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International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.435
Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 38  
 
  Hybrid Journal Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1747-9541 - ISSN (Online) 2048-397X
Published by Sage Publications Homepage  [1176 journals]
  • Perturbations in Badminton – why avoiding bad shots is more
           important than executing good ones

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      Authors: Fabian Hammes, Daniel Link
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examines how perturbations in badminton singles are created. Therefore, we analyzed the shots that create an advantage for one player, the so-called Impulse. We explore four aspects, including the quality—Positive vs. Negative—of the Impulse, the technique used, the Shot Number, and the conversion rate, all according to the factors of Gender and Age. Our sample comprises 60 matches spanning U15, U19, and Elite levels, with an equal distribution between Men's and Women's matches. Results indicate that Impulses were 64.8% Negative and 35.2% Positive, with no significant Gender or Age differences. Positive Impulses mainly comprise Net shots (Women: 30.1%, Men: 29.8%, Elite: 31.4%, U19: 27.6%, U15: 30.8%), while Negative Impulses predominantly involve Lobs (Women: 26.3%, Men: 29.5%, Elite: 26.0%, U19: 27.4%, U15: 30.3%). In contrast to male players, poor Clears play an essential role in losing a rally in Women's badminton (Women: 21.3%, Men: 13.1%). Temporally, Impulses occur later in Men's and Elite matches than in Women's and Youth's matches (Women: 6.8 (± 5.8), Men: 8.9 (± 8.2), Elite: 10.2 (± 8.8), U19: 7.4 (± 6.3), U15: 5.7 (± 4.8)). For Positive Impulses the conversion rate to point gain is 70.7%, for Negative Impulses the conversion rate to point loss is 86.7%. We conclude that success in badminton singles seems more reliant on avoiding bad shots than executing good ones. Gender and Age differences in shot techniques and timing of Impulses likely stem from the different physical abilities of Men and Elite players compared to the other examined categories.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-10T07:49:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251317477
       
  • Performance lifestyle provision in a multi-disciplinary team: A
           qualitative investigation of current practice and future progression

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      Authors: Iain Killoughery, Christopher Yiannaki, David Rhodes
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Performance Lifestyle (PL) services have the potential to make a novel contribution to athlete development, yet has limited research, notably examining the experiences of PL practitioners. This study explored PL practitioner perspectives to highlight current barriers and limitations in service delivery, whilst highlighting good practice. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted. Each participant supported athletes competing at professional, international, or Olympic levels. All participants were employed to deliver PL services with an average of 10.83 (±6.71) years’ experience. Reflexive thematic analysis was chosen to analyse the data with three main themes constructed. ‘Creating an informed environment’ illustrates environments that lack understanding regarding the nature, scope and value of PL services. ‘Optimising the role of PL practitioners’ seeks to identify best practice and explore common issues faced by practitioners. ‘Improving practitioner and coach education’ indicates a need for enhanced competencies and contemporary training for future practitioners and coaches. Findings provide unique insights into the experiences of practitioners and suggest that PL delivery, and its impact, is limited by several factors. This study discusses the contemporary implications of these issues and applied recommendations for future PL provision within high-performance sport environments.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-10T07:48:42Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251317291
       
  • The effect of coach identity leadership on athletes’ experiential
           avoidance: the mediating role of athletes’ perceptions of coach-related
           critical attitudes and subjective vitality

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      Authors: Zheng Shuaiwei, Bu Xiangui
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study investigates the relationship between coach identity leadership and experiential avoidance, focusing on the mediating roles of athletes’ perceptions of coach-related critical attitudes and subjective vitality. A total of 788 athletes participated, with an average age of 20.52 years and an average of 6.29 years of athletic experience. All participants were athletes competing at or above the second-tier competitive level. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that coach identity leadership was significantly negatively correlated with both athletes’ perceptions of coach-related critical attitudes and experiential avoidance, while it was significantly positively correlated with subjective vitality. Additionally, athletes’ perceptions of coach-related critical attitudes were significantly positively correlated with experiential avoidance, while subjective vitality was significantly negatively correlated with experiential avoidance. Further analysis showed that coach identity leadership indirectly influenced experiential avoidance through athletes’ perceptions of coach-related critical attitudes and subjective vitality. These findings have significant implications for athletes, coaches, management organizations, and academic research.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-10T07:48:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251314955
       
  • Classification of lower body strength qualities: A data-driven approach

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      Authors: Mary C. Geneau, Paul B. Gastin, Sam Robertson, Lachlan P. James
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Maximal strength of the lower body is important for many athletic tasks and demands. Lower body extensor strength, defined as maximal expressions of force in the vertical plane, can be measured in several different ways, using a wide range of tests and metrics. Although there have been investigations into the interrelationships between lower body strength and force measures, there is no known analysis or synthesis of these data that focuses on classifying variables into groups based on statistical similarity and/or distinction. This information is important to consider in an environment where many measurement options exist for diagnosing lower body characteristics. Understanding the overlap and distinction of these analysis methods and metrics will inform parsimonious, yet comprehensive, assessment of the lower body. It was therefore the purpose of this review to explore and summarize the commonality (i.e., r, R2, component loading) between metrics from weightbearing, multi-joint lower body strength tests that are presented in the current literature, with the aim to group metrics into distinct domains of strength expression. The results of this review suggest that five unique domains of lower body extensor strength are present in athletes and trained populations: 1) reactive dynamic, 2) unloaded dynamic, 3) loaded dynamic, 4) early isometric, and 5) maximal isometric. Despite these findings, there are considerable limitations and gaps in the literature, and it is suggested that additional empirical investigations be conducted to better understand this concept of lower body strength domains.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-10T07:47:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251314131
       
  • The role of constraints in sport technology development for improving
           perceptual-motor learning and coaching, design, and commercialization
           outcomes: An ecological dynamics approach to transdisciplinary innovation
           in start-ups

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      Authors: Dominic Orth, John van der Kamp, Kevin Tissera, Amanda Benson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In sport there are negative aspects of technology use and its innovation that includes concerns about reducing athlete skill diversity. To address this, reconceptualization of the product design process and the position of business models during technology innovation is needed. This paper explores ways in which theories of skill acquisition can be integrated with product design and entrepreneurship, using the interdisciplinary research base on creativity to bridge these domains. Intersecting concepts used to explain creativity are used to evaluate how shared constraints under which members of transdisciplinary teams interact might enhance coordination, communication, and integration of skills during technology innovation. A key gap that we address is how to conceptualize the role that the commercial perspective should have on technology innovation in sport, and the position of users (athletes, coaches, and sport scientists) therein. We propose using ‘sport technology incubators’ as vehicles to integrate business, design, and motor learning frameworks to examine empirical questions surrounding ways of optimizing sport technology innovation while sustainably supporting athlete skill in contexts of training and competition.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-10T07:46:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241309559
       
  • Coaches’ attitudes of sport science professions in community-level
           Australian football

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      Authors: Emma Siesmaa, Aden Kittel, Leo Bell, Paul Larkin, Brendan J O’Brien
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Sport science is a popular area for university study and a sought-after field for employment. Employment opportunities in elite sport are few, thus a surplus of sport science university graduates seek employment often in community-level sport exists. Community sports coaches can be a gateway to the employment of sport science professionals, however coaches’ attitudes toward the use and value of sport science, and how this may translate to employment opportunities, is not well understood. This study reports the attitudes of ten community-level Australian football coaches, obtaining an in-depth understanding of their perceptions of a sport scientist's role, their value of the sport science field, current use of sport scientists within their club, sport scientist training and qualifications, and the feasibility of employing a sport scientist. Inductive semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted via an online platform using an open-ended interview schedule developed from a detailed literature review, determining key foci for inclusion. Coaches viewed the role of a sport scientist in community-level football to be broad, acknowledging that sport scientists can perform specialist roles. Coaches highly valued the profession overall and frequently used and endorsed the use of sport scientists in their sport. However, a commonly occurring theme was that sport science was not seen as particularly cost-effective at a community-level. This theme stemmed from the overarching perceived financial barrier coaches reported as limiting their ability to employ or effectively utilise a sport scientist in their club. The findings highlight key limitations to the employment of sport scientists in community-level sports.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-03T05:28:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241310944
       
  • Load peak intensity in pre-season training sessions and official
           competitions in professional soccer

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      Authors: Nicolas Le Page, Daniel Link
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This single case study compares load peak intensity (LPI) in pre-season training sessions and official matches in professional soccer. This aims to answer the question whether the pre-season training sessions of one selected team adequately prepared for the peak demands of the season. Therefore, spatiotemporal data of 8 professional male soccer players was collected using a radio-based local positioning system in training (KINEXON) and a video-based tracking system in Bundesliga competitions (TRACAB). Load peaks were determined based on the distance covered (DC) during Acceleration, Deceleration and Sprinting phases. For each parameter, our algorithm quantifies the LPI by using the maximum rolling average value for time intervals of 1, 3, and 5 min within a training session or a match. The results on team level indicate that LPI for Acceleration was significantly higher in pre-season training sessions compared to matches (for 3-min interval: DCTR = 22.59 m ± 3.06 m, DCMA = 18.38 m ± 3.08 m, d = 1.97, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-03T05:23:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241310656
       
  • The effect of within-day energy distribution on lean body mass and body
           fat in athletes: A systematic review

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      Authors: Zsolt Murlasits, Gregory S. Cantrell, Zsuzsanna Kneffel
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Nutritional practices have a significant effect on exercise performance as they determine not only acute energy availability for sport activities, but also long-term changes in body composition. This review summarizes the available evidence and explores the critical relationship between within-day energy balance and body composition, emphasizing the importance of even energy distribution for optimal athletic performance and health. Findings revealed that within-day energy balance is a significant factor in the regulation of body composition in athletes, and that negative within-day energy balance may impair muscle protein synthesis and promote fat accumulation. The available evidence suggests that athletes should have an energy intake that dynamically matches requirement (i.e., the portion of the day when energy expenditure is higher, should be matched with a higher energy intake) to avoid prolonged periods of energy restriction. The reviewed investigation emphasized the importance of hourly energy balance assessment, because reliance on 24-h energy status may be insufficient in athletes. However, due to the dearth of scientific evidence in competitive athletes, more research is needed to determine the optimal within-day energy balance, considering training goals, individual differences, and dietary preferences.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-03T05:22:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241308970
       
  • Assessing gender essentialist beliefs towards youth athletes: Development
           and preliminary validation of the gender essentialist beliefs towards
           girls in sport scale (GEGS)

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      Authors: Anna Goorevich, Jekaterina Schneider, Courtney Boucher, Nicole M. LaVoi
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Despite evidence refuting the legitimacy of inherent and unchanging qualities and the existence of a gender sport continuum, a prevailing gender essentialist ideology persists among coaches. This ideology perpetuates the belief in a binary, hierarchical, and static structure of gender, which imparts higher cultural and social values to men's sport compared to women's and impacts girls’ development, participation, and enjoyment in sport. Some interventions have been proposed to address this issue; however, at present, no validated scale exists to assess intervention outcomes related to coaches’ gender essentialist beliefs. The aim of the current study was therefore to develop and validate the Gender Essentialist Beliefs Towards Girls in Sport Scale (GEGS), to assess gender essentialism among sport coaches. Content validity was judged by a panel of experts (N = 4) and through interviews with coaches (N = 5) across various sports and experience levels. Following initial item iteration, the GEGS was assessed with 633 coaches for reliability and validity. The final scale comprised 20 items and showed good reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-item and item-total correlations), validity (convergent validity, differentiation between known groups), and factor structure. We also found partial support for the discriminant validity of the GEGS. Overall, the GEGS provides a valuable tool for addressing gender essentialism in sport coaching and informing coach education programs. Future research should further validate the scale and explore its sensitivity to change in gender essentialist beliefs over time.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-02-03T05:21:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241307935
       
  • Quantifying performance in racket sports: The need for greater context

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      Authors: Julian Quah Jian Tan, Sam Robertson, John Komar
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In racket sports, the alternating action sequences offer players equal opportunities to impose their strategy, dictate the flow, and outmanoeuvre the opponent in a relentless ‘push-and-pull’ battle. The complexity of these interactions gives rise to a vast array of behavioural patterns, reflecting the nuanced dynamics of the sport. Existing literature has primarily focused on describing behavioural differences between expertise groups, often overlooking the broader circumstances that shape these patterns. These circumstances, or “context”, encompass factors such as match conditions (i.e., phases of plays) and players’ tendencies (i.e., preferred patterns of plays). This review examines the integration of contextual information in performance analysis within racket sports, focusing on the methodologies employed, data collection strategies, and analytical approaches. Through a systematic search of 105 studies, the predominant reliance on action-related data (93.3%) and traditional observational methods were identified. Only 10.5% of the studies incorporated contextual elements, such as match conditions and player tendencies, in their analysis. This review highlights the significant gap in contextual considerations, which are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of performance. Our findings suggest that a shift towards a contextually rich, data-driven approach is essential to fully understand these dynamic patterns. To address this, this review further advocates for a paradigm shift toward non-linear analytical approaches grounded in ecological dynamics, emphasising functional variability as an essential metric for performance. This approach could revolutionise performance analysis by providing deeper insights into the tactical nuances that drive success in racket sports, thus advancing both research methodologies and coaching practices.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-31T07:40:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311367
       
  • The effects of perceived trust in coach on performance in soccer team:
           Mediating role of team climate

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      Authors: Seungjoo Lee, Sungho Kwon, Doheung Lee
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examined the effect of trust in coach as perceived by soccer players on team climate and team performance. The survey was conducted using a combination of in-person and online and responses were collected through a self-report questionnaire, allowing participants to provide answers based on their own experiences and perceptions. A total of 202 soccer players (N = 202, male: 135, female: 67) registered with the Korea Football Association (KFA) responded to the survey. The age range of the participants was between 14 and 29 years, with a mean age of 18.43 years. Furthermore, Participants’ team levels were categorized as middle and high school (74.7%), university (17.8%), and professional (7.5%). Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to verify the normality of the data, while correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. In addition, regression analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro to examine the mediating effects. As we expected, trust in coach was significantly related to team climate and team performance. Trust in coach was found to predict the team climate and team performance positively. Also, the mediating effect of team climate in the relationship between trust in coach and team performance was significant. These findings underscore the importance of trust and positive climate within sports teams, indicating the necessity of establishing trust between coaches and players and fostering a positive team climate for effective team management.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-28T10:31:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241310510
       
