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Austrian History Yearbook
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.161  Number of Followers: 10  Subscription journalISSN (Print) 0067-2378 - ISSN (Online) 1558-5255 Published by Cambridge University Press  [353 journals]
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- AHY volume 55 Cover and Front matter
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Pages: 1 - 11
PubDate: 2024-10-23
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000699
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- AHY volume 55 Cover and Back matter
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Pages: 1 - 3
PubDate: 2024-10-23
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000705
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- Gendering Late Medieval Habsburg Dynastic Politics: Maximilian I and His
Social Networks-
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Authors: Lutter; Christina
Pages: 1 - 16
Abstract: While gender history has developed into a powerful branch of premodern history, we still know little about gender relations around Maximilian I. One reason is that research concentrated for a long time on the individual personality of the emperor without paying much attention to the manifold relations among men and women that in fact contributed to establishing his rule. Another reason is the specific constellations of Maximilian's relationships with his wives Mary of Burgundy and Bianca Maria Sforza, with his daughter Margaret of Austria and grand-daughter Mary of Hungary, which have been mostly discussed in the framework of their personal courts and regional politics and less in a wider comparative perspective. Against the backdrop of recent approaches to dynastic politics, role models, and agency, I will, first, discuss the gendered dimensions of Maximilian's dynastic politics in their wider geo-political and socio-cultural context. I will, second, move beyond a focus on key dynastic actors to take into account personal networks as fundamental for any type of premodern rule. Following court ladies and female servants and the social networks they were part of I will outline the interrelations between social ascent, office, and the politics of kinship and gender at court.
PubDate: 2024-03-25
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000274
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- Editor's Note
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Authors: Louthan; Howard
Pages: 11 - 12
PubDate: 2024-10-23
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000687
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- Ottoman-Austrian Ceremonial Embassies of the First Half of the Seventeenth
Century: The Selection of Ambassador Rıdvan Agha (1633)-
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Authors: Cevrioğlu; Mahmut Halef
Pages: 19 - 35
Abstract: The Treaty of Zsitvatorok, signed between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans in 1606, has long been accepted as a watershed in the relations between the two dynasties. Nevertheless, interest in its influence on diplomatic practices has flourished only recently. Focusing on the elaboration of new diplomatic traditions, such as the growing retinue sizes, use of titles for Ottoman ambassadors, and exchange of embassies at the border, this study argues that the post-Zsitvatorok period was marked by the Austrian insistence on, and reluctant Ottoman acceptance of, parity and reciprocity. By relying on the reports of Johann Rudolf Schmid von Schwarzenhorn, the Austrian resident representative in Istanbul, it closely scrutinizes the selection and preparation of the Ottoman ambassador (Rıdvan Agha) to Vienna in 1633. The article argues that the terms in the Zsitvatorok Treaty prompted the Ottoman diplomatic mechanism to refine itself in its dealings with the Austrian Habsburgs in the seventeenth century, encouraging the Ottomans to accept elements of modern diplomacy long before the establishment of Ottoman resident embassies in Europe at the turn of the nineteenth century.
PubDate: 2024-05-06
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000638
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- Rebels and Turcophiles' The Hungarian Protestant Clergy's Resistance
against the Habsburg Counter Reformation-
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Authors: Michels; Georg B.
Pages: 36 - 59
Abstract: In March 1674, Hungary's Lutheran and Calvinist clergy stood collectively accused of fomenting rebellion against the Habsburgs and seeking protection from the Ottomans. A widely publicized tribunal in Pozsony (Bratislava, Pressburg) resulted in systematic expulsions, incarcerations, and the sale of forty-two pastors as galley slaves. A voluminous body of historiography has been dedicated to the victims of the tribunal and their tribulations. It is commonly assumed that the accusations against the Protestant clergy were fabricated. This article shifts the focus from martyrologies, sermons, and narratives written after the year 1674 to eyewitness accounts in inquisitorial records, letters, petitions, official reports, and military dispatches from the years leading up to the Pozsony Tribunal. These unstudied testimonies in the Hungarian and Austrian archives reveal that a significant number of pastors participated in popular resistance and revolt against a brutal Habsburg Counter Reformation. Many put their hopes in the Ottomans whom they considered protectors against the destruction of their religion. These little-known developments shed light on important larger historical realities that have been eclipsed by Habsburg and Central European historians, namely, Hungarian popular hopes for liberation from the Habsburgs by the Ottomans which culminated in two major revolts in 1670 and 1672.
PubDate: 2024-02-27
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000067
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- Enlightened and Counter-Revolutionary: Revisiting the Origins of Galician
Ruthenian Nation-Building-
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Authors: Hen-Konarski; Tomasz
Pages: 60 - 86
Abstract: This article offers an alternative focus for the study of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) nation-building in early Austrian Galicia. It portrays elite Greek Catholic churchmen who made political claims about a self-standing Ruthenian nation already in the first decade of the nineteenth century. It argues that their political innovations were enabled by the ambitious state-building projects implemented in the second half of the eighteenth century by the Austrian government, most importantly new seminaries that cultivated an ethos of state service among Catholic clergymen. The early Ruthenian nationalism espoused by Greek Catholic prelates neither aspired to mobilize masses nor ascribed much importance to language rights, the kernel of nationalist struggles in later periods. It was rather a polemical device deployed to legitimize their rejection of the Polish national allegiance, associated with dynamically evolving republican traditions. By locating the Galician Ruthenian case in a regional comparative perspective, the article outlines the broader significance of this interpretation, interrogating some received wisdoms about the so-called non-historical nationalisms of Central and Eastern Europe.
