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Authors:Martijn Eickhoff PubDate: Wed May 12 13:30:36 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Hans Schouwenburg Abstract: AbstractThe Birth of Sustainable Development: Towards a History of SustainabilitySustainable development is one of the key political issues on the international agenda. The concept emerged in the 1970s and was shaped by nature conservation experts who worked for international organisations like IUCN and UNESCO. These experts developed and introduced three influential albeit different interpretations of sustainability – focusing on the preservation of ecosystems, social equity and participation, and the conservation of biodiversity. In the 1980s and 1990s, these competing definitions struggled for hegemony and, in due course, all found their way to the international agenda. This article shows that the sustainability concept as we know it today is not stable, but rather the result of a complex evolution and a decades-long struggle. PubDate: Wed May 12 12:39:25 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Elisabeth Koning Abstract: Black Pete, a blackface character: a century of blackface amusement in the NetherlandsIn 1847 the Ethiopian Serenaders successfully introduced American blackface minstrelsy to a Dutch public. A few years later the publication of the Dutch translation of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1853) and the subsequent ‘Tom-play’ led white Dutch actors to perform in blackface. Blackface performances functioned not merely as entertainment, but perpetuated a stereotypical white image of black people. During that same period the Amsterdam-based teacher Jan Schenkman published a children’s book including a black servant (St. Nikolaas en zijn knecht, 1850). The servant was known as Black Pete and became established in the Saint Nicolas tradition. In the years to come, Black Pete, generally a white person wearing a blackface mask, leaned heavily on the same elements that made the blackface minstrel dandy type a success: edified clothing, a blackface mask, and anti-emancipation humour. PubDate: Wed May 12 12:38:52 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Edwina Martijn Hagen Icks Abstract: AbstractIntroduction. Character assassination, a timeless weaponCharacter assassination is the deliberate destruction of an individual’s reputation or credibility. While the term itself is relatively new, the practices it describes can be found in virtually all cultures and historical epochs. Despite their great variety, character attacks share five common aspects or pillars: they involve an attacker, a target, a medium, an audience and they take place in a particular cultural, political and technological context. In recent times there has been a surge in scholarship on character assassination from a range of academic disciplines, including political science, rhetoric and communication studies. This thematic issue will explore the historical dimensions of character assassination and the challenges and opportunities that come with it. It will focus in particular on the role that various media – ranging from Roman histories and medieval chronicles to nineteenth-century cartoons – have played in shaping practices of character assassination throughout the ages. PubDate: Tue Sep 07 14:11:48 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Hanneke James Kayleigh Tuithof Kennedy Goudsmit PubDate: Tue Sep 07 14:11:44 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Henri van Nispen Abstract: Black ink. The defamation of Gaius CaligulaThis article analyses how ancient media were used for the character assassination of the Roman emperor Gaius Caligula. Why was Caligula’s reputation so severely damaged' How was this done' In the complicated situation in which Caligula came to power, the Augustan system of an autocratic rule hidden behind a republican veil was pushed aside. As a result, the conflict between Caligula and the Roman elite became insuperable. When Caligula demonstrated the realities of absolute power, he was assassinated. Shortly after, senatorial authors used the medium of historiography to start their character assassination, depicting Caligula as an insane psychopath. This article discerns between three different groups of attackers with different motives for their character assassination: eyewitnesses, Jewish writers, and later Roman senatorial authors. The article concludes with an assessment of the differences and similarities of the attacks by the three groups. The defamation of Caligula turned out to be highly successful. PubDate: Tue Sep 07 14:11:38 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Devin Vartija Abstract: The Thin Coherence of the Enlightenment: Equality, Society, and Religion in Enlightenment EncyclopaediasOne of the key trends in scholarship on the Enlightenment since the early 1980s has been the fragmentation of the movement into numerous strands based variously on national context, religion, or philosophical school, a fragmentation that risks emptying the signifier ‘Enlightenment’ of all meaning. This article argues that analyzing the concepts of ‘equality’ and ‘society’ in Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie and one of its most important successors, the Swiss Encyclopédie d’Yverdon, enables us to see that, in spite of the very real philosophical, religious, and political differences between Enlightenment thinkers, the movement can nonetheless be characterized as possessing thin coherence. Religion became compartmentalized in an inner sphere, ceding ground to the concept of society, which came to describe the fundamental domain of human interdependence. In the new intellectual space created by the Enlightenment, inequality came to be viewed as something artificial and in need of justification, thus demonstrating that the modern concepts of ‘society’ and ‘equality’ hang together in an intellectual movement characterized by thin coherence. PubDate: Mon May 17 07:48:07 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Bart Verheijen Abstract: AbstractThe development of political citizenship in the Dutch East-Indies in the nineteenth centuryThis article aims to analyze the political inequality between Dutch subjects in the Dutch East-Indies and the Netherlands based on developments in nineteenth century national citizenship debates and legislation. It argues that the juridization of the idea of political citizenship by J.R. Thorbecke in the 1840s and 1850s, led to the exclusion of the indigenous colonial population on the basis of descent (ius sanguinis). A close inspection of this principle shows how it was legitimized and implemented for the colonial territories on the basis of a ‘Dutch and European civilization criterion’ under which a series of other criteria – such as religion, skin color, education – could be used for political, cultural and economic exclusion. The ‘colonial differences’ that were gradually enshrined in legislation surrounding political citizenship in the nineteenth century would create a new layer of colonial hierarchy in the Dutch East-Indies. PubDate: Mon Dec 06 09:07:09 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Kristian Mennen Abstract: AbstractThe ‘polder model’ strategy of the nature conservation movement in the Netherlands, 1930-1960This article analyses the strategies applied by the early nature conservation movement in the Netherlands to exert influence at the political level. Before the 1970s, conservationist civil society organisations preferred informal deals, advisory committees, and negotiated agreements with government departments and state agencies. It is argued that the balance between urging for formal legislation, on the one hand, and agreeing to informal deals, on the other, conformed to specifically Dutch forms of governance known as the ‘polder model’. The nature conservation movement was indeed successful in the period 1930-1960 to secure a place for itself in policy negotiations regarding nature and landscape. The strategy of informal deals and policy consultations was not interrupted by the German occupation during the Second World War, but conservationists discovered its limitations in the 1950s: without formal legislation, they did not have enough leverage in negotiations with other stakeholders. PubDate: Mon Dec 06 09:07:08 UTC 2021Z
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Authors:Susanna Erlandsson; Rimko van der Maar Abstract: AbstractFaithful to Foreign Affairs. Margaret van Kleffens, Anne van Roijen, the Embassy in Washington, and the Significance of the Diplomatic Partnership for Post-War Dutch Foreign RelationsThis article argues that more attention for the role of diplomats’ partners, who in the studied period were almost exclusively female, offers new insights into the daily practices of Dutch twentieth-century diplomacy. It begins with a short overview of research on diplomats’ wives from other countries. The authors then examine the state of our knowledge about Dutch diplomats’ wives, discussing why there is so little attention for this subject in the Netherlands. Finally, a case study highlights the activities of the wives of two central figures in Dutch diplomacy at the Washington embassy in 1947-1964: Margaret van Kleffens-Horstmann and Anne van Roijen-Snouck Hurgronje. The study shows that daily diplomatic work was in practice a job for two people, with tasks divided along gendered lines. Wives made women’s networks available to male diplomats and did representative, social, and informal work that was considered crucial to diplomatic success. PubDate: Mon Dec 06 09:07:03 UTC 2021Z
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