JournalTOCs

Time & Society
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.548

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 10

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 0961-463X - ISSN (Online) 1461-7463
Published by Sage Publications

[1174 journals]

Sea ice out of time: Reckoning with environmental change
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  Authors: Julianne Yip
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  In September 2007, Arctic sea ice plummeted to a shocking record minimum at the time. The amount of ice lost that summer was equal to that lost over the previous 25 years. As Arctic sea ice escapes scientists’ predictions, scholars in the social sciences and humanities have critically interrogated “nature”/“culture” divides that treat the time of nature as unchanging and distinct from human beings. This essay examines what concept of time emerges through Arctic sea ice as an analytic lens. By this, I mean scientific knowledge of sea ice and the conceptual possibilities for thinking ice temporalities and environmental time-reckoning that it opens up. Attending to these possibilities suggests different kinds of “clocks” to help reckon the time of environmental changes in the form of (1) climate anomalies (e.g., deviations in ice thickness), which offer a different way of telling environmental time that attends to the physical specificity of substances; and (2) the Arctic Oscillation, a semi-periodic world weather pattern that emerges from the thick of relationships among ice, atmosphere, ocean, and now humans, generating a collective planetary time. Finally, I argue that the relational human–nonhuman production of planetary time shifts the focus in social studies of time from collective time-reckoning, which assumes entities have a socioculturally determined concept of time, toward temporal coordination as a less anthropocentric mode of ordering shared realities. Coordination decenters “the Human” as an epistemic ordering principle and enlarges ordering to include a diversity of nonhuman ways of being. Through temporal coordination, environmental prediction would be the ordering of a collective reality that a multiplicity of human and nonhuman ways of being make together rather than the search for a more precise clock, or development of better technoscientific means to capture nonhuman temporalities external to human beings.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-07T01:06:51Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221111335
Can we teach undergraduates the history of time'
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  Authors: Justin T. Clark
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This essay examines the author’s experience since 2018 in developing and teaching a third-year undergraduate course on the history of time at a Singapore university, for students specializing in East and Southeast Asian history and the history of technology. History courses are traditionally taught in a chronological format, with clear periodization, and a nearly exclusive focus on written and audiovisual “texts.” The author has found that such an approach is less effective for a course on the history of time, a subject that suggests no obvious periodization or linear narrative, and for which many of his students lack a precise vocabulary. To solve these challenges, the author has borrowed autoethnographic exercises developed by scholars in other disciplines and assigned unconventional tasks such as building water clocks and curating time capsules. While the course has proven popular, it has also invited questions about what a global history of time looks like. Although the industrial and technological history of time is accessible to his students, much of the recent work on temporality presumes a familiarity with European and North American social and political issues that students outside of those regions may lack.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-19T02:03:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221111048
Book Review
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  Authors: Ari Stillman
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-08T05:44:13Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221111035
Bias in estimated working hours in time diary research: The effect of
cyclical work time patterns on postponing designated registration days
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  Authors: Petrus te Braak, Theun Pieter van Tienoven, Joeri Minnen, Ignace Glorieux
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Due to the diversification and fragmentation of working time arrangements, the organisation of working weeks now differ substantially from each other. To account for week-to-week variability in working time estimates in time diary research, it is important that respondents keep their time diaries on designated registration days. At the same time, this week-to-week variability might lead respondents to postpone their participation to convenient registration days. Research shows that, due to diverse time cycles, postponing participation leads to substantial bias. However, these findings pre-date online time diary methodologies. In online time diary studies, algorithms assign registration days and, therefore, postponement is solely done at the convenience of the respondent and no longer relies on the availability of the interviewer. Analyses of online time diary data from Flemish (Belgian) teachers (ndiary days = 59,969; nteachers = 8567) reveal that postponement depends on (the day in) the time cycle. This postponement is partially selective and thus leads to biased working time estimates. Some oversampling strategies are suggested to account for this possible bias, but a designated, consecutive 7-day time diary approach with postponement remains the recommended standard for collecting reliable working time estimates.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-06T09:06:18Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221111948
Living in the wrong time zone: Elevated risk of traffic fatalities in
eccentric time localities
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  Authors: Jeffery Gentry, Jayson Evaniuck, Thanchira Suriyamongkol, Ivana Mali