PubDate: 2024-03-25
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000080
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- Revolution, War, and Cholera in 1848–49: The Case of Hungary
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Authors: Fazekas; Csaba
Pages: 103 - 120
Abstract: This paper investigates the events and lessons from the 1848–49 cholera epidemic in Hungary. For contemporaries, the ongoing revolution and civil war pushed the devastation of the cholera epidemic into the background, even though the death rate was similar to that of the earlier 1831 infection. The epidemic hit the country in a period when the revolutionary Hungarian state was waging a war of self-defense. This article strives to refute the historiographic view that the movements of the different armies had a considerable influence on the development of the epidemic. Instead, this article argues that the cholera epidemic was a demographic crisis unfolding in the background of war, but for the most part independently of it. It mattered that most people of that time had already directly experienced cholera and that the Hungarian government did not want to cause panic with restrictive measures. In 1848, cholera was not a “mobilizing factor,” but in 1849 it contributed to the demoralization of the hinterland and frequently appeared in the political propaganda of the civil war.
PubDate: 2024-03-20
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000122
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- Saint Joseph, the Turks, and the Jews: The Path to Antisemitism of Josef
Deckert, Priest in Vienna, 1869–1901-
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Authors: Dahl; David Lebovitch
Pages: 140 - 154
Abstract: This article studies the development of antisemitism in Austria in the late nineteenth century through the example of Josef Deckert. The priest is depicted in historiography as one of the most prominent anti-Jewish agitators of that period, but his path to antisemitism has not been explored. This research indicates that Deckert's adoption of antisemitic ideology happened abruptly and was not guided by ecclesiastical or lay authorities. The article, therefore, invites us to look more at individual actors and local cultures and less on strategies from above when studying the spread of populist movements. At the same time, the analysis draws attention to two aspects that have been studied little in connection to the diffusion of antisemitism in the modern period, the cult of Saint Joseph and the remembrance of the Turkish siege of Vienna. Deckert was deeply devoted to Saint Joseph and invoked the patron saint of the Habsburg monarchy, not only as protector of Catholic Austria at the time of the Ottoman wars, but as patron of the workers and defender against the contemporary Austrian Jews.
PubDate: 2024-04-09
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000286
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- Jews and German Politics: The Case of Habsburg Moravia, 1867–1918
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Authors: Rozenblit; Marsha L.
Pages: 155 - 173
Abstract: In the Austrian province of Moravia, Jews, most of whom spoke German, continued to participate in and support the German political community until the end of the Habsburg monarchy. Unlike in nearby Bohemia, German liberals in Moravia did not abandon the Jews as the franchise expanded and antisemitism grew. Indeed, the German Progressive Party continued to attract voters in the cities of the province and did not resort to antisemitism in order to do so. Although there were only a small number of Jews in the province—just over 40,000—they played a large role among the voters in the urban curia. After the Moravian Compromise of 1905, when German parties no longer had to compete with Czech parties, Jews often formed the majority of all voters for German parties in the small market towns of the largely Czech-speaking south and central part of the province. The perception of the need for Jewish support in elections created a situation in which the German liberals did not turn to antisemitic politics and the Jewish/German liberal alliance remained strong.
PubDate: 2024-03-06
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000109
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- Collaborative Research in Imperial Vienna: Science Organization,
Statehood, and Civil Society, 1848–1914-
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Authors: Mattes; Johannes
Pages: 174 - 201
Abstract: This article deals with the goals, practices, and transformations of collaborative research that emerged between and within bureaucratic and bourgeois models of science organization in the late Habsburg monarchy. It offers novel insights into the political, social, and epistemic dimensions of public engagement in research, and evaluates the frameworks, profit expectations, and challenges involved. As will be exemplified by joint undertakings in the High Alps, the “Orient,” and the Adriatic Sea, private-public partnerships in the form of scientific societies or institutional alliances assumed vital functions. Their stakeholders volunteered for large-scale research projects, coordinated and funded infrastructure such as field stations, research vessels, or collecting expeditions, and became driving forces in establishing new forms of intra-imperial and cross-border collaboration. As such, scientific societies are useful indicators for understanding science-related developments and for illuminating the tensions between imperialism, (inter)national aspirations, and civil-society building. Based on sources from the archives of the k.k. Meteorological Society, the Natural Scientific Oriental Society, and the Adriatic Society, this article will analyze scientific collaboration as a purposeful and power-related interaction process, oriented toward mutual benefits, that took place on three levels: between state-owned research facilities and private societies, between bureaucrats and bourgeois, and between scientists and “non-professionals.”
PubDate: 2024-03-15
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000092
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- Slovenian Hopes and Plans in the Last Days of the Habsburg Monarchy
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Authors: Ivašković; Igor
Pages: 202 - 219
Abstract: The article analyzes Slovenian perspectives on the possible formations of a state of South Slavs from the final stages of World War I until when the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians (SCS) was established in 1918. In this period, the most influential Slovenian People's Party (SLS) gradually abandoned the concept of the May Declaration and accepted the idea of unification with Serbia. Despite Slovenian parties seeming to be in harmony on this issue, significant ideological differences separated them, as reflected in the geopolitical parameters of imagined Yugoslav state ideas they envisioned. Further, dissidents from the main parties also developed alternative visions of their own. This article looks at a few of the most prominent alternatives, while determining what distinguishes them from the requirements of the May Declaration, and examines the crucial factors in Slovenians’ decision to join the state of South Slavs with Serbia and to be outside the Habsburg monarchy.
