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Authors:Michael A. Leeds, Eva Marikova Leeds Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. The half-century since Title IX was enacted has seen an explosion of opportunities for women and girls. While Title IX has opened doors in a wide array of areas, it will always be associated primarily with women's sports. The effect on women's sports has indeed been profound. Participation and funding has ballooned at all levels, from grade school to the professional ranks. Still, much remains to be done, as participation, attitudes, and support of girls’ and women's sports continue to lag behind those of boys and men. The articles in this volume examine the growth of a variety of women's sports in the wake of Title IX. Collectively, they show how much has been achieved and how much remains to be done. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-08-07T11:17:37Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241269875
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Authors:Victor Matheson, Robert Brooks Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. Among his colleagues in North America and Europe, Ross Booth was synonymous with Australian sports economics. He was a dedicated scholar, a champion footballer, and even a better bloke. He will be deeply missed. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-08-07T10:25:07Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241268767
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Authors:Brad R. Humphreys, Jane E. Ruseski Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. Recent research contains evidence of rent sharing in intercollegiate athletic programs from revenues generated by football and men’s basketball and regulations restricting compensation to athletes. Title IX mandates equal opportunities for male and female college athletes, clearly impacting athletic department budgets. These factors create a rich environment for analyzing athletic spending decisions. We analyze spending on women’s sports for about 120 NCAA public FBS athletic departments. Results from instrumental variables models that account for the endogeneity of the rent proxy variable, head football coach salary, indicate the presence of rent sharing from football-generated rents to spending on women’s sports. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-08-06T07:20:50Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241268774
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Authors:Daniel M. Settlage,
Madison E. Settlage Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. The home team is widely viewed as having an advantage in most team sports. Individual sports are less inclined to have homefield advantage, since they are contested on neutral sites with contestants from a wide variety of locales. Bass fishing differs from most individual sports as the venue fished is governed by local biological and climatological variation. Thus, there may be a homefield advantage that accrues to anglers living close to the venue where the tournament is held. In this paper we examine angler performance in the two premier bass fishing tournaments in the U.S.: the Bassmaster Elite Series and Major League Fishing's Bass Pro Tour. We find that angler performance in both tournaments is related to characteristics that measure experience, aptitude, and past success. In addition, we find evidence that angler performance suffers as distance to the lake increases, and this result holds after controlling for other angler characteristics. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-08-06T07:12:50Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241268728
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Authors:Michael A. Lapré, Elizabeth M. Palazzolo Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. In the National Football League (NFL) annual draft, teams take turns selecting entering players. The draft is a market mechanism designed to promote competitive balance as the NFL assigns draft positions to teams in reverse order relative to last season's performance. Teams frequently trade draft picks for other picks and/or players. We use several market valuations of draft picks to define original draft currency as the total value of draft picks available before any trades and final draft currency as the total value of picks used after all trades. For the 2002–2021 period, we find that original draft currency does not affect the probability of reaching the playoffs, but final draft currency does. Usage of outdated market valuations of draft picks by most teams can help explain how the best team has used draft-pick trades to remain among the strongest teams over two decades thereby perpetuating competitive imbalance. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-08-02T05:56:14Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241264238
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Authors:Jan C. van Ours Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. The phenomenon of nontransitivity in outcomes, typically observed in noneffort games with predetermined probabilities and immediate clarity, extends to team-based, time-consuming games requiring effort that unfold over a long period of time. This study explores this aspect through an empirical analysis of professional football matches in the Netherlands involving three prominent teams: Feyenoord, Ajax, and PSV. Contrary to conventional expectations, the results reveal a nontransitive pattern over more than three decades, indicating that Feyenoord is more likely to triumph over PSV, PSV over Ajax, and Ajax over Feyenoord than the reverse scenarios. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-07-23T08:42:50Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241264235
