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International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.435
Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 37  
 
  Hybrid Journal Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1747-9541 - ISSN (Online) 2048-397X
Published by Sage Publications Homepage  [1176 journals]
  • Feasibility and acceptability of a new shoulder-specific warm-up programme
           to prevent injuries in community youth rugby union as compared to the FIFA
           11+

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      Authors: Vincent R. Singh, Keith Stokes, Carly D. Mckay
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Injury prevention exercise programmes (IPEPs) are efficacious, though there is no IPEP specifically designed to reduce shoulder injuries in rugby. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the Rugby Active Shoulder Injury Prevention (RASIP) programme. Three community rugby union clubs participated in a 12-week pilot study (players, n = 51; coaches, n = 7). Two teams were randomly allocated to the RASIP programme and one to the FIFA 11+ (IPEP) intervention. Feasibility was examined by players’ adherence to the IPEP, and acceptability was described by players’ and coaches’ perceptions of the IPEP. On average, more players were exposed to 11+ training sessions (100%) than the RASIP programme (19 out of 36 players, 53%). Higher percentage of exercises was completed over the season in the 11+ (97%) than the RASIP programme (58%). Across both groups, there were different approaches followed in delivering the allocated intervention. The coach-led, prescriptively followed 11+ IPEP was better at achieving higher adherence with exercises. Coaches were concerned of not having enough time in their sessions to include the IPEP. This pilot study has shown that the intervention is feasible to deliver and is acceptable with improvements recommended by community stakeholders, coaches and players in a community youth rugby setting.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-09-20T11:24:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231192170
       
  • Talent development in childhood: Early specialization or sampling' From an
           either… or… question to a 2 × 2 × 3 question cuboid

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      Authors: Bryan Charbonnet, Achim Conzelmann
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      A central, yet still unresolved, question about optimal youth talent development asks whether children should specialize and train systematically in one sport—early specialization—or gain different playful experiences in several sports—early sampling. Based upon theoretical considerations, we problematize dichotomous discussions and offer a complex 2 × 2 × 3 question cuboid differentiating between two goals (performance in adulthood and positive youth development), two continuum-based dimensions (task-specificity and exercise mode), and three perspectives (nomothetic, group-specific, and idiographic). Accordingly, resolving the question about optimal youth talent development involves assembling answers derived from 12 different questions. Through our theoretical contribution, we identified several nomothetic principles offering stakeholders initial recommendations and orientations to estimate the appropriate need for high task-specificity and exercise mode in relation to each goal. We suggest adapting these recommendations according to group-specific characteristics, such as sport and age, and idiographic fine-tuning according to children's biopsychosocial characteristics.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-09-19T07:53:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231197225
       
  • Importance of fundamental movement skills to predict technical skills in
           youth grassroots soccer: A machine learning approach

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      Authors: Michael J. Duncan, Emma L. J. Eyre, Neil Clarke, Abdul Hamid, Yanguo Jing
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study determined the contributors to soccer technical skills in grassroots youth soccer players using a machine learning approach. One hundred and sixty-two boys aged 7 to 14 (mean ± SD = 10.5 ± 2.1) years, who were regularly engaged in grassroots soccer undertook assessments of anthropometry and maturity offset (the time from age at peak height velocity (APHV)), fundamental movement skills (FMS), perceived physical competence, and physical fitness and technical soccer skill using the University of Ghent dribbling test. Coaches rated player's overall soccer skills for their age. Statistical analysis was undertaken, using machine learning models to predict technical skills from the other variables. A stepwise recursive feature elimination with a 5-fold cross-validation method was used to eliminate the worst-performing features and both L1 and L2 regularisation were evaluated during the process. Five models (linear, ridge, lasso, random forest, and boosted trees) were then used in a heuristic approach using a small subset of suitable algorithms to achieve a reasonable level of accuracy within a reasonable time frame to make predictions and compare them to a test set to understand the predictive capabilities of the models. Results from the machine learning analysis indicated that the total FMS score (0 to 50) was the most important feature in predicting technical soccer skills followed by coach rating of child skills for their age, years of playing experience and APHV. Using a random forest, technical skills could be predicted with 99% accuracy in boys who play grassroots soccer, with FMS being the most important contributor.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-09-19T07:20:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231202015
       
  • Analysing match-related performance indicators in Super Rugby
           Competitions: A study of the 2017–2019 seasons

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      Authors: Mark Nicholls, Derik Coetzee, Robert Schall, Wilbur Kraak
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Understanding the factors that contribute to success or failure in Super Rugby is paramount for teams aiming to achieve positive results. This study compares winning and losing teams by analysing match-related performance indicators from 2017 to 2019, offering valuable insights for coaches, players, and performance analysts. Significantly, winning teams exhibited notable disparities in their attacking play, surpassing losing teams in total tries (4.5 vs. 2.4), offloads (12.5 vs. 11.2), number of kicks (22.2 vs. 19.4), and line breaks (3.1 vs. 2.2) (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-09-15T06:25:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231198211
       
  • The effect of an internal, external and holistic focus on the learning of
           a soccer shooting task in male children

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      Authors: Rasool Abedanzadeh, Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi, Kevin Becker
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The benefits of an external focus in motor learning have been well-established in adults, but findings in studies with children have been far more variable. Recent research also suggests that a holistic focus of attention may also enhance motor learning relative to an internal focus, but few studies have tested this strategy with children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of an internal (IF), external (EF), holistic focus (HF) and no focus control condition on the learning of a soccer shooting task in male children. Male participants (N = 60) between the ages of 9 and 11 completed 60 acquisition trials shooting at a low target at a distance of 7 m while focusing on an assigned cue. After 48 h, participants returned for a 10-trial retention test and a 10-trial transfer test shooting from a distance of 8 m. Results showed that the EF group was more accurate than control throughout acquisition (p = .027). In retention, all focus groups were more accurate than control (p's 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-09-11T07:46:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231198613
       
  • Toward a definition and classification of lost move state: Perceptions of
           elite trampolining coaches

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      Authors: Élise Marsollier, Denis Hauw
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Several severe performance blocks have been described in the sport psychology literature, in particular the lost move and the yips. Beyond the identification of the traumatic situations associated with these problems, there is a lack of understanding of the process that ultimately culminates in performance blocks. In the present study, a situated and dynamic analysis of a specific type of block in acrobatics was conducted to: (i) identify the propensities of trampolinists to develop lost move, (ii) categorize the types of moves involved, (iii) determine the circumstances of the occurrence of lost moves as typical situations, and (iv) describe the evolution of the loss and its duration. The nine national and international-level French-speaking coaches we interviewed were asked to describe the lost moves they had experienced as coaches. Prior to their interview, each coach had to answer a questionnaire in which they were asked to identify the number of lost moves they experienced. Based on our results, lost moves appeared as evolutive adaptative processes with four steps: disruption, manifestation, contamination, and final adaptation. The phenomenon appeared as observable behavioral manifestations emerging from the interaction between athletes’ dispositions and the situations in which they find themselves throughout their sporting careers. Thus, lost moves might be considered as transitional states in skill development to which an athlete’s performance can branch off. Three main levels of concrete interventions were described, including careful consideration of the athletes’ dispositions and life-course circumstances, avoiding contamination, time off, and engaging in other activities.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-30T08:27:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231196472
       
  • Between-day reliability of inertial measurement unit parameters during
           soccer-specific change of direction test

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      Authors: Aki-Matti Alanen, Zachary Barrons, Matthew J Jordan, Reed Ferber, Kati Pasanen
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study assessed the between-day reliability of change of direction (COD) biomechanics and speed in youth soccer players using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and high-speed video. A soccer-specific COD test including a 180° pivot turn was performed in both directions by 15 elite female (age: 15.3 ± 0.6 years; height 162.6 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 56.7 ± 7.1 kg) and 22 elite male (age: 15.4 ± 0.5 years; height 169 ± 5.9 cm; body mass: 58.5 ± 8.5 kg) youth soccer players in two consecutive days. The reliability of the variables was quantified by using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis with limits of agreement (LoA) and Bland–Altman plots. Based on the results, neither peak resultant acceleration (PRA) nor peak angular velocity (PAV) during final foot contact was sufficiently reliable for 180° pivot turn biomechanics (poor reliability, ; > 0.7). However, when analyzing females and males separately, the PRA and angular velocity ICC's for females had poor to acceptable reliability, when turning left, and were statistically different from males (Z-score > 1.96). Acceptable to good reliability with reasonable (max 15% difference) LoA implies that speed measures in different phases of COD could reliably reproduce individual differences in 180° pivot turn COD speed. Sex-related differences in repeatability of acceleration and angular velocity call for more comprehensive research in the future. PAV and PRA would not be recommended for the purpose of analyzing individual repeatability of specific steps of COD movement.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-30T07:50:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231196733
       
  • Barriers, supports and constraints on women coaching in tennis

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      Authors: Shane Pill, Jasmine Petersen, Deb Agnew, Ivanka Prichard, Kate Ridley
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundIn Australia, there are fewer women in tennis coaching roles. Identifying the barriers (and supports) for women in sport coaching roles is necessary to inform the development of strategies that will address this underrepresentation of women in such roles.AimThis study aimed to examine the experiences of women in tennis coaching roles in Australia.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 women coaches (Mage = 45.5 ± 11.6 years) purposefully sampled from Tennis Australia ‘coach members’. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted. The investigation was underpinned by the ecological systems theory.FindingsFive themes were drawn from the analysis of the interview transcripts: (a) stereotypically male profession, (b) career instability and longevity, (c) family/work-life tension, (d) organisational support and (e) career advancement opportunities.ConclusionThis study provides important insight into strategies that may assist in addressing the gender disparity that exists in the sport coaching profession. Specifically, increased provision of support (e.g. organisational support), guidance in relation to pursuing a coaching career, developmental opportunities and financial support will be important to attracting and retaining women in coaching roles.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-24T10:20:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231191596
       
  • Psychometric properties of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire
           (CART-Q) in a sample of Brazilian youth and adult athletes

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      Authors: José Roberto de Andrade do Nascimento Junior, Gabriel Lucas Morais Freire, Andressa Ribeiro Contreira, Ricardo T. Quinaud, Sophia Jowett, Marina Pereira Gonçalves, Daniel Vicentini de Oliveira, Lenamar Fiorese
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examined the psychometric properties of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) in a sample of 1344 Brazilian youth and adult athletes. Participants completed the CART-Q and the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS). Data analysis was conducted through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, multigroup analysis, and Pearson's correlation (p .70). SEM model showed an acceptable fit (χ² (56) = 593.28; χ²/df = 2.71; CFI = .90; TLI = .90; RMSEA = .057), indicating that the three dimensions of the CART-Q predicted positively all basic needs satisfaction subscales (β range = .11 to .38). CART-Q was revealed to be invariant across gender, sport type, and age group. It was concluded that the CART-Q can satisfactorily be used in research studies involving Brazilian athletes regardless of their age group, gender, and sport.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-18T08:05:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231194758
       
  • Curved sprinting in soccer: The influence of radius

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      Authors: Stefan Altmann, Ludwig Ruf, Alberto Fílter, Sascha Härtel, Tobias Naujoks, Marvin Rauprich, Claudia Seyler, Hussein Baydoun, Alexander Woll
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aims of this study were (i) to compare the sprint times between linear-sprint (LS) and curved-sprint (CS) tests of different radii, and (ii) to examine the relationships between sprint times in these tests in soccer players. Nineteen elite youth male soccer players (age, 18.6 ± 0.6 years) completed an LS test and three CS tests with different radii both from the left and the right side (11.15-m radius = CSwide, 9.15-m radius = CSmedium and 7.15-m radius = CSnarrow), each with a distance of 17 m. Differences in sprint times were examined using analysis of variance with Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons and Cohen's d effect sizes (ES). Relationships between sprint times were determined by Pearson's product-moment correlations (r). Significantly lower sprint times were evident for LS compared to all three CS tests (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-17T06:45:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231193807
       
  • Exploring the use of individualized consideration by minor hockey coaches

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      Authors: Alysha D Matthews, Karl Erickson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Transformational leadership has been presented as a tool for coaches to foster positive youth development. One component of this concept is individualized consideration (IC), where leaders show care through supporting their followers’ individual needs. Examining the unique context of minor hockey will provide a more nuanced and complex description of IC. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate how minor hockey coaches consider individual differences and tailor their practice to athletes’ needs. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 male minor hockey coaches whose teams consisted of 9- to 13-year-old, predominantly male, athletes. Findings show these coaches demonstrated the use of IC through three steps (a) gathering information about their athletes (e.g. engaging in interactions), (b) assessing individual needs (e.g. developmental) and (c) acting to support IC (e.g. adjusting coaching practices). Findings suggest (a) IC can be implemented to support basic and more complex needs of athletes, (b) IC can be implemented with teams of athletes and (c) the context of minor hockey is constraining the implementation of IC.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-17T06:18:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231193302
       
  • Beyond the coaches eye: Understanding the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of
           maturity selection biases in male academy soccer

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      Authors: Megan Hill, Thomas John, Darragh McGee, Sean P. Cumming
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study explored academy football coaches’ perceptions and experiences of managing individual differences in the maturity timing of male adolescent football players in an English Premier League academy. Using a longitudinal mixed method design, 98 under 12–16 players were assessed for maturity status, growth velocities, and match performance grade. Interviews with nine respective coaches were conducted in parallel. The qualitative and quantitative data were combined to generate a contextualised richer understanding and four archetypal case studies. Findings showed coaches perceive various advantages and disadvantages to players maturing either ahead or in the delay of their peers and had different expectations of performance based upon a players maturity status; biological maturity status and timing had large implications for selection and release decisions. This study highlights the challenges of developing, managing and selecting adolescent players in elite male youth football. Biological maturation confounds talent identification and development, and academy environments need to monitor maturity status and educate coaches and selectors on the complexities and intricacies of individual differences in maturity timing.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-07T08:24:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231186673
       
  • Comparing three observation instruments of the coach's behaviour in
           grassroots football

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      Authors: Lídia Ordeix, Carme Viladrich, Saul Alcaraz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coach behaviour has long been known to influence the sporting experience of grassroots players; however, it is currently unclear how the instruments used to assess their behaviour are related. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the relationships between three observational coaching behaviour tools. Sixteen matches with teams led by four female football coaches were recorded and analysed using three observational instruments: (a) Coaching Behaviour Assessment System (CBAS); (b) Multidimensional Motivational Climate Observation System (MMCOS) and (c) Coach Leadership Assessment System (CLAS). The dimensions measured by each instrument are theorised as being adaptive or maladaptive. The specific objectives of this study are targeted to assess: (a) the commonalities between the three instruments and (b) what differentiated aspects each instrument provides. The results show that both the adaptive and the maladaptive dimensions of the three instruments are positively related among themselves but negatively related to the others. The results also show that the MMCOS is sensitive to behavioural changes during the matches, while the CBAS and the CLAS do not reflect these changes but assess the stability of the behaviour. In conclusion, this research provides empirical evidence supporting the conceptual relationship between the three instruments and of the specific information that each instrument offers. Furthermore, it highlights the need to observe the sport environment more closely in a more diversified way.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:55:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231189647
       