PubDate: 2024-01-15
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000899
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- A Hungarian Old China Hand and the End of Empire: Loyalty Struggles in
Interwar Shanghai's Migrant Community-
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Authors: Mervay; Mátyás
Pages: 220 - 240
Abstract: This article explores the consequences of the Austro-Hungarian Empire's end through the tumultuous biography of a philanthropic entrepreneur and quasi-consul community leader known today for assisting thousands of Jewish refugees during World War II. Focusing on Paul Komor (1886–1973) and the migrant community of Shanghai Hungarians, the article contends that postimperial diasporas preserved a piece of empire in their commitment to Jewish emancipation, imperialist nationalism, multiple loyalties, and political nostalgia. It also argues that diasporic networks and charitable actions communicated political and national loyalties while creating and defining the boundaries of the community. Presenting original research involving sources in multiple languages from China, Hungary, the U.S., the U.K., and the Netherlands, the article traces the fortunes of a Jewish Hungarian family in colonial Shanghai, shows the limits of its son's charity-rooted advancement in community leadership, sheds light on the seemingly contradictory political ideas of a postimperial expatriate to explain his complicated relationship with his kinstate, and analyzes the institutionalization of communal charity and the competing prerequisite definitions of postimperial national belonging.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000328
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- Food Shortages during the Post-Habsburg Transition in the Bohemian Lands
and Slovenia-
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Authors: Šmidrkal; Václav, Stergar, Rok
Pages: 243 - 253
Abstract: This article introduces the forum on food shortages during the post-Habsburg transition in the Bohemian Lands and Slovenia. Using examples from these regions, it first outlines the food crisis that developed during World War I and contributed to the internal disintegration of the Habsburg Empire. The article then turns to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, successor states which, despite their victorious status and optimistic prospects for the future, had to contend with food shortages that lasted well beyond 1918. Shortages remained one of the main challenges to the consolidation of these newly formed states. Finally, and most importantly, the article provides an overview of the state of the art in Czech, Slovene, and international historiography, identifies gaps in knowledge, and presents our approach to the topic.
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000875
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- “Yugoslavia is worthless . . . you can get neither sugar nor
kerosene.” Food Supply and Political Legitimacy in the Slovene Part of
Yugoslavia, 1918–1924-
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Authors: Stergar; Rok
Pages: 254 - 265
Abstract: The new states that were established in the autumn of 1918 presented themselves as something new and better. Not only were they supposed to be the embodiment of the “national yearnings” of the formerly “oppressed nations” of the Habsburg Empire, but they were also meant to be more democratic and it was promised that their administrations would work better and their economies would flourish. In short, they were to be a decisive break with the imperial past. However, the new nation-states often could not deliver on these lofty promises, and, as a result, their legitimacy began to erode rather rapidly. In this context, the inability to quickly improve the food supply played an important role. In the Slovene part of Yugoslavia, the inadequate supply of basic foodstuffs, rationing, and increasing prices made the already volatile situation worse, as parts of the population began to grumble, protest, and yearn for the Habsburgs, looking across their northern and western borders. Police and court files, district captains’ reports, and various other sources indicate that after the proclamation of independence the mood of the population quickly soured, and that the legitimacy of the new state was often questioned.
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000711
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- Food Profiteering, Paper Laws, and Criminal Justice in the Bohemian Lands
after 1918-
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Authors: Šmidrkal; Václav
Pages: 266 - 282
Abstract: The article deals with food profiteering in the Bohemian Lands after the declaration of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The new state faced a disintegrated society in which various units continued to fight each other for an advantage in the food market. While food shortages persisted, the Czechoslovak authorities had to deal with a situation in which food rationing laws had lost some of their power to distinguish between the legal and the criminal. Moreover, collective ideas about what was right and wrong, about the victims and perpetrators of food profiteering, and of whom to punish and how, varied according to the different social and ethnic affiliations of the population. Political instrumentalization of such ideas jeopardized the postwar consolidation based on the promise of a better future. Thus, the introduction of food profiteering courts with lay judges was an attempt to institutionalize conflicts over food profiteering and to reduce the impacts of the atomization of society until the economic situation improved.
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000863
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- “Yugoslavia has Nothing. Yugoslavia has No Bread. But Hungary Gives Us
Bread”: Access to Food and (Dis)loyalty in a “Redeemed” Yugoslav
Borderland-
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Authors: Kosi; Jernej
Pages: 283 - 297
Abstract: This article illustrates the socioeconomic background of rural political discontent in the post-imperial Yugoslav border region Prekmurje. The author argues that during the post-Habsburg political transition and ensuing social transformation, the fundamental lack of loyalty to the Yugoslav state among an important segment of the rural population of Prekmurje was rooted in insufficient access to food. Documents of court proceedings, official state reports, and findings of individuals with deep understandings of the situation on the ground reveal that this rural political mobilization was not so much a reflection of Hungarian propaganda or a “lack of appropriate national identification” among the local population—although, of course, these two factors cannot be ignored in a contested and linguistically and ethnically diverse region—but rather an outcome of the impoverishment of large sections of the peasant population.
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000055
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- “Who Could Be Strong When Hungry'”: Food Supply and Nutrition of the
Civilian Population in Maribor at the End of and after World War I-
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Authors: Godina Golija; Maja
Pages: 298 - 311
Abstract: The end of World War I brought not only the end of a great slaughter but also the creation of new countries, great expectations of better living conditions, and the promise of an end of scarcity. In Maribor, a contested border town occupied by Slovenian troops and annexed to the newly established State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, expectations were even higher. A part of the population opposed the town's annexation to the newly established state and compared the living conditions at home with those in Austria. As early as November 1918, the Slovene City Food Council was established in Maribor to feed the city's population. It introduced measures similar to those introduced during the war, such as food ration cards. Despite these measures, food shortages and hunger were part of everyday life, especially in the winter of 1918–19. This article discusses civilians' survival strategies, as well as continuities and discontinuities between wartime and postwar measures to improve the food supply. It shows that despite the efforts of the new Yugoslav authorities, they often continued wartime practices and food remained of poor quality and difficult to access for most of the population throughout 1919.