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Chronobiology research has uncovered a host of maladies linked to social jetlag (SJL), the sleep-disrupting disconnect between solar time and social time. This interdisciplinary study applies chronobiology theory to the potential effect of misaligned time zones on motor-vehicle deaths. In the U.S. 53 million residents live in counties located outside their official time zones’ standard 15° span of longitude, based on degrees west of the prime meridian. We refer to these counties as eccentric time localities (ETLs), all of which lie west of their time zones’ standard western border in the U.S. In contrast, counties within 7.5° of their time zone’s standard geographic center are what we call solar zones. Solar zones do not vary more than 30 minutes from true solar time. ETL residents are forced to rise before dawn, possibly restricting their sleep-time and suppressing both morning and evening zeitgebers that would support their circadian entrainment. Hypothesizing that living in ETLs amplifies social jetlag, data on 417,399 traffic fatalities in the U.S. between 2006 and 2017 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) census were analyzed via GIS mapping and population-data statistics. Road fatalities among residents of solar zones were compared to those living in ETLs within the same official time zone. ETL residents across the U.S. indicated 21.8% higher fatality-rates than solar residents, with a mean of 1286 additional (i.e., unexpected) deaths-per-year. Results support circadian entrainment theory and are consistent with the SJL construct. The socio-political ramifications of these findings are discussed, as well as the subject of best practices when analyzing whole-population data. The authors conclude that the unquestioned rhetoric of time-zone boundaries should be reconsidered in social policy.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-06-11T02:30:07Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221104675
Who’s cooking tonight' A time-use study of coupled adults in
Toronto, Canada
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  Authors: Bochu Liu, Michael J Widener, Lindsey G Smith, Steven Farber, Dionne Gesink, Leia M Minaker, Zachary Patterson, Kristian Larsen, Jason Gilliland
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Understanding how coupled adults arrange food-related labor in relation to their daily time allocation is of great importance because different arrangements may have implications for diet-related health and gender equity. Studies from the time-use perspective argue that daily activities such as work, caregiving, and non-food-related housework can potentially compete for time with foodwork. However, studies in this regard are mostly centered on individual-level analyses. They fail to consider cohabiting partners’ time spent on foodwork and non-food-related activities, a factor that could be helpful in explaining how coupled partners decide to allocate time to food activities. Using 108 daily time-use logs from seventeen opposite-gender couples living in Toronto, Canada, this paper examines how male and female partners’ time spent on non-food-related activities impact the total amount of time spent on foodwork by coupled adults and the difference in time spent on foodwork between coupled women and men. Results show that both male and female partners took a higher portion of foodwork when their partner worked longer. When men worked for additional time, the couple-level duration of foodwork decreased. Without a significant impact on the gender difference in foodwork duration, women’s increased caregiving duration was associated with a reduction of total time spent on foodwork by couples. An increase in caregiving and non-food-related chores by men was associated with an increased difference in duration of foodwork between women and men, which helped secure a constant total amount of foodwork at the couple level. These behavioral variations between men and women demonstrate the gender differences in one’s responsiveness to the change of partners’ non-food-related tasks. The associations found among non-food-related activities and foodwork are suggestive of a need to account for partners’ time allocation when studying the time-use dynamics of foodwork and other daily activities.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-05-22T04:50:04Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221100696
Temporality in epistemic justice
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  Authors: Govert Valkenburg
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Democracy requires some sort of exchange of knowledge between holders of different knowledge positions. The concept of epistemic justice brings the ability to know and the right to be recognised as a knowledgeable person under a scheme of justice. It problematises social conditions that potentially compromise the ability to share knowledge and thereby effectuate change and the possibility of being recognised as a knowing subject and being granted access to equitable means of producing knowledge. This paper engages with temporal aspects of epistemic justice. What role do temporalities play in people’s possibilities to create knowledge and the way they create knowledge' What role does time play in the valuation and circulation of knowledges' How do hegemonic conceptions of time potentially make some knowledges circulate more freely than others' Since conceptions of time connect to specific forms of knowledge, hierarchies and speakabilities of temporalities form an immediate correlate of hierarchies of knowledge. By extension, such hierarchies feed into schemes of epistemic justice. Thus, democracy’s duty to emancipate suppressed voices requires emancipating the times from which those suppressed voices speak.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-05-04T10:18:02Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221094699
Synchronization of the Corona Crisis
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  Authors: Markus Lundström
