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- You’ve Got Three Choices: Give in, Give up, or Give it All You’ve Got:
Does Contest Heterogeneity Affect Effort in Individual Competitions'-
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Authors: Hendrik Scholten
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
This study focuses on the effect of contest heterogeneity on individuals’ effort provision in rank-order tournaments. We add to the literature by analyzing data from a well-suited setting (professional darts tournaments) that differs significantly from those previously examined (mental effort task without direct interaction between contestants), while applying two different temporal types of heterogeneity, pre-contest and within-contest heterogeneity. We do not find consistent evidence for heterogeneity to influence players’ effort.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-05-25T03:50:38Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231174617
- City Marathon Events and Tourism Industry: A Quasi-Natural Experiment
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Authors: Chen Gan, Taotao Deng, Weishu Zhao
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
Building the relationship between marathon events and tourism is a significant strategy for the local governments. However, there has been little agreement on the effect of city marathon events on local tourism performance. Therefore, this research gap is addressed by providing empirical evidence for the effect of city marathon events on local tourism performance. First, the paper analyzes the theoretical mechanism of the effect of city marathon events on tourism from three aspects: the preliminary effect before marathon events, the agglomeration effect during marathon events, and the legacy effect after marathon events. Second, taking the city marathon events in China as a quasi-natural experiment, the paper uses the Difference-in-Difference model to identify the effect of the marathon events on tourism based on the panel data of 50 major tourist cities from 2010 to 2017. The results indicate that city marathon events significantly boost local tourism performance. These research findings are further confirmed by performing various robustness checks.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-05-18T05:47:42Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231174619
- The Flutie and Anti-Flutie Effect: The Impact of Football Championships
and Athletic Malfeasance on the University-
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Authors: Abigail Cormier, Austin F. Eggers, Peter A. Groothuis,
Kurt W. Rotthoff
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
Athletics can impact the entire university, and there is evidence that administrators’ peer rankings are influenced by athletics as well. We analyze both the positive effect of winning championships and the negative effects of football bowl bans and vacated games. We find that championship effects are positive: increasing peer rankings, alumni giving, and student academic quality. Surprisingly, peer rankings increase the year of the football bowl ban but decrease the year after the ban. Additionally, there is evidence that bowl bans increase a school's acceptance rate and decrease academic quality at the sanctioned university, whereas vacated games lower alumni giving.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:19:02Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231174618
- Attractive or Aggressive' A Face Recognition and Machine Learning Approach
for Estimating Returns to Visual Appearance-
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Authors: Guodong Guo, Brad R. Humphreys, Qiangchang Wang, Yang Zhou
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
This paper provides a methodological contribution by illustrating the use of computer vision and machine learning methods to identify facial characteristics for the study of facial characteristics in economics. We analyze facial appearance premia for head football coaches at big-time college sports programs to illustrate this methodology. Specifically, we estimate facial attractiveness and aggressiveness premia using quantitative measures of these characteristics from a neural network approach applied to observable facial features. Parametric regression results show evidence of a salary discount for attractive employees along with evidence of an aggressiveness premium. Nonparametric gradient results provide similar qualitative implications.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-03-22T09:09:12Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160769
- Disaggregated Attendance Demand: Comparing Daily Ticket Purchasers and
Season Ticket Holders in K-League 1-
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Authors: Hojun Sung, Hyunwoong Pyun
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
This study investigates differences in the preferences of daily ticket purchasers and season ticket holders, focusing on outcome uncertainty. Using unique game-level attendance data of both daily ticket purchasers and season ticket holders for every team in the Korean top-tier professional soccer league, we find heterogeneity in demand between daily ticket purchasers and season ticket holders with respect to outcome uncertainty, preference for home team success, team performance, geographical distance between competing teams, and weekend games. Our results suggest that season ticket holders do not care as much about their team's performance and outcome uncertainty as daily ticket purchasers do.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-03-13T07:23:51Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160760
- Cross-Quality Impacts of NCAA Division I Baseball and Softball
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Authors: Laura Beaudin
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
Fifty years after Title IX, inequalities still exist between men's and women's sports. Most sport studies still fail to examine women's sports. This study explores the cross-quality impacts of Division I baseball and softball teams. The softball team win percentage is positively related to softball and baseball game attendance. However, models produce mixed results for the impact of the quality of the baseball team. Therefore, improving the strength of the softball team could increase softball and baseball game attendance, while improving the strength of the baseball team might only increase attendance at baseball games.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-03-09T06:14:40Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160759
