ukrainian student societies in difficult and unfavorable conditions has investigated and has proved that the dominant direction of their activity was consolidation of society and realization of national and cultural aspirations of the Ukrainian people, catalyzing processes in the educational and scientific sphere through active interaction with A. Sheptytskyi. In the time period covered by this study, students collaborated with parties of various persuasions, took part in the fighting of the First World War and fought for the establishment of the Ukrainian University as a center of higher education and a Ukrainian scientific school. In the absence of opportunities and their own scientific institutions, student societies carried out their applied, fundamental, search and methodological research during participation in summer schools, applying their results in the publication of student periodicals, speeches at student congresses and studios, which were mostly organized and supported by intellectuals, including A. Sheptytskyi. To achieve this goal, Ukrainian student societies used a range of methods, from writing research papers and proclamations to boycotts. And the vision of the idea of state-building united Ukrainian students with well-known public and spiritual figures, scholars and artists of Eastern Galicia.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-46-63
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- History of problem-solving teaching and learning evolution
Authors: Liudmyla Holubnycha, Olena Kuznetsova, Dina Demchenko
Pages: 64 - 84
Abstract: The article focuses on the development of the problem-solving method in the history of Pedagogy both in theory and practice. The manuscript purpose is to characterize the history of problem-solving teaching and learning ideas development and instigate and inform their progress and implementation in higher education teaching practice in the second half of the 20th century. The methods used during the research were 1) methods of the theoretical level (analysis, synthesis, generalization) for clarifying the definition of the notion, singling out the shifts in the underlying ideas of the problem-solving method throughout human history, specifying the application of the problem-solving teaching method at universities in the second half of the previous century; 2) methods of historical research (historiographical, chronological, logical-historical, historical-typological) for characterizing the development of problem-solving teaching ideas in historical aspect, and determining their essential manifestations. The research results have revealed that problem-solving teaching and learning is perceived as the process of solving cognitive and practical problems by students stimulating their creative and mental activity and promoting their active participation in learning. The problem-solving teaching method that originated in ancient Greece was based on the ideas of famous historical figures and pedagogical practice of progressive educators and has made a long way in its advancement. The paper novelty lies in presenting the generalization of the problem-solving teaching and learning ideas historic evolution in education, in determining the problem-solving method ideas development stages based on the key elements of the given method, covering the structure of thought processes, stages of cognitive development, the significance of the problem situation in thinking and learning, the impact of problem-solving on one’s intellectual potential, in tracing the problem-solving method use in higher education in the second part of the last century. The great potential of problem-solving teaching method was extensively exploited in higher education training practice. Problem-solving teaching and learning ideas and accumulated pedagogically valuable experience of their implementation in higher education provide a valuable theoretical framework and teaching means for future specialists’ intellectual and professional competence ensuring and raising higher education quality.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-64-84
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- Development of natural knowledge as a basis for the organization of
agricultural research in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine (1st quarter of
the 20th century)
Authors: Victor Verhunov, Nataliia Shchebetiuk
Pages: 85 - 102
Abstract: The use of innovations and information technology approaches in the agricultural sphere of Ukraine under conditions of global influence has been based on the results of multifaceted long-term research. Our goal was to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of Ukrainian natural science knowledge in historical retrospect using problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods. The analysis of the development of agricultural zoning of the territory of Ukraine has been justified by its theoretical and methodological content, which has served as the scientific basis for the organization and formation of agricultural science and research in the first decades of the 20th century. Attention has been focused on the need for an in-depth study of the peculiarities of different territorial parts of the Russian Empire of the country in connection with the problem of geographical division and the growing demands of economic development. The first developments of geographers and soil scientists regarding the division and mapping of the soil cover of Ukraine on maps have been disclosed, among which is the work of V. V. Dokuchaev, as the author of the mapping technique and theoretical justification of the phenomenon of natural zoning. The work of his follower G. I. Tanfilieva became one of the first attempts at a comprehensive characterization of Ukrainian lands, taking into account zonal and provincial differences. The works of P. A. Tutkovskyi, K. G. Vobloh and other scientists, developers of agro-soil, agro-climatic, geobotanical, geomorphological and physical-geographical zoning of the territory of Ukraine. Based on the gathered sources, data regarding the attempt to establish an agricultural experimentation structure during the first quarter of the 20th century in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, according to the regional principle, are provided. This initiative involved the operation of two regional agricultural research structures in slightly different areas of the Forest-Steppe. In the right-bank part, agricultural experimentation was carried out by the Kyiv Agricultural Research Station with a number of district institutions, while the left-bank part was served by the Kharkiv Agricultural Research Station, district and specialized research institutions. Accumulated in the first decades of the 20th century natural science experience contributed to the development of theoretical and methodological tools for the further development of agricultural science and research in Ukraine.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-85-102