  • Identifying stakeholder perspectives and priorities for athlete monitoring
           technology: A mixed-methods study based on interviewing Belgian
           high-performance sports organisations

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      Authors: Jean-Marie Aerts, Karen Moons, Federica Masci, Romain Meeusen, Jasper Gielen
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The rapid growth of technology in managing training processes offers both opportunities and challenges for sports practitioners. This study examines factors influencing technology adoption in four high-performance sports: golf, sprint kayak, freestyle snowboarding, and volleyball. Each discipline reflects distinct physiological and training needs. Using an interview-based approach and including 25 stakeholders (6 athletes, 14 coaches, and 5 high-performance managers), we captured qualitative and quantitative insights into the perceived benefits and challenges of technology in athlete monitoring.The thematic analysis identified key advantages of technology in athlete monitoring, including objective data support, enhanced engagement, real-time feedback, and increased confidence, while also highlighting concerns around misuse, time demands, and technological complexity. Conflicting views on motivation, comfort, and human oversight further emphasized the challenges in integrating technology effectively.To quantify these insights, we applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a structured prioritisation approach that is new within sports science, to rank essential technology features. Findings ranked Reliability (1st; 18.73%) and Validity (2nd; 18.42%) as top priorities, with Interpretability (3rd; 9.95%), Responsiveness (4th; 9.02%), and Complexity (5th; 8.08%) also valued. Key training priorities included monitoring Technique (1st; 15.94%), Performance (2nd; 15.24%), and Benchmarking (3rd; 11.90%).The thematic analysis highlights the importance of balanced use of technology. In a complementary approach, the AHP provides a structured method for assessing stakeholder priorities, enhancing decision-making and helping align technology development with practitioner needs. By introducing a framework that bridges communication between engineers, scientists, and practitioners, this study guides the development of user-centred sports technologies that effectively address real-world challenges in high-performance organisations.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-28T08:53:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241312015
       
  • The learning situations and factors related to the development of expert
           Brazilian Judo coaches

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      Authors: Darlan Perondi, Larissa Rafaela Galatti, Daniele Detanico, Paulo Henrique Caldeira Mesquita, Emerson Franchini, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The coach plays a fundamental role in high-performance sports, particularly in relation to the development of athletes and the achievement of successful outcomes. Brazil holds significant relevance in international judo, considering the results obtained in international competitions and the Olympic Games. Understanding the development of expert coaches can contribute to the development of new coaches. The present study aimed to investigate the development of expert Brazilian judo coaches. A qualitative, retrospective case study was conducted using a semi-structured interview research design. Seven expert Brazilian judo coaches were interviewed for this study. The results revealed that several factors are related to the development of expert coaches, such as personal characteristics, formal learning situations, nonformal learning situations, informal learning situations, and support from family and friends. Among the findings, informal learning situations stand out, characterized by the highest number of learning instances, alongside the proficiency in English, and the importance of family and friends. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the development of expert Brazilian judo coaches is a complex process involving the combination of various interrelated factors.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-27T08:13:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251314961
       
  • The cardiovascular response to international Olympic class windsurfing
           competition

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      Authors: Alex Anastasiou, Thomas Jones, Paul Mullan, Emma Ross, Glyn Howatson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to quantify the cardiovascular demands of the two predominant techniques within international Olympic windsurf competition. Three male (23 ± 3 y, 73.0 ± 1.4 kg, 181.3 ± 5.3 cm) and 3 female (26 ± 9, 60.1 ± 1.7 kg, 169.8 ± 3.2 cm) elite windsurfers competing at two international regattas were recruited. Windsurfers wore a heart rate (HR) monitor, whilst global positioning system data was gathered from an online website (SAP® Analytics). Races were categorised as either pumping or planing. Both average (88 ± 3 vs. 83 ± 4%) and peak (95 ± 2 vs. 91 ± 4%) HR was higher (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-27T08:13:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251314256
       
  • Breast health knowledge and awareness among stakeholders in women's rugby

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      Authors: K Bibby, IC Kenny, R Cahalan, L Guilfoyle, TM Comyns
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study interviewed stakeholders involved with women's Rugby in Ireland consisting of male and female coaches (n = 5), physiotherapists (n = 3), strength and conditioning coaches (n = 3) and female players (n = 3) on their knowledge and awareness of breast health issues. The findings indicate overall limited breast health knowledge and awareness amongst interviewees. Breast health issues can have potential future health complications such as fat necrosis or tissue scaring. The primary barrier to reporting breast health issues ascertained was due to the sensitive nature of the topic. The results further highlighted a lack of reporting pathways and treatment options for breast health problems among support staff overall. Additionally, this study indicates that current breast protective measures were not evidence-based, requiring further research. The findings underscored the need for targeted education, preferably by a female educator, on breast health issues for female players, coaches, and support staff, and tailored to stakeholder preferences to improve efficacy.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-27T08:12:11Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251314186
       
  • Match performance analysis on the Chinese football association super
           league: A systematic review

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      Authors: Zhaoyang Wang, Zuoming Fang, Ruochen Dai, Zunqi Niu, Hongyou Liu
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Founded in the year of 2004, the 20-year-old Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) serves as a representative of the development of Asian football. Research focused on match performance within the CSL has gained momentum in recent years. This study provides a systematic review of match performance analysis in the CSL, detailing the analytical methods, core topics, major findings, and current research trends. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), a structured search was conducted in the Web of Science (WOS), PubMed and Scopus databases using targeted keyword combinations, initially identifying 184 studies. After thorough screening, 45 studies were included in the review. These studies were classified into three categories: descriptive analyses, comparative analyses, and predictive analyses. Findings reveal that comparative and predictive analyses are dominant, while descriptive analysis remains essential for data contextualisation. Technical and physical performance analyses are the main research topics to date. Observations suggest the CSL is evolving toward a high-intensity style, with foreign players and substitutes playing pivotal roles. Contextual and environmental factors have been shown to substantially impact match performance. Future research will likely trend towards standardised definitions, speed zones and data, expanding studies on contextual and environmental factors with an emphasis on tactical analysis, goalkeeper performance, set-piece situations, and distinct phases of play.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-27T08:10:44Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541251314185
       
  • The influence of goalkeeperś height on Soccer Performance: A
           gender-based analysis

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      Authors: B. De-la-Cruz-Torres, M. Navarro-Castro, A. Ruiz-de-Alarcón-Quintero
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The difference in height between men and women goalkeepers (GKs) may influence goalkeeper performance, particularly when considering that both genders compete using goal frames of identical dimensions. The primary objective of this study was to establish the correlation between GKs’ height and their performance during the 2023–2024 UEFA Champions League season, encompassing both women's and men's leagues. A secondary objective was to analyze GKs’ performance overall. In total, 1751 shots on goal were analyzed, utilizing variables such as total shots on goal, goal shots, non-goal shots, effectiveness against shots conceded, expected goals on target (xGOT), class output, and zone output. A descriptive and correlational statistical analysis was conducted, along with a comparative analysis to assess differences between genders. The findings revealed no correlation between GKs’ height and their performance, as measured by the xGOT metric. The “low center” goal zone received the highest percentage of shots on target, while the “low left” and “low right” zones conceded the highest percentage of goals. The main conclusion of this study was GKs’ height should not be regarded as a determining physical characteristic for performance in both leagues. Furthermore, the predictive value of xGOT for a shot on goal resulting in a goal was determined to be 0.61 ± 0.29 for the women's league and 0.60 ± 0.29 for the men's league.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-27T08:09:34Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241310523
       
  • Made in Brazil: Futsal coaching education at a large-scale perspective

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      Authors: Cesar Vieira Marques Filho, Larissa Rafaela Galatti, Matheus Galdino, Rafael dos Santos Cruz, Paulo Cesar Montagner
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaching education programs can be perceived as a fundamental cornerstone to certify and further develop sports coaches across domestic and continental territories. Particularly in Brazil, futsal coaches have been benefiting from a large-scale perspective that allows the sport to keep evolving nationwide. To better understand its educational structure and benefits, this study explored a futsal coaching education program that provides state-level certification in the Brazilian territory. Our mixed-methods research design included a qualitative analysis of official documents, a questionnaire collecting data from 67 futsal coaches, semi-structured interviews with the program's coordinator, five coach developers and five coaches, in addition to a participant's observation performed by the lead researcher. Our findings highlight five themes: (1) program's definition, (2) educational model, (3) program's identity and coaching awareness, (4) pedagogical approach, as well as (5) evaluation and impact. More intriguingly, however, this Brazilian futsal coach education program revealed low levels of interaction and practical reflection among its participants, while futsal coaches also reported a lack of feedback on most of the activities they performed. Overall, the present study suggests a switch from the program's traditional assessment into a rather procedural and contextualized evaluation to enhance learning and development in futsal coaching practice.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-24T09:14:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311833
       
  • Highway to Hell: Participation in youth National Basketball teams and
           senior performance

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      Authors: Javier García-Rubio, Nicolás Lozano-Tejada, Pablo López-Sierra, Almudena Martínez-Sánchez, Amalia Campos-Redondo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The development of sporting talent in team sports has traditionally been based on talent identification programmes focused on the individualisation of the athlete in a single sport from childhood. These models have often been unsuccessful due to their lack of scientific evidence, as well as not taking into account factors such as the Relative Age Effect or the role of coaches in the early stages of training. The aim of the present research is to analyse whether the Relative Age Effect exists in Spain and to associate the debut in non-competitive national teams and the attainment of the status of high performance player. A total of 358 national players were analysed taking into account variables related to month of birth and debut in professional leagues or national teams. The results reveal that there is a relative effect of age in all national teams in Spain, essentially affecting professional status. Only early specialization from 18 years onwards predicts performance in professional leagues and national teams. Diversification in the early sporting stages improves the long-term development of the athlete.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-21T10:13:09Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241305124
       
  • The impact of competition mode and verbal encouragement on physiological,
           physical, and technical performances in youth football

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      Authors: Murat Akdag, Johannes Seibert, Michael C. Rumpf, Matthias Lochmann
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The present study compared the physiological, physical, and technical performances during “FUNino” (3 vs. 3) to that of the standard competition mode (7 vs. 7) under the influence of two coaching feedback situations (verbal encouragement vs. no verbal encouragement). “FUNino” features a 3-a-side game on a small pitch size (20 × 27-meter) with specific scoring rules (scoring within a 6 m goal zone) utilizing four small goals played without goalkeeper. There are also no offsides or throw-ins, however a kick- or dribble in. Sixteen U11 male youth footballers performed eight 10-min games, four in the “FUNino” and four in the standard competition game (7 vs. 7) in accordance to the German national government soccer association (DFB). All games were videotaped and physiological, physical, and technical parameters quantified for each game. A two-factors linear model with repeated measurement (ANOVA) were used to analyze the parameters. There were significant (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-17T04:17:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311828
       
  • "There is a lot more potential” - practitioner perspectives on
           technology and data-driven talent identification, selection, and
           development in a German Bundesliga academy

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      Authors: Leah M Monsees
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This case study explored the perceptions and utilisation of data-driven methods of coaches, scouts, and a sporting manager overseeing the U8-U14 unit of a German Bundesliga academy. It comprised seven semi-structured interviews and employed thematic analysis to unravel the complexities of talent identification, selection and development (TISD). The findings provide highly contextual insights into practices and perceptions of key stakeholders within the context of academy football. Technology and data-driven methods were restricted to anthropometric measurements and automated video evaluations. Nonetheless, informants recognised the potential of data-driven methods, such as AI, to enhance TISD practices and decision-making. Financial constraints did not pose a barrier, however, challenges, such as limited expertise and insufficient time for data interpretation, hindered the wider adoption of data-driven strategies and technologies. It is suggested that training staff in data interpretation and investing in skilled personnel could improve the effective use of new technologies and enhance player development. Legal regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulations, were perceived as potential hurdles to adopt innovative methods. Moreover, demographic dynamics, particularly younger staff, are believed to positively influence technological adoption. The need for further research to explore how organisational dynamics and data protection laws impact the adoption and effectiveness of data-driven methods in football academies was suggested.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-13T09:42:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241308519
       
  • Exploring weight bias, fatphobia, and diversity training among collegiate
           athletic coaches

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      Authors: Andrea Cadavid, Sydney Hamrick, Kassie R Terrell, Hanadi Y Hamadi, Robert J Zeglin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Many fields have called for a shift from a weight-normative to a weight-inclusive approach. However, there is still a paucity of research investigating such a shift within college athletic coaching. This quantitative study investigated weight bias, fatphobia, and diversity training among collegiate athletic coaches (n = 68). A cross-sectional survey design using random convenience sampling was used and findings revealed the prevalence of weight bias and fatphobia among coaches, with many endorsing harmful weight normative beliefs that can exacerbate negative mental health outcomes, such as disordered eating, among student athletes. The results also indicated a significant lack of diversity training related to size and body composition, highlighting a crucial gap in coaches’ preparation to foster a weight-inclusive environment that supports athletes’ mental and physical well-being. This research is a call for athletic departments to adopt weight-inclusive coaching practices, ensuring that athletes of all sizes can thrive in a supportive environment. Recommendations and resources for inclusive coaching practices are also provided.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-13T09:11:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241313052
       
  • Psychometric properties of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire in a
           coaching population