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000043
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- Promoting the State through Food Scarcity: Czechoslovakia and the United
States after World War I-
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Authors: Hájková; Dagmar
Pages: 312 - 326
Abstract: After the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, Czechoslovak leaders sought ways to strengthen the state's position in Europe and considered the republic's good reputation as essential to stabilizing the state and securing food supplies. This article analyzes how the Czechoslovak authorities portrayed their country's image and the postwar food shortage, and who participated in its construction. Hunger and scarcity were interpreted as the result of years of deliberate exploitation by Austria-Hungary, and requests for aid were justified on the grounds that a democratic and moral state deserved aid as a matter of priority. Czechoslovak leaders sought to secure a favorable position among the victorious powers by establishing a consistent historical narrative, an elaborate system of publicity, lobbying networks, and personal relationships with Entente officials. They were able to present their country's situation in a positive manner, even in terms of scarcity, and to promise their citizens a better future. This article examines the ways the Czechoslovak state communicated its need for humanitarian aid, particularly from the United States. It argues that the Czechoslovak effort to capitalize on its self-proclaimed moral reputation was partially successful in attracting a circle of supporters, even promoters, and in creating and cultivating its international image as “an island of democracy in Central Europe.”
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000966
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- Planting the Republic: State Regulation of the Discourse on Food Shortages
in Public Communication in Early Czechoslovakia (1918–21)-
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Authors: Horák; Pavel
Pages: 327 - 340
Abstract: Czechoslovakia as a victorious, yet still fragile post-imperial state, considered censorship and state propaganda to be a necessary tool to secure its legitimacy at home and abroad. From the very beginning, Czechoslovakia defined itself as a democracy with freedom of speech as its basic principle, yet at the same time, it had to deal with inner fragility and outer vulnerabilities. The strategic agenda of people's nutrition, which was closely associated with the perceived competence of state institutions, serves as a litmus test for the state's regulation of press and public speech and the implementation of republican practices and acceptable limits on public discourse. This study analyzes how the new republican state regulated information on food supply shortcomings in the press and at public gatherings. It argues that Czechoslovakia maintained the prewar Habsburg practices of censorship; however, instead of the vaguely defined public interest of the multinational monarchy, it was now used to protect the public interest of “the national state of the Czechoslovaks.” This study analyzes how the government thought about the consistency of its communication during the postwar (supply) crisis, and thus also options of how to shape a clear and positive brand of the state.
PubDate: 2024-03-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000929
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- Austria and the Czech Republic as Immigration Countries: Transnational
Labor Migration in Historical Comparison-
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Authors: Stránský; Mojmír, Ther, Philipp
Pages: 343 - 349
Abstract: This article is an introduction to the forum that compares Austria and today's Czech Republic as immigration countries.
PubDate: 2024-04-16
DOI: 10.1017/S006723782400033X
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- Cold War Austria and Migration from Eastern Europe: Refugees and Labor
Migrants-
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Authors: Graf; Maximilian
Pages: 350 - 358
Abstract: This article revisits Austria's migration history from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War. Recent research has challenged the persistently commemorated welcoming Austrian attitude toward refugees who had been living under communism. The initial humanitarian efforts in 1956 and 1968, respectively, were remarkable. However, an analysis beyond the first weeks of both events reveals that (though to different degrees) public and political attitudes toward refugees took a negative turn. Throughout the 1970s, asylum for dissidents was portrayed as a continuation of the country's humanitarian tradition. However, in 1981, refugees from Poland were immediately perceived as unwanted labor migrants. In 1989/90, the scenario was similar: while the transiting East German refugees were welcomed, migrants from other countries (like Romania) were not. In the early 1990s, Austria decided on a reform of its asylum and foreigner policies. But when and why did the (supposedly welcome) refugees from countries under communist rule turn into unwelcome labor migrants' The analysis in this article explores the potential impact of the age of détente and the repercussions of the 1970s economic crises and the resulting end to active recruitment of foreign workers.
PubDate: 2024-05-10
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000626
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- Migration in Austria after the Fall of the Iron Curtain
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Authors: Biffl; Gudrun
Pages: 359 - 373
Abstract: This article addresses the impact of the fall of the Iron Curtain on migration and migration policy in Austria. The introduction explains Austria's reasoning for prioritizing trade over migration policy relative to the Central and Eastern European countries after the fall of the Iron Curtain. This decision was a paradigm shift, abandoning the guest worker model of migration and introducing immigration legislation with family migration as a core element. The legislative reforms brought about changes in all areas of migration governance. Despite the restrictive policy stance toward migration, in-migration gained momentum to the extent that, by 2022, Austria had one of the highest shares of migrants in its population in the European Union. As the official understanding of Austria is to be an immigration country by chance rather than by choice, it has consequently been unable to develop the necessary instruments to promote innovation and economic growth with the help of migrants. Instead, restrictive policies that guide the settlement and integration of migrants in general, and of asylum seekers in particular, may jeopardize social cohesion and the sustainability of economic growth.
PubDate: 2024-04-01
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000316
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- Construction of Il/Legitimate Migrant Labor: Non-Nationals in Domestic
Service and Gardening in Interwar Austria-
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Authors: Richter; Jessica
Pages: 374 - 386
Abstract: Like other European countries, Austria introduced employment restrictions for foreigners after World War I. Access to the labor market was to be reserved primarily for Austrian citizens. These new regulations related exclusively to dependent employees and allowed exceptions in view of family reunification, among other things. They were based on official labor market categories and reflected widely accepted imaginations of gender-specific abilities and responsibilities. However, many foreigners earned their living in a household context and their activities hardly matched the official categories of work and family. Since decision-making on employment permits required unambiguous categorization, this situation posed a dilemma for the authorities in charge. Given the vast variety of work arrangements and relations, they struggled to clearly draw the line between “employed” and “not employed” workers. Using the example of domestic help and Bulgarian gardeners, this article investigates administrative authorities' attempts to make such distinctions and it examines migrants' efforts to occupy labor market niches. While migrants un/intentionally circumvented regulations and made their living in Austria, the ongoing disputes paradoxically contributed to an enforcement of restrictions. Administrative authorities gradually increased their endeavor to locate unauthorized foreign workers even within households and they sharpened the criteria for their categorization.