  • Injuries in Padel players: What is known' A scoping review

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      Authors: Valerio Giustino, Flavia Figlioli, Antonino Patti, Domenico Savio Salvatore Vicari, Giuseppe Alamia, Antonio Palma, Castillo-Lozano Romualdo, Ewan Thomas, Antonino Bianco
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundPadel has spread rapidly in several countries around the world. Although this racket sport seems to have several health benefits, the number of scientific papers on this sport is still very few. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the evidence regarding injuries in Padel players by identifying, synthesizing, and assessing the studies currently existing in the scientific literature.MethodsThis scoping review was conducted following the guidelines provided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews and the Population, Concept, Context framework was adopted. Articles were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.ResultsA total of seven studies were included in this review. The most frequent injury location is in the elbow, followed by shoulder, and low back. As for lower limbs, knee represents the most affected body region. Although not all the studies included described the type of injuries, tendon, joint, and muscle are the body structure most injured.ConclusionThis scoping review can aid in a better comprehension of the location and type of injuries that occur in Padel players. However, it is worth noting that all the studies existing concerns nonprofessional athletes. Hence, these findings could be useful to coaches as they add knowledge on the risk of injury in padel that can allow the planning of suitable training programs for amateur and recreational players in order to prevent injuries.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:24:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231191739
       
  • Relations between empowering and disempowering motivational climate with
           burnout, fear of failure and grit

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      Authors: Caroline Birr, António Hernández-Mendo, Diogo Monteiro, Regina Brandão, António Rosado
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The coach-created motivational climate refers to the environmental factors that influence the athletes’ emotional, cognitive, physical and social experiences and could be more or less empowering. The present study aimed to determine the connection between the empowering and disempowering motivational climate (EDMC) with other variables, from several sports (328 males and 118 females; M age = 17.60 years; SD = 6.27) completed questionnaires assessing perceptions of coach-created motivational climates, burnout, fear of failure and grit. Structural equation modeling revealed that the empowering motivational climate is negatively related with burnout and with fear of failure. In addition, the disempowering motivational climate is positively related with burnout and with fear of failure. In turn, the grit dimension, perseverance of effort, was not significantly associated with burnout; it showed, however, a significantly negative association with fear of failure. The EDMCs were not related with grit-perseverance of effort and grit-consistence of interests. Overall, this study suggests that creating empowering environments can play a crucial role in mitigating emotional and physical exhaustion, as well as the fear of failure that athletes often experience in the context of sports.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:23:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231191086
       
  • The key role of context in team sports training: The value of played-form
           activities in practice designs for soccer

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      Authors: Grégory Hallé Petiot, Mike Vitulano, Keith Davids
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Played-form activities in soccer are customized variants of the original game, configured to emphasize important informational and task constraints in the way players perform in practice. Parameters of play such as the shape and dimensions of the playing area, number of participants involved, and conditions of play are key properties that activities are designed from. These properties impact on the specific practice contexts in which players are challenged to perceive information, make decisions and perform actions, during competitive performance preparation and player development. There are countless possible configurations of played-form activities that can provide development or training opportunities for players to improve performance. Although there are no standard guidelines for designing such practice tasks, here we propose how a theoretical rationale like ecological dynamics can frame the configuration of activities, modelled on typical formats, specific task constraints and key developmental needs. In this article, these formats are depicted with reference to common coaching licence curriculum needs and scientific literature. This insight paper presents a continuum of played-form activities, exemplifying characteristics of different practice designs in soccer. This integration of knowledge provides a valid continuum of play practice designs, based on an extent of specific opportunities for actions in different phases of play. Our insights suggest how coaches and trainers in team sports could gain a deep understanding of how specific played-form activity configurations impact on skill adaptation in players, providing opportunities for coaches to function as learning facilitators.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:22:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231191077
       
  • Identifying the characteristics, constraints and enablers to creating
           value in applied performance analysis: A commentary

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      Authors: Claire Mulvenna
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:21:23Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231190798
       
  • Concussion knowledge, attitudes and reporting intention amongst UK
           university student-athletes: Implications for institutions, coaches and
           future research

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      Authors: Dominic Malcolm, Jack Hardwicke, James Andrew Kenyon
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This article reports on a survey of concussion knowledge (CK), attitudes (CA) and reporting intention (CRI) amongst a multisport cohort of UK university student-athletes. A cross-sectional study design was used, with 217 student-athletes completing the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey – Student Version. The findings show that CK is broadly aligned with previous study cohorts including research in North America, and that sport type had no effect on CK, CA and CRI. Whilst gender did not affect CA or CRI, males returned higher CK scores than females. The respondents’ concussion history did not affect CA. Paradoxically, respondents with a history of concussion had significantly greater CK scores yet were more likely to report an intention to continue playing with SRC symptoms. There are three key implications of these findings. The comparison of findings between males and females highlights the need for a more nuanced conceptualisation of safety and risk in relation to SRC. Second, the evidence suggests a strong need for UK universities to introduce bespoke education programmes and policies formalising the healthcare support and return to learn of students post-SRC. Third, awareness of the complex interplay between SRC knowledge, experience and behaviour will enable coaches across all sports to exercise caution when managing SRC amongst students. The article concludes by arguing that there is a need for further qualitative research to understand how concussion is experienced by UK university students and provided for and accommodated within UK universities.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:20:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231190154
       
  • English academy football practitioners’ perceptions of training load,
           maturation and injury risk: A club case study

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      Authors: David Johnson, Sean Williams, Sheree Bekker, Ben Bradley, Sean Cumming
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The management of training load in youth team-sport athletes is important. There is, however, a lack of research on practitioners’ perceptions and understandings of managing training load during this period and what this means in terms of maturational status and injury risk. This study aimed to investigate academy football practitioners’ perceptions and understanding of training load, maturation and injury risk in young male footballers. Coaches, sports scientists, medical staff and key stakeholders from a professional football club academy in England participated in focus groups investigating their understanding and perceptions of training load, maturation and injury risk. A qualitative descriptive methodology utilising framework analysis was used to capture and better understand participants’ views. Findings revealed that practitioners consider managing training load during adolescence to be comprised of, and mediated by, three key elements: club philosophy, factors inside the club's control (periodisation strategy; staff member practice), and factors outside the club's control (life load; growth and maturation). This study is an important addition to the current literature on managing injuries through the growth spurt by investigating how different stakeholders perceive training load, maturation and potential strategies to mitigate risk.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:20:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231188071
       
  • ‘Bridging the gap’: Differences in training and match physical load in
           1st team and U23 players from the English Premier League

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      Authors: Ronan Kavanagh, Christoper Carling, Shane Malone, Rocco Di Michele, Ryland Morgans, David Rhodes
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesTo explore the differences in training and match load in English Premier League (EPL) 1st team and U23 players. Identifying differences in relative and absolute physical outputs in relation to Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS) and Maximal Sprint Speed (MSS) and how this informs monitoring and training prescription.MethodsTwo groups of full-time professional football players (1st team, n = 24 and U23 squad, n = 27) participated in this study. Training and match data were categorised into weekly blocks from Monday to Sunday. Each player's weekly total was then averaged to provide a squad average for each metric examined.ResultsMatch analysis identified significantly higher distance covered above 120% MAS and distance between 120% MAS and 85% MSS (p = .04, effect size [ES] = 0.64; p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-27T05:25:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231186227
       
  • Golf coaching wisdom: Practical lessons, stories and insights from the
           protégé of the legendary John Jacobs

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      Authors: Peter Green, Simon Jenkins
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Based on interviews/conversations by the second author with Peter Green, this stimulus article is presented as a collection of anecdotes and short stories in the style of the best-selling ‘Harvey Penick's Little Red Book’. It captures the golf coaching knowledge, with its jargon and lingo, of the legendary John Jacobs who had a strong influence on the philosophy and methods of arguably the three most famous golf coaches in the last 30 years (Hank Haney, Butch Harmon and David Leadbetter). Green spent more time learning directly from Jacobs than any other golf coach. Working both with Jacobs and on his own, Green has helped not only some of the greatest golfers in history, but also tens of thousands of golfers who play for fun.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-26T06:35:36Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231187269
       
  • Examining how data becomes information for an upcoming opponent in
           football

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      Authors: Saumya Mehta, Philip Furley, Dominik Raabe, Daniel Memmert
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      As the sport industry witnesses a surge in the type and volume of data-driven decisions, the general question of the process of information development remains: how is data used to develop meaningful information' And does the presence of novel quantitative data sources lend greater objectivity to match analysis' Study 1 examines how 12 football analysts use the same qualitative (video) and quantitative (event and position) data to develop information constituting a typical opponent report for an upcoming match, while Study 2 investigates the agreement between grade evaluations of these opponent reports by numerous professional coaches. Findings of Study 1 through independent-samples t-tests (t(18) = 3.922, p = 0.001) indicate a clear dominance of qualitative video data over quantitative event and position data in all opponent reports. Despite the presence of quantitative data sources, analysts tend to prefer annotated video data. Possible relations to previous experience and familiarity with data, coach–analyst preferences and biases are discussed. Results from Study 2 show extremely weak intra-class correlations (ICC) (r = 0.147; p = 0.011) between different grades awarded to the same video, depicting a clear lack of agreement in what coaches consider a good opponent report. Furthermore, coaches most valued the comprehensibility and relevance of the report. No significant associations were found between use of either data type and better grades. The subjectivity of the coaching process highlighting preferences regarding data validity and negotiations of adopting new key performance indicators (KPIs) is discussed, alongside limitations of the sample as well as the level of coach–analysts involved.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-25T08:38:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231187871
       
  • Evaluating the impact of a digitally implemented subjective standard on
           professional rugby union player management decision-making

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      Authors: Jayamini Ranaweera, Dan Weaving, Marco Zanin, Gregory Roe
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Using a pre-post-test design, this study evaluated the impact of implementing a standard on the reliability of player management decision-making within a professional rugby union environment. Five practitioners from a High-Performance Unit (HPU) rated 22 instances of Global Positioning System (GPS)–based external training load information of 14 players across the 2021–2022 season. This rating was whether a peak/trough/normal exposure in load had occurred. The ratings were repeated at four time points (separated by 2 weeks) before (Pre1, Pre2) and after (Post1, Post2) implementing a consensus statement as a subjective standard (using a dashboard) developed previously within the same environment to identify peaks/troughs in player external training loads. Inter-rater agreement between individuals at each voting round was assessed using Light's Kappa, while pre-post-standard intra-rater agreement was determined from Cohen's Kappa (both with 95% confidence intervals). Changes to dashboard usability from implementing the standard were assessed by administering the System Usability Scale to 11 HPU staff at the four time points. Pre-standard moderate inter-rater agreement (Pre1: 0.53 (0.36–0.69), Pre2: 0.60 (0.42–0.77)) increased to almost perfect agreement (Post1: 0.74 (0.57–0.89), Post2: 0.90 (0.79–1)) post-standard. The intra-rater agreement of 2/5 participants was almost perfect post-standard, while it remained within substantial levels for the others. A linear mixed model (χ2(3) = 8.85, p = 0.03) illustrated a slight increase in dashboard usability after incorporating the standard (Pre1: 84.09, Pre2: 81.36; Post1: 87.73, Post2: 87.27). Overall, the results highlighted that the subjective standard enhanced reliability of practitioner agreement for the selected decision.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-25T07:57:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231188065
       
  • More than rugby: A scoping review of coaches in rugby

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      Authors: Lara Paul, Demi Davidow, Anna Stodter, Kevin Till, Kathryn Dane, Ben Jones, Sharief Hendricks
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      IntroductionIt is well-recognised that fulfilling the role of a coach is multi-faceted. In rugby, some of these coaching facets have been studied, however the research has not been reviewed. Reviewing the literature on rugby coaches will inform and guide policies, coach education, research and practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a scoping review of the current coach focused literature on rugby union, rugby league and rugby sevens.MethodsA scoping review was conducted on five electronic databases (EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) until January 2022 using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Participants had to be coaches within rugby union, sevens and league to be included. Data were extracted and analyzed to form a numerical and thematic summary.Results105 articles were included. 76% of the studies were on rugby union, 14% on league, 1% on sevens and the remainder focused on a combination of rugby cohorts or did not specify. Three themes were identified via a thematic analysis based on the content of the articles, these were coach knowledge (68%), coach pedagogies (29%), and coach development (4%).ConclusionThe main finding in this review is that research on rugby coaches understood the risk, prevention, and management of injuries. Educational resources should include all aspects of rugby play or training injuries. The importance of the athlete-coach relationship and coach reflective practices was another significant finding. Coaches are encouraged to have a broad understanding of various aspects related to the player's welfare, which can be developed using formal and/or nonformal learning.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-25T07:37:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231185558
       
  • Relationship between judo coaches’ authentic leadership and judo
           athletes’ perceived performance: Mediating effect of self-management

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      Authors: KwangWoo Nam, CheolYong Kim, SangJin Yoon
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In Judo, one of the combat sports, athletes must endure high intensity, long-term training sessions that extend for long durations to achieve outstanding performances. Authentic leadership plays an essential role in this combat sport by supporting players who may experience slower growth and in enduring the rigorous and long-term training. Despite this leadership type being essential for fostering development and success in judo, few studies have been conducted on authentic leadership in the context of sports. This study investigated the relationship between judo coaches’ authentic leadership and judo athletes’ self-management and perceived performance; it also investigated the mediating effects of self-management on the relationship between authentic leadership and perceived performance. We used a convenience sampling method to recruit 274 Korean judo athletes. We conducted frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results showed that judo coaches’ authentic leadership had a significant effect on athletes’ self-management, but no significant effect on their perceived performance. Additionally, judo athletes’ self-management had a significant effect on perceived performance. Further, self-management had a mediating (complete) effect on the relationship between judo coaches’ authentic leadership and athletes’ perceived performance. Our results show that judo coaches’ authentic leadership does not directly affect athletes’ perceived performance, but has an indirect effect through the mediating effect of self-management. In other words, judo coaches’ authentic leadership can directly enhance athletes’ self-management and indirectly enhance athletes’ perceived performance, thereby suggesting that it is an important factor in athletes’ performance progress.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-25T07:13:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231190036
       
  • Peak physical demands of elite women's soccer: Assessing playing position
           and post-goal locomotor patterns

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      Authors: Naomi Datson, Antonio Dello Iacono, Greg Doncaster, Richard Michael Page, Andy McKeown, Viswanath B Unnithan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      It has recently been identified that the assessment of peak periods of activity better considers the stochastic nature of match-play and the influence that contextual factors have on these peak periods. Limited research exists attempting to link the tactical and physical aspects of performance, especially in female players. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess post-goal locomotor patterns and positional differences on peak match demands in elite female soccer players. Using 10 Hz global positioning system units, a total of 133 player match observations were recorded from 14 matches played by an elite Scottish women's professional soccer team. The total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (>18 km/h) (HSRD) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) were assessed for 1, 3 and 5-minute peak periods using a rolling epoch approach. Playing position and post-goal activity were used as modulating factors. Linear mixed models established a main effect for playing position for the HSRD at peak 1-minute (p
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-25T07:12:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231189240
       