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      Authors: Landon M. Braun, Carly A. Wahl, Barbara B. Meyer
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Recognized as the process of psychophysiological unwinding from the demands of work and other stressors, occupational recovery has been a popular topic of study over the past decade. Building on the recovery research in occupational workers and more recently athletes, sport and performance psychology scholars have begun to consider the occupational recovery of the team around the team (i.e., athletic trainers and sport psychology professionals). Like the aforementioned professionals, coaches may be able to use recovery to buffer work-related stressors which can impact their health, work performance, and career longevity. That said, there is a dearth of research on coach recovery, perhaps due to a lack of appropriate measures to study occupational recovery in this specific population. The purpose of the current study, therefore, was to validate the Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ) in a coaching population. A sample of 237 collegiate and professional coaches (148 males, 89 females) were recruited from various sports, competitive levels, and roles. In addition to assessing two forms of reliability, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the four latent variable measurement model of the REQ. Furthermore, correlational analyses were used to demonstrate discriminant validity between the REQ and a measure of perceived stress. Collectively, the results suggest that the REQ possesses strong psychometric properties and is a measure worthy of further exploration and use in an elite coaching population.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-13T09:10:09Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311365
       
  • Quantifying player versatility through lineup-based playing styles in
           elite basketball

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      Authors: Tianxiao Guo, Christophe Ley, Yixiong Cui, Yanfei Shen, Chengyi Zhang, Jing Mi
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Understanding and quantifying playing styles across different lineups is crucial for evaluating player roles, optimizing lineup combinations, and recruiting suitable athletes. This study proposes a comprehensive framework to capture player versatility, defined as the range of playing styles exhibited across various lineups in elite basketball. We collected data from 11,978 games spanning 10 NBA regular seasons and extracted lineup-based player statistics and applied Non-negative Matrix Factorization to reduce dimensionality, identifying 6 performance bases that represent playing styles in specific lineups. A two-step clustering algorithm based on cosine distance was then used to group typical performance patterns and quantify each player's versatility. To compare versatility between players, we employed the Wasserstein distance, providing an interpretable alignment of playing styles. This framework offers basketball practitioners a powerful tool to assess player performance across lineups, supporting informed decisions in lineup optimization, player development and recruitment in basketball and other team sports.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-13T08:08:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241312390
       
  • Developing skill within the context of a Game-Based Approach

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      Authors: Luke Barrett, Paul Kinnerk, Philip E. Kearney
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Limited research has examined continued skill development in adult high-performance sport. In addition, while game-based approaches emphasise the concurrent development of technical excellence and tactical nous, there is a lack of clarity in relation to how coaches develop skill within a games-based approach. As such, this paper explored coaches’ understanding of skill and their approaches to the development of skill within high-performance cohorts through a game-based approach. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight coaches with experience coaching at the highest level of Gaelic football; these coaches self-identified as adhering to a game-based approach, albeit not to a particular framework. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to the resulting transcripts. The analysis identified two key challenges coaches faced in relation to skill development through a game-based approach: competing priorities for coaches in relation to team preparation within training sessions, compounded by competing priorities for players in terms of athletic development outside of training sessions. Despite these competing priorities, the coaches endorsed skill development as an important function of the high-performance coach and reported a sophisticated definition of skill. The coaches described a variety of activities which were used to support players’ development of skill, consistent with their espoused games-based approach to coaching. However, more sophisticated game design, better integration of unopposed activities and games, developing player self-regulatory skills and enhanced coherence between coaches appear to be ways in which skill development could be enhanced to address the challenges coaches identified and maximise the benefits of employing a game-based approach.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-13T08:07:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311673
       
  • Which factors define success during the basketball overtimes

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      Authors: Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano, Sergio Jiménez Saiz, Edson Filho, Carlos Lago-Peñas, Yixiong Cui
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study investigates how scoring before overtime and various contextual factors influence outcomes during overtime in three professional basketball leagues. We collected data from the National Basketball Association (NBA), Euroleague, and Spanish Professional League (ACB), consisting of n = 275, n = 37, and n = 59 games, respectively, and played in the seasons 2019–2022. Our analysis included variables such as the team that tied the score, game location, opponent strength, maximum point difference during the game, and the last five minutes of regulation play. Binomial logistic regression revealed that the team scoring the tying basket did not significantly affect overtime outcomes in any league. Notably, in the ACB league, game location and maximum point difference during the game were significant predictors, while in the Euroleague, keeping the game tight was crucial. In contrast, in the NBA, game location and opponent strength were pivotal. Our analysis of predictive accuracy showed differing results across leagues, with the ACB league exhibiting the highest accuracy. These differential results between leagues underscore the importance of tailoring coaching strategies to specific league dynamics, enabling teams to better prepare for the critical moments leading to overtime based on the influence of each contextual factor.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-13T05:34:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311531
       
  • Contextual maximum speed: Assessing the day-to-day variation in maximal
           running speed in Australian rules football

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      Authors: Brock W. Freeman, Nathan D. W. Smith, Thomas J. Mirosevich, Ashley J. Cripps
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Monitoring sprint distance is commonplace in Australian Rules football (ARF). Thresholds are programmed as a percentage of maximum speed (Vmax), however day-to-day variation has not been considered. The aim of this study was to determine the day-to-day variation in Vmax, jump height, power, and strength in male, talent-identified ARF athletes. Twenty-three male, ARF athletes (age = 16.6 ± 0.64 years, height = 179.4 ± 9.1 cm, mass = 73.4 ± 8.4 kg) completed a countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, and 40-metre sprint on three occasions within a 7-day period, separated by 48-h recovery periods. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVAs, and general linear regressions were used to analyze the data. Vmax declined progressively (ηP2 = 0.586, CV = 5%) between session one (31.8 ± 1.5km⋅h−1), two (30.8 ± 1.2km⋅h−1), and three (30.0 ± 1.3km⋅h−1). No differences were observed for jump height (47.4 ± 5.0 cm), peak force (2981 ± 518N), or net peak force (2047 ± 444N⋅kg−1). Jump height, peak force, and net peak force did not predict Vmax in session 1, session 2, or session 3. Individual changes in Vmax exceeded 5% in 10 instances. The Vmax is outside the typical error for measurement and indicative of the variation in Vmax. The lack of predictive power demonstrated by strength and power variables is evidence of the technical considerations associated with sprinting. Practitioners should consider the variation in Vmax when monitoring training load in field sports. The variation suggests that programming thresholds based upon a single recording of Vmax may incorrectly describe the true amount of high-speed and sprint running completed.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-09T01:37:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241311527
       
  • Increasing target size and strike percentage in Tenpin bowling: An
           analysis of the 2017 Weber Cup

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      Authors: Curtis George Hooper
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The ability to strike regularly in the sport of tenpin bowling is of paramount importance for bowlers should they wish to obtain high scores and compete at an elite level. Therefore, bowlers and their coaches are often looking to maximise the size of the contact area on pin number one (the head pin) that can be hit such that the chance of getting a strike is high. This effectively increases the margin of error that the bowler has, which could result in them having an advantage over the opposition. To help gain insight into the features of a shot that can potentially increase this area whilst maintaining a high strike percentage, ball tracking data from the 2025 Weber Cup is analysed. The position of the ball as it hits the pins is found to be important. If the ball travels through the pins without much deflection, and the position of the ball towards the last row of pins is close to the centre of the lane, then the target area around the head pin increases significantly. The entry angle and entry speed of the ball are found to be less important.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-08T08:41:14Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241306543
       
  • The fairness of the group draw for the FIFA World Cup

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      Authors: László Csató
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Several sports tournaments contain a round-robin group stage where the teams are assigned to groups subject to some constraints. Hence, the organisers usually use a computer-assisted random draw to avoid any dead end, a situation when the teams still to be drawn cannot be assigned to the remaining empty slots. This procedure is known to be unfair: the feasible allocations are not equally likely, that is, the draw does not have a uniform distribution. We quantify the implied unfairness of the 2018 FIFA World Cup draw and evaluate its effect on the probability of qualification for the knockout stage for each national team. The official draw order of Pot 1, Pot 2, Pot 3, Pot 4 turns out to be a significantly better option than the 23 other draw orders with respect to the unwanted distortions. Nonetheless, the non-uniform draw distorts the probability of qualification by more than one percentage point for two countries. Our results call attention to the non-negligible role of draw order and make it possible for policymakers to decide whether using fairer draw mechanisms is justified.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2025-01-08T08:40:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241300219
       
  • Wilbur Kraak: The coach of coaches and researchers

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      Authors: Jocelyn Solomons, James Brown, Ben Jones, Sharief Hendricks
      Pages: 5 - 7
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 5-7, February 2025.
      As a coach, coach educator and researcher, Wilbur contributed significantly to the field rugby science, both as an author and reviewer. The aim of this research note, structured as a ‘short report’, is to highlight some of Wilbur's many work achievements.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-19T12:51:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241303669
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Insights into coaching effectiveness: Perspectives from coaches and
           players in South African Women's Rugby

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      Authors: Jocelyn Solomons, Sheree Bekker, Ryan Groom, Wilbur Kraak
      Pages: 8 - 21
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 8-21, February 2025.
      Sports coaching involves navigating ambiguity and uncertainty in stakeholders’ perspectives and managing a dynamic micro-political environment. This study explores the relationship between coaching efficacy and effectiveness in South African Women's Rugby. It examines how a coach's belief in their ability to influence athlete learning and performance (coaching efficacy) correlates with the actual impact on athletes (coaching effectiveness). By aligning coaches’ perceived competence with tangible athlete outcomes, the study provides insights into factors influencing coaching practices and athlete development. The study involved 28 women players (mean age: 24.8 ± 4.0 years) and 8 coaches (mean age: 41 ± 3.8 years) who participated in semi-structured online interviews. The interview script, derived from the Coaching Effectiveness Survey (CES) tool, was analysed using Braun and Clarke's 6-step process of thematic content analysis. Under the four efficacy dimensions, sub-themes emerged as follow: 1) motivation (climate created by the coach and a motivational climate experienced by the players), 2) technique (coaching physical, technical, and tactical aspects of rugby), 3) game strategy (guiding players to successful outcomes), and 4) character-building efficacy (cultivating a positive environment for sportswomanship and holistic development). The findings incorporate feedback from players and coaches, highlighting firsthand experiences of coaching effectiveness. This approach enables experts to identify effective coaching strategies and those needing refinement within Women's Rugby. The study's findings promise to inform future coach development frameworks and foster a comprehensive understanding of coaching effectiveness in the dynamic landscape of Women's Rugby worldwide.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-09-14T06:21:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241283625
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Understanding beliefs and perceptions of parents, coaches, and
           organizational leaders toward non-concussive head impact exposure in youth
           American football

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      Authors: Jillian E. Urban, Justin B. Moore, Lydia L. Faber, Madison E. Marks, Ty D. Holcomb, Christopher M. Miles, Laura A. Flashman, Scott I. Otallah, Joel D. Stitzel, Kristie L. Foley
      Pages: 22 - 34
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 22-34, February 2025.
      Concussions are a prevalent public health concern; however, non-concussive head impacts without signs and symptoms of concussion may have a greater influence on brain health. The objective of this study was to apply components of the health belief model to perceptions of non-concussive head impacts and preventative efforts to reduce head impacts in youth American football and thematically analyze responses across parents with children participating in youth football, coaches, and organizational leaders. Parents, coaches, and organizational leaders of a local youth football league were invited to complete a one-time online anonymous survey assessing football and sport history, knowledge, beliefs, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, and demographics. Principal factor analysis was conducted prior to scoring measurements evaluated in this study. Parents perceived the susceptibility and severity of head impacts in football to be greater than coaches and organizational leaders; however, coaches and organizational leaders had greater beliefs and self-efficacy surrounding head impact safety efforts in football compared to parents. Understanding beliefs and perceptions of key stakeholders in the youth football community is critical to the development and implementation of prevention programs aimed at reducing head impact exposure in the sport.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-03T09:42:34Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241285404
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • The eyes don’t have it: Coaches’ eye is not a valid method of
           estimating biological maturation in male Gaelic football

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      Authors: F. Fitzgerald, M. Campbell, P. E. Kearney, S.P. Cumming
      Pages: 35 - 44
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 35-44, February 2025.
      In youth sport, coaches often rely on subjective assessments of current ability and future potential, which may favor players advanced in biological maturation. This study evaluated the accuracy of coaches’ maturity assessments and their impact on perceptions of player ability and potential, as well the inter-coach agreement on talent and maturity evaluations. Maturity timing (discrepancy between biological and chronological age) was assessed using the Khamis-Roche method for 247 male players aged 13 to 17 years. Eighteen coaches provided estimations of their players’ maturity timing, ratings of current ability and long-term potential, and selections of top and bottom 5 players. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using weighted Kappa (k) and percentage agreement. Kendall correlation analyses (τ) examined relationships between maturity and coaches’ perceptions, while a Kruskal Wallis test examined differences in maturity between players classified by coaches as top, middle and bottom performers. On average, coaches underestimated the presence of early maturers and overestimated on-time and late maturers. Maturation timing showed weak correlations with current ability (τ = 0.075) and future potential (τ = 0.021). Coaches’ selected “top” players did not differ in maturity from their peers (H2 = 4.844, p = 0.89). Agreement between coaches ranged from none to weak. These findings suggest coaches’ eye may be inaccurate for estimating maturation. Additionally, there is poor inter-coach agreement in identifying talented athletes, indicating the “coach's eye” is subjective and variable. These results may have significant implications for future talent identification research and processes in sport organizations.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-29T09:15:22Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241290585
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Objectivity of match analysis in football: Testing the level of agreement
           between coaches’ interpretations of video data

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      Authors: Philip Furley, Saumya Mehta, Dominik Raabe, Daniel Memmert
      Pages: 45 - 55
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 45-55, February 2025.
      Using video data is a widespread procedure in the preparation for an upcoming opponent across all levels of football, but the way coaches interpret this data and use it for player feedback is still not fully understood. Three studies were conducted to investigate the level of agreement between football coaches on tactical questions regarding the opponent when interpreting the same video data. In Study 1 (scouting feed; N = 15) and 2 (tactic view feed; N = 24), different video viewing angles of the same match were provided to coaches, followed by simple questions regarding the viewed team (e.g., team formation, most striking player in the opening play of the attacking team). Response analyses using descriptive statistics and Fleiss-Kappa statistics showed great diversity regardless of the angle of the feed. Study 3 was a replication study (scouting feed; N = 16) using the identical approach as before but used a different match to introduce greater variety of video stimuli. Across all studies there was a high degree of diversity in coach responses and little consensus on basic questions like the adopted formation or the most striking player in the opening play (Fleiss-Kappa coefficients between -.036 [poor agreement] and .236 [fair agreement]). The present research shows that it is problematic to treat information from video feeds as being objective when preparing for the next opponent, as different coaches derive different interpretations from the same data source. Implications for use of video data, and related contributions to coaching research are discussed.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-09-05T08:35:29Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241278603
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Does a closer coach-athlete bond buffer or exacerbate the detrimental
           effects of controlling coaching on athletes’ coping and outcomes'