PubDate: 2024-04-30
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000572
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- Foreign Workers in Czechoslovakia in 1945–1950
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Authors: Dvořák; Tomáš
Pages: 387 - 401
Abstract: Foreign workers were a common feature in the economy of postwar Czechoslovakia in various periods of the second half of the twentieth century. This article focuses on foreign labor practices during the first economic plans, namely the two-year plan and the first five-year plan between 1947 and 1950. The number of foreign workers at this time didn't exceed twenty thousand persons and their stays in the country were, with only individual exceptions, short. Workers, who found employment in Czechoslovak agriculture and industry in this period, came from different countries including neighboring Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania, but also from Italy. Recruitment of other groups such as workers from Hungary, the Netherlands, or even China is also considered by the article. These foreign laborers worked in Czechoslovakia under various conditions depending on their methods of recruitment and contracting, the duration of their employment, and other important factors. The basic question this article aims to answer is what the role of Gastarbeit was in Czechoslovakia's communist economic policy. It also examines the motivations of countries that sent workers as well as those of the workers themselves. Finally, the article also attempts to analyze the opportunities and limits of these workers’ strategies in the Czechoslovak labor market.
PubDate: 2024-04-16
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000365
-
- Vast Workshop and Laboratory: Labor and Refugees to the Bohemian Lands and
Czechoslovakia, 1914–39-
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Authors: Frankl; Michal
Pages: 402 - 413
Abstract: As a part of the conversation in the forum “Austria and the Czech Republic as Immigration Countries: Transnational Labor Migration in Historical Comparison” this article revisits the history of refugees in the Bohemian Lands and Czechoslovakia, from World War I until the occupation by Nazi Germany in 1939. Taking stock of existing research, it suggests alternative lines of thinking about the management of migrants' labor and contributes to the wider discussion about how to conceptually combine refugee studies and research on labor migration. For analytical purposes, it focuses on three distinct state approaches to managing refugee labor that often existed in parallel: mobilization of refugee labor in a crisis situation, the support of labor as a pathway to future citizenship, and the denial of work as a sign of statelessness. These three approaches show how refugees' work impacted their status, communicated ideas about the future, and reproduced hierarchies defined by ethnicity, class, or political persuasion.
PubDate: 2024-04-19
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000511
-
- Heidemarie Uhl (1956–2023): In Memoriam
-
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Authors: Rathkolb; Oliver
Pages: 417 - 417
PubDate: 2024-05-30
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000675
-
- Patrice M. Dabrowski The Carpathians: Discovering the Highlands of Poland
and Ukraine DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2021. Pp. 288.-
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Authors: Koranyi; James
Pages: 421 - 422
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000250
-
- Katalin Fábián, Janet Elise Johnson, and Mara Lazda, eds. The Routledge
Handbook of Gender in Central-Eastern Europe and Eurasia New York:
Routledge, 2022. Pp. 554.-
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Authors: Densford; Kathryn
Pages: 423 - 424
PubDate: 2024-05-28
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000663
-
- Matthias B. Lehmann The Baron: Maurice de Hirsch and the Jewish Nineteenth
Century Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022. Pp. 380.-
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Authors: Endelman; Todd M.
Pages: 428 - 429
PubDate: 2024-03-25
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000304
-
- Otto Neurath. Gesammelte ökonomische, soziologische und sozialpolitische
Schriften. Band 3 Vienna: LIT, 2022. Pp. XVIII+717. (Collected Works
Volume 6) - Otto Neurath. Gesammelte ökonomische, soziologische und
sozialpolitische Schriften. Band 4 Vienna: LIT, 2022. Pp. XV+602.
(Collected Works Volume 7) - Otto Neurath. Gesammelte Schriften, Band 8.
Ergänzungsband. Varia – Verstreute Schriften Vienna: LIT, 2022. Pp.
XXVI+376. (Collected Works Volume 8)-
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Authors: Linsbichler; Alexander
Pages: 430 - 432
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000237
-
- Scott Berg. Finding Order in Diversity: Religious Toleration in the
Habsburg Empire, 1792–1848 West Lafayette: Purdue University Press,
2022. Pp. 366.-
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Authors: Krueger; Rita
Pages: 434 - 435
PubDate: 2024-04-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000420
-
- Carmen Fracchia. ‘Black but Human’: Slavery and Visual Arts in
Hapsburg Spain, 1480–1700 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp.
XIII+232.-
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Authors: Linares; Héctor
Pages: 439 - 440
PubDate: 2024-03-27
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000298
-
- Anna Koopstra. Jean Bellegambe (c. 1470–1535/36) Making, Meaning and
Patronage of his Works Turnhout: Brepols, 2022. Pp. 160.-
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Authors: Porras; Stephanie
Pages: 442 - 443
PubDate: 2024-04-19
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000584
-
- Theuerdank: The Illustrated Epic of a Renaissance Knight Edited by Howard
Louthan; translated by Jonathan Green. London: Routledge, 2022. Pp. 324.-
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Authors: Meyer; Justin P.
Pages: 443 - 445
PubDate: 2024-05-10
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000651
-
- Lucie Mazalová. Eschatology in the Work of Jan Hus Turnhout: Brepols,
2022. Pp. 254.-
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Authors: Weber; Reid S.
Pages: 445 - 446
PubDate: 2024-01-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000905
-
- Jonathan Singerton. The American Revolution and the Habsburg Monarchy
Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2022. Pp. 366.-
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Authors: McDaniel; Marie Basile
Pages: 449 - 450
PubDate: 2024-04-19
DOI: 10.1017/S006723782400050X
-
- Suzanne Sutherland. The Rise of the Military Entrepreneur: War, Diplomacy,
and Knowledge in Habsburg Europe Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2022.
Pp. 276.-
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Authors: Roddy; Daniel E.
