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Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 2346-5611
Published by U of Tartu

[13 journals]

Saateks
- Authors: Lea Leppik
  Pages: 5 - 8
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22051
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
"Kõik Suures Keemias peituvad võimalused polnud kaugeltki kasutatud..."
Rahvamajanduse kemiseerimisest DDT keelustamiseni
- Authors: Ken Kalling
  Pages: 9 - 31
  Abstract: In 1958 and 1963 the Communist Party of the USSR launched two
  campaigns that aimed to improve the Soviet chemical industry. Particularly there was an ambition to increase the production of chemicals meant for agriculture (fertilizers, pesticides). Being typical
  Soviet campaigns, they involved a great deal of propaganda, but they
  also engaged academic institutions. At this point it has to be admitted that the chemistry department at the University of Tartu was
  linked with this to a rather modest degree. In Estonia it was the
  Tallinn Polytechnical Institute and the institutes of the Academy of
  Sciences which were mainly involved in carrying out the tasks of the
  campaign.
  An important aspect of the campaign was that the state acknowledged the threats the chemical industry and the use of chemicals in agriculture could inflict on the environment. As a result
  two parallel developments can be witnessed in Estonia in the 1960s:
  on the one hand, an increase in the use of pesticides; on the other,
  growing concern about chemical pollution in the water, air and soil.
  The state launched environmental programs, which among others
  included limitations on the use of DDT. In Estonia the peak use of
  this insecticide was in 1965. From 1968 on, the same year that Rachel
  Carson’s Silent Spring appeared in Estonian, the large-scale utilization of DDT basically ended in Estonia.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22052
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Tullio Ilometsa tegevuse jälg Tartu Ülikoolis
- Authors: Jaak Järv, Gerda-Johanna Raidaru
  Pages: 32 - 41
  Abstract: Tullio Ilomets was a legendary person in the recent history of the
  University of Tartu. He participated in the reconstruction of chemistry education and in establishing contemporary organic synthesis at
  the post-war University. Initially Ilomets studied hydrocarbons with
  triple bonds. Among many useful applications, these compounds were
  later used as building blocks for the synthesis of plant protection
  chemicals, known as pheromones. Later he became interested in the
  analysis of complex mixtures of organic compounds of biological origin, including snake venoms, different types of medicinal mud samples, glycosides of plant extracts and complex mixtures of fermentation products, which can be considered precursors of contemporary
  dietary supplements.
  Ilomets was very deeply interested in the history of science, and
  he established the excellent collection of scientific instruments exhibited at the University of Tartu Museum. Besides this academic interest in history, he actively participated in practical heritage conservation activities, for example, by studying the chemical composition
  of building materials needed for the restoration of St. John’s Church
  in Tartu.
  Ilomets had a great influence on students, increasing their professional skills, but more importantly, he had a strong impact on their
  intellectual development. This kind of mentorship shaped the minds
  of many generations of students and affected the entire community
  of Estonian chemists.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22053
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Tullio Ilomets ja Akadeemilise Muinsuskaitse Seltsi vilistlasklubi
- Authors: Matti Laan
  Pages: 42 - 58
  Abstract: An important part of Tullio Ilomets’ comprehensive activities was
  the collection, preservation and systematisation of the heritage of the
  University of Tartu. The information communicated here is based on
  previously published articles, archival documents and my personal
  memory.
  Already six decades ago, Tullio Ilomets, together with like-minded
  people, began collecting items that were interesting and important
  from a scientific and historical point of view. It was Tullio’s persistence that led Rector Fjodor Klement to allocate rooms in the main
  building of the university for the storage of artifacts. In 1976, Rector
  Arnold Koop signed the decree establishing the university’s history
  museum. Today we can say, as Rector Jaak Aaviksoo did in 2000:
  “There are not many universities that can have such a university
  history museum.”
  In the late 1980s, the heritage movement played an important
  role in the awakening of the Estonian society. In September 1987, the
  founding meeting of the Academic Heritage Society (AMS) was held
  at the University of Tartu. Tullio was the vice-chairman of the society.