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      Authors: Elisa Lefever, Nele Flamant, Sofie Morbée, Bart Soenens, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Nikos Ntoumanis, Kimberley Bartholomew, Katrien De Cocker, Leen Haerens
      Pages: 56 - 69
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 56-69, February 2025.
      Some coaches are convinced that controlling practices will not harm their athletes if they simultaneously are warm and caring. This study, grounded in Self-Determination Theory and Skinner's coping framework, explored these convictions among 179 volleyball players (67.6% female; age = 21.12 ± 4.66 years). Participants assessed perceived controlling and relatedness-supportive coaching styles, their coping strategies, self-reported performance, engagement, competitive anxiety, and burnout. Results showed that controlling coaching related to reduced performance, and more competitive anxiety and burnout. Controlling coaching associated indirectly with these athletes’ outcomes through compulsive compliance. Finally, when coaches were perceived to display moderate or high levels of relatedness-support, controlling coaching related to worse performance, and more competitive anxiety. These results suggest that a closer coach-athlete bond may exacerbate the detrimental impact of controlling coaching, as athletes feel internally pressured to obey the coach's demands without internally accepting these commands.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-17T08:20:31Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241287433
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Exploring the relationship between coach-initiated motivational climate
           and athlete well-being, resilience, and psychological safety in
           competitive sport teams

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      Authors: Achuthan Shanmugaratnam, Colin D McLaren, Meredith Schertzinger, Mark W Bruner
      Pages: 70 - 78
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 70-78, February 2025.
      The purpose of this study was to investigate coach-initiated motivational climate and its relationship with athlete well-being, resilience, and psychological safety in competitive sport. In addition to independent relationships between task- and ego-related climates and the study outcomes, this research also explored the potential additive effects of task and ego climate together to understand if a task climate can buffer against the negative impacts of an ego climate. Self-report survey data were collected from competitive soccer players across Ontario, Canada (N = 298; Mage = 20.38; 58.72% male). Using multiple linear regression, a perceived task-related climate was a significant positive predictor of well-being (ß = .33), resilience (ß = .31), and psychological safety (ß = .54, all ps 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-08-29T06:09:29Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241278602
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Effects of coaches' authentic leadership on athletes' training competition
           satisfaction: The mediating roles of psychological ownership and athlete
           engagement

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      Authors: Yingjie Zhang, Rong Fan
      Pages: 79 - 91
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 79-91, February 2025.
      Coaching leadership greatly impacts athletes’ mental health and wellbeing. Although research shows a positive link between authentic leadership and athlete satisfaction, studies on specific subdimensions are limited. This study examines the influence of authentic leadership on athlete engagement and performance, utilizing a conditional process model to explore the mediating effects of psychological ownership and athlete engagement. A survey of 381 athletes (274 male, 107 female; Mage = 19.98; SD = 2.48) from team and individual sports found that perceived authentic leadership positively correlates with training competition satisfaction, psychological ownership, and athlete engagement. Structural equation modeling revealed that psychological ownership and athlete engagement significantly mediate this relationship. Thus, authentic leadership directly and indirectly enhances athletes’ satisfaction.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-09-10T08:09:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241267853
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Differences between Australian triathlon coaching practices and
           evidence-based training load management recommendations

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      Authors: Leighton A. Wells, Lyndell Bruce, Samantha M. Hoffmann, Peter Kremer, Dan B Dwyer
      Pages: 92 - 101
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 92-101, February 2025.
      ObjectivesThe training load practices of triathlon coaches are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore and describe these practices to create an opportunity to compare their alignment with evidence-based practices.DesignThe study employs an online survey and descriptive statistical analysis to investigate load practices. Method: 63 Australian triathlon coaches with 12 or more months of experience were surveyed. They held tertiary qualifications (27.7%), were AusTriathlon accredited (25.3%) and coached mainly age-group athletes (94%). Coaches’ use of subjective and objective metrics for prescribing, measuring, and monitoring training load and communication frequency with athletes was examined. The survey investigated use of subjective metrics (e.g., s/RPE) and objective metrics (e.g., Time/Distance/Pace) for prescribing and monitoring load, frequency of monitoring sessions, and communication with athletes.ResultsMost coaches prescribe load using subjective metrics (78% of coaches) and objective metrics (76%). Load is measured/monitored by 81% of coaches using objective metrics, with subjective metrics less commonly used (62%). Less than half (43.5%) monitor every session/day, while most monitor load only weekly (51.6%) or monthly (4.8%). Communication about load occurs mostly every 4 weeks (38.7%).ConclusionsCoaches’ load practices only partially align with evidence-based recommendations. The use of subjective measures to monitor load is not common, neither is the consideration of acute and chronic loads. Many coaches communicate infrequently with their athletes. The potential consequence is health risks to athletes that could be addressed before they are missed. Coaches can make better use of technology to help them manage load.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-06T03:39:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241305677
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Removing the straight jacket in practice approach: An investigation into
           coach learning and development in Australian female tennis

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      Authors: Kylie Moulds, Alexandra Lascu, Alison Bai, James Davidson
      Pages: 102 - 115
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 102-115, February 2025.
      ObjectivesApplying an ecological dynamics perspective with the Skilled Intentionality Framework, this study examined whether an integrated coach learning and development framework could be successfully implemented in Australian female tennis coaching.MethodsParticipants were all females: qualified coaches (N = 4), coach developers (N = 2) and athletes, aged 15–18 years (N = 7). Participants completed an online survey, examining socio-demographics, playing/coaching history and learning outcomes. An ethnographic and action research approach utilising the Learning in Development Research Framework (LDRF) was undertaken over 20 weeks of coach learning and development. Coaches followed two female coach developers (one as the primary investigator) for a minimum of two hours per week (in situ learning), while the coaches worked directly with athletes. To identify influential factors, multiple data collection strategies were employed, including surveys, semi-structured interviews, observations, critical reflections and focus groups.ResultsPerceived program benefits (e.g., coach self-confidence and reassurance) and on-court/off-court support were verified within qualitative interview-derived data.ConclusionFindings identify the positive influence of an integrated coach learning and development framework on continued Australian female coaching career progression, highlighting coach development implications.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-03T09:43:22Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241287117
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Characterizations and practical applications of off-feet conditioning
           interval training in open skill sports

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      Authors: Timothy Rogers, Nicholas Gill, Christopher M Beaven
      Pages: 116 - 122
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 116-122, February 2025.
      The high intensity of training to improve performance in open skill sports such as team invasion and combat sports can have potential negative effects. As a result non-specific forms of training collectively called Off-Feet Conditioning (OFC) have been used to mitigate the possible impact of training. This study conducted a survey of active practitioners in open skill sports into the use of OFC. There were 158 respondents from 16 countries, with an average experience of 11.5 ± 7.6 y experience working with open skill sports. Questions were divided into five categories: responder information implementation, perceived effectiveness, equipment selection and an applicable definition of OFC. A high percentage of respondents employ OFC methods in their typical training programs in conjunction with traditional run-based training. Typically respondents used OFC methods twice per week. While OFC is most commonly used for aerobic development, research suggests that OFC may also be used to improve other areas of physical performance. Short-interval training (15–60 s) are most frequently prescribed method of OFC and is typically used to target aerobic adaptations. Electronic ergometers, or “cardio equipment” were the most commonly used category of equipment, with cycle ergometers were the most commonly used form of OFC. Based on survey responses, we propose that OFC can be defined as “any non-running or non-impact training designed to reduce load and improve physical performance”. This definition will differentiate OFC from the broader term “cross-training” which may include skill and tactical transfer from one sport to another.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-03T09:43:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241286294
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Rates of ground reaction force development are associated with running
           speed during sprint acceleration

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      Authors: Ryu Nagahara, Olivier Girard, Paul-Axel Messou
      Pages: 123 - 129
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 123-129, February 2025.
      This study aimed to investigate the relationship between overground sprint performance and rates of force development (RFDs) in ground reaction forces (GRF) during the entire acceleration phase. Thirty-one male sprinters performed 60-m sprints during which the GRF from the start to the 50-m mark were measured. The vertical, braking and propulsive RFDs at each step were calculated as the average rate of change in GRF. Average values for each four steps during the acceleration phase were calculated to examine relationships between running speed or average horizontal external power (AHEP) and RFD values. The RFD values ranged from 859.8 ± 191.1 to 1682.0 ± 258.2 N/s/kg for vertical force, −502.6 ± 215.7 to −1033.8 ± 196.2 N/s/kg for braking force, and 97.2 ± 11.7 to 185.4 ± 32.3 N/s/kg for propulsive force. There were associations of running speed with vertical RFD at the 21st–24th step section (r = 0.385) and with propulsive RFD at the 1st–4th step section and from the 13th–16th to 21st–24th step sections (r = 0.386–0.559). Moreover, AHEP was correlated with vertical RFD from the 13th–16th to 21st–24th step sections (r = 0.442–0.523), with braking RFD at the 17th–20th and 21st–24th step sections (r = −0.423 and −0.448), and with propulsive RFD at every step section (r = 0.374–0.856). In conclusion, greater propulsive RFD throughout the acceleration phase, along with higher braking and vertical RFD during the later acceleration section, may indicate better sprint performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-08-19T06:55:23Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241276476
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • How do young soccer players train' A 5-year analysis of weekly microcycle
           training load characteristics in an elite youth academy

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      Authors: Darragh R Connolly, Sean Stolp, Antonio Gualtieri, Alberto Franceschi, Duccio Ferrari Bravo, Ermanno Rampinini, Aaron J Coutts
      Pages: 130 - 138
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 130-138, February 2025.
      This study aimed to describe the distribution of training load (session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), duration, and sRPE-training load) across weekly microcycles of an elite youth academy and assess the differences between four different age groups (U15-U16-U17-U19). Training load variables were recorded during in-season training weeks over 5 competitive seasons (from 2014–15 to 2018–19, evaluating new squads for each age group each season) for a total of 456 player observations. Mixed models assessed the variability of the three load variables across the different training days of a weekly microcycle and between the four different age groups. Estimated marginal means, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and effect sizes (d) were calculated for each training day of the microcycle. The main findings were significant differences in the training load variables three and four days before the next Match Day (i.e., MD-3 and MD-4, respectively), with U15 recording lower sRPE (−2.0 AU, d = 0.43–0.72) and U19 a lower duration (−35 min, d 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-15T08:31:41Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241292765
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Adopting dual-tasks in small-sided games training in youth soccer: The
           influence of experience level on tactical performance

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      Authors: Vitor Hugo Santos Rezende, Gibson Moreira Praça
      Pages: 139 - 151
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 139-151, February 2025.
      This study assessed the influence of experience level on the cost of tactical performance due to a secondary task in soccer players during Small-Sided Games (SSG). The study involved 36 less experienced soccer athletes (under-13 category) and 36 more experienced athletes (under-17 category), totaling 72 male players from two soccer teams. Participants performed, in a randomized and balanced order, four experimental conditions composed of the following protocols: (1) Single-Task (ST) the 3 vs. 3 SSG, (2) Motor Dual-Task (MDT): SSG while balancing a basketball with a small cone, (3) Cognitive Dual-Task 1 (CDT1): SSG while performing mathematical operations, (4) Cognitive Dual-Task 2 (CDT2): SSG while counting opponent's passes. The SSGs were filmed for players’ tactical assessment using the Football Tactical Assessment System. The task cost was analyzed using two-way mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. The comparison between categories indicated that the under-17 category showed a lower cost in the tactical principles of penetration (p = 0.007) and concentration (p = 0.025). In comparison, the under-13 category showed a lower cost in the tactical principles of width and length without the ball (p = 0.007), delay (p = 0.001), and defensive balance (p = 0.025). In comparing protocols, MDT showed a higher cost in the tactical principle of width and length without the ball (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference between CDT1 and CDT2 protocols (p > 0.05). The results suggest that experience level reduces the cost of the secondary task involving actions in progression with the ball, and the MDT, CDT1, and CDT2 protocols appear to generate similar costs to performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-29T09:18:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241291372
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Compensatory training sessions, do they really compensate'

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      Authors: David Casamichana, Eider Barba, Gorka Aguirre, Oier Agirrezabalaga, Julen Castellano
      Pages: 152 - 158
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 152-158, February 2025.
      The aim of this study was to compare the external load accumulated by players belonging to three teams of the same professional club in the compensatory training session, training the day after the match, expressing this both in absolute values and in values relative to the match demands. Fifty-one soccer players from three different categories (professional team [PRO] n= 16 players; reserve team [RES]= 15 players; and second reserve team [RES2]= 20 players) were monitored by micro-electromechanical systems devices in compensatory training sessions. Large and very large differences between teams were shown in the variables most related to volume (duration, player load, total distance, acceleration load and distance at>14 km h−1), while the variables most related to intensity show trivial and small differences between teams (distance at>21 and>24 km h−1, and number of accelerations and decelerations). Our main finding agreed with our hypothesis, showing that most of the external load variables range between 30–90% of the official match load, most of the external load variables being in ranges close to 50–60% of the match demands, reaching a higher percentage in the variables related to the accelerations and decelerations actions.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-05T07:57:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241287914
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • A grounded theory for professional soccer teams’ playing styles:
           Towards a consensus