Pages: 451 - 452
PubDate: 2024-03-27
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000225
-
- Silvia Tammaro. Theatrum Sabaudiae. Das Kupferstichwerk der Herzöge von
Savoyen: Entstehung, Rezeption, Funktionswandel (1660–1740) In Reihe:
Hermathena, Band 4. Vienna: Böhlau, 2022. Pp. 300.-
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Authors: Maxwell; Susan
Pages: 452 - 453
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000195
-
- Grischa Vercamer, and Dušan Zupka, eds. Rulership in Medieval East
Central Europe: Power, Ritual and Legitimacy in Bohemia, Hungary and
Poland Leiden: Brill, 2022. Pp. 534.-
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Authors: Leighton; Gregory
Pages: 455 - 456
PubDate: 2024-03-12
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000134
-
- Leyla Amzi-Erdoǧdular. The Afterlife of Ottoman Europe: Muslims in
Habsburg Bosnia Herzegovina Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2023. Pp.
332.-
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Authors: Kasumović; Amila
Pages: 459 - 460
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000183
-
- Mark Cornwall, ed. Sarajevo 1914: Sparking the First World War London:
Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. Pp. 320.-
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Authors: Brennan; Christopher
Pages: 461 - 463
PubDate: 2024-04-19
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000602
-
- Luminita Gatejel. Engineering the Lower Danube: Technology and
International Cooperation in an Imperial Borderland Budapest: Central
European University Press, 2022. Pp. 348.-
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Authors: Mevissen; Robert Shields
Pages: 465 - 466
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000110
-
- Hannes Grandits. The End of Ottoman Rule in Bosnia: Conflicting Agencies
and Imperial Appropriations London: Routledge, 2021. Pp. 394.-
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Authors: Hajdarpasic; Edin
Pages: 467 - 468
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S006723782400016X
-
- Judit Pál, Vlad Popovici, and Oana Sorescu-Iudean, eds. Elites, Groups,
and Networks in East-Central and South-East Europe in the Long 19th
Century Paderborn: Brill Schöningh, 2022. Pp. 362.-
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Authors: Raptis; Konstantinos
Pages: 471 - 472
PubDate: 2024-01-29
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000930
-
- Die Protokolle des Cisleithanian Ministerrates 1867–1918. Series Editor:
Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik - Band 1: 1867. 19. Februar 1867–15. Dezember
1867 Edited by Stefan Malfèr. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2018. - Band II: 1868–1871 Edited by Thomas
Kletečka and Richard Lein. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften, 2022. - Band III: 1871–1879. Teilband 1 (25.
November 1871–23. April 1872) Edited by Klaus Koch. Vienna: Verlag der
Österreichischer Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2022.-
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Authors: Deak; John
Pages: 474 - 477
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000249
-
- Megan Brandow-Faller. The Female Secession: Art and the Decorative at the
Viennese Women's Academy (University Park: Pennsylvania State University
Press, 2020). Pp. 304.-
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Authors: Johnson; Julie M.
Pages: 480 - 482
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000213
-
- Adam Hudek, Michal Kopeček, and Jan Mervart, eds. Czechoslovakism New
York: Routledge, 2022. Pp. 498.-
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Authors: Appeltová; Michaela
Pages: 484 - 485
PubDate: 2024-01-31
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000018
-
- Stephen Johnson. The Eighth: Mahler and the World in 1910 Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2020. Pp. 314.-
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Authors: Tesler-Mabé; Hernan
Pages: 485 - 487
PubDate: 2024-01-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000802
-
- Andrew Kornbluth. The August Trials: The Holocaust and Postwar Justice in
Poland Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021. Pp. 352.-
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Authors: Cramsey; Sarah A.
Pages: 488 - 491
PubDate: 2024-02-22
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000954
-
- Norman M. Naimark Stalin and the Fate of Europe: The Postwar Struggle for
Sovereignty Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. Pp. 361.-
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Authors: Bischof; Günter
Pages: 497 - 498
PubDate: 2024-03-06
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000681
-
- Tomáš Nigrin. The Rise and Decline of Communist Czechoslovakia's Railway
Sector Budapest: Central European University Press, 2022. Pp. 256.-
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Authors: Tomeš; Zdeněk
Pages: 498 - 500
PubDate: 2024-02-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000942
-
- Ilaria Scaglia. The Emotions of Internationalism: Feeling International
Cooperation in the Alps in the Interwar Period Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2020 Pp. 256.-
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Authors: Arndt; Agnes
Pages: 501 - 503
PubDate: 2024-04-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000353
-
- Věra Sokolová. Queer Encounters with Communist Power: Non-Heterosexual
Lives and the State in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1989 Prague: Karolinum
Press, 2021. Pp. 242.-
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Authors: Huneke; Samuel Clowes
Pages: 504 - 505
PubDate: 2024-02-19
DOI: 10.1017/S006723782400002X
-
- Leslie Waters. Borders on the Move: Territorial Change and Ethnic
Cleansing in the Hungarian–Slovak Borderlands, 1938–1948 Rochester,
NY: University of Rochester Press, 2020. Pp. 246.-
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Authors: Kubátová; Hana
Pages: 508 - 510
PubDate: 2024-01-29
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000031
-
- Natasha Wheatley. The Life and Death of States: Central Europe and the
Transformation of Modern Sovereignty Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2023. Pp. 424.-
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Authors: Zahra; Tara
Pages: 510 - 512
PubDate: 2024-04-29
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000377
-
- Central Europe in the Fifteenth Century: Patterns of Conflict and
Negotiation-
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Authors: Lutter; Christina, Lyon, Jonathan
Pages: 517 - 523
Abstract: The nine articles in this collection are the product of two workshops hosted at the University of Chicago in 2022 and 2023 in affiliation with the University of Vienna. They build on recent work that has called attention to the extraordinary political and religious diversity in the fifteenth-century Holy Roman Empire, and Central Europe more broadly. Pushing back against older historiography, in which this period was frequently overlooked or framed by uncritical use of such broad categories as the “state,” the “territory,” the “estates,” and the “feud,” this collection recognizes the polycentric nature of the fifteenth century's structures and institutions. Specifically, these articles return to the sources, especially documents of practice rather than normative texts, to open the door to a new understanding of conflicts and negotiations. They illuminate the patterns of conflict and negotiation evident in specific historical contexts by examining actors, networks, and practices of community building—as well as the processes through which conflicts emerged, evolved, and were negotiated and settled. Rather than relying on time-honored categories and meta-narratives, the contributors embrace the messiness of social and political relations and of the extant source material to shine new light on key themes in the fifteenth century's history.