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Crisis is a conceptual tool for synchronizing different experiences of time. It is operative in notions of the Financial Crisis, the Crisis of Democracy, the Climate Crisis—and the Corona Crisis. This article explores that synchronization through an empirical inquiry into the different timescapes of the Corona Crisis. It builds empirically on 200 interviews with residents in Norra Botkyrka, which is located at the fringes of Sweden’s capital Stockholm. The thematic analysis shows how the respondents’ different time frames, time orders, tempos, and timings become synchronized through the crisis concept, but also how they invoke active and passive desynchronization. This temporal diversity points out the interplay between social differences and the various ways people are (de)synchronizing with the Corona Crisis.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-30T04:25:35Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X211057622
Sustainability in times of disruption: Engaging with near and distant
futures in practices of food entrepreneurship
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  Authors: Koen van der Gaast, Eveline van Leeuwen, Sigrid Wertheim-Heck
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The sustainability transformation of the food system involves imagining a sustainable future whilst functioning within the current unsustainable food system. Some argue there is a difference between the goal-oriented and comfort seeking form in which the near future is engaged, and the reflexive, imaginary way in which the distant future is engaged. This begs the question, how is engagement with near and distant futures balanced, and what does this mean for the overall sustainability transformation of the food system' We studied future engagement in practices of food entrepreneurship in the Dutch province of Flevoland during the disruption caused by the covid-19-induced lockdowns. This disruption posed a challenge and an opportunity to study near and distant future engagement in depth. Through an online survey and offline semi-structured interviewing, we questioned practitioners of sustainable food entrepreneurship during the first and second lockdown, respectively. The findings show near future engagement is mostly associated with immediate change in practices enforced by the covid-19 lockdown, whereas distant future engagement primarily was visible in continuous change in practices as associated with sustainability. However, this does not mean near and distant future were perfectly balanced. Therefore, we argue pre-existing trends with regards to sustainability can be accelerated or obstructed when they meet the immediate effects of disruption. Our paper concludes by stating the need for more research to the interaction of near and distant futures in different contexts and circumstances.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-28T09:37:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221083184
Capital flows, itinerant laborers, and time: A revision of Thompson’s
thesis of time and work discipline
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  Authors: Kevin K Birth
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  E. P. Thompson’s classic article “Time and Work-Discipline in Industrial Capitalism,” gives an incomplete picture of the transition to the time consciousness in industrial capitalism. This is for two reasons. First, by not understanding time logics of pre-industrial societies and viewing such logics as “irregular,” Thompson was unable to understand how wages were paid, and workers disciplined in a culture that used seasonally variable temporal hours in pre-industrial England. Second, with regard to industrialism, Thompson did not recognize the effects on labor of credit and a huge capital influx from the sugar trade on the emergence of manufacturing in England in the 18th century. By documenting the issues of changing ways of relating time to wage, seasonality, place, and finance, this paper argues that the increased year-round availability of capital combined with the alienation of workers from the seasonality of time in specific locations drove the shift from daywork to clock-measured wages during the Industrial Revolution, and that the adoption of clock time was a response to confusion over how day wages could be made uniform over different latitudes and during different times of year.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-19T02:23:45Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221083185
In their own time: Refugee healthcare professionals’ attempts at
temporal re-appropriation
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  Authors: Katarina Mozetič
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Scholarship on refugee labour market participation regularly alludes to the temporal dimension of the process, yet explicit engagement with it remains limited. I argue that researching the temporalities of refugee employment re-entry is valuable as it discerns the recursive interrelation between social structure and individual agency that advances or curbs the labour market trajectories of refugees. Namely, refugees’ perceptions of time inform their integration pathways. In this article, I interrogate how highly educated refugees perceive the temporalities imposed upon them by the integration framework, their efforts of temporal re-appropriation and the ways in which institutional factors inform these re-appropriation efforts and, thus, individuals’ sense of integration. To this end, I discuss and compare 11 refugee healthcare professionals’ perceptions of licensure procedures in Oslo and Malmö based on material from semi-structured interviews. The refugee professionals reported that the licensure appropriated their time through, for instance, prolonged suspension from work and abundance of pointless waiting time. Seeing time as a precious commodity, they deemed the imposed temporalities as problematic, employing different attempts of temporal agency to speed up the licensure process. When comparing the attempts of temporal re-appropriation between the licensure procedures in Oslo and Malmö, I find that the perceived clarity of the licensure requirements and process, accessibility of support structures and existence of tailored qualification programmes lend licensure a quality of institutional plasticity. This fosters individuals’ attempts to accelerate their licensure endeavours, thereby promoting their re-entry into the labour market. However, rather than disrupting the underlying power relations determining the relative value of foreign healthcare qualifications, temporal re-appropriation maintained the established institutional rationale.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-19T02:21:48Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221083788