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      Authors: Spyridon Plakias, Charoula Kasioura, George M. Pamboris, Christos Kokkotis, Themistoklis Tsatalas, Serafeim Moustakidis, Marina Papalexi, Giannis Giakas, Dimitrios Tsaopoulos
      Pages: 159 - 172
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 159-172, February 2025.
      The recognition of playing styles in soccer has been established as highly significant in the performance analysis of the sport. The aim of this research was to clarify the terms used by authors to express this specific concept and to identify all recognized playing styles, examining their relationships, thereby creating a comprehensive framework. We employed a qualitative study design using a Grounded Theory approach. A rigorous process of open, axial, and selective coding was applied, involving nine researchers to ensure the reliability of the findings. Qualitative research data were obtained from documents found on Scopus and Google Scholar. After applying specific criteria, 205 documents were deemed suitable, with 22 of them necessary to achieve theoretical saturation, the point where no new properties, dimensions, or relationships emerge during analysis. The 22 documents were analyzed using Atlas.ti.23, identifying 84 codes, 40 of which were utilized as categories and 44 as subcategories. The set of codes categorized into six thematic folders. The analysis led to the identification of terms used to express the concept of style in the international literature and the recognition of playing styles used to characterize a team a) regardless of the game phases, b) in specific phases of the game, c) in specific sub-phases of the attack, d) based on the game phases that teams rely on for their tactics, and e) based on the teams’ physical performance. By synthesizing existing literature, we proposed a Grounded Theory that serves as a consensus point for researchers and coaches. This theory managed to overcome the limitations of individual studies and can serve as the foundation for effective communication within the soccer community, thus being a useful tool for future research, as well as for coaches, analysts, and scouts of the teams.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-06T07:18:01Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241300605
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • The technical-tactical profile of soccer goalkeepers: The impact of age
           and competitive level

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      Authors: Felix Kielkopf, Michael Keiner
      Pages: 173 - 183
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 173-183, February 2025.
      The aim of the study was to evaluate the technical-tactical requirements profile of goalkeepers and to assess the influence of age and performance level. Therefore, 213 league matches involving elite youth soccer players (under 17 years old [U17], U19), semi-professional (U23, Germany's 4th league), and professional teams (Germany's 1st and 2nd league) were analyzed. Goalkeeper actions related to distribution, space defense, and goal defense were qualitatively recorded using a predefined categorization system by two independent raters, ensuring rigorous examination. The distribution of actions across offensive play, space defense, and goal defense was consistent, indicating robust patterns regardless of age or competitive level. Specifically, offensive play actions constituted about 73–77% of all actions, space defense accounted for 13–15%, and goal defense comprised 10–12%. This uniformity suggests that despite variations in age and competitive levels, the technical requirements profiles of U17, U19, U23, and professional goalkeepers largely coincide. Consequently, goalkeepers should be introduced to building play under pressure as early as possible. Training focused on playing with the feet under pressure should hold a high priority in goalkeeper training.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-08-28T03:51:49Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241275914
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Football referees issue more yellow cards following VAR interventions –
           mental, tactical, and performance considerations

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      Authors: Roy David Samuel, Yair Galily, Chris Englert, Itay Basevitch
      Pages: 184 - 192
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 184-192, February 2025.
      VAR (video assistant referee) presents a human-technology interface that was designed to improve referees’ ability to make accurate decisions in key match incidents. VAR interventions are pivotal moments in football matches, challenging referees’ critical decisions and potentially affecting their perceived ability to manage the game. This study aimed to investigate how referees handle VAR interventions in terms of game management and control. Through statistical analyses, we examined 120 real-match VAR interventions in penalty incidents from the Israeli Premier League, focusing on the number of fouls and yellow cards before and after the VAR interventions. Our findings revealed a significant impact (d = 0.40) on yellow cards but not on fouls. Remarkably, referees issued twice the number of yellow cards (normalized per playing minute) following a VAR intervention, irrespective of the time it occurred during the match (i.e., first or second half). These results are discussed within the framework of current research and theories concerning self-control and game management in football refereeing. The increased issuance of yellow cards following VAR interventions suggests that teams may be at a higher risk of receiving disciplinary actions, which can potentially impact their performance and increase the likelihood of losing matches. Consequently, we provide practical recommendations for referee training and match preparation as well as for teams.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-15T08:31:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241289078
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Intervention accuracy and perception of fatigue in state-level Australian
           football umpires

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      Authors: Corey Wilson, Mark Scanlan, Duncan G. Bradbury, Oliver R. Barley
      Pages: 193 - 202
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 193-202, February 2025.
      This investigation examined intervention accuracy and perception of fatigue associated with umpiring state-level Australian Rules football (AF). 39 field umpires (Age: 25.2 ± 6.8 y, Body Mass: 74.6 ± 7.9 kg, Height: 178.9 ± 7.4 cm) employed by the Western Australian Football Commission, were recruited. Intervention accuracy (whether given free kicks were correct) was analysed post-event by the lead investigator using footage of the matches, with two umpire coaches being used for reliability. Perception of fatigue was assessed pre- and post-match using a questionnaire. Data was collected in 22 Western Australian Football League matches in the 2023 season. 384 free kicks were recorded, with 343 correct and 41 incorrect decisions. Each umpire awarded 9.8 ± 3.8 free-kicks, with a distribution of correct-to-incorrect being 8.8 ± 3.2 to 1.1 ± 1.1 free-kicks per match. Intervention accuracy was 89.3 ± 10.4% correct. Significant decline in intervention accuracy between first and second half (W = .931, p = .021) was found. No significant declines in intervention accuracy between quarters were observed. Perception of fatigue was unchanged across matches (p = .074). Our results demonstrate that umpires are generally accurate when adjudicating free kicks but said accuracy declines across a match. The results of this study, provide important insight on free-kick accuracy and perception of fatigue in state-level AF umpires, and may help regulatory bodies designing strategies to improve umpiring outcomes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-29T09:14:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241289077
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Match-play running demands of professional female rugby sevens: Comparison
           of ball-in-play, worst-case scenarios and game phases in Super Sevens 2023
           

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      Authors: Filipe Oliveira Bicudo, Lucas Savassi Figueiredo, Ana Paula da Silva Azevedo, Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa, Henrique de Oliveira Castro
      Pages: 203 - 209
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 203-209, February 2025.
      A gray area remains about the intensity of efforts performed in Sevens competitions, especially during the worst-case scenarios (WCS - longest effort during a match). For this reason, the analysis of demands during the ball-in-play (BIP) is increasing in team sports like Rugby Sevens. Through this method, we can also identify the WCS and the demands of distinct phases of play (attack, defense, and transition). Thus, this study aimed to (i) investigate and compare the BIP and WCS external load (EL) demands (distance per minute, sprint distance per minute, and accelerations per minute) during matches; and (ii) compare the BIP running demands across different game phases (attack, defense, and transition). Twenty-one female professional Rugby Sevens players participated, with their running demands analyzed during every BIP phase in all 20 matches of the Super Sevens 2023 using individual GPS tracking. The results indicated no significant differences in any EL variables between WCS and BIP averages. Furthermore, there were no differences in EL experienced by athletes during different phases and actions. In summary, our findings suggest that both the WCS and the BIP methods result in similar EL values across matches. Additionally, the EL remains consistent across different game periods (first half vs. second half) and actions (defense, attack, and transition). These results offer practical guidance for coaches when planning training sessions for female Rugby Sevens athletes, suggesting that preparation focused on WCS may effectively prepare athletes for the entire game.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-19T08:20:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241298587
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Physical collisions during elite rugby league match play and training: A
           stakeholder's perspective

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      Authors: Andrew J Dixon, Martin A Littlewood, Colum J Cronin, Craig Twist, Graeme L Close
      Pages: 210 - 224
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 210-224, February 2025.
      The purpose of this study was to explore rugby league stakeholders’ perspectives of the tackle event, utilising qualitative approaches to gain further insight into this phenomenon. Nineteen stakeholders, comprising tactical coaches (n = 5), physiotherapists (n = 5), doctors (n = 5) and strength and conditioning coaches (n = 4) from every European 2023 Super League team (ESL), were recruited to participate in an online semi-structured interview, via the Microsoft Teams platform, facilitated by a moderator. Braun and Clarke's (2019) reflexive thematic analysis was performed to code and analyse the transcribed data; this established pattern-based interpretation and reporting from the dataset. The research findings can be divided into five crucial segments that illuminate our understanding of collision in rugby league: 1) simultaneous contact and the three-person tackle, 2) tackle height – calibration is critical, 3) the fundamental factors influencing tackle-related risks. 4) the graded exposure and philosophical approaches to contact training and games, 5) replacing toughness with resilience - the impact of game identity. The themes generated here provide comprehensive insights into stakeholders’ perceptions of the optimal ways to perform collisions. This has implications for the identity of the game, and the subsequent law changes/ behavioural change models that aim to make the game safer, specific to rugby league. In line with previous research, the conclusions underline high-risk events in match play (blind-sided collisions and fatigue), providing a focus for areas of future research. Lastly, psychology in the tackle event is explored, highlighting the need for graded contact exposure from a physical and psychological perspective during tackle technique training.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-19T08:45:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241296978
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • A qualitative analysis of existing concussion return to play protocols and
           psychological recovery management in Gaelic games

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      Authors: Ed Daly, Lisa Ryan
      Pages: 225 - 235
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 225-235, February 2025.
      BackgroundSports related concussions are a common injury in field-based contact sports including Gaelic games. Even though accurate data on concussion in Gaelic games is currently limited, it is well documented that concussion is a common injury in Gaelic sports. The purpose of this current research was to discern the psychological impact of concussion on Gaelic games athletes as in many instances, recovery from concussion focuses mainly on physical recovery.MethodsA grounded theory methodology was used to explore the experiences of a cohort of adult male and female amateur and elite amateur Gaelic games athletes (n = 22) and their experiences involving psychological recovery post-concussion and eventual return to play. The data for this study were gathered through a series of individual semi-structured interviews.ResultsTwo major themes were identified, (1) lack of psychological recovery management for concussion in Gaelic games athletes and, (2) non-standardised concussion protocols and concussion education within Gaelic games. These themes were further divided into categories and subcategories.ConclusionRecovery from concussion in Gaelic games is broadly a non-standardised process, whereby recovery processes are haphazard and lack enforcement. There are no directives or guidance for recognising the need for psychological recovery, or assistance to recover from concussion in the acute or chronic phases or for those with long term post-concussion syndrome.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-29T09:14:42Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241289983
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Neuromuscular training in shod or barefoot conditions equally improved
           performance in female youth field hockey player: A randomized controlled
           trial

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      Authors: Jannick Schlewing, Shaundré Jacobs, Kasten Hollander, Ranel Venter
      Pages: 236 - 254
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 236-254, February 2025.
      A growing body of literature addresses the public and scientific interest in barefoot locomotion as an alternative to footwear for running and enhancing physical performance. Little is known about the effects of barefoot training in youth team sport athletes. This randomized controlled trial assessed the efficacy of a nine-week neuromuscular warm-up program (20 minutes twice per week) on balance, functional jumping, speed, acceleration, and agility, in female youth field hockey players. Players (16.2 ± 1.2 years) from three teams from a high school volunteered, consented to participation and were randomly assigned to either a barefoot or shod intervention group. Mixed model ANOVAs were conducted with the full data set of 34 participants as random effects (to account for repeated measurements), and intervention, time, limb side as fixed effects. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the two groups on performance outcomes with small (ES ≥ 0.2) to medium (ES ≥ 0.4) effect sizes. Both groups significantly improved (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-07T08:53:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241286053
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • A comparison of Fulltrack AI application as an alternative to radar gun
           measured cricket ball delivery speed

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      Authors: Kathleen A Shorter, Kevin Tissera, Minh Huynh, Amanda C Benson
      Pages: 255 - 263
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 255-263, February 2025.
      This study investigated the inter-rater reliability and validity of the Fulltrack AI application, to measure ball speed under a range of cricket training conditions in comparison to a radar gun. Ball speed (km/hr) of 1081 deliveries (pace = 783; spin = 298) from a range of training sessions and conditions were recorded simultaneously using a radar gun (Stalker Pro IIs) and iOS device running Fulltrack AI (v1.13.1). Statistical analyses were conducted in R Statistical Software. Reliability was assessed with standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was assessed using Bland Altman's 95% limits of agreement (LOA). Validity was assessed using generalised additive models (GAMs). Pace deliveries were associated with good agreement (ICC: 0.87–0.90, CV: 2.56–3.13%), whilst spin deliveries demonstrated lower agreement (ICC: 0.72–0.76, CV: 3.08–4.33%). LOA established poor to fair levels of agreement, exceeding maximal allowable differences (>3%). GAMs identified Fulltrack AI overestimated ball speed (pace: estimate 0.72–0.77 m/s, SE = 0.34–0.34; spin: estimate 1.09–1.18 m/s, SE = 0.23–0.25) when compared to the radar gun. Fulltrack AI is an ecologically valid and reliable field-based method for measuring ball speed. However, caution is warranted given the significant overestimation of ball speed in contrast with a radar gun, even after controlling for different training conditions, suggesting software could benefit from refinement.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-01T08:58:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241284714
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • The use of lifting straps during snatch alters muscle activation patterns

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      Authors: Sergio A. Lemus, Mallory Volz, Cheng-Bang Chen, Bryan J. Mann, Francesco Travascio
      Pages: 264 - 274
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 264-274, February 2025.
      The snatch is prevalent in competitive and recreational lifting as well as strength training. Lifting straps (LS) are an accessory that wrap around the hand and the barbell, reducing the limitations of grip strength. However, this benefit has not been quantitatively supported for the snatch. The aim of this study was to compare muscle activation patterns between using LS and not using them at 80% of the snatch one-repetition maximum in a group of twelve sub-elite male weightlifters. It was hypothesized that LS would decrease forearm muscle activation and increase larger muscle group activation. Eight dominant-side muscles located in the lower limbs, back, shoulders, and upper limbs were measured via electromyography. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Tukey Pairwise comparison, revealed that LS significantly impacted (p = 0.039) muscle activation in the snatch. Specifically, latissimus dorsi activation increased the most (17.2 ± 55.7%), while biceps brachii activation decreased the most (−8.0 ± 37.0%). Comparing muscle activation across different phases of the lift showed that LS decreased forearm and bicep brachii activation by 16.0 ± 25.2% and 7.1 ± 35.7% respectively during the pull phase, and increased vastus lateralis, latissimus dorsi, and medial deltoid activation between the second part of the first pull and the catching position, with a corrected effect size exceeding 1.5. These results support the hypothesis that LS decrease forearm activation, which could reduce grip strength limitations and consequently, reduce problems associated with fatigue. Increases in vastus lateralis activation with the use of LS suggest a greater training stimulus during the snatch, which can help develop leg strength.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-05T07:58:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241296023
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • The effect of real-time visual feedback and verbal encouragement on
           repetition velocity of squat, bench press and deadlift exercises in
           competitive powerlifters