  • Development of the brief expertise scale for sports coaching

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      Authors: Andrew Kennedy, Paul E Dux, Clifford J Mallett
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The methods used to assess sports coaching expertise vary considerably between studies. This variability limits the capacity for researchers to compare, contrast and replicate findings across the field. In this article, we describe research aimed at creating a self-report measure of sports coaching expertise. In the following sections, we discuss the core concepts and competencies associated with sports coaching expertise. We then outline the phases of development of the measure and provide the results of the exploratory (study 1) and confirmatory (study 2) analyses. The outcome of this research was the development of a brief 12-item 3-factor self-report measure of sports coaching expertise. The measure achieved a good fit to the data and was best captured by a bifactor S1-1 model with one general expertise factor and three specific factors: (a) experience and engagement, (b) knowledge and (c) skills and attributes. In discussing the outcomes of this research, we provide recommendations for the use of the measure and discuss areas of future refinement.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-20T05:58:25Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231188192
       
  • Perceived benefits and receptivity to sport psychology consulting services
           of elite athletes in developing nations of the Oceania region

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      Authors: David L Neumann, Timothy M Piatkowski, Robyn L Moffitt, Clare L Minahan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Sport psychology consulting services are commonly used by elite athletes in developed countries, but little is known about the athlete's perceptions of such services in developing countries. The present study examined the accessibility, receptivity, and perceived benefit of sport psychology services (via a sport psychology services questionnaire) through a cross-sectional survey of elite athletes (N = 32; Mage = 23.06 years, SD = 5.81) from 12 nations of the Oceania region who participated in the Gather, Adjust, Prepare, Sustain programme. These nations were Vanuatu, Fiji, Tuvalu, Tonga, Solomon Islands, Cook Islands, Norfolk Island, Niue, Nauru, Kiribati, Samoa, and Papua New Guinea. The results revealed that only a quarter of the athletes had ongoing access to sport psychology consulting services. Over half reported that they were receptive to sport psychology services and perceived that these types of services would be beneficial. The most desired services related to performance enhancement (e.g. performance under pressure). The athletes reported mixed levels of knowledge regarding mental skills, and most knowledge concerned the use of mental skills in competition. Specifically, most athletes rated their knowledge of mental skills at either the low (e.g. imagery) or high (e.g. goal setting, focus, and self-talk) range, and relatively fewer athletes rated their knowledge in the mid-range. The athletes demonstrated interest in learning more mental skills to enhance their performance. These findings indicate that a need exists for sport psychology service providers among athletes in the Oceania region. Existing non-local providers may also consider supplying services through digital modalities.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-17T05:05:00Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231188455
       
  • Identification of football teams styles of play by cluster analysis

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      Authors: Fabian Alberto Romero Clavijo, Ricardo Drews, Renata Alvares Denardi, Bruno Travassos, Umberto Cesar Corrêa
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to characterize performance patterns of attack and defence of football teams, and the inter-team's relation throughout the game. First and second leg of the Brazilian Cup Final 2018 Under-20 category were recorded using two video cameras. Three hundred twelve attacks and defences sequences in the two football matches were analyzed. All players and the ball were tracked throughout the matches, then notational and spatiotemporal variables were measured: attack duration, number of actions per attack, occupied area, team centroid, ratio between number of action and attack duration, total centroid trajectory, and ball displacement. Those variables were grouped using Ward's minimum variance method. The results showed that: (i) teams presented variated styles of play in attack and defence intra and intermatches; (ii) spatial variables such as positions and displacements contributed the most to separate the patterns; (iii) the interteams synchrony found throughout the game revealed different outcomes; and (iv) specific attacking patterns led to shoot to goal. We concluded that football teams vary their style of play within match and intermatches; spatial variables such as positions and displacements contributed the most to separate the patterns; and the interteam relation revealed synchrony throughout the game.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-17T05:04:00Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231186796
       
  • Facilitators and barriers associated with youth player transition to
           professional first-team football: A key stakeholder perspective

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      Authors: Mark McGuigan, Antonio Dello Iacono, Allistair McRobert, Daryl Cowan, Viswanath B Unnithan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The transition of elite youth footballers through academy systems towards the first team is highly complex, competitive, and often unsuccessful. A myriad of factors including technical competence, physical prowess, and the development environment combine to determine youth player progression. Current research has focused on broad investigations of multiple clubs and stakeholders, providing a valuable overview of the key aspects associated with elite youth player transition. This study aimed to provide an in-depth, context-specific investigation of key stakeholders within an elite level club in the United Kingdom (UK). Seven key stakeholders including the head of the academy (n = 1), the head of sports science (n = 1), coaches (n = 3), and lead sports scientists (n = 2) were recruited. Framework analysis led to the development of a practical framework outlining the key facilitators and barriers of youth-to-first-team transition. Facilitators of transition included overcoming adversity, high-level physical prowess, exceptional technical competence, and possessing at least one elite-level attribute. Barriers to transition included a lack of opportunity, lucrative youth player contracts and a lack of development-specific coaching. In addition, the developmental environment and developing individuals within a team environment were key influences on youth-to-first-team transition. This study complements recent broad investigations of the UK and global stakeholders by corroborating many of their findings while providing transferable, context-specific accounts of applied issues related to successful transition to first-team football.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-17T05:02:22Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231184022
       
  • Decision-making assessments in youth team invasion game athletes: A
           systematic scoping review

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      Authors: Joshua Inns, Emma L Petancevski, Andrew R Novak, Job Fransen
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Decision-making is critical to team invasion game performance. As such, understanding how to measure and develop it is important to researchers and practitioners. However, due to the abundance of assessments available in this area, the optimal use of these assessments is still unclear. The current systematic scoping review summarises and examines the quality of reporting of the available literature on decision-making assessments that can be used in the context of youth team invasion games. It uses an ecological dynamics perspective to evaluate the extent to which the included decision-making tasks adhered to principles of representative task design, specificity of perception and action components and constraints present in each task. The results revealed that soccer was the most frequently studied invasion game (70% of studies). While realistic task (85% of studies) and individual constraints (68% of studies) were often present in decision-making tasks, environmental constraints received far less attention (9% of studies). About one-third of studies were situated on either end of the controlled laboratory in situ study continuum (controlled laboratory = 35%, in situ = 33%). In total, 39% of studies coupled sport-specific perception and action components. Furthermore, studies that implemented sport-specific perception–action coupling featured much smaller sample sizes than those without. The findings of this systematic review can aid researchers and practitioners who want to measure decision-making skill in youth team invasion game athletes by allowing them to make informed choices about which assessment to use based on the extent to which an assessment matches a set of pre-determined criteria.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-10T08:51:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231185779
       
  • There is no substitute for hard work! Elite tennis coaches’ reflections,
           learning and development

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      Authors: Rafael Martínez-Gallego, Christine Nash, Miguel Crespo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Engaging with learning and development opportunities is the hall mark of a committed lifelong learner. In this study, we aimed to highlight the benefits of the learning and development achieved by participating coaches on the Olympic Solidarity (OS) Tennis programme. This coach development programme is a joint venture between OS, the International Tennis Federation, and its member nations to deliver certification courses for the coaches of advanced as well as high-performance players. This study is presented in two progressive parts: a web-based survey (Part 1) and semi-structured interviews (Part 2). In Part 2, we interviewed 12 participants from 12 different countries and four coach developers/tutors involved in programme delivery. The coaches in Part 1 were characterised by long-term engagement with tennis coaching and enhancing their own learning and development. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference between any of the variables examined. The interview analyses revealed three main themes: direction and strength of effort; perceived status and prestige of completion; and positivity and purpose. We conclude by discussing short-, medium-, and long-term advantages coaches identified from the programme.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-10T08:09:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231185233
       
  • There is low adoption of injury prevention programs in community netball

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      Authors: Lauren Davies, Tess Saad, Michelle D Smith
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Although neuromuscular injury prevention programs decrease injuries, implementation is challenging. Netball Australia developed the Netball KNEE program – a netball-specific warm-up program designed for netball coaches, players and support staff to enhance movement efficiency and prevent injury. It contains exercises for warm-up/footwork, strength, balance/landing and agility. This study aimed to explore the Reach, perceived Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and intended Maintenance of the Netball KNEE program in community netball. Community netball coaches (n = 257) from 52 community netball clubs completed an online survey on their familiarity with the KNEE program (Reach), satisfaction and perceived effectiveness (Effectiveness), use of the program in training (Adoption), use of specific program components and provision of feedback (Implementation) and intended future use of the program (Maintenance). 66.5% of coaches who responded to the survey were familiar with the KNEE program (Reach), and 43.0% of coaches reported using the program weekly (Adoption). Most coaches who were familiar with the program were satisfied with it (87.2%) and perceived it to be effective in reducing injuries (77.0%) (perceived Effectiveness). Only 58.7% of the 155 of coaches who adopted the program reported using all activity categories (warm up/footwork, strength, balance/landing and agility) (Implementation). Warm up/footwork activities were reported to be used most commonly (by 99.4% of coaches). Reported provision of feedback on program key principles (e.g., take off, landing, deceleration, changing direction) was variable (54.2%–97.4%) (Implementation). Study findings suggest the need for strategies to improve the reach, adoption and implementation of the KNEE program in community netball.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-07T07:58:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231185917
       
  • Exploring the subjective beliefs of expert coaches on ‘talent’ and
           player selection in German table tennis

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      Authors: Till Koopmann, Irene R Faber, Franziska Lath, Florian Loffing, Jörg Schorer
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Player development programmes in sports are considered crucial pillars for the development of young players and countries’ international sporting success. As resources are limited, coaches preferably decide which players to select for these programmes at a young age. This is particularly true for early-starting sports such as table tennis. However, the selection criteria used by coaches and the decision-making processes in player selection contexts are widely unknown. To address this gap, we conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews with table tennis coaches with high expertise in the identification and development of talented young players. Here we show that the concept of ‘talent’ and the process of player selection in table tennis are highly complex phenomena with three main areas of interest identified: (a) general aspects regarding ‘talent’ (in table tennis), (b) specific selection criteria including individual as well as environmental aspects, and (c) the process of player selection. One main finding is that coaches see ‘talent’ as dependent on various factors including (relative) age, maturation as well as practice and previous experience. Furthermore, coaches appear to include both individual (e.g., technical skills) and environmental criteria (e.g., parents’ support) in their decision-making process. Finally, the interviews revealed that player selection decisions are usually made by multiple coaches during group meetings, suggesting the relevance of group processes and dynamics. In summary, this study provides new findings regarding the understanding and discovery of ‘talent’ in table tennis that can help practitioners and open new avenues for further research on player selection in sports.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-07T07:06:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231185544
       
  • Peer-initiated motivational climate, mental health and adherence in
           competitive youth sport

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      Authors: Colin D McLaren, Achuthan Shanmugaratnam, Mark W Bruner
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Through interactions with important social agents (coaches, parents, and peers), youth athletes will infer that being successful in sport falls somewhere along the continuum between (a) improvement and hard work and (b) winning at all costs. The environment created as a result of these interactions has important implications for athlete mental health and future sport participation. This study examined the relationships between peer-initiated motivational climate, athlete wellbeing, and intention to return to the team. Youth athletes (N = 130; Mage = 13.45 years) from nine competitive ice hockey teams completed a questionnaire near the end of season. Using mixed-effects linear modeling, findings revealed that a task-related peer climate significantly predicted wellbeing (β = 0.32, 95% CI [0.18, 0.47]) and intention to return (β = 0.43, 95% CI [0.17, 0.68]), whereas an ego-related peer climate was not significantly related to wellbeing (β = 0.10, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.26]) or intentions to return (β = −0.29, 95% CI [−0.58, 0.01]).
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-07T07:05:47Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231179879
       
  • Wet bulb globe temperature variability and its implications on heat stress
           monitoring

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      Authors: Andrew Grundstein, Earl Cooper, Yuri Hosokawa
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is widely used in athletics for assessing heat stress. Sports governing bodies provide a wide variety of recommendations on how often to take WBGT measurements during activities like practices and competitions. This can leave coaching staff and other sports medicine personnel in a quandary as to what is the “best practice.” Our study is the first to use a large dataset to quantify the variability of WBGT within practice and competition sessions, and to identify the impact of using different measurement rates on the WBGT. The study leverages 6 years of data from thousands of American football practice and competition sessions from across Georgia, USA. We observed that, on average, WBGTs are coolest in the morning (26.67°C) and evening (24.84°C), and hottest in the midday (30.23°C) and afternoon (27.21°C). The variability within sessions tended to be greater for morning, midday, and afternoon than evenings, with session standard deviations of 0.96°C to 1.27°C and ranges of 2.67°C to 3.55°C when controlling for duration. WBGTs also tended to increase over time in morning sessions and decrease over time during afternoon and evening sessions. These changes are clinically important. We found that Georgia High School Association (GHSA) WBGT activity modification categories often changed during sessions, especially in the morning, midday, and afternoon where a change in GHSA category of ≥1 occurred in 57% to 76% of sessions. Considering this variability, our results indicate that more frequent measurements better capture maximum WBGT values over a session and reduce the likelihood of misclassifying activity modification.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-06T06:42:48Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231186146
       
  • Effects of integrative neuromuscular training on change of direction
           performance in court-based sports players: A systematic review and
           meta-analysis

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      Authors: Junxin Zhang, Jing Mi, Ruidong Liu
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study systematically reviewed and quantified the scientific literature on the effects of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) on change of direction (COD) performance among court-based sports players. A comprehensive keyword search was conducted on December 15, 2022, across six electronic bibliographic databases: SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Ultra, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Following the application of eligibility criteria, a total of 23 studies with 901 participants were included in this review. Meta-analysis was employed to estimate the pooled effect size of INT interventions on COD performance. The findings demonstrated that INT interventions resulted in a significant reduction in COD task completion time for court-based sports players, compared to control groups (standard deviation [SD]  =  0.38, 95% CI  =  0.27, 0.49; I^2  =  98.76%). However, it was observed that the efficacy of INT on COD performance was influenced by factors such as gender, sport type, and specific metrics of COD task measures. Consequently, it is imperative to consider these potential variations when interpreting the results and planning future research. In conclusion, INT exhibited superior effectiveness in improving COD performance compared to control groups among court-based sports players. We recommend that strength and conditioning professionals incorporate INT into their comprehensive conditioning programs. However, it is important to acknowledge the potential variations in outcomes attributable to participant-specific characteristics, including gender, sport type, and the nature of COD tasks. This understanding will facilitate the optimal application of INT, thereby enhancing athletic performance across diverse sporting contexts.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-07-05T06:59:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231184554
       
  • Macro periodisation of competition in international women's tennis:
           Insights for long-term athlete development