  For a number of reasons, the student body of the AMS quickly faded
  away, and it became necessary to establish a new AMS to protect the
  heritage of the university. It was found that the core of this new AMS
  could be formed by university alumni, hence our name – the AMS
  Graduates’ Club. Nowadays, our club is the only part of the AMS that
  still exists, i.e., our club is the AMS.
  The founding meeting of the club took place on 11 January 1989.
  The participants represented twenty different academic specialties,
  which was and continues to be the strength of our club. Our first and
  only president was Tullio Ilomets.
  The areas of work that received the most attention varied; the
  most important tangible activities of the club have been working on
  objects related to heritage protection (buildings, cemeteries, etc); collection of memories; providing information related to heritage protection and public appeals; lectures; and excursions to learn about
  cultural monuments; the Club’s social activities.
  Memory collection was mostly aimed at people related to the university. This work was mainly carried out by Ille Palm; a number
  of her recordings have been used in six books. We should especially
  emphasise efforts to make available to the public the voluminous memoir material of Professor of Medicine Herbert Normann.
  As far as possible, everyone has contributed to the club’s various
  events, but both directly and indirectly, the tandem Ille Palm/Tullio
  Ilomets has been our engine. Without their contribution, the continued existence of the club to this day would be questionable.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22054
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Tullio Ilomets ja fotograafia
- Authors: Jaak Ilomets
  Pages: 59 - 75
  Abstract: In addition to being a chemist, heritage conservationist and science
  historian, Tullio Ilomets was also an avid amateur photographer
  and historian of photography. His love for photography started when
  he was a small child living in Koeru, where his parents worked as
  teachers. Tullio himself started to take photos when he went to study
  at the University of Tartu at the end of the 1940s. His most fruitful
  years as a photographer were in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. As he
  was living in Tartu, he took many photos of people living in Tartu
  and people working for the University of Tartu, but mostly he photographed his family and relatives.
  Tullio Ilomets also worked for the University of Tartu newspaper
  as an unofficial photographer, both taking photographs and writing
  articles. For years, if something newsworthy was going on regarding
  the University of Tartu, Tullio Ilomets was always there with his camera. For example, he managed to take photos of the fire at the main
  building of University of Tartu in 1965.
  Tullio Ilomets not only took photos, but he was also a historian of
  photography and a collector of old photographs. He was not interested in keeping these pictures to himself; by donating them to various
  museums he was always making sure that the maximum number of
  people could see the photos he had found. During his lifetime, Tullio
  Ilomets helped to organise several exhibitions on the history of photography in Tartu. He also gave lectures at the University of Tartu
  regarding the history of photography and wrote articles about photographers who had worked at the University of Tartu. In 2016, on the
  occasion of his 95th birthday, he published his last book The Collection of Photographs and Photogravures by William Henry Fox Talbot
  in the University of Tartu Library.
  When Tullio Ilomets died, his family found almost a thousand
  photos taken by him that had never been seen.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22055
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Tullio Ilomets - igiliikur
- Authors: Jaan Tamm
  Pages: 76 - 89
  Abstract: In jubilee interviews, Tullio Ilomets, the perpetuum mobile in the title of this article, has also been dubbed the Spirit of Tartu. Thereby he
  joins the long line of his fellow Tartu residents who have borne the
  same title: Jaan Tõnisson, Villem Ernits, and Arnold Matteus.
  The article shall provide a short overview of how the author met
  Tullio Ilomets in 1968 and their future contacts over the course of
  decades. One focus will be Tullio Ilomets’ activities since the beginning of the 1960s in the keeping and maintenance of the graves of
  University of Tartu faculty members at Vana-Jaani and other Tartu
  cemeteries, an activity that particularly intensified after the establishment of the Academic Heritage Society (AMS) at the end of the
  1980s. The need for the maintenance of the graves of other faculty
  members and cultural figures associated with the alma mater, both
  at home and abroad, is also highlighted. Although the requisite lists
  of names were already in place by 2001, practical work has not yet
  come up to speed.