PubDate: 2024-05-03
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000560
-
- “There Can Be No Agreement to Take up Arms against the Turks Unless We
First Restore the Empire”: The Fall of Constantinople and the Rise of a
New Political Dynamic in the Holy Roman Empire, 1453–1467-
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Authors: Hardy; Duncan
Pages: 524 - 537
Abstract: While the Europe-wide cultural impact of the fall of Constantinople to Sultan Mehmed II is well known, its political reverberations in the Holy Roman Empire have received comparatively little attention. This article argues that the events of 1453 inaugurated a new dynamic in the empire that facilitated the polity's consolidation and the creation of new collective institutions within it long before Maximilian I (1486–1519), whose reign is often presented as a constitutional turning point. Some prince-electors had been calling for more effective peace-keeping and judicial institutions for decades before 1453 but lacked the leverage to compel kings and emperors of the Romans to accept political change on their terms. The fall of Constantinople provided a focal point for these negotiations: in return for promising to support an anti-Ottoman crusade, the reformists were able to force a compromise on new peace-keeping legislation at the diets of the 1450s and 1460s. This compromise was catalyzed by public pressure. There was a widely held expectation that leading imperial protagonists should fulfill this mission to defend Christendom, manifested in orations, diplomatic missives, poetry and songs, plays, and early printed pamphlets produced within and for a range of German-speaking public spheres.
PubDate: 2024-04-24
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000481
-
- A Musical Variation on Late Medieval Religious Reform: Johannes Nider and
the Observant Dominican Liturgy-
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Authors: Jones; Claire Taylor
Pages: 538 - 551
Abstract: The Dominican friar Johannes Nider (1380–1438), known today as the father of witchcraft literature, played an important role at the Council of Basel (1431–49) on the Council's delegation to the Hussites and its deputation on religious reform. Despite Nider's reputation as a reformer of religious communities, his approach to communal liturgy has not attracted close attention. This article focuses on his broad theoretical treatise, De reformatione religiosorum or De reformatione status cenobitici (On the Reform of the Religious State), in which Nider articulates a philosophical concept of reform as the restoration of beauty, manifested in well-ordered and balanced proportion. In the interest of universal applicability, the treatise remains abstract. However, biographical descriptions of Nider from his contemporaries and the visitation letters he wrote to women's convents show Nider as an engaged liturgical leader, a talented singer with a robust voice, and a zealous expert in the legal particulars of Dominican liturgical regulations. In light of these contexts, De reformatione's sweeping laments over liturgical neglect and academic metaphors of well-disposed proportion are not just rule-hammering and scholastic fancy but rather universalized expressions of Nider's lived commitment to Dominican musical and ritual practice.
PubDate: 2024-04-17
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000535
-
- Political Obligation and Self-Sufficiency in Leonardo Bruni's History of
the Florentine People-
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Authors: Ridley; Griffin
Pages: 552 - 564
Abstract: Leonardo Bruni (1377–1444), chancellor of Florence, is today more famous as an initiator of civic humanism and a proponent of early modern republicanism than as a historian of medieval Florence. He owes this position most of all to Hans Baron, who argued that Florentine civic humanism—an exemplary mode of communal existence dedicated to the active life—as found particularly in Bruni's writings, stemmed from the resurgence of interest in antiquity, which pointed forward to a liberating, civilizing, and progressive modernity. Though James Hankins has recently argued that the dual theses of civic humanism and republicanism are mischaracterizations of the larger thrust of Italian Renaissance political thought, the scholarly literature overwhelmingly portrays Leonardo Bruni as incipiently modern and, by definition, un-medieval. But in emphasizing the role of antiquity in Bruni's “modern” thought, scholars have overlooked the importance of medieval history in the formulation and the content of Bruni's arguments. This article seeks to rectify this misappreciation by demonstrating how that quintessential medieval struggle, the conflict between popes and emperors, plays a central role in Bruni's political thought as it is found in the History of the Florentine People, written from 1415/16 to 1444.
PubDate: 2024-04-16
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000444
-
- Who Took the Fall in 1408, and Why' Vienna's Elites in Alliances and
Conflicts with Habsburg Dukes-
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Authors: Lutter; Christina
Pages: 565 - 577
Abstract: This article focuses on the involvement of Viennese elites in wide-reaching political conflicts around 1400. Central European princes often held positions as city lords, which resulted in ambivalent relations between them and urban elites, as well as with their kin residing in the countryside. Setting aside grand categories of institutional history in favor of the interactions and relations of concrete actors, their social networks, and their involvement in shaping politics, the article follows six urban actors through a major conflict that involved the city lords, urban authorities, and individual actors and eventually resulted in the beheading of three of them. The article adopts a prosopographical approach to find out more about patterns of social costs and benefits in these conflicts. It argues that considering polyvalent and relational dimensions of belonging can help us better understand constellations of conflict and alliance and the modes and mechanisms of late medieval politics. It eventually establishes the boundaries of social network approaches when it comes to assessing individual motives and their alleged resonance in contemporary narratives of community.