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- The national and ecumenical career of the eminent Greek agriculturist
Ioannis Papadakis
Authors: Pantelis Zoiopoulos
Pages: 103 - 125
Abstract: This article reviews in depth life, works and spirit of the eminent Greek agriculturist Ioannis Papadakis. Primarily, it shows the way Papadakis, working mainly as a plant breeder from 1923, tackled the major problem of Greek agricultural history, namely the accomplishment of Greece’s wheat self-sufficiency, by inventing new, high-yielding, varieties of great adaptability to the adverse soil and climatic conditions of the country. The solution to this problem is regarded as an outstanding achievement of agricultural research and policy in Greece. However, today, judging in the comfort of time-distance from the events of the Mid-war period and in an effort to interpret the outcome of this exercise and its implications on the development of Greece’s agricultural economy, one could say that the pursued single-cultivation of wheat with a simultaneous decrease in the area devoted to growing of certain crops destined for forage or other animal feed resources, this had a negative effect as regards the imbalanced evolution of the various branches of agricultural production in favor of wheat. Therefore, this partial approach brought about a dramatic delay in the development of the animal production sector, contributing to the huge exchange deficit for importing animal products in contemporary Greece. Nevertheless, Ioannis Papadakis had received the mandate by the Hellenic State for achieving the country’s wheat self-sufficiency and in this respect was successful and worked for it impeccably. Furthermore, in 1947, after having been invited by Argentina to construct its ecological map, he emigrated permanently to that country. Papadakis had published (1938) in French the first of its kind book worldwide “Agricultural Ecology”. He was also invited to write the entry “Soils” in Encyclopaedia Britannica. He worked for Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and studied agricultural questions in South America, West Africa, South-East Asia and elsewhere. He wrote research and review papers on several aspects of agriculture, including field crops, plant breeding, biometry, soil science, agricultural ecology as well as rural economy and policy. This article concludes with some of Papadakis’ thoughts, stemming from his own wisdom of experience, accumulated from his long service in Greece, Argentina and elsewhere in the world.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-103-125
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- Solutions for urban sanitation: A case study of Imhoff tank technology in
Bandung, Dutch East Indies (1917‒1938)
Authors: Iwan Hermawan, Hary Ganjar Budiman, Octaviadi Abrianto
Pages: 126 - 151
Abstract: This research investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. We focus on Bandung, one of the most important cities in the Dutch East Indies, which transformed into a modern residential area, economic center, and seat of government. This research combines primary data from written sources and field observations using historical-archaeological methods. The written sources include official reports from the Public Works Department, Civil Health Department, Bandung City Council, old maps, sewer network designs, environmental engineering journals, and newspapers published from 1909 to 1941. Using the techno-environmental approach introduced by Martin V. Melosi, this study considers urban technology as a strategic response by decision-makers to address the challenges faced by developing cities in the early 20th century. The study reveals that Bandung City faced environmental problems, such as the natives' habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, spreading diseases, and potentially polluting river water. These problems arose due to the lack of sanitation facilities and the densely populated settlements, especially in the native and Chinese residential areas. To address these challenges, policymakers, environmental engineers, and researchers initiated the design and implementation of sewers, public toilets, and wastewater treatment plants in 1917. The Municipality integrated sewers with the Imhoff Tank sewage treatment technology developed by researchers and engineers from 1932 to 1938 to introduce circular sewage treatment. Imhoff Tanks was a significant technological innovation in the Dutch East Indies. In the early 20th century, only a handful of cities in the Dutch East Indies, including Bandung, Medan, and Yogyakarta, had integrated sewer networks. Among the cities that did have sewer networks, Bandung pioneered the implementation of the Imhoff Tank. As a result, it emerged as an important laboratory and development center for Bandung and the entire Dutch East Indies. The Imhoff Tank treatment process, which produces clean water, fertilizer, and methane gas that can be used as vehicle fuel, was part of a proactive strategy pioneered by policymakers in Bandung in the early 20th century, reflecting their vision to create a healthy and sustainable city.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-126-151
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- The history of the development of 3D printing technologies and their use
in world artistic ceramics
Authors: Volodymyr Khyzhynskyi, Mykola Lampeka, Valerii Strilets
Pages: 152 - 183
Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence and development of additive technologies in world artistic ceramics. The article analyzes information on the history of the emergence of additive technologies. The principle of operation of 3D printing equipment, features of its use, the most common areas of use and materials used in 3D printing have been considered. An analysis of the specifics of the technical characteristics of 3D printers and technologies for 3D printing with ceramic masses has been shown that the use of ceramic materials as raw materials for 3D printing is a progressive trend due to the emergence of the possibility of forming ceramic objects and products that are practically indestructible reproduction and replication using traditional methods. In this article, the authors have been analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of manufacturing ceramic products by 3D printing. It has been established that the main difference between the production of three-dimensional plastic or metal elements and ceramic elements is the main feature of the ceramic manufacturing technology, namely that the printout is not a ceramic product before firing in the oven, that is, without firing, it is simply an element printed from clay materials (that is, such a printout before firing is called the "green part" – an unprocessed element). Currently, there are no 3D printers that can immediately produce ready-made ceramic products, all elements printed from ceramic materials require drying and firing. But, despite this nuance, printers that print with clay materials are called ceramic 3D printers. As 3D printing can accurately realize the creative thinking of artists and designers, 3D printing technology is increasingly used in the creation of ceramic products and contemporary ceramic works. The authors of the article emphasize that three-dimensional printing with clay provides ceramists with completely new opportunities for creating ceramic products with a complex configuration, texture, etc. Ceramic artists from all over the world are already actively using this technology in their work. Therefore, part of the study is devoted to examples of the use of 3D printing technology in world artistic ceramics, as well as to the description and analysis of the most interesting achievements in this direction of creativity, according to the authors.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-152-183
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- Carved support beams of the Hetmanate
Authors: Anatolii Shcherban, Nadiia Babkova
Pages: 184 - 212
Abstract: The article examines the carved support beams from the apartments of representatives of the families of the Cossack elders and the Orthodox clergy of the Hetmanate from the last quarter of the 17th till the end of 18th centuries. The creation of multi-ornamented support beams was a kind of confirmation of the social status of the owners of the houses and their artistic preferences, and an expression of the skill level of the master carvers of that time. The aim of the study is to analyze all the support beams of representatives of the Cossack elders and clergy of the 17th and 18th centuries known today and to achieve general undertanding regarding the specifics of these monuments of the material culture of the Hetmanate. For the first time in historiography, on the basis of information about the support beams preserved in museum collections and highlighted in scientific publications, a comprehensive general analysis of these monuments as a phenomenon of material culture was carried out. As a result of the analysis of information about 22 carved support beams of the 17th-18th centuries from the territory of the Hetmanate, it was concluded that the common features of these monuments are the presence (with some exceptions) of straight Orthodox crosses and inscriptions in the Church Slavonic language in the centers of the artefacts. In the ornamentation of the support beams, features characteristic of the late baroque and classicism can be traced. At the same time, both simpler and more richly decorated artefacts exist. The second group includes support beams from the houses of individual representatives of the Cossack elders. Each support beam was a visual manifestation of the owner's wealth and social status, and of their artistic preferences against the background of generally accepted cultural canons. At the same time, carved support beams are examples of the skill of Ukrainian master carvers of the early modern era, which need to be preserved for future generations. In general, the images on these products are permeated with Christian symbolism, although they also contain some symbols that occur in pagan sign systems.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-184-212
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- Prussian blue pigment: Bridging the historical palette to modern
innovations
Authors: Manager Rajdeo Singh, Anjali Sharma
Pages: 213 - 235
Abstract: This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted realm of Prussian Blue, a pigment with a rich history and varied applications tracing its origins, artistic applications, and chemical properties. Beginning with its origins as a laboratory creation, the paper traces its evolution into a revered pigment in the artistic world. The review explores the electronic transitions responsible for Prussian Blue's deep blue hue, shedding light on the intricate chemistry behind its vivid coloration. Additionally, the pivotal role of iron ions in determining the pigment's properties is examined in detail, highlighting the importance of precise composition in achieving desired color characteristics. Challenges in the reintegration of Prussian Blue into conservation and restoration projects are also explored, emphasizing the importance of careful preservation techniques to maintain the pigment's integrity and vibrancy. The review discusses the pigment's lightfastness and stability, addressing common issues such as fading and discoloration over time. A notable phenomenon of bronzing particularly associated with Chinese Blue has been characterized by the appearance of yellow or brown hues on the surface of the pigment, that has puzzled artists and conservators for centuries. The review delves into the underlying causes of bronzing, examining factors such as environmental conditions, pigment composition, and application techniques. The review explores the pigment's interactions with other blues and whites, offering insights into the spectrum of shades achievable through careful color mixing and layering techniques. The paper revisits the perennial debate surrounding the permanence of Prussian Blue. While some argue for its enduring stability and longevity, others point to instances of fading and discoloration observed in historical artworks. The manuscript navigates these conflicting perspectives, providing an understanding of Prussian Blue's