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      Authors: Thomas Perri, Rob Duffield, Alistair Murphy, Tom Mabon, Isabel McGillivray, Machar Reid
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      AimsThis study reports the multi-year periodised international competition engagement of elite top 100 [T100] and 250 [T250] female tennis players during their youth.MethodsTournament data was analysed for 258 female players from 13 to 18 years of age. Players were categorised into groups based on peak professional ranking of T100 or T250. ‘Fast’ or ‘slow’ achieving T100 players were further classified according to the years taken to achieve a professional T100 status. International tournament and match volumes were quantified for junior and professional categories, along with measures of competition density (i.e., time between tournaments and consecutive tournaments). Tournament quality and category were determined by ranking point offerings. A two-way analysis of variance determined the effects of age and ranking group on tournament play.ResultsSignificant interaction effects for age and ranking group were observed for all junior and professional category tournaments (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-28T06:47:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231171695
       
  • Concussion education for New Zealand high school rugby players: A
           mixed-method analysis of the impact on concussion knowledge, attitudes and
           reporting behaviours

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      Authors: Danielle M. Salmon, Marelise Badenhorst, James Brown, Janelle Romanchuk, Zachary Yukio Kerr, Simon Walters, Amanda Clacy, Sierra Keung, S. John Sullivan, Johna Register-Mihalik, Chris Whatman
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Players who lack the knowledge to recognise the signs and symptoms of concussions may be less likely to disclose their injury. New Zealand Rugby's Community Concussion Initiative includes an interactive education session highlighting peer-recognition of concussions. This mixed-method study examined the effect of an education session on high school players’ concussion knowledge and attitudes as well as the impact of player demographics on these variables. Focus groups were used to explore player experiences. The RoCKAS-ST was used to measure concussion knowledge/attitudes before and after the education session. Multiple linear regression examined associations between demographic variables, including school decile (relative wealth of the geographic region the school serves), and pre-education concussion knowledge/attitudes scores. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared pre-concussion and post-concussion knowledge/attitudes scores. Qualitative data were analysed via thematic analysis. Overall, 532 players completed questionnaires; 75 players participated in focus groups. Pasifika players had lower concussion knowledge than NZ Europeans (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-23T08:04:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231156159
       
  • Match analysis in wheelchair basketball: An observational analysis of the
           best team in the world (USA) in the 2020 Paralympic Games

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      Authors: Rubén Arroyo, Roberto Alsasua, Javier Arana, Daniel Lapresa, M. Teresa Anguera
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This work shows the possibilities that observational analysis can offer to match analysis in Wheelchair Basketball, outlined in a study of the sequences that end in a shot, in the men's team considered to be the best in the world (USA), in the Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020. Data recording and coding the 527 sequences that end in a shot was carried out via the LINCE software, and inter-rater reliability guaranteed using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Two diachronic behaviour analysis techniques – lag sequential analysis and T-pattern detection – were applied complementarily, thus allowing us to characterise effective and ineffective sequences. Effective behaviours are highlighted as being those which incorporate a final reception and shot by players with less functional limitation; or those in which the shot is made from the paint. Ineffective behaviours are those carried out by players with greater functional difficulty; or those which end in shots made from the offensive zone and external offensive zone.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-21T06:34:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231181616
       
  • Exploring the influence of task and environmental constraints on batting
           and bowling performance in cricket: A systematic review

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      Authors: Utkarsh Singh, Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran, Kenji Doma, Jonathan D Connor
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Cricket is an unique international sport where environmental and task constraints have shown to have a significant impact on batting and bowling performance. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effect of task and environmental constraints on cricket performance. A systematic literature search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SportDiscus. Studies were deemed eligible if they reported the effects of pitch type, pitch length, equipment (e.g. cricket bat, batting pads, ball type, etc.) on cricket performance. A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria with Kmet score ranging between 75% and 92%. The results from this study demonstrate that environmental constraints such as pitch-type and task constraints such as equipment modification (e.g. type of cricket bat, batting pads, ball) and pitch length can influence cricketer's batting and bowling performance. Scaling cricket bats and reducing pitch length were acutely beneficial to cricket batting, while ball type, pitch length and soil properties were impactful on bowling performance. Importantly though, the impact of constraint manipulation seemed to be influenced by the skill level of the performer. The findings from this study may help to inform coaches and practitioners improve skill acquisition, through constraint manipulation, to develop highly adaptive cricket batting and bowling skill.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-21T06:33:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231181549
       
  • An integrated perspective of the demand–control and effort–reward
           imbalance models on burnout among sport coaches: The moderating role of
           over-commitment and coaching efficacy

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      Authors: Changliang Yan, Dojin Jang, Sungho Kwon, Qingyun Jin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The present study aimed to explore the relationship between stress and burnout through an integration of the demand–control (DC) and effort–reward imbalance (ERI) model in the context of sport coaching. This is the first study to integrate these two models to explain burnout experienced by sport coaches, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the development of burnout in this population. A sample of 398 Chinese sport coaches working in the school system participated in the study. Moderated mediation analyses were conducted to test the research model, and results indicated that the data fit the model well and supported all hypotheses. Specifically, the study verified the hypotheses related to the importance of contextual conditions in burnout development (i.e. burnout caused by job stress consistent with ERI) and personal characteristics that regulate these conditions (i.e. over-commitment as the enhancing moderator and coaching efficacy as the buffering moderator consistent with DC). The findings suggest that addressing the social system (i.e. ERI) in which burnout develops and individual responses (i.e. DC) is crucial to prevent burnout among sport coaches.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-16T12:52:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231181971
       
  • Identifying the characteristics, constraints, and enablers to creating
           value in applied performance analysis

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      Authors: Denise Martin, Peter G. O’Donoghue, Jonathan Bradley, Sam Robertson, Denise McGrath
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      While applied performance analysts (PAs) are a well-established applied sports science practitioner group, there is no clear definition of the purpose of an analyst, their key relationships, or the expertise required to execute the role successfully. This research sought to understand how PA practitioners and educators perceive their role as applied PA practitioners. Twenty-seven applied PAs and educators with applied PA experience participated in six online focus groups, completing an online survey in advance. Reflexive thematic analysis of transcripts and survey data generated an overarching theme: embedded applied PA practitioners have a value co-creation role within performance ecosystems which is inhibited by poor professional infrastructure and a lack conceptual clarity for the role. Five sub-themes are reported; the (a) why, (b) what, and (c) how of professional practice; d) the impact of stakeholder misunderstanding on PA practitioners; and (e) issues with professional recognition, development, and renumeration opportunities. This study demonstrates applied PAs’ role as curators, translators, influencers, and educators aiming to add value to the decision-making of a wide range of stakeholders. It highlights a potential deficit in applied practice in ‘value capture’ which may be perpetuating the problems practitioners reported with stakeholder misconceptions and undervaluing of their role. It is hoped this paper will inspire those invested in applied PA practice to create a shared understanding of how they can add value within the performance ecosystem so the profession can evolve and thrive.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-16T12:52:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231180243
       
  • Simulating shot selection strategies and scoring outcomes in Super
           Netball’s ‘Power 5’ period

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      Authors: Aaron S Fox, Lyndell Bruce
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In 2020, Australia's elite-level netball league introduced the ‘Super Shot’ – an opportunity for teams to gain two versus one goal per shot during the final 5 minutes of each quarter (i.e. Power 5 period). In this study, we ran simulations of Power 5 periods to: (i) identify expected scoring outcomes from Super Shot selection strategies and (ii) examine how Super Shot selection strategies could impact the scoring margin between teams. We ran simulations emulating Power 5 periods with different Super Shot selection strategies for teams individually and when competing against one another, and examined the scoring outputs and margins. A greater tendency for attempting Super Shots was a high-risk: high-reward strategy, where this strategy could result in both high- and low-scoring outcomes (i.e. increased scoring volatility). Average margins were not largely affected by Super Shot selection strategy in simulations between teams, yet the more volatile scoring with a higher tendency for Super Shot attempts led to wider margin ranges. We propose that a singular ‘optimal’ Super Shot selection strategy does not exist and that the match scenario should be a key driver in determining a team’s strategy.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-12T12:04:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231181975
       
  • Cooperative networks in team invasion games: A systematic mapping review

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      Authors: Sam Palmer, Andrew R. Novak, Rhys Tribolet, Mark L. Watsford, Job Fransen
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Team invasion games are sports in which individual team members interact and exchange information to coordinate their behaviours and actions in pursuit of the common goal of winning matches. Researchers have used social network analysis to quantify the cooperative behaviours of sports teams (cooperative network analysis), yet this research exists across an array of disciplines and uses various methods. Therefore, accessibility for practitioners and researchers interested in using it to quantify team cooperation in team invasion games may be limited. This systematic mapping review aimed to identify, report and discuss research in this emerging research area. Articles were systematically searched in electronic databases and reference list scans resulting in 112 papers included. Football was the most studied sport (n  =  91), and passing was the most observed interaction between players within a sports team (n  =  107). This review further revealed a lack of consistency in reporting between the included studies with respect to nomenclature and network measures. A comprehensive map of the current literature on the use of cooperative network analysis in team invasion games is provided which can be used by practitioners and researchers tasked with or interested in analysing team performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-12T12:03:20Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231177133
       
  • The relationship between relative lower-body strength, sprint and change
           of direction ability in elite youth female soccer athletes

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      Authors: Kristen De Marco, Mikayla Lyons, Christopher Joyce, Jenny A Conlon
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Soccer is described as a high-intensity, multidirectional sport requiring athletes to possess a high level of physical conditioning to compete at the elite level. Strength, linear sprint and change of direction (COD) abilities are key physical characteristics in soccer-specific performance, with research suggesting athletes who possess greater relative lower-body strength are superior in sprint and COD ability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between relative lower-body strength with linear sprint and COD ability among elite youth female soccer athletes in Western Australia. Forty-four (U13, n  =  11; U14, n  =  12; U15, n  =  11; U19, n  =  10) athletes completed an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), 30 m sprint and 505 COD test. Results demonstrated a significant moderate correlation between relative IMTP (IMTPr) performance and 10 m (r  =  −0.315, p  =  0.037) and 30 m (r  =  −0.0347, p  =  0.021) sprint time, however, there was no significant correlation between IMTPr performance and COD deficit (r  =  −0.227, p  =  0.168). This study suggests that relative lower-body strength is moderately related to greater sprint performance but not COD ability in elite youth female soccer athletes. Overall, relative lower-body strength appears to be advantageous to linear sprint performance in elite youth female soccer athletes, and therefore the inclusion of appropriate and targeted strength training in the physical preparation and long-term athlete development of this demographic may be recommended.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-08T06:44:44Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231180329
       
  • Relative energy deficiency in sport and the role of ultrarunning coaches
           according to two female ultrarunners

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      Authors: Douglas G Stewart, Justine B Allen, Andrew Kirkland
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a complex syndrome that occurs as a result of prolonged Low Energy Availability (LEA) leading to health and performance impairments. However, whilst the coach plays an important role when working with athletes with RED-S, no research exists specifically exploring their role. Therefore, this study investigates the role of the coach from the athletes’ perspective within an ultrarunning context. Ultrarunners are at risk of LEA due to large training volumes and record high incidences of psychological and physiological conditions linked to RED-S, such as disordered eating and bone stress injuries. Two female ultrarunners who had experience with RED-S each participated in three semi-structured interviews. The findings highlight the multifaceted role of the coach which changes depending on the stage of the athletes’ RED-S Journey. Of primary importance was that the coach should be educated on RED-S in order to provide value throughout. Secondly, for effective recovery, the coach should embrace working with a multidisciplinary support team of experts. Thirdly, the coach should actively work on establishing strong relationships with the athlete and their support network. This will propagate trust and honest conversations, a key requirement for recovery from, and ongoing training post, RED-S.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-06-02T07:51:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231179301
       
  • Practices of strength and conditioning coaches across Chinese
           high-performance sports

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      Authors: Yuming Zhong, Anthony Weldon, Chris Bishop, Yongming Li
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study used an online survey to investigate the practices and perspectives of strength and conditioning coaches (SCCs) across different high-performance sports in China. The survey comprised of the following sections: (a) background information, (b) muscular strength and power, (c) speed, (d) endurance, (e) plyometrics, (f) flexibility, (g) physical testing, (h) technology use, and (i) programming. In total, 93 SCCs from 44 high-performance sports across 25 provinces/municipalities participated in this study (age 31.5 ± 6.9 yrs, experience as a SCC 5.5 ± 4.4 yrs). Periodization strategies were used by 97% of SCCs. Clean and derivatives (37%) were deemed the most important exercises for strength and power development. Heart rate (85%) and repetition maximum (72%) were the most used methods for determining set loads in endurance and strength training, respectively. Box drills (91%) were the most prescribed plyometric exercise and dynamic stretching (91%) was the most prescribed flexibility exercise. All SCCs physically tested their athletes and 95% frequently used technology-based equipment. For open-ended questions, 30% of SCCs would change their programs by improving monitoring, testing, equipment, and facilities. Thirty-nine percent of SCCs believed digitization and monitoring will be prominent future trends. The results indicated that most practices of SCCs in Chinese high-performance sports were dissimilar to those of SCCs in other countries. SCCs generally prescribe training according to the needs of sports. However, the interferences of many external factors also affected the scientific nature of training prescription.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-29T08:31:20Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231176491
       
  • The stability of the deadlift three repetition maximum

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      Authors: Stuart N Guppy, Tsuyoshi Nagatani, Wayne C K Poon, Kristina L Kendall, Jason P Lake, G Gregory Haff
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study investigated the stability of three repetition maximum (3RM) strength during the deadlift. Eleven participants performed four testing sessions comprising a one repetition maximum test and 3RM tests separated by 48 h. Preparedness was assessed before each testing session using countermovement jumps and by measuring barbell velocity during each set of deadlifts. Trivial statistically significant differences were determined for the 3RM between T1 and both T2 (p = 0.012; ES [95% CI] = −0.1 [−0.58, 0.41]) and T3 (p = 0.027; ES [95% CI] = −0.09 [−0.57, −0.43]). No significant differences were noted between T2 and T3 (p = 0.595; ES [95% CI] = 0.01 [−0.49, 0.50]). No significant differences in jump height (p = 0.071), time-to-take-off (p = 0.862), eccentric displacement (p = 0.209), or mean force during any countermovement jump sub-phase were found between each session (p = 0.529–0.913). Small differences in barbell mean velocity were found between both T1–T2 (effect size statistics (ES) = −0.21–0.27) and T2–T3 (ES = 0.31–0.48), while trivial differences were found at others. Therefore, 3RM deadlift strength appears stable enough over a microcycle to continue using traditionally recommended heavy/light programming strategies.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-29T08:12:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174316
       
  • Psychological contract on employee consequences among collegiate head
           coaches: The moderating role of procedural justice