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      Authors: Vinicius Concon, Ronaldo Kobal, Leonardo Carvalho, Everton Crivoi do Carmo, David Coimbra, Renato Barroso
      Pages: 275 - 280
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 275-280, February 2025.
      This study aimed to compare the effects of real-time visual feedback, verbal encouragement, and no-feedback control condition on repetition velocity. Twelve highly-trained powerlifters (10 men and 2 women) participated in a crossover-designed experiment, performing the same training session under three conditions: real-time visual feedback (VF), verbal encouragement (VE), and control. The training session involved three sets of four repetitions in the squat, bench press, and deadlift exercises, with a workload set at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). Repetition velocity was measured using a linear encoder. In the VF condition, participants observed their velocity on a mobile screen after each repetition. In the VE condition, participants received verbal encouragement without access to velocity information on the screen. The Control condition provided no feedback. A mixed model analysis was used to compare velocity across repetitions, sets, and conditions. Results revealed differences between the control condition and both VE and VF in the squat and bench press exercises (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-19T08:20:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241298189
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Prevalence and patterns of pre-competition weight loss practices in
           Chinese Amateur boxers

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      Authors: Yuming Zhong, Nemanja Lakicevic, Patrik Drid, Thomas I Gee, Weiwei Tang, Yuan Sui, Chunyuan Wen, Hang Zheng, Mingyue Yin, Chao Chen, Zhichen Zhao, Kai Xu, Christopher Kirk, Reid Reale, Carl Langan-Evans, Guilherme Giannini Artioli, Anthony Weldon, Yongming Li
      Pages: 281 - 290
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 281-290, February 2025.
      This study investigated the weight loss (WL) practices of Chinese amateur boxers using the Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire (RWLQ). A total of 701 (563 males, 138 females) boxers participated in the study and were categorized by sex, age group, and competitive level. Sixty-seven percent of boxers purposefully engaged in WL practices before competition. The average habitual WL was 6.0% (5.8% for juniors and 6.3% for seniors) of body mass (BM), with the average highest WL was 9.5% (9.1% for juniors and 10.1% for seniors) of BM. Most participants (69% for juniors and 84% for seniors) allocated 15+ days for WL before competition. No significant differences in habitual WL%, highest WL%, and rapid weight loss score (RWLS) were found between age groups or competitive levels (all p > 0.05). However, males’ highest WL% and RWLS were significantly higher than females (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-08T09:19:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241295314
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Exploratory analysis of fight-ending punches in the Ultimate Fighting
           Championship™ mixed martial arts promotion

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      Authors: Oliver R. Barley, Colin S. Doherty, Mark Scanlan, Liam C Tapsell, Corey Wilson, Julian Giustiniano, Matthew G. Plush, Shayne Vial
      Pages: 291 - 299
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 291-299, February 2025.
      Punching is a crucial element of mixed martial arts (MMA), often leading to knockouts (KO) or technical knockouts (TKOs). This study explored the relative foot positions of athletes, their stances, punch type executed, and the reliability of these variables to provide insights into effective punch application in MMA. We retrospectively examined MMA contests from the Ultimate Fighting Championship that ended via KO/TKO (2020 to 2022). Data were sourced from publicly available videos on the internet. Three analysts, each with at least three years of experience in striking combat sports and competitive MMA, conducted observations independently. Only critical strikes where all analysts agreed on the time and type of punch were included. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using the Cohen's kappa coefficient statistic (K). The k-means cluster analyses were used to identify the most frequently occurring front foot positions (FFP) and punch types (PT). All variables, except for the back foot position, demonstrated substantial or greater reliability (K = 0.64–0.92). Out of 271 contests, the most common fight-ending punches were the rear straight (n = 77, 29.2%), front hook (n = 71, 26.9%), and rear hook (n = 63, 23.9%). According to the cluster analysis, overall, the most common PT for athletes of the same stance was an outside FFP with a rear straight punch (n = 35, 14.4%). For competitors in opposite stances, the most common FFP was outside, with a rear hook punch (n = 16, 22.8%). Identifying common PTs, FFPs, and stances offers valuable insights for technical coaching and talent identification, aiding in refining training methods and improving MMA performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-08T09:21:47Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241296615
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Flipped classroom approach for gymnastics learning in physical education:
           A quasi-experimental study

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      Authors: Ahmed Ghorbel, Omar Trabelsi, Mohamed Yaakoubi, Mohamed Abdelkader Souissi, Adnene Gharbi
      Pages: 300 - 312
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 300-312, February 2025.
      The flipped classroom (FC), a blended learning approach where students engage with lesson content remotely before in-person class, is increasingly recommended in different educational settings. Advancing its integration within genuine physical education (PE) settings, this research explores the effects of an innovative FC model on the learning experiences of secondary school students in gymnastics. This study presents data from 42 students, aged 17.42 ± 0.80 years, divided quasi-randomly between 19 in the flipped classroom (FC) group and 23 in the traditional approach (TA) group. Data were collected before and after a six-week intervention, assessing motor learning through gymnastics floor routines, knowledge acquisition in gymnastics via a custom-designed written test, and both autonomous (AMI) and controlled motivation indexes (CMI) through the “Situational Motivation Scale” (SIMS). During the intervention, physical engagement was quantified through direct observation as the number of gymnastics skill repetitions per session. Results showed that the FC group significantly outperformed the TA group in motor learning and knowledge acquisition, with p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-09T06:35:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241301382
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • High-pressure protocol during practice evokes competition-like
           psychological states in gymnasts

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      Authors: Raôul R. D. Oudejans, Isabelle N. W. Groothuis, Roxy C. Muller, Yannick Hill
      Pages: 313 - 318
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 313-318, February 2025.
      Athletes – particularly gymnasts – are inevitably confronted with pressure during competitions. To ensure that athletes can perform their tasks despite experiencing pressure, it is essential to safely expose them to competition-like experiences during training. Therefore, we collaborated with two gymnastics coaches in developing a pressure protocol for elite-level youth gymnasts (n = 16) to assess whether psychological states that are typically experienced during competitions can be evoked during training. Our results show that cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and mental effort were increased significantly, while self-confidence and performance indicated declines, albeit not significant, when training with a pressure protocol compared to regular training. Furthermore, none of these variables differed between the pressure training and competition. The current results inspire confidence that coaches may utilize pressure protocols to successfully introduce competition-like psychological states during training to help athletes perform better despite experiencing pressure and anxiety.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-29T09:19:32Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241295338
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Training volume, intensity, and performance of world-class Chinese rowers
           prior to the 2019 world championships: A case study

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      Authors: Yuming Zhong, Hang Zheng, Anthony Weldon, Frank Nugent, Thomas I. Gee, Billy Sperlich, Dan Moore, Wei Zi, Yongming Li
      Pages: 319 - 329
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 319-329, February 2025.
      Six world-class Chinese male rowers (age: 28.2 ± 3.2 years; height: 1.93 ± 0.02 m; body mass: 94.7 ± 3.9 kg) participated in the study. The training volume in different modalities and intensities were recorded over 44 weeks. To evaluate rowing performance, rowers completed four 2000 m and 5000 m maximum effort time trials and two incremental step tests. Total training time for the season was 907 h, which consisted of 67.5% of rowing training, 16.9% of strength training, 15.2% of warm-up and flexibility, and 0.4% of non-specific endurance training. The rowing training intensity distribution (TID) was 87.0% performed at low intensity (LIT), 8.4% at moderate intensity (MIT), and 4.6% at high intensity (HIT). There was no significant difference in average weekly rowing training volume (distance) at LIT across four phases (p = 0.12), as well as rowing training at MIT (p = 0.07) and HIT (p = 0.97). The fourth 2000 m time trials performance significantly improved from the first trial (−6.4 s, p = 0.02). The fourth 5000 m time trial performance was significantly improved from the first (−13.4 s, p = 0.02) and second trial (−14.1 s, p = 0.01). The final-step mean power output (W) in the second incremental step test improved significantly (p = 0.04). In the 2018–19 season, China's world-class rowers conducted considerable LIT rowing. The training volume distribution and rowing TID were similar in all phases.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-09-05T08:36:28Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241279559
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • A case study of a sports school scholarship programme: Student-athlete
           dual career competency development and perceptions of the talent
           development environment

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      Authors: James Earle, Kevin Till, Ian Cowburn
      Pages: 330 - 339
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 330-339, February 2025.
      Purpose: Sports scholarship programmes are a common feature internationally for schools to attract and retain sporting student-athletes. Thus, it is important to understand how a sports scholarship programme supports holistic athlete development. The current study presents student-athlete perspectives of the talent development environment (TDE) and the development of dual career (DC) competencies in a sports school scholarship programme and examines the relationships between TDE and DC competencies. Methods: A case-study design was adopted to analyse student-athlete perspectives of a sports scholarship programme using the talent development environment questionnaire (TDEQ-5) and dual career competency questionnaire (DCCQ-A). Results: The TDE was perceived positively (1 = strongly disagree and 6 = strongly agree), with long-term development (5.0 ± 0.3) and alignment of expectations (4.6 ± 0.5) the highest subscales. Support network (4.3 ± 0.4) was the lowest perceived subscale. All DC competencies were considered important by student-athletes. However, student-athletes had a significantly lower perceived possession than importance in 88% of DC competencies. Emotional awareness was the subscale that required the most development. Significant relationships were found between the TDE and DC competencies, including long-term development vs. DC management (r = 0.41) and emotional awareness (r = 0.32), alignment of expectations vs. DC management (r = 0.39), communication vs. emotional awareness (r = 0.36), holistic quality preparation vs. DC management (r = 0.48) and support network vs. DC management (r = 0.38). Conclusion: Student-athletes perceived the TDE positively yet felt the sports scholarship programme could develop their DC competencies further. Perceptions of the TDE relate to DC competencies, especially DC management. Organisations offering sports scholarships should ensure stakeholders recognise the demands of a DC by monitoring the value of such programmes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-06T07:17:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241295454
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Impact of coach education on coaching effectiveness in youth sport: A
           systematic review and meta-analysis

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      Authors: Longxi Li, Hannah O. Olson, Irina Tereschenko, Anni Wang, Julie McCleery
      Pages: 340 - 356
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 340-356, February 2025.
      Sport plays a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of young people. While positive outcomes from sports participation are often assumed, studies show that these depend significantly on coaches’ attitudes and behaviors, which shape the sporting environment and influence participants’ experiences and outcomes. This study provides a systematic review with meta-analysis of various coach education program interventions (CEPIs), aiming to answer the question: How do CEPIs impact coaching effectiveness compared to standard coaching practices without such programs' Analyzing a total of 45 studies (N = 180,658), this systematic review is divided into a narrative section followed by a meta-analysis. Positive effects of CEPIs were observed in 78% of the studies, seen in coaches’ knowledge gain, attitude shifts, and behavioral changes, as well as in athletes’ physical and psychological outcomes, both within and outside of sport. Overall, a significant moderate to large effect of CEPIs on coaching effectiveness (g = 0.47, k = 264, 95% CI [0.36, 0.59]) was noted. Specifically, a large overall effect on coach outcomes (g = 0.73, k = 71, 95% CI [0.47, 1.00]) and a moderate to large overall effect on athlete outcomes (g = 0.38, k = 193, 95% CI [0.28, 0.47]) were observed. These findings generally support the positive impact of CEPIs on coaching effectiveness across the reviewed studies. However, the effects varied in magnitude, scalability, and sustainability for coaches and athletes. The discussion focuses on insights derived from CEPIs and future improvement strategies.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-09-17T07:28:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241283442
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • The role of general motor skills in talent identification: A systematic
           review

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      Authors: Froukje Sliedrecht, Suzan Schoof, Esther Hartman
      Pages: 357 - 374
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 357-374, February 2025.
      Successful talent identification increases the chances of sporting and financial success since it provides talented children and adolescents with the most optimal learning environment to realize their potential. Hence, coaches and clubs of many sport disciplines are eager to identify talented athletes. General motor skills are often incorporated in talented identification research, as it is considered fundamental to learning sport-specific motor skills. This systematic review aimed to examine to what extent general motor skills can contribute to the identification of talented athletes aged six to eighteen. Five electronic databases were searched, which resulted in 22 eligible studies (13 cross-sectional and 9 longitudinal studies). Quality assessment was done using the Quality Assessment with Diverse Studies tool. The vast majority of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies found either differences in general motor skills in favour of the talented athletes (59% of the studies) or no differences between talented athletes and their peers (36% of the studies). These results show that assessing general motor skills could contribute to talent identification programs, but caution should be paid prior to the implementation of these general motor skill test batteries due to the inconclusive nature of the findings. Hence, there is a need for future high-quality longitudinal studies which are recommended to conduct sex- and age-specific analyses, address the existing gap in the literature by including athletes from diverse sports beyond football, and investigate whether assessing manipulative skills and capturing movement quality could be a valuable addition to assessing locomotor skills for identifying athletic talent.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-05T07:56:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241287176
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Provision of online information and resources for resistance training in
           Australian youth sports: A scoping review