permanence in different contexts. Prussian Blue stands as a testament to the symbiotic relationship between science and art, where its molecular structure and vibrant shades continue to inspire both chemists in laboratories and artists in studios. The Prussian Blue emerges as a captivating convergence of art and chemistry that has left an indelible mark on laboratory benches and artists' canvases. The unique interplay of ferric and ferrous ions, not only renders a deep blue color but also makes it sensitive to the variation of its environment. The interplay of its refractive index, bronzing tendencies, and tinting strength shapes its artistic applications, influencing the vibrant hues it contributes to diverse palettes. The permanence paradox surrounding Prussian Blue underscores the importance of precision in its preparation. As artists mix and blend, the pigment unveils its versatility, playing a pivotal role in color harmonies and shade variations. Beyond its role in art, Prussian Blue finds diverse applications in medicinal and industrial contexts. From its use as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning to its incorporation into high-performance materials such as batteries and sensors, Prussian Blue continues to demonstrate its versatility and utility in modern society. The review highlights these varied applications, showcasing Prussian Blue's enduring relevance and evolution beyond its historical roots.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-213-235
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- Bukovyna as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and its socio-economic
development on the eve of rail way construction
Authors: Oleh Strelko, Yuliia Berdnychenko
Pages: 236 - 253
Abstract: This article examines how the socio-economic conditions in Bukovyna influenced the formation and development of the railway network in the region. It explores whether these processes aligned with the global trends of the time. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, memoirs, and archival materials, it was found that the topic of the formation and functioning of the railway network in Bukovyna had not been systematically studied. It was revealed that the Austrian authorities, by turning Bukovyna into an internal colony of the Habsburg Empire, kept the region in the position of a raw material appendage and a market for the industry of the empire's central provinces. The tariff, customs, credit, and tax systems introduced by the imperial government supported this process, acting in the interests of Austro-Hungarian capital. The development of the railway network was aimed at ensuring the economic interests of the empire, which affected the socio-economic development of Bukovyna. In particular, the construction of railways improved the transport infrastructure, leading to increased trade and higher volumes of raw material and goods transportation. However, this development had a dual nature. On one hand, it promoted economic growth and modernization of the region, but on the other hand, it intensified Bukovyna's dependence on the central provinces of the empire, limiting its economic autonomy and the development of local industry. The article also analyzes the impact of railway construction on the social aspects of life in Bukovyna. The railway became an important factor in migration, contributing to urbanization and the growth of the working class. However, at the same time, social tensions increased due to the unequal distribution of economic benefits and the intensification of local population exploitation. The conclusions of the article emphasize the need for further research to fully understand the impact of railway development on Bukovyna in the context of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and to compare these processes with similar developments in other parts of the world.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-236-253
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- History of the development of theater architecture: (5th century BC –
beginning of the 20th century)
Authors: Yevhen Latsik, Mariya Markovych, Nataliya Hryhoruk, Mykola Bazhanov, Zoya Matsyshina
Pages: 254 - 283
Abstract: The article analyzes the stages of formation and development of theater architecture (from antiquity to 1900) in accordance with the evolution of culture, historical, social and economic development of human society. A description of the technologies of the theater building of different eras, its design and construction norms are presented. The authors made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The impact of the development of architectural styles in the construction of theaters of different eras on cultural heritage is also considered. The authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive coverage of the importance of considering the architectural features of theater buildings as part of the cultural heritage of various peoples and eras. For this purpose, the authors reviewed architectural masterpieces that have become symbols of their cities or countries. The authors separately considered the issue of technical progress in the construction of theaters at different times. This part of the article is devoted to explaining the technological innovations that influenced theater architecture, such as improved acoustics, lighting, and construction methods. Also, the authors of the article reviewed modern trends in the use of materials and energy-efficient solutions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings. The authors of the article attempted to determine the influence of theater architecture on modern architecture and society. In particular, an overview of the influence of the heritage of outstanding architects of theater buildings and their contribution to the development of architecture in general is made. The article shows that the expansion of the typological structure of the architecture of various theaters created the prerequisites for a variety of compositional schemes and a fundamentally different presentation of architectural tasks. Different city-building conditions, typological foundations and individual characteristics of the theater led to the appearance of new buildings that contrast in their structure, style and means of artistic expression. Historical experience shows that theater architecture is as inexhaustible as theater art, as inexhaustible and complex multi-meaning concept of theater.