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      Authors: Doyeon Won, Weisheng Chiu, Gonzalo A Bravo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The current study investigated the relationship between the psychological contract (PC), trust, perceived organizational support (POS), organizational commitment, and turnover intention among collegiate head coaches. In addition, this study explored the moderating effect of procedural justice on the relationship between these variables. Data were collected from 283 full-time head coaches in the NCAA and were primarily analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results indicated that relational PC (R-PC), compared to transactional PC (T-PC), was more influential in affecting coaches’ POS, trust, and commitment, while T-PC influenced POS only, but not trust and commitment. In addition, both trust and POS were positively associated with coaches’ affective commitment, while affective commitment, POS, and trust, in this order, were negatively related to their turnover intentions. Coaches’ perceived procedural justice moderated the relationship between T-PC and employee consequences, indicating that T-PC was more meaningful in high justice situations.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-25T06:11:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231177011
       
  • Do South African international cricket pace bowlers have similar bowling
           volume and injury risk associates compared to other elite fast bowlers'

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      Authors: Candice J. Christie, Kayla McEwan, Catherine E. Munro, Greg A. King, Adrian Le Roux, Benita Olivier, Brandon Jackson, Shuaib Manjra, Candice MacMillan, Lee Pote
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundAlthough many cricket-playing nations have conducted research on bowling volume (BV) and injury risk, this relationship amongst international South African pace bowlers is yet to be investigated. Environmental, socio-economic and training strategy differences warrant similar research in a South African context. The purpose of this preliminary study was to establish whether South African pace bowlers have similar BV and injury associates compared to other elite fast bowlers.MethodsThis study was a prospective, observational, cohort study that monitored match and training BV and injuries amongst pace bowlers playing for the South African national team between April 2017 and April 2019. A sample of convenience that included 14 bowlers was selected. Bowling volume was quantified as the number of deliveries bowled during training and competition. Acute-, chronic- and acute:chronic BV ratios were independently modelled as association variables.ResultsThere were 39 injuries with the most being to the lumbar spine (25.64%). Moderate-to-low and a moderate-to-high acute:chronic bowling load ratios were associated with a lower risk of injury. Chronic bowling load was associated with injury (z  =  2.82, p  =  0.01). A low acute workload, low chronic workload, moderate-high chronic workload and moderate-low acute:chronic ratio were also associated with an increased risk of injury.ConclusionThese findings confirm that there appears to be a dose–response effect between training BV and the likelihood of an injury occurring with a moderate-to-low and a moderate-to-high BV ratio being optimal. Considering the small sample size, the findings should be interpreted with caution.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-25T06:10:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174301
       
  • An eye-tracking study of how coach's nonverbal communication affects
           memorization of basketball tactical scenes

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      Authors: Houssem Ben Chikha, Bachir Zoudji, Aïmen Khacharem
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the effects of an instructor's pointing gestures on learning performance across a wide range of academic domains. There are, however, few clear instructional guidelines for enhancing learning from this visual guidance. This study tested the combined effects of the coach's pointing gesture and gaze guidance on attention and recall performance in field-based sports. This study used a 3 (control vs. gesture vs. gesture/gaze) × 2 (novice vs. expert) between-subjects factorial design. Results showed a significant interaction effect between expertise level and experimental conditions on visual attention and memorization performance. Novice players scored higher after studying tactical instructions with pointing gestures and gaze guidance than players who studied the same instructions with pointing gestures, who in turn performed better than players who received instructions without cues. Expert players showed the same level of performance when they received the instructions without cues and with pointing gestures. However, they showed lower performance (notably in the visual attention and the mental effort measures) when they received the video with pointing gestures and gaze guidance compared to the instructions without gestures and with pointing gestures. These results suggest that the effectiveness of nonverbal visual guidance changes depending on the players’ level of expertise.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-24T06:12:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231177003
       
  • Anthropometric and morphological characteristics of elite male cricket
           bowlers and batters over time: A systematic review

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      Authors: Lee Pote, Scott Nicholls, Greg King, Candice Christie
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This research investigated the differences in the anthropometric and morphological characteristics of elite male cricket bowlers and batters over time. A systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, between September 2021 and October 2022. A literature search was carried out on three main databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost. This was based on keywords and several inclusion and exclusion criteria. A quality assessment was carried out using the evaluation criteria for quantitative investigations focusing on the problem statement, design of methods, participant characteristics, outcome measures, sample size, analytical methodology, estimation of variance, reporting of results, and overall conclusions, to assess manuscript quality. Data were presented as mean ± SD where appropriate. Fifty-two papers matched all criteria and specific data from each was used for the systematic review. The most common measures investigated were stature, mass, and percentage of body fat. Elite bowlers were found to be significantly (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-24T06:10:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231176441
       
  • Feasibility of ‘Daughters and Dads Cricket’: A programme targeting
           fathers to improve daughters’ engagement and skills in cricket

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      Authors: Philip J Morgan, Emma R Pollock, Stevie-Lee Kennedy, Myles D Young, Narelle Eather, Lee M Ashton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundUtilising fathers to support their daughters and enhance their cricket skills may be an innovative approach to addressing traditional socio-cultural views of cricket relating to gender, by improving girls’ enjoyment, participation and long-term retention in in the sport.PurposeTo assess the feasibility of the ‘Daughters and Dads Cricket’ programme.MethodsIn a single-arm, pre–post study, fathers (n  =  34, 43.1  ±  4.4 years) and daughters (n  =  34, 9.4  ±  1.5 years) from Newcastle, Australia were recruited. The 9-week programme was delivered by trained facilitators and included weekly educational and practical sessions, plus home-based tasks. A priori feasibility benchmarks targeted recruitment (20 dyads), fidelity (≥80%), attendance (≥70%), compliance (≥70%), satisfaction (mean: ≥ 4/5) and retention (≥85%). Preliminary efficacy outcomes included cricket skill proficiency, daughters’ enjoyment in cricket, intention to keep playing cricket and long-term retention in cricket.ResultsFeasibility benchmarks were exceeded for recruitment (n  =  34 dyads), fidelity (98% education, 100% practical), attendance (88%), satisfaction (fathers: 4.6 of 5, daughters: 4.8 of 5) and retention (97%). Home-programme compliance fell short of the benchmark (64%). Preliminary efficacy was confirmed with medium-to-large effect size changes in 11 of the 13 daughters’ cricket skill proficiency outcomes. Promising findings were identified for daughters’ enjoyment of cricket, intention to continue playing and long-term retention in cricket.ConclusionA cricket-focused programme targeting daughters and dads was feasible and led to medium-to-large improvements in cricket skill proficiency among the daughters. Additionally, daughters were engaged with cricket, as shown by high levels of enjoyment, intention to continue playing and their long-term retention. Examining future efficacy in a larger trial is warranted.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-18T06:45:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231169096
       
  • Is a compact organization important for defensive success in elite soccer'
           – Analysis based on player tracking data

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      Authors: Leander Forcher, Leon Forcher, Stefan Altmann, Darko Jekauc, Matthias Kempe
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The interest in tactical analysis in soccer has increased in the latest years, especially with the growing availability of player tracking data. With it, the defending team's compact organization, which is considered by practitioners to be an important factor in defense, was repeatedly examined. However, the connection between this defensive principle of play and the defending success remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relation of the principle of playing defensive compact organization to the success of the defense. Based on tracking and event data of 153 games of the German Bundesliga (season 2020/21), the compactness (surface area, spread of the team, and of defending subgroups) and the organization (distances between formation lines) of the defending team was compared between successful and unsuccessful defensive plays. There were almost no differences in the compactness of the whole team, and the organizational measures between successful and unsuccessful defensive plays. The defending subgroup of five defenders closest to the ball showed a higher compactness (smaller surface area and smaller spread) in successful defensive plays compared to unsuccessful ones (−0.08 ≤ d ≤ −0.16). Our results indicate that the compactness of players in areas close to the ball seems crucial for defensive success. However, the compact organization of the entire team does not seem important to regain the ball in defense.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-16T11:36:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231172695
       
  • The FIFA 11 + : Why is adherence so challenging' Insights from a
           cross-sectional study of stakeholders in Australian amateur football
           (soccer)

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      Authors: Andrew G. Ross, Marnee J. McKay, Evangelos Pappas, Matthew Whalan, Elia Parsanejad, Kerry Peek
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesTo explore the usage and awareness of the FIFA 11 + (11 + ) across multiple stakeholders involved with amateur football.MethodsCoaches, players, non-coaching staff and medical personnel in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were invited to complete a cross-sectional online survey, which was disseminated using a targeted email to two Football NSW member organisations and a social media campaign. Categorical data (including age-groups and sex) are presented as counts and percentages and analysed using a Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all analyses.ResultsIn total 328 players, 55 coaches, 37 non-coaching staff and 16 medical personnel completed the survey (n  =  436). Awareness of the 11  +  was lowest among non-coaching staff (16.2%) and players (32.6%) but higher among coaches (52.7%) and medical personnel (93.8%). Once aware of the 11 + , 75.8% of all respondents used the program although 89.5% of them did so with modifications. In addition, only 40.0% of players reported completing all three parts of the 11  +  program. Veteran players were less likely to complete any type of warm-up compared with junior players (63.7% vs. 96.3%, respectively).ConclusionsAlthough awareness of the 11  +  varied amongst survey respondents, 3 out of 4 respondents who were aware of the 11  +  adopted the program. However, respondents reported modifying the 11  +  and not completing the program as intended, which suggests modification guidance is required to maintain the efficacy of the 11  +  .
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:37:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174506
       
  • “Train as you play”: Improving effectiveness of training in
           youth soccer players

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      Authors: Albert Deuker, Bjoern Braunstein, Jia Yi Chow, Maximilian Fichtl, Hyoek Kim, Swen Körner, Robert Rein
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      PurposeThe present study investigates to what extend de-contextualized practice is necessary to acquire technical skills in developmental soccer training. Typically, open play is considered beneficial for acquiring tactical skills, whereas specific drills are used to support the development of technical skills like passing and shooting. Therefore, a field-based study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a Nonlinear Pedagogy (NP) approach in contrast to a classical Deliberate Practice approach to improve passing performance in young developmental soccer players.MethodForty young male players (age 10 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned to three groups (PLAY, PRACTICE, and CONTROL). The PRACTICE group performed classical passing drills, whereas the PLAY group underwent a NP training regime. Passing skill was assessed before and after a 5-week training program using a standardized passing test according to the German Football Association. Additional retention testing was performed 5 weeks later.ResultsThe results indicated that, although the test design showed no specificity to the learning environment of the PLAY group, both groups improved passing skills after training, but the PLAY group displayed better results during retention testing (PRACTICE: p = 0.004, d = 0.48; PLAY: p = 0.001, d = 0.53) compared to the PRACTICE group. These findings are suggestive of general transfer learning in dynamic learning environments.ConclusionThe findings indicate that even when there is an emphasis on “technical skill” enhancement, more effective improvement in young development players may be observed through dynamic learning environments. Consequently, this study encourages coaches to design training regimes that afford players to train as they play.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:36:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231172702
       
  • Changes in deadlift six repetition maximum, countermovement jump
           performance, barbell velocity, and perceived exertion over the duration of
           a microcycle

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      Authors: Stuart N. Guppy, Tsuyoshi Nagatani, Wayne C. K. Poon, Kristina L. Kendall, Jason P. Lake, G. Gregory Haff
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The primary aim of this study was to investigate the stability of the six-repetition maximum (6RM) deadlift over the length of a five-day microcycle and whether the fatigue induced by maximal effort testing detrimentally impacted preparedness. Twelve participants performed four testing sessions, comprising a one-repetition maximum test and three 6RM tests separated by 48 hours. Countermovement jumps were performed before each testing session, and barbell velocity was measured during each warm-up set to assess changes in preparedness. The 6RM deadlift was not statistically different between any of the testing sessions (p  =  .056; ηp2  =  0.251). Similarly, there were no significant differences in jump height or other CMJ variables between sessions (p > .05). There were small to moderate differences in mean barbell velocity between the first and second 6RM test (g  =  0.24–0.88), while there were only small differences in mean velocity (MV) between the second and third 6RM test at some of the warm-up loads (40% 6RM: g  =  0.20; 80% 6RM: g  =  −0.47). Taken collectively, these data indicate that 6RM deadlift strength is stable over five days and does not appear to induce sufficient fatigue to impact vertical jump performance or rating of perceived exertion despite some changes in barbell velocity.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:35:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231172569
       
  • How functional movement variability facilitates successful skill
           adaptation during the volleyball attack

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      Authors: Paulo Caldeira, Ana Paulo, António Veloso, Jorge Infante, Keith Davids, Duarte Araújo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      From an ecological dynamics perspective, careful manipulation of task constraints can provide opportunities for action, exploited by functional movement variability of participants. The constraints-led approach (CLA) induces functional movement variability in practice designs, supporting athlete performance in satisfying task constraints and finding performance solutions to achieve intended task goals. Young male volleyball players were randomly assigned to either a traditional approach (TA) or CLA practice group. Selected spatial-temporal movement coordination variables were recorded, to explore their relations to successful performance outcomes in the attacking phase. Binomial logistic regression was used to verify the association of spatial-temporal movement variables with the percentage of successful attacks. Six spatial-temporal variables were included, and a manual backward stepwise regression was used to remove those which did not contribute to the best predictive model of successful performance. After a 6-week intervention programme, the CLA practice group displayed a significantly higher percentage of successful attack actions, when facing the opposition block. The TA group showed a small increase in successful attack actions after the intervention. The final binomial logistic regression model revealed that the variables ‘lateral deviation of the participants’ centre of mass’ at the planting step and ‘longitudinal deviation of the participants’ centre of mass’ at point of ball contact were the main predictors of successful attacking outcomes. To overcome the opposition's block in volleyball, infusing functional variability in a CLA task design, promoted superior performance in practice. Presumably, greater movement pattern variability emerged in participants to satisfy performance constraints in successful volleyball attacks.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:34:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231168012
       
  • Multivariate analysis of goalkeeper actions in youth football

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      Authors: Daniel Jara, Enrique Ortega-Toro, Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano, Francisco Javier García-Angulo, Pilar Sainz de Baranda
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      There is a lack of studies investigating youth goalkeepers that implement variables that can allow researchers and coaches to better understand the performances of the goalkeepers. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to identify key performance indicators of youth football goalkeepers both defense and attack. The sample was composed of 902 defensive and 896 offensive actions from a convenience sample of 32 matches of 19 teams from the Spanish National Championship of Regional Teams U12. A notational analysis was carried out using an ad hoc instrument to register the technical-tactical actions. Validity was higher than .84. In addition, intra-observer reliability was higher than .90. Classification tree analysis was used to investigate which variables were best predictors of technical actions in defense and precision in attack actions of the goalkeepers. Results showed that in the attacking phase the actions that achieve higher values of precision were those when the ball was played to zone A length and both right and left sides (X26 = 542.034; p = .000). In defense, when the goalkeeper achieve higher values of saves were those when the shot was taken from out of the penalty area and no jump or drop was performed. The present findings contribute to evidence-based practice in fostering young goalkeepers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-09T06:26:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231173190
       
  • Coach-created motivational climate ratings differentiate between dropout
           and continuation in Australian youth swimming