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      Authors: SG Kennedy, SJ Murray, JM Guagliano, RS Lloyd, DR Lubans, JJ Smith, N Eather, A Bennie
      Pages: 375 - 387
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 375-387, February 2025.
      ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify and synthesize online information/resources related to resistance training provided by governing bodies of the ten most popular youth sports in Australia.DesignA scoping review.MethodsThe top 10 organised out-of-school sports were eligible for the review. A systematic search of national sporting organisation and associated websites was conducted, using key search terms. Data were extracted regarding information and/or resources aligning with current international youth muscle-and-bone strengthening activity guidelines (i.e., 5–17 years, three days per week).ResultsFor all ten sports, information/resources on resistance training were provided for athletes or coaches, however the type of information and level of detail varied. There was lack of consistency between guidelines and information provided by sports. Age of commencement recommendations ranged from four years (athletics) to 14 years (Australian football), whilst others suggested resistance training for all ages (gymnastics) or did not provide an explicit age range (tennis and cricket). Regarding frequency, few sports organisations provided a recommendation for how many days per week resistance training should be performed. Some sports alluded to the need for youth to develop muscular fitness to enhance fitness and performance, whilst others focused primarily on the need for resistance training as an injury prevention tool.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the gap that exists in the provision of information in relation to resistance training in Australian sports. It is important that national sporting organisations look to educate athletes and coaches (and parents) from grassroots levels on the need for muscular fitness.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-15T08:32:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241295289
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Translating player monitoring into training prescriptions: Real world
           soccer scenario and practical proposals

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      Authors: Guglielmo Pillitteri, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Hugo Sarmento, Antonio Figuereido, Alessio Rossi, Tindaro Bongiovanni, Giuseppe Puleo, Marco Petrucci, Carl Foster, Giuseppe Battaglia, Antonino Bianco
      Pages: 388 - 406
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 388-406, February 2025.
      Data-driven training prescription based on previous training or match data is thought to be associated with better training outcome, compared to prescription without considering any monitoring data. Understanding the complex relationship between training load, physical performance, fitness status, fatigue and injury risk represents a challenge for health and performance practitioners and researchers. Although studies have revealed a positive correlation between training load and injury risk, this cause-effect relation cannot be determined given the multifactorial nature of injuries. Additionally, conflicting findings have been published explaining the relationship between training load and injuries, underlining the importance of training load management, prescription, and communication within the multidisciplinary team to improve physical performance and reduce injury risk. In this sense, practitioners may benefit from practical examples based on training load data to make informed decisions for prescribing training. This narrative review provides real-world examples of training decisions based on training load data in soccer, including training prescription, drill design and multidisciplinary team communication. Finally, a framework was provided to make informed training prescription from a physiological standpoint and elucidate the relationship between training load and injury risk.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-05T07:58:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241289080
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Physiological, physical and anthropometric parameters in padel: A
           systematic review

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      Authors: Iván Martín-Miguel, Adrián Escudero-Tena, Bernardino J Sánchez-Alcaraz, Javier Courel-Ibáñez, Diego Muñoz
      Pages: 407 - 424
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Volume 20, Issue 1, Page 407-424, February 2025.
      This study aimed to carry out a systematic review of existing research on physiological, physical and anthropometric parameters in padel. After searching through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, 33 articles were analyzed, covering physiological, physical, and anthropometric parameters. Physiologically, heart rate varies by sex and play level; men amateurs show a lower maximum heart rate compared to semi-professionals and professionals (154.75 vs 169.72 vs 188.6 beats per minute). Women players maintain consistent maximum heart rate across levels (∼178 beats per minute). Lactate levels during competition indicate effort within the aerobic transition zone, peaking at 2.40 millimole per liter in women and 3.38 millimole per liter in men. Regarding maximal oxygen consumption, padel players exhibit levels around 76.3%, increasing to 95.1% during peak exertion. Biochemical and hematological parameters vary by sex, with men players typically having higher basal levels, while competition reduces certain elements like copper and zinc. Physically, men players exhibit superior jump height, strength, and maximum speeds around 2.09 kilometers per hour, with significant lateral movements. The average distance covered per match is 3000 meters, with higher-level players traveling less. Anthropometrically, men players are taller with a mesomorphic-endomorphic profile, while women players have an endomorphic-mesomorphic somatotype. The study highlights the need for tailored training based on specific player characteristics and calls for further research to better individualize physical preparation in padel.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-03T09:44:01Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241287439
      Issue No: Vol. 20, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Operationalising flexible planning coupled with ongoing assessment
           strategies. A pragmatic, longitudinal randomized study in U13 female
           volleyball team

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      Authors: Manuel Loureiro, Isabel Mesquita, Ana Ramos, Patrícia Coutinho, João Ribeiro, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Fábio Yuzo Nakamura, José Afonso
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Embracing a tailor-made approach to training, the aim of this study was to understand how ongoing adaptation and planning of training sessions (through bidirectional feedback between planning and assessment) contrasts with a more rigid planning with only 4-weeks adaptations, and how those differences impact on learning trajectories. A longitudinal, randomized design with a qualitative analysis was conducted during a full season with 24 girls from a U-13 volleyball team: an experimental group (E.G.) had daily adjusted planning and a contrast group (C.G.) had 4-weeks adjusted planning. Data analysis considered reflective diaries, field notes, video analysis and ongoing assessments using Game Performance Assessment Instrument, to gain a deeper understanding of athletes’ progression and identify their struggles. Based on ongoing and punctual assessment (through GPAI) the planning of the two groups diverged significantly in content and drill structure. Ongoing assessment allowed to solve, in E.G., unpredictable issues as well as develop flexible planning to adapt the specific drills and re-adapt the content. Those adaptations occurred in many ways such as: type of the drill, setting goals and changing the content of the session. In C.G., 4 weeks adaptations were permitted to moderate the extending disparities between rigid planning and ongoing adaptations, aiming to balance the group's levels. Our findings highlighted the importance of bidirectional feedback between assessment and planning, informing the coaches to possible adaptation of the training. Given the differences in learning rates, unforeseen circumstances and players’ characteristics, flexible planning and assessment is paramount to effectively steer the learning process.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-23T07:14:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241307554
       
  • Applied performance analysis practices in women's football

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      Authors: Alice Harkness-Armstrong, Laura Seth, Ruth Lowry, Naomi Datson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to investigate the applied performance analysis (PA) practices within women's football. An online survey was developed to assess PA practices (team, individual and opposition match analysis, training analysis, coach behaviour analysis, best practice analysis, talent identification and recruitment, and game insights), use of technology, and considerations for PA practices within women's football. Thirty-nine participants (female n = 13; male n = 26) responsible for delivering PA within women's football completed the online survey between January and August 2023. Participants worked across different competitive levels of women's football (international n = 11; senior domestic top tier n = 12; senior domestic second tier n = 7, senior domestic third tier and below n = 9; youth (
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-23T07:13:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241301936
       
  • Eight weeks of plyometric training improved the change of direction
           abilities of adolescent basketball players

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      Authors: Chen Yang
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The effectiveness of plyometric training in adolescent basketball players has not been fully elaborated, especially its effect on enhancing change of direction abilities. Thirty male adolescent basketball players were divided into plyometric and resistance training groups for an 8-week training period. The improvement in change of direction abilities before and after the training was assessed using the Lane Agility Drill test. Motion capture system, force platforms, and electromyography were utilized to investigate the characteristics of lower limb kinematic and kinetic features before and after training. At post-test, the Lane Agility Drill finish time for the plyometric group was significantly less than that of the resistance training group (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-21T03:25:36Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241304098
       
  • Mapping the gap: A study on the confidence in knowledge and reporting of
           relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) in Canadian University
           cross-country coaches and athletes

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      Authors: Jenna M. Schulz, Chloe M. Hewitt, Trent Stellingwerff, Hilary Stellingwerff, Kathryn E. Ackerman, Jane S. Thornton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Background/ObjectiveTo assess athletes’ and coaches’ confidence in knowledge and recognition of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) before and after an education session at the Canadian University Sports (U SPORTS) National Cross-Country Championships (UXC).MethodsWe hosted an education session and panel discussion surrounding causes and risk factors, health and performance outcomes, prevention, as well as personal experiences the day before UXC. A cross-sectional in-person survey (39 pre- and 29 post-session questions) was implemented around the session. Sixty-eight athletes (85% ages 19–24y, 73.5% women) and 20 coaches (30% > 50y, 35% women) completed the survey.ResultsPre-panel, 80% of coaches and 59% of athletes were able to correctly identify the underlying cause of REDs (low energy availability). However, only 50% of coaches and 13% of athletes were completely confident in their answers. The most common correctly identified symptoms were fatigue (coaches = 40%, athletes = 53%) and amenorrhoea (coaches = 30%, athletes = 57%). However, only 20% of coaches and 7% of athletes were completely confident in their answers. After the panel, confidence levels of coaches in identifying signs/symptoms did not change (p = 0.52; complete confidence = 20%), but significantly improved in athletes (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-20T06:56:22Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241305389
       
  • Contribution of psychological characteristics to talent identification in
           ice-hockey

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      Authors: Émie Tétreault, Daniel Fortin-Guichard, Simon Grondin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Talent identification and selection are crucial for the success of elite sport organizations. Scouts and managers generally select the most promising young athletes based on their current performances, physiological characteristics, and gut feelings. However, psychological characteristics (including perceptual-cognitive and self-regulation abilities) might still be overlooked by selectors. This study aimed at verifying the relationship between psychological characteristics and performance in elite ice-hockey. Eighty-eight youth elite ice-hockey players (forwards and defensemen) eligible for a Major Junior selection draft participated in the study. They were measured at 15 years old on perceptual-cognitive skills (decision-making and anticipation with eye-tracking at a temporal occlusion task) and self-regulated learning abilities (self-reported questionnaire). In addition, their current (draft rank and scouts’ subjective appreciation) and future (points, games played, differential for the following four years) performances were recorded. Multiple linear regression models showed that the scouts’ subjective appreciation was the best predictor of current and future performance. However, when scouts’ appreciation is removed from the models or when positions are analyzed separately, self-regulated learning abilities (effort, planning and reflection subscales) and decision-making could add to the prediction. Overall, this study shows that psychological characteristics could help scouts in the talent identification and selection process, but measuring these characteristics cannot replace their judgment.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-19T12:52:11Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241304360
       
  • The representative design of combat shooting methodologies from an
           ecological dynamics perspective: A scoping review

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      Authors: Jack Bale, Corey Perrett, Keith Davids, Jonathan Wheat, Jemma Coleman, Derek Panchuk, Kane Middleton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Combative military environments are ambiguous, uncertain, and dynamic, which certain tactical populations (military and law enforcement) must operate, whilst maintaining survivability by being mobile, situationally aware, and lethal. Training and performance evaluation, using the ecological dynamics framework, and constraints-led approach, can facilitate these operational requirements. This scoping review sought to investigate the representative design of combat shooting methodologies in the current body of literature. The search was conducted on SCOPUS, Military (ProQuest), Medline, and PubMed databases, providing 4450 articles for screening. Peer-reviewed articles (n = 105) were included for review, with populations including military, law enforcement, and cadets. The review concludes that methodological designs of combat shooting literature typically do not represent constraints of combat shooting contexts, rather implementing static designs, single-target engagements, pre-planned protocols, lack of friend-or-foe discrimination tasks, and limited use of temporal constraints. The validity of conclusions drawn in the combat shooting literature may be questioned for lacking action fidelity. Future studies could enhance skill transfer by including dynamic and multi-target engagements, unplanned protocols, friend-or-foe discrimination, and temporal constraints within training and assessment designs.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T02:18:20Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241302379
       
  • Heading performance outcomes at the FIFA Women's World Cup France
           2019™

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      Authors: Julia Georgieva, Kerry Peek, Anne Smith, Andrew P Lavender, Andreas Serner, Eloise J Arnold, Melinda Fitzgerald, Fadi Ma’ayah, Amity Campbell
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study evaluated the performance outcomes of headers during the FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™. Video analysis was used to code performance outcomes of headers (uncontested and contested) and their descriptors (e.g., playing position, match situation, field location, and the distance the ball travelled). Descriptive statistics, and odds ratios (ORs) (odds of a successful outcome) are reported for headers based on their descriptors. Less than half of all headers resulted in a successful outcome, with headers observed to result in a turnover of possession 53% of the time (uncontested: 51%, contested: 57%). Headed goal conversion rates ranged from 0–38% across countries/teams (mean: 13%), with variability in the frequency of headed shots (range n = 1–22). Headed shots were most efficient from free kicks with 24% of shots resulting in a goal. Odds of a successful heading outcome was lowest from long balls (>20 m) in all areas of the pitch. Uncontested headers had greater odds of a successful heading outcome than contested headers from corner kicks (OR: 2.33, p = 0.004) and free play (OR: 1.30, p = 0.001), but had lower odds of success from goal kicks (OR: 0.62, p = 0.017). Central defensive midfielders (OR: 1.45, p = 0.002) and centrebacks (OR: 1.25, p = 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T02:17:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241298757
       
  • Assessing ambient temperature measurements in road cycling races

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      Authors: Aitor Pinedo-Jauregi, Ander Romarate
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The impact of heat stress on sports performance is a highly relevant topic. Environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, play a significant role in determining athletic performance. Cycling computers are commonly used in road cycling to capture various data, including temperature. However, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of accurately measuring ambient temperature. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Garmin Edge 830 cycling computers in measuring ambient temperature during road cycling competitions. We analyzed temperature data collected by 12 different cycling computers. We focused on assessing these devices’ reliability and validity compared to measurements obtained from an official meteorological station. The interclass correlation coefficient between the devices was 0.468 (95% CI: 0.254 to 0.626; p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T01:33:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241308504
       
  • Examining soccer skill performance using a dual task paradigm

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      Authors: Pedro Ángel Latorre Román, Juan Antonio Párraga Montilla, José Carlos Cabrera Linares, Juan Miguel Ramírez Lucas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a holistic test (Soccer Skills and Cognitive Aptitude Test [SoSCAT]) that assesses soccer skills and performance in a dual-task (DT) context. A total of 73 male soccer players aged 12–18 years joined in this study. They were playing in three official Spanish regional leagues, and were divided according to their age into under 14 (U14, n = 25), under 16 (U16, n = 26), and under 18 (U18, n = 22). Additionally, players were categorized dichotomously into high-talented (n = 20) and lower-talented (n = 53) groups. Several soccer-skill and cognitive tests were evaluated. Regarding absolute reliability, the standard error of measurement (SEM) was 2.27 (5.30%) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) was 4.17 (9.75%). In relative reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.908 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.826–0.951, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T01:32:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241307244
       
  • Evaluating the impact of a coach educational intervention on relative
           energy deficiency in sport: A pilot study