PubDate: 2024-05-03
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000559
-
- How to Get Away with Treachery, or: Actor-Centered Perspectives on
Entangled Conflicts and their Urban Protagonists in the Austrian Duchy,
1462/63-
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Authors: Krammer; Herbert
Pages: 578 - 590
Abstract: This article examines the involvement and interactions of Vienna's urban elites in the conflict of the early 1460s that marked the climax of the power struggle between the Habsburg brothers Emperor Frederick III and Duke Albert VI over rule in the Duchy of Austria. Vienna's role is addressed in two aspects: first, as a central stage for the conflict, and second, as an active participant as a political community that became increasingly integrated into the broader political networks of the duchy during the fifteenth century. Following an actor-centered approach and based on prosopographical groundwork, the study focuses on the actions of individual protagonists and various factions within Vienna's political elites. During the violent events, the urban representatives did not form a cohesive entity but interacted and allied in changing constellations with leading noble, courtly, and clerical actors in the duchy. Factors and conditions contributing to the formation of diverse interest groups among urban actors are closely examined, aiming to give a deeper insight into the dynamics and patterns of the entangled conflict.
PubDate: 2024-06-03
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000596
-
- Conflict Escalation Done Wrong' The Free City of Regensburg Seizes
Ehrenfels Castle, 13 April 1417-
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Authors: Kaar; Alexandra
Pages: 591 - 604
Abstract: This article examines the various modes of conflict management used by the free city of Regensburg and the local nobleman Hans I Staufer of Ehrenfels during a prolonged dispute over revenues from 1413 to 1418. In the early years of this feud, both parties utilized nonviolent methods such as legal action and arbitration, which were occasionally accompanied by minor military interventions. In April 1417, however, the Regensburg councilors broke with convention and decided to escalate the conflict with their feud opponent by capturing his ancestral castle, Ehrenfels, near Beratzhausen in the Upper Palatinate region. Using both urban account books and documentary evidence, the case study investigates the reasons behind the councilors' decision to launch this ostentatious military attack, their objectives in seizing Ehrenfels castle, and the impact of their show of force on the ongoing conflict. It portrays late medieval Central European towns as potent military actors and argues for a more systematic integration of economic considerations and cost-benefit calculations into our picture of late medieval feuding.
PubDate: 2024-05-17
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000493
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- Pledging Lordly Rights and “Squeezing” Local Communities in
the Later Middle Ages-
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Authors: Lyon; Jonathan R.
Pages: 605 - 616
Abstract: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a period of rising expenses and mounting debt for Holy Roman emperors and other German lords. Rulers frequently sought to pay off these debts by pledging rights and properties to their creditors, who would then collect the income from those rights and properties over several years as a means of recuperating the money they were owed. However, this practice could generate tensions as well as cycles of conflict and negotiation at the local level, because pledge-holders often recovered their money by extracting as much income as possible from those communities impacted by the pledge. This article provides a general overview of the phenomenon of the pledging of lordly rights before turning to a case study, the pledging of the court at Hoym to the town of Quedlinburg in the mid-fifteenth century, to investigate more closely the local impact of the pledge.
PubDate: 2024-04-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000419
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- Putting the Violence Back in the Late Medieval German Feud
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Authors: Sharp; Tristan W.
Pages: 617 - 628
Abstract: This paper explains how a sanitized image of the late medieval German feud has come to predominate in contemporary German scholarship and explores its consequences for understanding the social implications of feuding violence. By tracing out the reception of Otto Brunner's seminal Land and Lordship (1939) in post-WWII German feud research, this paper shows how a complex interplay between democratic-liberal sensibilities, Brunner's feud as legal institution model, and his own historical vision of violence resulted in the sanitized model of feuding violence. This model divides feuding violence into categories of rational–functional violence and dysfunctional violence, which, as this article argues, do not map onto the empirical evidence for feuding violence. A series of case studies elucidates the limitations of this model, providing a de-sanitized and de-domesticated image of feuding by vividly demonstrating some overlooked realities of feuding violence: from high rates of interpersonal violence between elites to sexual violence against female non-combatants among others. On the basis of these case studies, this article argues for a fundamental revision of how medieval historians have hitherto approached the topic of violence more broadly.
PubDate: 2024-04-19
DOI: 10.1017/S006723782400047X
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- Crusade, Culture, and Conflict: The Evidence of Monastic Miscellanies
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Authors: Mixson; James D.
Pages: 629 - 640
Abstract: “Later” crusading has become a vibrant field in recent years, with a concern for our core theme, “patterns of conflict and negotiation,” at its center. Often, and rightly enough, those patterns have been focused on matters of high politics and diplomacy, military affairs, papal propaganda, and more. The approach adopted here complements these efforts by modulating their perspectives. This article explores patterns of conflict and negotiation as they played out in the realms of crusading experience, culture, and memory in the wake of the fall of Constantinople (1453) and the siege of Belgrade (1456). It does so through the lens of those particularly rich, but also challenging, fifteenth-century manuscript sources known as “miscellanies.”
PubDate: 2024-04-16
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000468
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- Metternich's League to Preserve Peace and the Conservative Elites’
Doubts about the Functionality of the post-Napoleonic Order – ADDENDUM-
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Authors: Šedivý; Miroslav
Pages: 641 - 641
PubDate: 2024-01-04
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237823000917
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- Neurath, Otto. Gesammelte ökonomische, soziologische und sozialpolitische
Schriften. Band 3. Vienna: LIT, 2022. Pp. XVIII+717. (Collected Works
Volume 6). Neurath, Otto. Gesammelte ökonomische, soziologische und
sozialpolitische Schriften. Band 4. Vienna: LIT, 2022. Pp. XV+602.
(Collected Works Volume 7). Neurath, Otto. Gesammelte Schriften, Band 8.
Ergänzungsband. Varia – Verstreute Schriften. Vienna: LIT, 2022. Pp.
XXVI+376. (Collected Works Volume 8) – ERRATUM-
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Authors: Linsbichler; Alexander
Pages: 642 - 642
PubDate: 2024-04-08
DOI: 10.1017/S0067237824000432
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