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      Authors: Kylie Moulds, Kotryna K. Fraser, Josh Karp, Olivia Kapocius, Mark Heathcote, Paul R. Appleton, Stephen Cobley
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesApplying Bronfenbrenner's Bio-Ecological Systems Theory and PPCT model recommendations, this study examined whether specific or multiple factors were associated with participation status in Australian youth swimming; a context known for high dropout rates.MethodsParticipants were continuing (N = 99) and former (N = 104) swimmers, aged 8–18 years, who competed at club-national level in New South Wales, Australia. Participants completed an online survey, examining socio-demographic, participation history, and coach-created motivational climate characteristics (using the EDMCQ-C). To identify influential factors, a combination of T-tests, Odds Ratios, and MANOVA analyses were used. To confirm the presence of coach-motivational climate types and their association with participant status, cluster analyses with follow-up Odds Ratios were used.ResultsExcept athlete age and sex, other socio-demographic, participation history, and family sport history participation were not associated with dropout. Meanwhile, EDMCQ-C analyses identified three cluster types of coach-created climate (empowering, disempowering, and neutral), with disempowering and empowering types, respectively, associated with dropout and continuation. The neutral climate was associated with low-moderate EDMCQ-C sub-scale scoring and was neither associated with dropout nor continuation.ConclusionFindings identify the influence of coach-created motivational climates and not athlete-related factors on continued Australian youth swimming participation, highlighting coaching implications.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-08T06:17:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174806
       
  • Coaching athletes with an intellectual disability at a national
           championship tournament

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      Authors: Fraser Carson, Julia Walsh
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaching at a national championship tournament is different to coaching across a competitive season. The team and coaches are away from their regular environment and their normal support mechanisms are distant. While much is known about stressors for coaches in high-performance sport, the current study explored how these were manifested during the intensity of a championship tournament and the coping strategies employed by one coach of a selected, intellectually disabled basketball team. This social phenomenological analysis identified four primary stressors, creating unity and development of trust, management of parents, management of inexperienced coaching/support staff, and crisis management of a critical incident. Coping strategies employed during the tournament included planning, time alone for stress-recovery management and working with a qualified expert to manage a critical incident. The temporariness of the tournament brings unique stressors for the coach and a need to manage these quickly and efficiently, especially for athletes with an intellectual disability. The coach identified that it is unlike any other type of competition, as there is absolute consumption on the tournament and a need to create a rhythm to function effectively. The need for all team members to understand their role and responsibility suggests that a collaborative approach to leadership is essential. Failure to adapt to the tournament circumstances can inhibit chances of success.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-08T06:14:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174093
       
  • Flowing with the TIDE: A case study of the nature and development of
           epistemic beliefs of a high-level adventure sports coach

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      Authors: Ed Christian, Iain A Greenlees, Philip E Kearney
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaches’ beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing (their epistemic beliefs) are an integral but under-researched component in the development of a philosophy of coaching. The Theory of Integrated Domains in Epistemology (TIDE) offers a framework which may enhance the understanding of the development of coaches’ epistemic beliefs. The present study offers the first application of the TIDE framework to sports coaching. We present a case study of the nature and development of epistemic beliefs of a highly renowned Adventure Sports Coach (ASC), Doug Cooper, through the lens of the TIDE framework. Thematic analysis of a series of semi-structured interviews showed that early childhood experiences, strongly held beliefs about ASC as a domain of knowledge, and educational experiences in the later life were instrumental in shaping Doug's epistemic beliefs. We conclude that the TIDE framework has considerable potential for researchers and coach developers seeking to gain insight into and develop coaches’ beliefs.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-02T06:58:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170853
       
  • Designing small-sided games for counter-attack training in youth soccer

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      Authors: Marcelo Rochael, Gibson Moreira Praça
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The present study aimed to test different designs of counter-attacking training on tactical behaviour by manipulating the number of players and time pressure (limitation on the duration of the players’ offensive action). Specifically, we compared the influence of time pressure and numerical superiority (through an additional player) on the players’ performance and tactical behaviour in small-sided games (SSGs). Forty under-17 soccer athletes participated in the study. The athletes performed 4 SSGs in the following configurations: numerical equality and time pressure (GR-4  ×  4-GR – TP); numerical equality and no time pressure (GR-4  ×  4-GR – NTP); numerical superiority and time pressure (GR-5  ×  4-GR – TP) and numerical superiority and no time pressure (GR-5  ×  4-GR – NTP). Tactical performance was evaluated using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET), and tactical behaviour using positional data measured by the Global Positioning System. The statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. There was a better tactical performance in decision-making (0.669  ±  0.135, p  =  .02 and r  =  .27) and execution (0.602  ±  0.134, p  =  .002 and r  =  .44) of technical-tactical actions in the SSG without the time pressure rule. Furthermore, the space exploration index showed lower values (5.634  ±  0.604, p  =  .007 and r  =  .32) in games with time pressure than in games without this rule, and there were no significant differences for player length and width behaviour between protocols. It is concluded that the time pressure rule reduces the exploratory behaviour of the players. Understanding these effects allows coaches to plan better training sessions that address the contents of counter-attacks in SSG.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-28T06:08:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170830
       
  • Questioning the validity and reliability of using a video-based test to
           assess decision making among female and male water polo players

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      Authors: Lily Dong, Nicolas Berryman, Thomas Romeas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a water polo video-based test to assess decision making. Ninety-five female and male elite/tier 4 (T4) or highly trained/tier 3 (T3) athletes participated using their smartphones. Males repeated the test one week later for reliability analyses. Coaches assessed males’ in-water decision making and females were noted as selected or nonselected for the national team. Although response accuracy was significantly different between T3 and T4 athletes (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-28T05:37:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170278
       
  • Considering perceptual experiences and adaptive actions in performance
           analysis of elite Formula Kite riders by combining qualitative data and
           measured key indicators of performance

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      Authors: Eric Terrien, Benoît Huet, Paul Iachkine, Jacques Saury
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Formula Kite is a high-speed sailing sport using hydrofoils, recently included in the Olympic sports list. In Formula Kite, the riders’ technical abilities to reach and maintain high speed are key to achieving performance. The aim of the present study was to analyze Formula Kite riders’ performance during speed tests in practice sessions by combining qualitative descriptions of their lived perceptual experiences “from the inside” with measured correlates of performance. The courses of experience of four expert Formula Kite riders’ speed tests were analyzed, compared, and discussed in relation to their measured Velocity Made Good. Results of the qualitative analyses provide original insight into the fine technical adaptations of the riders in their pursuit of performance. Furthermore, the comparison between the evaluated performance using speed measurements and the perceived performance assessed by the qualitative analysis shows interindividual differences as well as inconsistencies between the two modes of analysis. Based on these results, the present study opens practical perspectives for improving training practices, consisting in “calibrating” the sailors’ perceived performance with measured performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-28T05:37:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231153273
       
  • Challenging traditions: Systematic review of practice, instruction, and
           motor skill acquisition in soccer

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      Authors: Matheus M Pacheco, Luiz M M de Oliveira, Carlos C A dos Santos, José R M Godoi Filho, Ricardo Drews
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Williams and Hodges (2005) stated five myths that soccer coaches held when organizing their athletes’ practice. However, their arguments were based, majorly, in laboratory studies which limit their validity. Here, we performed a systematic review to verify the validity of their claims and map the current scenario of how coaches can manipulate factors of practice (augmented information, focus of attention, demonstration, and practice schedule) to support learning and performance in soccer. The results, in terms of each category or the myths presented, are, in most cases, not unanimous and much more must be performed to support, or criticize, coaches’ practice. We provide an encompassing view that provides general ideas for practice and future research.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-19T06:15:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231168930
       
  • Subjective knowledge in open water activities: Scale development and
           validation

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      Authors: Heetae Cho, Koon Teck Koh, Lit Khoon Chian
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Subjective knowledge is a significant factor influencing individuals’ behaviors. It plays a critical role in preventing people from tragic event during open water activities (OWAs). However, a measurement scale for subjective knowledge in OWAs has not been developed and comprehensively investigated in the field of maritime and coaching studies. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a subjective knowledge scale in OWAs (SKS-OWA) to better understand participants’ safety perceptions. We collected data from individuals who participated in OWAs within three years in Singapore. This study conducted the pilot study (n = 260) and the main study (n = 453) and employed a rigorous scale development procedure to assess the psychometric properties of the SKS-OWA. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of subjective knowledge in OWAs, and the SKS-OWA can be used to help coaches and practitioners to plan their training programs, increase public awareness, and reduce the rates of deaths from drowning.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-19T06:03:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231168513
       
  • Elite athletes’ and support staffs’ experiences and perceptions of
           long-haul travel, and the self-management strategies they use

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      Authors: Antonia Rossiter, Thomas M. Comyns, Ian Sherwin, Alan M. Nevill, Giles D. Warrington
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Elite athletes and their support staff are often required to travel for international competitions all over the globe, however little is known about their experiences of long-haul (LH) travel and its perceived effects on performance. The aim of this study was to explore elite athletes’ and support staffs’ perception of symptoms experienced following LH travel and the self-management strategies they used to mitigate these symptoms. Elite athletes and support staff (n = 88), who had embarked on an LH flight (> 8 hours) in the previous 2 years for training or competition, completed a survey examining their perceptions of LH travel, symptoms experienced following the flight(s) and strategies they implemented to minimise the symptoms. Associations between symptoms experienced and travel strategies used with participant and journey characteristics were examined by Chi-squared tests. LH travel was widely perceived by participants to be disruptive to physical (86.4%) and mental performance (72.7%) and to increase the risk of illness and injury (86.4%). The most common symptoms experienced were related to fatigue and disruption to sleep. All participants implemented strategies to help mitigate the negative consequences of LH travel. Moving and stretching regularly in-flight and simple strategies for aligning the body clock to destination time were most prevalent. The study findings will allow the translation of research to better inform future guidelines that address the unique needs and priorities of elite athletes and support staff as they embark on LH travel for training and competition with a view to optimising performance outcomes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-18T05:05:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170080
       
  • ‘There’s a perfect way to do things, and there’s a real way to do
           things’: Attitudes, beliefs and practices of strength and conditioning
           coaches in elite international women's rugby union

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      Authors: David Nolan, Peter Horgan, Aine MacNamara, Brendan Egan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Optimal physical performance is a product of specific and tailored training. There are well-established sex differences in anatomical, physiological, and performance factors between biological males and females, which may have implications for physical preparation. A potential knowledge gap exists in relation to sex-specific differences in physical preparation because practitioners largely rely upon empirical evidence collected in male subjects for reference when devising interventions for female athletes. Therefore, this study explored the attitudes, beliefs and practices of strength and conditioning coaches (n = 8; M/F, 6/2) in elite level (international) women's rugby union using semi-structured interviews (mean ± standard deviation duration 59 ± 15 minutes). The interviews explored differences in coaching elite female rugby players compared to males, with specific focus on training methodologies and understanding of pertinent aspects of female physiology. Reflexive thematic analysis was utilised to generate a rich qualitative dataset. Analysis resulted in the identification of higher-order themes: developmental stage of women's rugby, physical preparation, and education. Additional subthemes were created to facilitate organisation and presentation of data. The majority of coaches consider sex-specificity when devising physical preparation interventions as a function of training experience, rather than physiological between-sex differences, yet there were conflicting, and often erroneous understanding of female-specific considerations. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to investigate attitudes, beliefs, and practices in elite level strength and conditioning coaches regarding sex-specific differences, and as such, illustrates the current understanding and opinions of practitioners in international level women's rugby union.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-17T07:46:44Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231169371
       
  • Case-study: Energy expenditure of a world class male wheelchair tennis
           player during training, Grand Slam and British open tournaments measured
           by doubly labelled water

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      Authors: Daniel G Ellis, John Speakman, Catherine Hambly, Alex Cockram, James P Morton, Graeme L Close, Tim F Donovan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The assessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) is imperative to ensure appropriate fuelling during competition and training, although the current lack of TEE research in para sport make the prescription of nutritional strategies challenging. This study aimed to assess TEE of an elite wheelchair tennis (WT) player during training and competition of the highest level. One male WT player (age 23.6 years; career high World No. 1; body mass 65.7 kg; VO2max, 45.3 ml.kg−1.min−1) participated. Prior to the assessment, VO2max and maximum heart rate, resting metabolic rate, 10 m sprint speed and upper body skinfold measurements were made. Doubly labelled water assessed TEE during a 19-day period which included the Wimbledon Championships (5 days-3 matches), training (8 days) and the British Open (BO) (6 days-7 matches). Throughout data collection, the participant continued their usual training and preparation. During Wimbledon, TEE was 3118 kcal·d−1: 60.3 kcal·kg−1 FFM: PAL 2.0 and during BO was 3368 kcal·day−1: 65.1 kcal·kg−1 FFM: PAL 2.2. Mean daily activity was 124 mins and 132 mins, respectively. During training, TEE was 3177kcal·day-1: 61.4kcal·kg-1 FFM: PAL 2.0: mean daily activity was 138 mins. These findings show the TEE of an elite WT player captured during a period of training and high-level competition, alongside data outlining the physiological profile of a world-class para-athlete.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-17T07:45:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231169033
       
  • Analysis of the return in professional men's and women's padel

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Sergio J Ibáñez, Antonio Vaquer Castillo, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Jesús Ramón-Llin, Diego Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The goal of this research was to analyze how situational variables such as the tactical position and the direction of the serve, the return's direction, and the score affect the vertical trajectory (VT) of the return (straight or lob) in men's and women's professional padel. For this, a sample of 2752 points (1431 men and 1321 women) corresponding to 69 matches played in the 2021 season of the World Padel Tour circuit was used. The VT of the return (straight or lob), to which player it was oriented, how important the point was attending to the score, the tactical position of the serving players, and the direction of the serve by systematic observation were recorded. The results showed that situational variables had a significant influence on the type of vertical return trajectory. Men performed a significantly higher percentage of straight returns (three out of four returns) when returning to the player at serve, or at a nonkey moment, or Australian position, or when the serve was to the body or to the side wall. In contrast, women returned a significantly higher percentage of lob returns (three out of four returns) to the server's partner, or in golden point situations, or in serves to the “T” and to the body, regardless of the tactical position at serve. The return had not been analyzed considering the score, observing changes in the golden points. These results have a great impact both on carrying out specific return training and on improving pair's anticipation to serve in different return situations.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-11T05:40:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231167752
       
  • Hormonal contraceptive use, menstrual cycle characteristics and
           training/nutrition related profiles of elite, sub-elite and amateur
           athletes and exercisers: One size is unlikely to fit all