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-254-283
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
- Whether the biosphere will turn into the noosphere' Review of the
monograph: L. A. Griffen. The last stage of the biosphere evolution:
monograph. Kyiv: Talkom, 2024. 200 p. ISBN 978-617-8352-32-5
Authors: Oleh Pylypchuk
Pages: 284 - 291
Abstract: The biosphere is usually thought of as the shell of our planet, formed by living matter, literally as a certain "sphere of life." However, for V. I. Vernadsky, who developed the doctrine of the biosphere, it was a geological phenomenon, the part of the earth's crust, that was suitable for the existence of life. He was talking about a certain structure originally formed not by living but by inert matter. Life appeared millions of years later, also thanks to the biosphere. The biosphere not only created the conditions for the existence of life, it gave rise to life itself. The latter arose due to the interaction of planetary and cosmic factors, in particular, the inert matter of the earth's crust and solar energy. And then life in the biosphere developed owing to all the same factors – the material of the inert matter of the biosphere and the energy of the sun's ray, also causing the evolution of the biosphere itself. Living organisms function as active agents that cause and determine the direction of the biosphere evolution. Using its inert matter for their own construction, they thereby change the character of the biosphere. The biomass of living organisms gradually increased due to the transition of atoms of inert matter into living matter. But the life of every living organism is limited in time, and after its end, the substance that made it up completely turned back into the biosphere for further use. This, in Vernadsky's words, "current of atoms" between living and inert matter under the influence of solar energy was the main reason for the evolution of the biosphere. But as a conclusion of his doctrine of the biosphere, Vernadsky suggested that with the appearance of mankind on the planet, a new factor in the evolution of the biosphere arises – mind ("scientific thought"), which accelerates and qualitatively changes the evolutionary processes in the biosphere, gradually turning it into the "sphere of mind" – the noosphere. This assumption of the scientist caused a significant resonance in the scientific and semi-scientific community. Especially recently, there have been a lot of materials devoted to this issue and at the same time to another such "sphere" – the technosphere. But despite the abundance of relevant publications, there are still no defined ideas about these phenomena. Different opinions are expressed, but attempts to generalize and analyze them with consideration of the issue on solid scientific grounds, are hardly ever made. One of such attempts is the peer-reviewed monograph in which the author sought to consider this issue in connection with the peculiarities of society as a kind of biological superorganism on the basis of its scientific and technological progress, which largely determines the interaction of living and inert matter in the biosphere today. Having considered the main provisions of V. I. Vernadsky's concept, as well as a number of current publications on the noosphere and technosphere, the author comes to the conclusion that many of those who seem to consider themselves followers of Vernadsky, have actually departed far from his views. The main content of publications about the noosphere is actually reduced to considering it not as a material phenomenon, but as a kind of "emanation of the mind" that creates this very noosphere. This causes a certain euphoria in these authors in anticipation of the beneficial moral and ethical consequences of its functioning. As for the technosphere, even its composition is not really defined, but despite the recognition of its usefulness, many of the publications are downright imbued with technophobia. As a result, the author considered it necessary to study the current evolution of the biosphere on the basis of its history and to see how society as an active biological organism differs from the previous ones, and what impact these differences have on modern processes in the biosphere. In this regard, he consistently considers the emergence and development of living organisms in the biosphere, their evolution, as a result of which the processes of interaction between living and inert matter change. With the enormous variety of their forms arising as a result of the development of living matter, the main direction of evolution associated with the complication of the structures of living organisms can be clearly traced in this development. From the very beginning, they were separate autotrophic and heterotrophic types of cells. Their interaction with each other led to the formation of colonies of such cells, and then to the formation of an integral multicellular organism with the division of functions first between its constituent cells, and then between the organs. This division was caused by the need to improve the adaptation of a living organism to the environment in which it exists. Its main task is to resist entropy more and more successfully, as all material objects – with the destruction of their structures and the degradation of energy – are susceptible to the growth of entropy in our world. The development of living organisms, on the contrary, presupposes a decrease in their entropy, which can be achieved only by removing its material carrier into the environment and consuming objects with negative entropy from it. According to E. Schrödinger, a living organism remains alive only as long as it receives negative entropy from the environment. And this means the need for a constant material exchange of a living organism with the environment. The very need determines the main direction of the evolution of living organisms. For this purpose, they become more complex, including the formation of their o...
PubDate: 2024-06-30
DOI: 10.32703/2415-7422-2024-14-1-284-291
Issue No: Vol. 14, No. 1 (2024)