- The Allocation of Additional Slots for the FIFA World Cup
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Authors: Alex Krumer, Juan D. Moreno-Ternero
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
How to select participants for a sports tournament when they are divided into different sets, and one should find a fair number of slots for each set' We propose to address this question by resorting to standard tools from the fair allocation literature. To frame our discussion, we focus on the increase in the number of participating teams in the FIFA World Cup. We explore the allocation of additional slots among continental confederations. We consider 10 different allocations. Based on our analysis, we can argue that the European soccer confederation (UEFA) has a solid basis to claim for additional slots.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-03-09T06:13:20Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160757
- Crowds and the Timing of Goals and Referee Decisions
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Authors: Christopher Magee, Amy Wolaver
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
This paper investigates how crowds affect the timing of events during football matches. In theory, the presence of fans influences the urgency of the players on the field, and the magnitude of this effect grows during the match. Thus, crowds should lead to a faster increase during the match in goals scored, yellow cards, red cards, and penalty kicks. We test the hypothesis using a data set including pandemic ghost games and we find strong support for the hypothesis as it relates to goals, yellow cards, and penalty kicks but not as it relates to red cards.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-03-08T07:11:39Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160761
- Outcome Uncertainty and Viewer Demand for Basic Cable Boxing
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Authors: David Butler, Robert Butler, Joel Maxcy, Simon Woodworth
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
We examine the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis and consider direct demand for professional boxing using a new dataset for basic cable broadcasts. Our analysis covers 103 broadcasts in the United States from February 2017 to February 2021 for Premier Boxing Champions (FOX) and Top Rank Boxing (ESPN). Using a generalized linear model, we estimate a demand function for basic cable broadcasts and place specific emphasis on adopting alternative measures of outcome uncertainty. We find no evidence that increasing balance between boxers increases viewership figures on basic cable broadcasts. Consistent with pay-per-view boxing viewership, our results demonstrate that bout quality impacts demand for cable broadcasts. Furthermore, we find no evidence of a declining viewership trend, a finding relevant to the industry given the general decrease in viewership trends for main events and pay-per-view broadcasts. Fans continue to demonstrate a preference for the welterweight division.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-02-20T06:33:29Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156052
- The Emergence of Mixed Martial-Arts and the Future of Boxing: An Analysis
of Consumer Interest and Compensation-
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Authors: Nicholas M. Watanabe,
Brian P. Soebbing, Tarlan Chahardovali, Yinle Huang
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
Despite its long-standing history as the most popular and mainstream combat sport, boxing has been confronted with increased competition from mixed martial arts (MMA) in recent decades. The dominant organization in the MMA market, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), has grown to become a multibillion dollar organization. In this article, we directly compare consumer interest and fighter compensation between boxing and the UFC to consider the economic potential for these combat sports into the future. Overall, our conclusions indicate that boxing has continued to be more lucrative as a whole, with the key factor being the presence of superstar athletes.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-02-17T01:35:32Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156058
- Stock Markets’ Reactions to the Announcement of the Hosts. An Event
Study in the Analysis of Large Sporting Events in the Years 1976–2032-
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Authors: Krystian M. Zawadzki, Marcin Potrykus
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
This study attempts to estimate the impact of the announcements of hosts of large sporting events on domestic stock markets. The research problem is to establish a connection between the uniqueness of a sporting event and investors’ beliefs through stock price behavior. Using appropriate estimation windows, 13 different sporting events classified as large, including mega and major events, were tested. The obtained results show that, in principle, one day after the announcement of the host of a large sporting event, an average positive reaction of 0.22% is observed on national stock exchanges. The analyzed events were also classified as being neutral for capital markets or generating positive or negative reactions when the host country is announced to the public.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-02-15T09:43:30Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156051
- Division Play and Outcome Uncertainty in Sports Leagues
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Authors: Young Hoon Lee, Rodney Fort
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
The analysis of outcome uncertainty (OU) and competitive balance (CB) has been of overwhelming importance in sports economics. Surprisingly, there is little work on the impact of the structure of play on either OU or CB. Balanced and unbalanced schedules, and division play have been used to analyze biasedness of CB measures. And the impact of the introduction of unbalanced schedules on OU has been analyzed. But the impact of the introduction of both unbalanced schedules and division play on OU has not been analyzed. In this paper, we assess the impacts on OU, for given choices of CB (OU/CB) of moving to division play. This includes the impact of schedule imbalance, division strength, the number of teams, and the number of divisions. We also obtain estimates of their marginal impacts on OU/CB via numerical analysis and regression. The results are compared to OU/CB from unbiased estimators, for the case of the introduction of division play in Major League Baseball. The results suggest that the approach is useful and there are policy implications.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-01-18T06:42:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221148995