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      Authors: Carl Langan-Evans, Mark A Hearris, Stephen McQuilliam, Louise M Burke, Trent Stellingwerff, Kirsty J Elliott-Sale, James P Morton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of the present study was to simultaneously audit hormonal contraceptive (HC) use, menstrual cycle characteristics and training/nutrition related profiles in pre-menopausal women from varying athletic and exercise backgrounds. Elite (n = 51), sub-elite (n = 118) and amateur (n = 392) female athletes and exercisers were examined via an anonymous quantitative/qualitative survey tool. All analyses for ratio data were conducted utilising one- and two-way ANOVA/ANCOVA and odds ratio models, with ordinal data analysed via Pearson's Chi-squared tests. HC use was similar across elite, sub-elite and amateurs (34–44%). Menstrual cycle length was not different (P = 0.08) between competitive levels (28 ± 13 days), but 66% of respondents reported cycle variability (10 ± 11 days). Training profiles were not different based on contraceptive status (P > 0.05) yet were across competitive groups (P  0.05), though elite and sub-elite groups reported a higher daily meal consumption compared to amateurs (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-11T05:39:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231163088
       
  • Running more than before' The evolution of running load demands in the
           English Premier League

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      Authors: Tom Allen, Matt Taberner, Mikhail Zhilkin, David Rhodes
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess running load trends (total distance (TD), high-intensity distance (HID; > 5.5ms−1) and sprinting distance (SprD; > 7ms−1)) in the English Premier League (EPL) between the 2014/2015 and 2018/2019 seasons using a semi-automated optical tracking system.MethodsA total of 1634 games across 5 seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) were analysed for team and positional TD, HID and SprD. All matches were tracked using TRACAB® Gen-4 HD motion cameras. Data were analysed to identify significant team and positional differences for each metric.ResultsSmall to moderate increases were seen in team running load for TD (p  =  0.02; effect size (ES): 0.21), HID (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-03T07:59:32Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164507
       
  • Integrating strength and conditioning training and golf practice during
           the golf season: Approaches and perceptions of highly skilled golfers

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      Authors: Alex Bliss, Ben Langdown
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Contemporary evidence has demonstrated strength and conditioning (S&C) training benefits golf performance, primarily by improving clubhead speed. However, no empirical data exist that describe how, or even if, golfers integrate their S&C training and golf practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions and practices of skilled golfers with regards to planning the season and how S&C is structured in the golf year. Sixty-five (male n  =  48; female n  =  17) Category 1 amateur (n  =  50) and professional (n  =  15) golfers completed a mixed-methods online survey. Survey answers were either golf practice or S&C training focused. Results showed the majority of golfers engage with S&C training (n  =  44; 67.7%) and follow a programme (n  =  53. 81.5%). Contrastingly, they reported having little structure for golf practice, choosing to have no annual plan (n  =  14; 21.9%), have a reactive approach (n  =  22. 34.9%) based on recent performances or training what feels appropriate/enjoyable (n  =  15; 23.8%). Golfers reported they adjust their training around competition (n  =  47; 74.6%) but with various approaches. The dichotomous and contradictory responses received across multiple answers demonstrate that continued education and research are required to help golfers integrate S&C training with their golf practice.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-03T07:52:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231166288
       
  • Additional substitutions in elite European football

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      Authors: Johannes Meyer, Stefanie Klatt
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In 2020, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) introduced a temporary rule amendment of two additional substitutions in regular time. In this study, we assess the impact of this rule change with regard to player relief, tactical influence by the coaches and the development of young players. Data were collected from 3652 matches from the top 5 leagues in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) rankings and 659 UEFA club competition matches (Champions League and Europa League) in 2 different seasons (pre-rule amendment: 2018/2019 vs. post-rule amendment: 2020/2021), comparing leagues that introduced two additional substitutions with those that did not. The results show that with two additional substitutions, the reduction in player load was increased by 46%. Despite being used infrequently, the rule change resulted in 45% more substitutions and, therefore, greater tactical influence by the coaches. Furthermore, two additional substitutions benefit young players’ development with an 81% increase in playing time. While the aim of the temporary amendment to the laws of the game was achieved with the additional substitutions by compensating for the increased load on the players, coaches’ substitution behaviour shows potential for improvement.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-31T06:28:47Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164090
       
  • Not much “I” in “Team”: Content analysis of pregame speeches in
           American football

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      Authors: Phil Havira, Britton W. Brewer, Judy L. Van Raalte, Donovan Jennison, Thaddeus J. France
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Although researchers have explored the effects of coach pregame speeches, little is known about the actual content, delivery, and environmental context of the speeches themselves. This study was a descriptive analysis of 127 (n = 77 intercollegiate, n = 37 high school, and n = 13 cinematic) American football pregame speeches. The speeches were viewed, transcribed, coded, and analyzed via the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2015) software program. Actual speeches were compared with natural speech norms and speeches appearing in movies pertaining to American football. In general, the pregame speeches were characterized by use of confident, analytical, motivational, emotionally tinged language that is collectively oriented and present and future focused. The speeches delivered to high school teams were substantially similar to those delivered to intercollegiate teams. The actual speeches differed from natural speech on numerous variables and from the cinematic speeches on some descriptive variables. The findings suggest that actual American football pregame speeches are fundamentally similar to cinematic American football pregame speeches and constitute a distinct form of communication that is tailored to the unique demands of the situation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-28T07:11:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231165135
       
  • Scientific mapping of the state-of-the-art in padel. A bibliometric
           analysis

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      Authors: A. Denche-Zamorano, A. Escudero-Tena, D. Pereira-Payo, J. C. Adsuar, D. Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Padel has become one of the most popular racket sports in the world, capturing the interest of researchers and thus increasing the number of manuscripts that revolve around this sport. This article describes the state of development of the science of padel and locates the most relevant journals, authors, institutions, countries and keywords on the subject. The set of publications related to padel was retrieved from the main collection of the Web of Science. The state of development of padel in science was verified. Journals, authors, institutions, countries and keywords in the topic were analysed with the VOSviewer software. A total of 116 publications were analysed, finding that the publications on padel were in a phase of exponential growth. Sánchez-Alcaraz, Courel-Ibañez, Muñoz-Marín, Ramón-Llin and Sánchez-Pay were the most prominent authors, with the University of Murcia and Spain being the main institution and country on the subject. The science of padel is growing exponentially, with Spain being the driving force behind the topic of study, with new countries joining in recent years. This study provides relevant information on the state-of-the-art padel, and it will help researchers to establish new relationships and find more relevant authors and articles.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-27T07:32:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231161993
       
  • Efficacy beliefs and motivational dynamics in early-season collegiate
           swimming relays

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      Authors: Seunghyun Hwang, Kaitlynn Sedabres, Lori Dithurbide, Deborah Feltz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examined the moderating effects of efficacy beliefs and perceived indispensability on individual efforts in early-season collegiate swimming relays. Effort changes from swimmers’ individual best times to relay-leg times were compared as a function of relay members’ relative strength (i.e., fastest or slowest) and serial position (i.e., first or last leg). Participants (N  =  199) were collegiate swimmers in 200, 400, or 800-yard freestyle relays at fall invitational meets providing 260 cases included for analysis. Individual lifetime best times, adjusted relay times, rank, serial position, and self-report measures (i.e., efficacy, perceived indispensability of their relay performance) were used for hierarchical multiple regressions. Results indicated that the slowest relay members came closer to their individual best times compared with their team members. The fastest members showed less effort change toward their individual best times than their team members. However, efficacy beliefs in one's teammates had a small positive moderating influence on the fastest members’ effort in relay performances. Based on our results, we recommend Division II and III collegiate coaches not be too concerned with positional order by particular rank at early season invitationals; instead, focus on how to obtain the most effort from each relay member. However, the slowest swimmers may perform better if not positioned first.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-23T06:54:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231165133
       
  • Corrigendum to “Key considerations in the week-to-week forecasting of
           individual match actions in football”

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      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-23T06:20:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164086
       
  • Analysing the physical output of international field hockey players
           through the lens of phase of play: A Commentary

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      Authors: Ted Polglaze
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-20T08:03:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164057
       
  • Influence of the importance of the point and service tactical position in
           

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Sergio J. Ibáñez, Jose A. Parraca, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Diego Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The objective of this research was to analyse the shot following the return in men's and women's professional padel according to the importance of the point and the service tactical position. The type of shot following the return, importance of the shot and tactical position of the serving pair were recorded by systematic observation. A total of 2752 points (1431 men's and 1321 women's) from 69 matches played in the 2021 season of the World Padel Tour circuit were used. The results show that while men use more forehand and backhand volleys as shots following the return, women use more trays or smashes and back wall shots. In addition, while the server is the one who plays the most third shots following a straight return in men's padel (forehand and backhand volleys) and women's (forehand volleys and backhand volleys), the server's partner is the one who plays the most third shots following a lob return in the men's category (trays or smashes and back wall shots) and women's category (trays or smashes and back wall shots). Moreover, the importance of the point and the service position are parameters that affect the shot following the return in men's and women's professional padel. Thus, these findings are very novel as it is the first investigation to analyse the shot following the return in professional padel.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-20T08:03:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231163535
       
  • Effect of the golden points and non-golden points on performance
           parameters in professional padel

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Larissa Galatti, Bernardino J Sánchez-Alcaraz, Diego Muñoz, Sergio J Ibáñez
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Since the 2020 season the World Padel Tour (WPT) has incorporated the golden point rule, which consists of playing a point to decide the game when the score is deuce (40–40). The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the golden points and the rest of the points in men's and women's professional padel, as well as to identify the differences between both types of points. A sample of 2752 points (1431 men's and 1321 women's) was used from 394 games identified and finished with a golden point, corresponding to 69 matches played in the 2021 season of the WPT circuit. The variables recorded were the type of point (golden points and non-golden points), player serving, tactical service position, number of net exchanges, effectiveness of the partner serving and effectiveness of the last shot through systematic observation. The results indicate that during the golden points in men's padel, the Australian position is usually used more, while in women's padel the Australian position is more common when the player on the right serves and the traditional one when the player on the left serves. In addition, both in men and women, the most common serves are those directed towards the side wall. On the other hand, except for the errors in women's padel during the golden points, the winning shots are made in areas close to the net and the errors in areas at the back of the court.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-20T08:01:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231161288
       
  • Effects of physical training on change of direction performance: A
           systematic review with meta-analysis

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      Authors: Rafael Carvajal-Espinoza, Scott Talpey, Walter Salazar-Rojas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundOne of the most sought-after skills for performance in team sports is change of direction. Training the physical qualities of strength, speed, and power has been used to improve change of direction. These qualities of change of direction have been studied extensively for the last 20 years, and their influence is still questioned. Additionally, it is currently unknown how moderating training variables affect COD performance.ObjectiveThis study examines the impact of strength, power, and speed training on change of direction performance.MethodFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, a meta-analysis was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for studies conducted from 1991 to April 2021. All studies identified for inclusion were peer-reviewed and published in English and Spanish and used an athlete population as participants. For all analyses, a significance level is set at p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-17T07:43:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231160894
       
  • Training in lockdown: The impact of stringency measures on the Tokyo 2020
           Olympic Games

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      Authors: Vincenzo Alfano, Salvatore Ercolano
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Due to COVID-19, the 32nd Olympic Games were postponed temporarily for the first time, apart from those cancelled during the First and Second World Wars. Did the pandemic also affect the results' We aim to understand the impact of stringency measures on athletes’ performance in the Olympics. For many athletes, the Olympics are the pinnacle of their careers, and they follow intense training schedules to arrive at the Games in peak physical condition. Stringency measures may have affected their results by making it harder for them to train effectively, to access sports infrastructure, to meet teammates, and more generally to follow an athletic lifestyle. Our quantitative analysis shows that stringency measures had an effect on the number of Olympic medals won, especially in team sports. This is consistent with the idea that stricter non-pharmaceutical interventions made it harder for teams to train together and achieve the necessary chemistry and harmony to succeed in such a competitive event. Furthermore, women were more severely penalized by higher stringency measures than men in team events.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-14T09:04:33Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231163234
       
  • Analysing the physical output of international field hockey players
           through the lens of the phase of play

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      Authors: Eoin Cunniffe, Mark Connor, Marco Beato, Adam Grainger, Walter Mcconnell, Catherine Blake
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to describe the locomotor activity of men's hockey based on the phase of play and to identify if differences in locomotor activity exist between phases. Twenty-four players (age 26 ± 4) wore a 10 Hz Global Positioning System device to track locomotor activity during 10 international matches. The locomotor activity of players was allocated to five different phases: (1) established attack, (2) opposition counterattack, (3) established defence, (4) attacking counterattack and (5) offensive pressing, utilising a video analysis-based system. Linear mixed models and post-hoc pairwise comparisons, using estimated marginal means, were utilised to compare the locomotor activity in each phase of play within each position. Significant main effects were found for the phase of play on several locomotor activity metrics (p ≤ 0.05). With respect to max speed and relative total distance across positions, counterattacks present a unique challenge compared to other phases. Established attack phases evoke lower max speed values than offensive pressing phases for all playing positions as well as compared to opposition counterattacks for defenders, midfielders, and forwards. Positional differences existed during attacking counterattack phases, with defenders producing lower values than both midfielders and forwards for high-speed running, high-speed running efforts, max speed and relative total distance. Depending on the metric, this approach captured 22%–70% of a player's locomotor activity providing valuable insight into the current dynamics of international hockey. This investigation demonstrated positional differences based on the phase of play, which may explain previous research findings regarding positional differences.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-14T08:16:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231158527
       
  • An applied model for using variability in practice

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      Authors: Stanisław H. Czyż, Cheryl A. Coker
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      We explore the problem of variability of practice from an applied perspective. Different types of variability, i.e., numerosity, heterogeneity, situational diversity, and scheduling are presented from the motor learning perspective, including theories, models, and concepts. We present the implications of applying variability into practice, the advantages, and problems arising while varying the practice. Finally, we propose a pragmatic model of applying variability in motor practice to assist coaches in designing effective training programs. Answers to three simple questions guide coaches to different methods of introducing variability in the practice. We present also key principles, coaches have to follow, in order to apply variability appropriately.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-03T09:07:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231159473
       
  • Who benefits more from mindfulness' A preliminary study exploring
           moderating effect of personality traits on competition anxiety in athletes
           

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      Authors: Youteng Gan, Ruohang Wang, Xueyu Wang, Jiangang Li, Hongying Fan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectiveMindfulness can help athletes better regulate their emotions, and analyzing personality traits may help identify those who would benefit more from psychological intervention activities to optimize subsequent training effects. This study sought to examine the effects of mindfulness training on athletes’ competition anxiety and to consider the role of personality traits.MethodsFifty athletes (mean age = 21.87 years, SD = 1.62; 23 females and 27 males) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group (n = 23), which received 8 weeks of mindfulness training, and a control group (n = 27) receiving no intervention. The athletes’ personality traits, mindfulness level, and competition anxiety were measured according to the study plan before and after mindfulness training, and at an 8-week follow up.ResultsCompared with the control group, mindfulness training had a positive effect on the level of mindfulness and self-confidence in the mindfulness group, as well as a greater improvement in cognitive/somatic state anxiety. Improvements remained stable from the end of training to follow up. Additionally, athletes with high activity and high extraversion had more improvement in mindfulness levels and cognitive/somatic state anxiety, respectively, while athletes with low neuroticism demonstrated greater improvement in self-confidence.ConclusionsMindfulness training helps to reduce athletes’ competition anxieties, and personality traits might affect the improvement effect to a certain extent, which provided a reference for optimizing mindfulness training and developing more personalized psychological training for athletes who display certain personality traits.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:55:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231159171
       