  In addition, the article offers an overview of public speeches initiated by Tullio Ilomets of the AMS and its Graduates’ Club concerning many problems of Estonian history and culture. Active intervention by the AMS enabled the resolution of the fate of the residence of
  Jaan Poska, architect of the Tartu Peace Treaty; the building is located in Tallinn, Kadriorg on the banks of the Liivaoja (J. Poska Street 8
  in 1927); in the wave of privatisations in the 1990s, it had been planned to give the building to a religious sect for a worship space. The
  wish to preserve the memory of Poska also arose. As the chairman of
  the AMS, Tullio Ilomets intervened in an already lengthy discussion
  on this topic in 2000, and his persistence showed its results when on
  28 February 2008, the 142nd anniversary of Jaan Poska’s birth, the
  reception hall of the Tallinn City Government was opened in the Poska house, where there is also a Jaan Poska memorial room.
  However, the most numerous marks have been left in our educational and cultural history by Tullio Ilomets’ activities in the establishment of the University of Tartu Museum, which was driven by
  the desire to save and preserve even a part of the cultural heritage
  connected with the University of Tartu. Ilomets also played an important role in the restoration of the monument to Swedish king Gustav
  II Adolf, the founder of the University of Tartu; for this reason, at the
  unveiling of the monument on 23 April 1992, Ilomets was entrusted
  with the opening speech of the ceremony in the presence of the Swedish royal couple.
  The article also provides a partial overview of the honorary titles
  and awards bestowed on Tullio Ilomets. He was an honorary member of the Estonian Heritage Society and recipient of its award for
  service. On his 95th jubilee, he was officially awarded the shoulder
  ribbon of the Estonian Heritage Society’s Service Award. In fall of
  the same year, the Estonian Heritage Society established the Tullio
  Ilomets Heritage Award, the first recipient of which was his student,
  Jüri Peets. Tullio Ilomets, who was 96 at the time, participated in
  the awards ceremony in the White Hall of the University of Tartu
  Museum.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22056
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Meenutades Tullio Ilometsa
- Authors: Leili Kriis
  Pages: 90 - 96
  Abstract: Tullio Ilomets (13 July 1921 in Paide – 22 August 2018 in Tartu), an
  associate professor of organic chemistry at the University of Tartu,
  was one of the authors of the idea of establishing the University of
  Tartu Museum and its lifelong supporter. As an active member of the
  heritage protection movement, he frequently spoke about questions
  regarding the preservation of the University’s cultural heritage and
  the protection of the old university.
  The author of this article, the chief curator of the University of
  Tartu museum in the years 1979–2015, developed a very good collaboration with Tullio Ilomets on the collection and preservation of the
  heritage objects of the university over the decades.
  Tullio Ilomets worked at the university for over 65 years. His final
  (and very fruitful) years were spent working as a consultant to the
  museum in its Toome Hill building. Despite his advanced age, he wrote his most interesting overviews on the history of science in these
  years, based on the museum’s collections, on topics such as laboratory
  glass, historic scales, the photographic collection of the University’s
  photographer Kald, etc.
  Tullio Ilomets’ extensive activities in the area of heritage protection received attention and awards: the Order of the White Star,
  Third Class was bestowed on him in 2001. He was an honorary citizen of Tartu and recipient of the Tartu Suurtäht decoration (2001).
  The writer of this article has also attempted to reflect on Tullio
  Ilomets as a person, his friendly, humorous, but very purposeful and
  resilient personality.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22057
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
The war in Ukraine: universities and their museums
- Authors: Liliya Kazantseva, Nataliya Pisarevska, Liubov Samoilenko
  Pages: 97 - 118
  Abstract: Kolme Ukraina kõrgkoolimuuseumi juhatajad annavad ülevaate,
  mida on 24. veebruaril 2022 alanud Venemaa agressioon kaasa toonud Ukraina ülikoolimuuseumidele. Juba enne sõda oli nende muuseumide juriidiline seisund ebaselge, nad ei kuulunud õiguslikult ei
  riigi muuseumisüsteemi ega olnud päriselt osa ka akadeemilisest
  maailmast, ning see on kriitilises olukorras teinud nad väga haavatavaks. Veidi erinevas situatsioonis on ainult polütehniline muuseum,
  mis on ametliku munitsipaalmuuseumi staatuses ning on seetõttu
  saanud abi rohkem ja organiseeritumalt. Polütehnilise muuseumi
  kogumisteemade hulgas oli ka varem kosmos ja sõjandus, nüüd on
  neile lisandunud eksponaate otse rindelt.