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Authors:Jianglong Li, Shiqiang Sun, Mun Sing Ho Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. Understanding the immediate impacts of air pollution is crucial, especially as non-health outcomes like player productivity are covert. This paper focuses on investigating the causal relationship between air pollution and player productivity, which is theoretically established by the health consequences of air pollution and the Grossman health production function. The dataset used comprises over 20,000 observations from 1,440 matches in the Chinese Football Association Super League from 2014 to 2019. The IV estimation results show that a 1% increase in air pollution results in a reduction of 0.101% in the number of passes, which is five times larger than the OLS estimation. Heterogeneity results suggest that possessing an advantage (physical fitness, technical skills, or playing at home) contributes to mitigating the adverse effects of air pollution. This study underscores the critical role of clean air in enabling football players to achieve high productivity in the game. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-06-13T07:20:14Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241260031
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Authors:Nola Agha, David J. Berri, Akash Bhat, Jennifer Van Gilder Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. This article uses data from the 1997–2022 seasons to investigate the role of bias in the distribution of playing time in the WNBA. We evaluate national origin, a fixed and objective measure, and improve upon past uses of subjective, perception-based measures of race by using a more objective measure of skin tone. More specifically, via a fixed-effect estimation of 2,949 WNBA player-year combinations we find no evidence that the national origin of either players or coaches is related to the provision of playing time. Similarly, skin tone of players or coaches (n = 893), either alone or in combination with national origin, shows no robust significance. Evidence of national origin bias has previously been reported in professional men's basketball leagues in the U.S., Spain, and China. The WNBA may be demographically similar to the National Basketball Association, but it is culturally different and we find no evidence of employer discrimination. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-06-12T06:21:26Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241260030
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Authors:John Considine, John Eakins, Peter Horgan, Conor Weir Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. This paper investigates the presence of compensating tendencies in the awarding of free shots in hurling. Probit models are estimated to examine whether free shots awarded are determined by the score margin, net free count, and net card count at the time. In addition, the effect of large attendances and home games on these compensating tendencies is captured using interaction effects. Clear evidence of compensating tendency effects if the team is behind on the score margin or behind on the free count are found. When the game is played in front of large attendances, compensating tendencies based on the score margin are amplified. In contrast, there is no evidence of a home team bias in compensating tendencies based on the subset of games played at nonneutral venues. Although efforts should be made to minimize the compensating tendencies identified, administrators should tread carefully because the direction of the compensating tendencies are procompetition. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-04-29T03:24:35Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241245640
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Authors:András Gyimesi Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. The proposal of the European Super League and the 2024/25 reform of the UEFA Champions League are both major events in European club football. This study compares the competitive balance (CB) of these new tournament formats with the previous Champions League format. Short-, mid- and long-term CB are quantified by measuring the average uncertainty of match outcomes, the ratio of stakeless matches, and the recurrence ratio of teams in knockout rounds. A simulation method is applied using the teams, their seeding, and Elo ratings in the 2020/21 and 2021/22 Champions League seasons. Results suggest that the 2024/25 reform improves CB, especially in match uncertainty and the occurrence of stakeless matches. In comparison, the Star League of the European Super League concept of December 2023 is superior concerning average match uncertainty. However, it has a worse CB regarding stakeless matches and dynamic CB. Reasons and suggestions for improvement are also discussed. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-04-25T07:02:28Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241249362
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Authors:Michele J. Aquino, Seth Gershenson Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. Identifying anomalies, or empirical facts that contradict theoretical predictions, is a common form of proof by contradiction in economics and finance. We identify an apparent pricing anomaly in the market for trading cards: large and persistent death effects of about 20% are observed following the death of legendary baseball players. Rational investors should anticipate each player's eventual death, so these results suggest that profit opportunities are being left on the table. The arguably causal estimates come from interrupted time series models that adjust flexibly for time pre- and post-death and the time of sale using high-frequency sales data. The effect is largest in the days immediately following the death, but prices remain elevated for at least 60 days. Generally, our findings reaffirm the presence of a causal “nostalgia effect” of celebrity deaths on consumer demand for collectibles and products associated with the celebrity. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-04-08T05:30:53Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241245638