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      Authors: Jennifer Hamer, Ben Desbrow, Chris Irwin, Greg Shaw, Ali Disher, Helen Alexiou
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Athletes undertaking large training volumes are often exposed to periods of low energy availability (LEA) and consequently are at risk of developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Swim coaches play a key role in moderating this risk in developing swimmers. This study aimed to evaluate swimming coaches’ perceptions of LEA/REDs education intervention developed using the Public Health Nutrition Bicycle Framework and underpinned by the professional tools of problem analysis, system mapping and training development. Data was collected in two phases: 1) an immediate post-workshop evaluation survey (process evaluation), and 2) a delayed (6 weeks) post workshop informal roundtable (impact/outcome evaluation). The process evaluation was conducted inductively using three questions (a mix of categorical and open-ended questions). The impact/outcome evaluation was deductive, with the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Model of Behaviour Change (COM-B) used to evaluate coaches’ likelihood of implementing new learnings after attending the workshop. Twenty-one coaches attended the workshop, and fourteen completed the post workshop survey. The process evaluation findings indicated that coaches found numerous aspects of the workshop valuable, including the case study approach, resources for consolidation of learning and discussions around the challenges they may experience when managing athletes at risk. The impact/outcome evaluation identified eleven facilitatory and four inhibitory themes based on the COM-B model. Coaches reported an enhanced understanding and knowledge of REDs but lacked the physical and psychological capability to apply new knowledge and/or desired behaviours in practice. The integration of applied frameworks and research and development specialists in coach education may be important when addressing sensitive and complex topics in sport to support the effective dissemination of knowledge into applied contexts. This requires effective partnerships between researchers, national sporting organisations and experts in design and development to strengthen the integrity and applicability of future coach education initiatives.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T01:32:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241304053
       
  • Early player transition in elite youth and first team soccer: The
           predictive role of sprint distance and high-intensity acceleration and
           deceleration attributes

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      Authors: Mark McGuigan, Antonio Dello Iacono, Allistair McRobert, Daryl Cowan, Viswanath B Unnithan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Physical performance is an important determinant of elite youth soccer player development and can influence successful transition through the professional phase of the talent development pathway. In response to previous research highlighting key stakeholders’ perceptions that successful transitions within the club pathway are influenced by sprinting capacity and explosive power; this study objectively quantified the predictive value of sprint distance and high intensity acceleration and deceleration efforts on the early transition of elite, professional youth soccer players from U18 to U21, and U21 to first team squads of a Scottish Premier League club. Early transition was defined as a player progressing to the next age group (i.e., U18 to U21) prior to reaching the chronological age limits of his current squad. Retrospective physical performance data of thirty-seven players from training and competitive matches across two seasons were analysed. Results suggest that early transition is less likely for players progressing from the U21 to the first team relative to players progressing from U18 to U21. Relative sprint distance resulted in a 52% probability of early transition (OR = 0.52) with relative aggregated high intensity acceleration and deceleration efforts reflecting an increased probability of early transition (OR = 1.70) for elite youth soccer players within the club. This novel study provides a unique insight to the complexities and context-specific nature of youth soccer player development and transition. This paper challenges the subjective perceptions of key stakeholders using objective physical data of youth players who have transitioned to advanced squads.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T01:31:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241303707
       
  • The effects of two different concurrent training programs on specific
           performance, physiological and biochemical parameters in soccer players

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      Authors: Birgul Arslan, Salih Pinar, Figen Ciloglu
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The study examined the effects of two concurrent training models, one being an eight-week High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and the other, High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) both with additional strength training (S), on physiological parameters (blood lactate concentration and heart rate), athlete's performance (maximal strength, explosive power, aerobic endurance, 20 m sprint), and biochemical outputs. The study involved a total of 21 young males playing with amateur soccer licenses for at least 2 years divided into three groups. One group received S + HIIT training, second group received S + HIFT training and the control group continued their soccer-specific training. Both the experimental and the control groups underwent pre- and post-tests and while only the experimental groups underwent an eight-week training program. Pre- and post-tests of the all the participants included measurements of body composition, adaptation studies, trial measurements, biochemical blood, aerobic endurance measurements, sprint tests, and strength measurements. The Mixed Design ANOVA analysis was utilized to examine the performance, physiological, and biochemical data of the participants before and after the experiment. Concurrent training models were effective in increasing athletic performance (VO2max, CMJ, 1RM bench press and Yo-Yo test) and physiological outcomes during recovery (HR, blood lactate, Borg Scale) compared to the control group with traditional training. There was no significant difference between the biochemical changes in the S + HIIT, S + HIFT and control groups during the trial period. In summary, both concurrent training (CT) models had positive effects on sports performance and physiological outcomes, but not on biochemical outcomes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-18T01:31:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241298517
       
  • Effects of combined resisted sprint training with small-sided games
           compared to regular soccer training on physical performance in
           professional soccer players

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      Authors: Alejandro Sal-de-Rellán, Mehdi Ben Brahim, Víctor Martín, Hussain Yassin, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of our study was to compare the effects of combining small-sided games training with resisted sprint training in relation to regular soccer training on soccer players’ physical performance. Twenty-seven male soccer players (age: 21.22 ± 1.18 years; height: 1.79 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 73.91 ± 4.83 kg) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 16) or a control group (CG, n = 11). The intervention program had to be performed 2 times a week over 6 weeks. The only difference between the 2 groups was that the EG performed a combined training using small-sided games and resisted sprints, while the CG performed the regular soccer training. Within-group analysis showed significant improvements in 5 meters (5-m), countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), mean time (RSAm) and the percentage of decrement (%Dec) from pretest to posttest in EG. However, CG did not show significant improvements in any performance variable. Between-groups analysis revealed differences in favor of the EG in CMJ and SJ. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that combined SSG + RST training will improve the performance of soccer players (acceleration, jumping and RSA). In practical terms, strength and conditioning coaches should consider including this programme as over a short period of 6 weeks (2 times per week) for 30 min it has been effective in improving the performance of soccer players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-12-13T06:26:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241302083
       
  • Technical pace bowling coaching of adolescent cricketers: A survey on
           practices and barriers

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      Authors: Dhanur Bhardwaj, Dan B. Dwyer, Simon A. Feros
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In cricket pace bowling, research has determined kinematic correlates to ball release speed and lumbar bone stress injury. Coaches have an important role in guiding the development of the bowling action of adolescent pace bowlers; however, it is not clear whether their knowledge and practices align with improving ball release speed and reducing lower back injury risk. This study had three aims: 1) to describe the technical coaching practices of adolescent pace bowlers, 2) to identify the barriers that coaches face in the implementation of such practices, and 3) to determine the relationship between coaches’ demographic characteristics and the frequency of technical coaching. This study used a cross-sectional survey study design combined with a purposive sampling approach. Participants were cricket coaches (n = 130) in Australia aged over 18 years, who coached adolescent cricket teams (10–19 years old). Only 11.3% of coaches “occasionally” engaged in technical bowling coaching in the off-season, which increased to 37.1% during the in-season. When technical bowling coaching was undertaken, it was most common for it to last “15–30 min/session” (34.5% of coaches in the off-season and 38.2% in the in-season). The most common barrier to technical bowling coaching during the off-season was limited access to players, while barriers during the in-season were minimal and varied. Younger coaches and older players were associated with more frequent technical coaching in the off-season. Future coaching educational programmes could help coaches to work around the player-access barrier by encouraging them to prescribe training drills in the off-season.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-12T06:27:22Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241292411
       
  • Nurturing holistic talent, addressing systemic inequity: Canadian
           coaches’ insights on optimizing youth soccer talent identification and
           development

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      Authors: Stephen Howell, Younghoon Lee, Kyoung June Yi
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Evidence suggests that youth talent identification and development systems (TIDS) are lacking in quality due to various complex and multifaceted factors specific to youth players. Given the importance of consistently identifying and developing high-achieving players, soccer organizations and coaches rely heavily on effective and productive youth TIDS. This study explored the perspectives of youth coaches in Canada to: (1) enhance the capacity of youth soccer organizations and coaches to make informed decisions about TIDS, (2) maximize the advancement of youth players, (3) identify approaches, practices, and priorities for developing youth players to compete at higher levels. Using a qualitative research approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 National Licensed coaches from professional youth academy or Canada's Youth National Teams. A thematic analysis identified three central themes: (1) Views on TIDS are specific to organizations and coaches, (2) More inclusive and sustainable TIDS are necessary for success, and (3) Exposure to holistic talent development environments is essential. The findings emphasized informed decisions to establish coherent, effective, and player-centered systems through professionalized organizations and coaches, a collective philosophy with clear standards, and prioritization of players’ needs. Inclusive environments increase access to opportunities and resources that motivate players with diverse backgrounds and talents, supporting longterm engagement. An equity-based lens expands the player pool through equitable and sustainable opportunities for all players. A holistic approach to promoting psychosocial well-being and personal development is necessary for meaningful experiences within TIDS. Flexible, differentiated, and empowering approaches are needed for playercentered pathways that meet players’ evolving needs.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-11-08T09:21:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241296454
       
  • Enhancing skill acquisition knowledge and practice design in elite level
           swimming: Effects of a six-week online coach education intervention

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      Authors: Danny Powell, G. Wood, N. Dagnall, C. Payton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In response to calls for examples from sports settings that highlight successful collaborations between skill acquisition specialists and coaches, this study evaluated the effectiveness of a skill acquisition coach education intervention. After an analysis of practice by a skill acquisition specialist, which provided context to impact learning design, two senior coaches from British Para Swimming with no prior knowledge of skill acquisition principles were observed and interviewed. The intervention harnessed coach experiential knowledge by emphasising development in understanding of theory underpinning three key principles of skill acquisition (i) implicit learning, (ii), focus of attention, and (iii) contextual interference, and encouraging informal and experiential learning between sessions. Following the intervention, coaches had adapted their approach to practice design to incorporate theory-informed techniques. Coach observations and interviews highlighted a range of novel findings in skill acquisition. First, outcomes indicated the use of implicit learning techniques in the form of analogy or metaphor cues can facilitate learning for athletes with intellectual disabilities. Second, coaches reported the learning benefits of utilising external and holistic focus cues in the elite athlete setting. Finally, through an increased understanding of the learning-performance distinction, coaches described the benefits of incorporating contextual interference, which emphasised temporal spacing between learning events. The coaches’ interpretation and implementation of skill acquisition theory are discussed with reference to potential avenues of exploration in future research.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-29T09:19:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241291541
       
  • Athletes’ perceptions towards genetic testing — an explorative
           qualitative study among endurance athletes and their coaches

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      Authors: Magdalena Johanna Konopka, Anna Roos Leerschool, Gowri Gopalakrishna, Anke Wesselius, Gerard Rietjens, Maurice P. Zeegers
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      There is growing interest among professional athletes and their support staff in utilising genetic testing to enhance sports performance. However, the perceptions of athletes and coaches regarding genetic testing for training purposes remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, the present interview study investigated the perceptions of athletes and coaches towards genetic testing. Sixteen professional cyclists and triathletes (and their five coaches) participated in semi-structured online interviews after having received their genetic test results. The in-depth interviews were video-recorded, transcribed, translated, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis by two independent researchers in MAXQDA. Positive perceptions were mainly linked to the potential added value of genetic testing for sports, the importance of counselling, and the necessity for further research. Negative perceptions were mainly linked to incorrect interpretations and conclusions, the use of genetic tests for talent selection, the reliability and usability of results, confirmation bias, fear of stigma, privacy concerns, and costs. Overall, there is a positive perception towards genetic testing among athletes and coaches, emphasising its potential to personalise training programmes. Although some participants highlighted the risks and limitations associated with genetic testing, these concerns were less common. It is suggested that counselling should accompany genetic testing to help athletes and coaches comprehend both the limitations and potential benefits of genetic testing.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-17T08:21:49Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241289774
       
  • Coaches’ perceptions on the Spread: A 1 vs 1 goalkeeper technique.
           International survey on 400 + goalkeeper coaches

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      Authors: Kevin Gramage Medina, François Delvaux, Cédric Schwartz, Gilles Berwart, Thierry Barnerat, Jean-Louis Croisier, Jean-François Kaux
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In this study, we explore goalkeeper (GK) coaches’ knowledge and use of the Spread, a 1v1 goalkeeping technique, and their experiences and perceptions on injury risks related to it. An online questionnaire was distributed internationally between January and March 2023, collecting a total of 411 complete answers (largest sample of GK coaches to date). GK coaches’ demographics were used to explore significant differences between answers. Almost all coaches recognized (99%) and used (78%) the technique. Coaches recommended to start training the Spread from a Recreational level and at an age of 11.3 ± 2.8. Contact with another player was the most (67%) perceived type of injury risk; 38% of the coaches recalled at least one player getting injured performing the Spread (Elite level coaches significantly more likely, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-17T08:21:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241289419
       
  • Thinking (too') fast and slow: An example of professional judgement and
           decision making processes in athletics

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      Authors: Andy Abraham, Dave Collins, Rosie Collins
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Recently there has been interest in using examining coaching practice through a lens of Professional Judgement and Decision Making. One core theory of decision making, Recognition Primed Decision Making, examines how people make decisions in limited time scales. Alternatively, when time allows, there is an opportunity for people to engage in slower thoughtful and Type 2 judgement and decision making (DM). In both cases it is hypothesised that professional practitioners (coaches) should draw on formalistic scientific rather than substantive heuristics or rules to maintain a professional standard. However, despite these ideas relatively little is known about the actual decision-making behaviour of coaches in practice. Against this premise 12 long jump coaches were asked to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a long jump athlete and offer a view on how they would work to improve his performance. All coaches were asked to identify what they would do if their first approach didn't work. Findings suggest that coaches have an initial tendency to engage in RPD type behaviour but drawing mainly on substantive rules. Notably, uncertainty pushed coaches to become more considered, and formalistic. In conclusion, coaches have the capacity to be ‘professional’ in their DM behaviour but may not use this capacity as the first resort.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2024-10-01T08:58:42Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541241286780
       
 
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School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
Email: journaltocs@hw.ac.uk
Tel: +00 44 (0)131 4513762
 


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