  Olukorra teeb mõneti keerukamaks eelnenud koroonapandeemiast tingitud kaugõppe periood, mis teisalt on siiski sundinud välja
  arendama e-õppe võimalused, mida nüüd tuleb kasutada õhuhäirete
  vahel õppetöö tegemiseks. Riigil pole olnud mahti ülikoolide teaduskollektsioonidele ja -muuseumidele spetsiaalseid käitumisjuhiseid
  jagada. Kogu vastutus on seega kohapealsetel entusiastidel. Füüsilisi
  kogusid on püütud kaitsta ohutumasse kohta viimisega, kui muuseumitöötajate jõud esemetest üle käib. Arvestatavat tuge pakuvad välisabi organisatsionid ja kohalikud vabatahtlikud. Eriti tõhusat tööd
  on teinud Irina Nikiforova ja World Heritage Watch, mille abi – pakkematerjale ja ennekõike vajalikku infot – on saanud 150 muuseumi,
  sh ka väikemuuseumid. Ukrainasse jäänud muuseumitöötajate ja
  muuseumide abistamiseks on loodud muuseumide kriisikeskus, mis
  kogub ja jaotab annetusi. Inimnäolise ühiskonna hoidmiseks püüavad muuseumid jätkata traditsioonilisi üritusi, et aidata inimestel
  elada, armastada ja unistada.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22058
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Karl Morgensterni vanaisa kell
- Authors: Lea Leppik, Moonika Teemus, Tiina Vint
  Pages: 119 - 135
  Abstract: Among Karl Morgenstern’s legacy, a golden desk clock with a gorgeous decoration, which belonged to his grandfather, Simon Morgenstern (1689–1747), the state councillor of Anhalt-Köthen, has arrived
  at the UT library. How the clock was acquired by the family is not
  known. The text on the clock says that it was made by Jeremias Metzger in 1564 in Augsburg. Metzger was a well-known clockmaker, but
  our clock is not mentioned in the recognised European catalogues.
  This is why experts were initially inclined to think that it might be a
  cheap galvanoplastic copy, the making of which was widespread in the
  second half of the 19th century. However, the Tartu clock still turned
  out to be an original: it has an original clock mechanism, which is signed (IM) and it is also equipped with the quality mark (the Augsburg
  pine cone) of the clockmakers’ guild. Thus, a fifth clock can be added
  to the four known so far that can be definitely attributed to Metzger.
  The case of the clock is very richly decorated, using the grotesque, a
  style common in the design of consumer goods and books in the 16th
  century. In the course of research, it turned out that the German National Museum in Nuremberg has preserved panels carved from pear
  wood (used in the meantime as frames for miniature paintings), the
  decor of which is very similar to our clock. The author of the article,
  John Hayward, found a similar but not identical Metzger clock made
  in 1565 at an antique market. However, the panels of the case of the
  Tartu clock much more closely resemble the Nuremberg models than
  the clock made in 1565. In addition, the corner figures of both clocks
  are similar to those found on other masters’ clocks, as are the base
  plates. We still do not know the master who made the case, but it can
  be concluded that a new unique design was not created for each clock,
  but existing models and forms were reused and modified as needed.
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22059
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)
Tartu Ülikooli muuseumi 2021. aasta aruanne
- Authors: Jaanika Anderson
  Pages: 136 - 151
  PubDate: 2022-11-30
  DOI: 10.15157/tyak.v50i.22060
  Issue No: Vol. 50 (2022)