- Market Efficiency and Censoring Bias in College Football Gambling
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Authors: Robert Arscott
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
The team totals and point spread betting lines jointly predict team scores in college football games. The gambling market’s score predictions are shown to be biased due to censoring at zero points. This presents arbitrage opportunities for gamblers who place wagers on the team totals line in cases for which expected bias is high. A naïve betting strategy that exploits this bias using only information contained within the two betting lines themselves yields a win percentage of over 55 percent over the past two decades. This significantly exceeds the typical transaction costs associated with wagers, indicating the market is semi-strong inefficient.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-01-18T06:41:08Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221148991
- False Start' An Analysis of NFL Penalties With and Without Crowds
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Authors: Alex Farnell
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
The lack of crowds at sports fixtures as a result of COVID-19 restrictions has allowed researchers a unique opportunity to examine the widely accepted convention of home advantage. This work takes a slightly different approach, by examining within game outcomes. Specifically using play-by-play data from the NFL, this paper asks whether the lack of crowds aided a Quarterback's ability to manipulate opposition defenses. Results suggest this was the case, though effects are not uniform by home and away team.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2023-01-09T06:46:18Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221148997
- Mass Gathering Sport Events and the Spread of Viral Respiratory Infection:
Japanese Professional Baseball and Influenza-
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Authors: Hiroaki Funahashi, Alexander Cardazzi, Nicholas Masafumi Watanabe
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
Using weekly-level influenza case data from all 47 prefectures in Japan alongside data from Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) league from 1999 to 2018, we examine the effect of hosting games on local influenza transmission. The results highlight that during the flu season, for every NPB game held at its home ballpark, there is an average increase of 0.18 cases per sentinel medical institution (SMI) between that week and the following week. The effects are robust to different specifications and placebo tests. This translates to about a 0.1% increase in the number of cases during the overlap of NPB and flu seasons.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2022-12-27T05:26:43Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221143978
- European Men's Club Football in the Eyes of Consumers: The Determinants of
Television Broadcast Demand-
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Authors: Anthony Macedo, Marta Ferreira Dias, Paulo Reis Mourão
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
Using stated preferences, this study estimates the determinants of television broadcast demand for current European men's club football competitions and a hypothetical European Super League. The results suggest that demand increases for most competitions with the consumer's level of interest, the accessibility to the matches, and the consumer being fan of a club playing in that competition. No support to the uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis is found, as perceived competitive balance does not increase demand for most competitions. Conversely, the perception of quality of game played tends to be a more important driver of demand, influencing more competitions and having a larger impact.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2022-12-15T06:41:43Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221143982
- A Dynamic Analysis of Equal Revenue Sharing and Endogenous Salary Caps in
the N-Team Leagues-
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Authors: Masaki Fujimoto
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
This article studies the combined effect of equal revenue sharing and endogenous salary caps in a dynamical setting. It is shown that (i) a combination of equal revenue sharing and salary caps cannot eliminate competitive imbalance in the league; (ii) the share of player salaries has no impact on the distribution of talent among teams; (iii) under equal revenue sharing, the introduction of salary restrictions is not meant to prevent player salaries from rising, but to prevent them from falling; and (iv) under equal revenue sharing and salary caps, the reverse-order draft is incompatible with talent investment incentives of teams.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2022-12-12T09:57:26Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221143983
- Compensating Differentials for the Risk of Reinjury – Lessons from
Professional Boxing-
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Authors: Peter Anderson
Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print.
A neglected area in the compensating-differential literature is how wages compensate workers for the risk of reinjury, specifically the risk of a subsequent mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). Using a new, unbalanced panel of 1,211 professional boxers, this paper finds that boxers' purses price for the risk of knockout reinjury risk while those that have never lost by knockout earn economically and statistically insignificant knockout-risk premiums. These results are consistent across three measures of previous knockout loss and three robustness tests, implying that current values of a statistical injury (VSI) underestimate previously injured workers' willingness to pay for safety.
Citation: Journal of Sports Economics
PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:17:24Z
DOI: 10.1177/15270025221120592
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