Mobile phones and the experience of time: New perspectives from a
deprivation study of teenagers
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  Authors: Hananel Rosenberg, Menahem Blondheim, Chen Sabag-Ben Porat
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  A number of studies have sought to understand how mobile phones affect time practices, and beyond them, the experience of time in users’ daily lives. This article is a further effort in that direction, employing the deprivation study method. We conducted a field study of 80 adolescents, or “cellular natives,” separating them from their cellphones for 1 week. The findings indicate that the cellphone’s absence indeed had a dominant impact on a variety of adolescents’ time-related practices and experience, that yielded in turn both negative and positive feelings. We propose three main axes for understanding the cellphone’s implications for the time experience: The mobile’s flexible time v. Rigid time, its ritual time v. Linear time, and its fragmented time v. Continuous time. In all these dimensions, we point to distinct features of the time experience associated with the mobile phone, and also try to relate it to the emotional state and state of mind of today’s teens. In conclusion, we propose that a broad understanding of the cellphone’s role need to include the aspect of time, at least as it is experienced by adolescents in our current media climate.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-14T11:50:34Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X221077492
Ruminating on the past may be bad for you, or is it' Implications of
past negative time perspective on job-related stress
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  Authors: Sharon Glazer, Laina N Serrer, Andrei Ion
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Past negative time perspective (PNTP), characterized by rumination on painful past experiences, is generally considered harmful to a person’s well-being. However, there is reason to suspect that a PNTP may not make matters worse if a high PNTP is consistent with culture, as in the case of India. Drawing on the person–culture matching hypothesis, we test the moderating effects of PNTP on the relationship between role stressors and both psychological strain and organizational outcomes among Indian employees in India (n = 253). Two smaller comparison groups of Asian Indians and US-born Americans in the USA were also evaluated to anchor the understanding of the Indians’ score on PNTP. This comparison is particularly important given that pressures of globalization on India’s culture have created a sustained sense of uncertainty for Indians. Results indicate that the mean score on PNTP is greater for Indians than for US-born Americans (n = 56) and US-Indians (n = 69). Furthermore, having a low PNTP intensified the adverse outcomes due to stressors, whereas a high PNTP had no further impact. Findings suggest that although having an overall PNTP is not ideal, not reflecting on past negative events to cope with current stressors could also be problematic within the Indian context where PNTP is normative. Thus, in a PNTP country, a person’s high PNTP has no more adverse effect as stressors increase.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-03-16T03:35:51Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X211070679
Measurable time is governable time: Exploring temporality and time
governance in childcare social work
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  Authors: Teres Hjärpe
  First page: 291
  Abstract: Time & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article deals with the workings of time governance in welfare professional settings. A contribution is made to current literature by offering insights into how ‘governing by the clock’ works at the micro-level in everyday interaction and why clock time is purposeful for the operation of power in a welfare bureaucratic context. The main argument posited is that measurability and decontextualisation are characteristics of clock time, facilitating the governance of professionals’ decisions and actions, and ultimately their time use. The argument is illustrated with empirical data from ethnographic fieldwork following social workers responsible for childcare investigations in Sweden. The interaction in focus regards efforts to meet a deadline of four months to complete the investigations inscribed in the Social Services Act. As a start, the article illustrates what relational, task-oriented and clock time approaches can imply for time use and childcare investigations, with the purpose of visualising the characteristics providing advantages of clock time for governance. After that, the more concrete workings of time governance are explored in how the objectified clock time, through these characteristics, works as a resource both for subtle routine and self-governing processes, and when the operation of power is more explicit. It is demonstrated how social workers make meaning, plan and conduct childcare investigations in order to make it possible to meet the deadline, sometimes with trade-offs. The governance relies on the facticity of the objectified time frame and the high knowledge status it is assigned in participants’ interaction. The analysis demonstrates the workings when a seemingly ‘soft’ time limit gets reified and trumps other sources for professional knowledge when decisions are legitimised, sometimes with unintended consequences. By analysing social work as a profession performed at the intersection of different time rhythms, a contribution is made to research on governance and street-level bureaucrats’ dilemmas.
  Citation: Time & Society
  PubDate: 2022-02-07T09:19:20Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0961463X211059022