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Authors:Paul Downward, Pamela Wicker, Tim F. Thormann Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. This study examines the well-being and social value of playing different forms of soccer for men and women by employing the compensating variation approach to survey data from eight European countries. Framed by the desired objective of Title IX, this research assesses possible gender differences in the social benefits of sport. Social values are higher than the well-being derived from playing soccer, with the values of both being greater for women. Less formal forms of soccer yield generally higher monetary values than the competitive 11-a-side format. As the marginal returns are greater, investment should promote women's engagement and more informal playing opportunities. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2024-03-13T12:37:11Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025241233552
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Authors:Rodney Fort Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. The work summarizes the contributions of James (Jim) Patrick Quirk to the field of economics, and sub-discipline of sports economics. It also provides a personal account of Jim Quirk as both a mentor and friend. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2023-12-20T06:55:15Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025221120589
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Authors:Robert Butler Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. The purpose of this special issue is two-fold. Firstly, it is a celebration of the contributions and life of James (Jim) Patrick Quirk. Jim’s contributions to the field of economics and sub-discipline of sports economics span almost half a century, and he can rightly be considered one of the forefathers of the subject. The second is to consider an area that, to date, has received little attention in sports economics and is deserving of greater exploration – combat sport. Appropriately, two of the earliest working papers considering combat sport were co-authored by Jim Quirk, and therefore, it is fitting that this area is explored in the realization of this special issue. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2023-12-20T06:53:36Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025221112843
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Authors:Laura Beaudin Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. Fifty years after Title IX, inequalities still exist between men's and women's sports. Most sport studies still fail to examine women's sports. This study explores the cross-quality impacts of Division I baseball and softball teams. The softball team win percentage is positively related to softball and baseball game attendance. However, models produce mixed results for the impact of the quality of the baseball team. Therefore, improving the strength of the softball team could increase softball and baseball game attendance, while improving the strength of the baseball team might only increase attendance at baseball games. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2023-03-09T06:14:40Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160759
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Authors:David Butler, Robert Butler, Joel Maxcy, Simon Woodworth Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. We examine the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis and consider direct demand for professional boxing using a new dataset for basic cable broadcasts. Our analysis covers 103 broadcasts in the United States from February 2017 to February 2021 for Premier Boxing Champions (FOX) and Top Rank Boxing (ESPN). Using a generalized linear model, we estimate a demand function for basic cable broadcasts and place specific emphasis on adopting alternative measures of outcome uncertainty. We find no evidence that increasing balance between boxers increases viewership figures on basic cable broadcasts. Consistent with pay-per-view boxing viewership, our results demonstrate that bout quality impacts demand for cable broadcasts. Furthermore, we find no evidence of a declining viewership trend, a finding relevant to the industry given the general decrease in viewership trends for main events and pay-per-view broadcasts. Fans continue to demonstrate a preference for the welterweight division. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2023-02-20T06:33:29Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156052
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Authors:Nicholas M. Watanabe,
Brian P. Soebbing, Tarlan Chahardovali, Yinle Huang Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. Despite its long-standing history as the most popular and mainstream combat sport, boxing has been confronted with increased competition from mixed martial arts (MMA) in recent decades. The dominant organization in the MMA market, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), has grown to become a multibillion dollar organization. In this article, we directly compare consumer interest and fighter compensation between boxing and the UFC to consider the economic potential for these combat sports into the future. Overall, our conclusions indicate that boxing has continued to be more lucrative as a whole, with the key factor being the presence of superstar athletes. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2023-02-17T01:35:32Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156058
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Authors:Peter Anderson Abstract: Journal of Sports Economics, Ahead of Print. A neglected area in the compensating-differential literature is how wages compensate workers for the risk of reinjury, specifically the risk of a subsequent mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). Using a new, unbalanced panel of 1,211 professional boxers, this paper finds that boxers' purses price for the risk of knockout reinjury risk while those that have never lost by knockout earn economically and statistically insignificant knockout-risk premiums. These results are consistent across three measures of previous knockout loss and three robustness tests, implying that current values of a statistical injury (VSI) underestimate previously injured workers' willingness to pay for safety. Citation: Journal of Sports Economics PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:17:24Z DOI: 10.1177/15270025221120592
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