  • The indirect effects of transformational leadership in soccer programmes
           for socio-economically disadvantaged individuals: Need satisfaction as a
           mechanism towards personal development

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      Authors: Jordan Donnelly, Rosie Arthur, Calum Arthur, Daryl Cowan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of coach transformational leadership (TL) on the current lives of socio-economically disadvantaged individuals within a sport-based education programme.DesignCross-sectional.Methods159 participants completed questionnaires on the perceptions of their lead coaches’ TL, perceived basic need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, relatedness) in relation to programme attendance, and feelings of resilience and life-satisfaction in their current life.ResultsPROCESS analysis revealed that all differentiated TL behaviours (but high-performance expectations) had a positive indirect effect on outcomes (resilience and life-satisfaction) via competence and a negative indirect effect on outcomes via relatedness. High-performance expectations demonstrated a direct effect on life satisfaction.ConclusionThe results demonstrate how distinct coach transformational behaviours impact differently on the lives of disadvantaged individuals within a sports-based education programme. The differentiated conceptualisation of TL revealed nuanced results, furthering our understanding of how each TL interacts with the three basic psychological needs. Finally, our results demonstrate the significance competence may hold in transferring the effect of different transformational behaviours onto the everyday lives of disadvantaged individuals.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:54:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231158693
       
  • Psychosocial factors predicting the usage of technology by golfers

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      Authors: Benjamin SP Rittenberg, Grace E Barnhart, Heather F Neyedli, Bradley W Young, Lori Dithurbide
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Technology has become an important resource in sport that can help athletes improve their performance. However, the factors that predict the use of technology among athletes are unknown. In an effort to understand the current use of technology, we examined factors that impact technology use in sport. Human technology research in other domains suggests that an individual's trust in technology may be an important predictor of whether they use technology. Specific to sport, an athlete's use of a coach, self-regulated learning, skill level, playing experience, and gender may also influence their technology use. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine which factors predict golfers’ use of technology and, through a secondary analysis, to explore how predictive factors differed between athletes who used technology and/or a coach. A one-time survey that gathered demographic and golfing-specific (Skill Level, years of playing Experience) information, and measured technology use, coach use, trust in technology, and self-regulated learning was completed by 313 golfers. Logistic regression determined that golfers’ use of a coach, trust in technology, self-regulated learning, and skill level predicted their use of technology. Further, a two-way factorial analysis of variance demonstrated that there were differences in trust in technology, self-regulated learning, and skill level between golfers who did and did not use technology. The findings of this novel study create a foundation for future research in this area and are the first step in determining how athletes can best use technology in their training and competition.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:53:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221148719
       
  • A career handbook for professional soccer players

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      Authors: Balázs Ács, Roland Kovács, László Toka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The success of a soccer player is not entirely pre-destined by their physical ability, talent, and motivation. There are certain decisions along the way that greatly affect the arc of their career: which skills to develop, and which club to sign a contract with. In this paper, we identify the optimal strategic choices toward multiple potential aims a soccer player can have and we seek the knowledge of what made the greatest soccer players in terms of those decisions. Our two main data sources are Transfermarkt and Sofifa from which we collect data for the period between 2007 and 2021 with 29,231 players. We perform time series analysis on skill features of soccer players, and network analysis of the players’ acquaintance graph, i.e., a graph that indicates whether two given players have ever been teammates before. Finally, we create key performance indicators to check the differences in certain features, i.e., individual player skills and connectivity attributes, between top-tier and the rest of the players, and use dynamic time warping for validation. The outcome of this work is a recommendation tool that helps players to find what needs to be improved in order to achieve their desired goals. The source code and the career advisor tool for soccer players that we have implemented are available online.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-22T07:25:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231155598
       
  • Towards maximizing expected possession outcome in soccer

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      Authors: Pegah Rahimian, Jan Van Haaren, Laszlo Toka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Soccer players need to make many decisions throughout a match in order to maximize their team’s chances of winning. Unfortunately, these decisions are challenging to measure and evaluate due to the low-scoring, complex, and highly dynamic nature of soccer. This article proposes an end-to-end deep reinforcement learning framework that receives raw tracking data for each situation in a game, and yields optimal ball destination location on the full surface of the pitch. Using the proposed approach, soccer players and coaches are able to analyze the actual behavior in their historical games, obtain the optimal behavior and plan for future games, and evaluate the outcome of the optimal decisions prior to deployment in a match. Concisely, the results of our optimization model propose more short passes (Tiki-Taka playing style) in all phases of a ball possession, and higher propensity of low distance shots (i.e. shots in attack phase). Such a modification will let the typical teams to increase their likelihood of possession ending in a goal by 0.025.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-22T07:25:09Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231154494
       
  • Calculating expected win percentage of an Indian Premier League team

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      Authors: Aaron B Hoskins
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The Indian Premier League is the most prestigious cricket league globally. There are significant finances in terms of both team ownership and player salaries. It is, therefore, essential to understanding if a team’s record is due to luck (good or bad) or if a team’s record is due to the team’s overall performance. The research presented here is motivated by how to accurately predict a team’s winning percentage in the Indian Premier League based on underlying statistics. A similar analysis has been done in other sports, mainly based on the concept of the Pythagorean expectation. This research derives a similar model for the IPL based on historical data. However, the structure of a match in the Indian Premier League is fundamentally different than the structure of games in other sports. As a result of this structural difference, this study creates additional models using both least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and stepwise regression to identify variables that are good predictors for calculating the expected winning percentage. These models compare favorably to the Pythagorean expectation model. This article presents a model combining both the determined variables and Pythagorean expectation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-20T09:58:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231156904
       
  • The effectiveness of two comprehensive recovery protocols on performance
           and physiological measures in elite soccer players: A parallel
           group-randomized trial

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      Authors: Albert Altarriba-Bartes, Jordi Vicens-Bordas, Javier Peña, Fernando Alarcón-Palacios, Luis A Sixtos-Meliton, Martí Matabosch-Pijuan, Enric Giménez-Martínez, Marco Beato, Julio Calleja-González
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Elite soccer players consistently report using several recovery methods after practices and games. However, it is unclear how their subsequent performance could be enhanced using broad protocols. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two different comprehensive recovery protocols in physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual outcomes. Eighteen Mexican National Team players (19.56 ± 0.62 years) were recruited. Using a randomized parallel group design, players followed one of two recovery protocols: (a) carbohydrate and protein shake, foam roller, cold-water immersion, and tart cherry juice concentrate (n = 9) or (b) carbohydrate and protein shake, stretching, and intermittent cold-water immersion (n = 9) following the completion of an unofficial game and the day after. Muscular creatine kinase, countermovement jump, hamstring maximal voluntary contraction, perceived recovery, and muscle soreness were assessed before, immediately after, and 20-44-68 h post-game. Significant effects (set at ρ≤0.05) of time were present in both interventions. Muscular creatine kinase was normalized entirely at 68 h post-game, while neuromuscular and perceptual outcomes were homogenized at 44 h. No statistically significant effects between protocols were found. Still, the interaction effects showed changes only in the group using protocol (a) at post-game and 20 h after in neuromuscular and muscle soreness. There were large correlations between muscular creatine kinase and accelerations, decelerations, sprints, and high-speed running distances. In conclusion, the interventions are equally effective for improving physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual outcomes. Thus, elite soccer players may benefit from different combinations of methods after practices or games to obtain positive effects on recovery after them.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-10T08:08:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231155585
       
  • Exploring the perceptions of leadership in Hong Kong rugby

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      Authors: Jevon Groves, Dan Clements
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The concept of leadership within sports coaching continues to fascinate and intrigue a multitude of stakeholders. There is still a need for a greater understanding of its role within a complex, dynamic field of inquiry that seemingly relies heavily on the ‘coach as leader’ for a multitude of outcomes (e.g. performance success, athlete development, social outcomes). Given the call for more contextually specific and action orientated research, the aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of coach leadership within the Hong Kong rugby union environment. The study adopted an interpretive paradigm to gain deep insight into coaches’ and players perceptions of leadership in rugby. Data was collected from 16 participants via three separate online focus groups. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data. The findings suggest that for leadership to be effective, coaches must possess a socio-cultural understanding of their context, have a clear vision for their team and have a principle of transformational and value-based leadership to assist with decision making. Additionally, coaches must become role models and demonstrate authentic leadership characteristics to be able to build and maintain relationships with the people in their organisation through effective communication. Sharing leadership appeared to be an effective method adopted by coaches to enhance leadership throughout a rugby organisation. We suggest that the results provide a grounding for coach learning within a unique coaching context.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-10T07:08:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231154074
       
  • Utility of video analysis and expert modelling for technique development
           in novice sport climbers: A randomized controlled study

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      Authors: Rok Blagus, Bojan Leskošek, Luka Okršlar, Nace Vreček, Tadej Debevec
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Sport climbing is a multifaceted sport that also requires appropriate techniques to optimize movements. As augmented feedback is known to facilitate motor learning, we investigated the utility of adding video analysis and expert modelling to standardized verbal feedback for the acquisition of three climbing-specific techniques (drop knee, heel hook and high step). Twenty-six novice climbers (12 women) completed two testing sessions before and after a training intervention that consisted of three coached climbing sessions targeting the three techniques. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group, which solely received standardized verbal feedback or an experimental group that additionally received standardized video analysis and expert modelling using the Dartfish tablet application. Video recordings were subsequently evaluated by two climbing experts on a 7-point scale. The expert scores were higher in the experimental than in the control group for the high step (causal total effect (CTE) 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.06, 0.68]). Improvements for the drop knee (CTE = 0.12, 95% CI [−0.24, 0.48]) and heel hook (CTE = −0.05, 95% CI [−0.42, 0.31]) were similar in both groups. For the drop knee, we, however, observed a positive causal direct effect (CDE = 0.38, 95% CI [0.07, 0.68]), which was comparable to that observed for the high step but also a negative causal mediator effect via the perceived difficulty (CME = −0.26, 95% CI [−0.51, −0.04]). Compared to verbal feedback solely, the addition of video analysis and expert modelling might facilitate the acquisition of certain climbing techniques, such as high step, in novice climbers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T09:08:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231152548
       
  • Differences and variability of physical and technical characteristics
           among rugby union small-sided games performed within a preseason

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      Authors: Marco Zanin, Jayamini Ranaweera, Joshua Darrall-Jones, Gregory Roe
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to investigate the differences in physical and technical characteristics among three specific rugby union small-sided games (SSG) and to examine the variability of these characteristics over three weeks within a preseason of a professional rugby union club. Eighteen backs and 22 forwards were recruited for the study. The three SSG designs were: backs only (SSG-B), forwards only (SSG-F) and both backs and forwards (SSG-BF). Physical characteristics were quantified using external (e.g., total distance covered [m·min−1]) and internal (i.e., Stagno's training impulse [AU·min−1]) load measures. Technical characteristics were quantified using the number of rucks, successful passes, unsuccessful passes, line breaks and tries per minute. The SSG-BF produced a greater high speed (>61%) running distance covered in comparison with SSG-B (1.97 vs. 1.32 m·min−1) and SSG-F (1.26 vs. 0.94 m·min−1), and more successful passes (9.47 vs. 9.36 count·min−1) and line breaks (0.98 vs. 0.65 count·min−1) than SSG-F. Conversely, all the other physical and technical characteristics were higher in SSG-B and SSG-F. All the physical and technical characteristics, except high speed (>61%) distance covered in forwards and unsuccessful passes and tries per minute, changed over days showing either a linear or quadratic pattern. Based on these findings, practitioners may implement position-specific SSG (i.e., SSG-B and SSG-F) to expose players to greater physical and technical characteristics. Furthermore, if SSGs were to be repeated across multiple days, practitioners should be aware of the possible variability in physical and technical characteristics due to potential adaptations to the constraints or the onset of fatigue.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T08:46:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231153387
       
  • Assessing asymmetries and predicting performance in semiprofessional
           soccer players

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      Authors: Jorge Arede, John FT Fernandes, Harjiv Singh, Chris Bishop, Dani Romero-Rodriguez, Marc Madruga Parera
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to (a) detail the interlimb asymmetries during multi-directional jumping, change of direction and for ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and (b) determine how asymmetries and performance in multi-directional jumping and ankle dorsiflexion predict performance during change of direction tests. Twenty-two male semi-professional players completed a testing session which consisted of unilateral ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, vertical and horizontal unilateral and lateral countermovement jumps and left and right leg 90° (COD90L&R) and 180° (COD180L&R) change of direction tests. No significant differences between limbs were observed for any of the variables (P > 0.05), though vertical countermovement jump (11.1% ± 9.1%) and dorsiflexion range of motion (10.5% ± 10.3%) imbalances were greater than those during lateral (2.7% ± 2.2%) and horizontal (2.2% ± 1.9%) countermovement jumps, and 90° (3.6% ± 3.1%) and 180° change of direction (2.9% ± 3.6%). Subjects presented 3.4 ± 1.4 real asymmetries (i.e., one greater than the coefficient of variation) across the tests, with all subjects having at least one real asymmetry. Stepwise linear regression models explained a reasonable amount of variance in change of direction180R (70%), COD90L (57%), COD90R (39%), COD180L (23%) using the countermovement jump and dorsiflexion range of motion variables (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T08:45:33Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221146220
       
  • Evolution of match performance parameters in elite men's handball
           2012–2022

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      Authors: Alex Pascual, Roger Font, Xavier Pascual, Carlos Lago-Peñas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to quantify longitudinal changes in the games of the 6 Men’s European Handball Championship (EHC) celebrated between 2012 and 2022. A total of 563 match observations were examined. Specifically, the study contained the Number of Goals, Number of Attacks, Number of Shots, Number of Saves, Offensive Efficacy (Number of Goals/Number of Attacks × 100) and Defensive Efficacy (100 − Offensive Efficacy of the Opponent). Data were examined using the Kruskal–Wallis test and linear regression analysis. Results suggest that the number of goals remained relatively constant from 2012 to 2022. However, the number of attacks, shots, saves and defensive efficacy decreased, while offensive efficacy increased. These findings can contribute to a better understanding of how handball is evolving from a structural or tactical viewpoint.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-01T06:47:25Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221142418
       
  • Neuromuscular adaptations to different set configurations during a
           periodized power training block in elite junior Judokas

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      Authors: Dale M Harris, Dustin J Oranchuk, Christopher Latella
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Although the impacts of traditional sets (TS) versus cluster (CL) sets resistance training have been broadly explored among recreationally trained populations, no studies have previously compared these set configurations among elite Judokas. Twenty-two elite male and female Judokas (age = 17.5 ± 1.2 years) performed identical periodized 4-week hypertrophy and strength blocks (8 weeks in total). Following this, for the final 4-week power training block, the cohort was separated into either TS (n = 11) or CL (n = 11) set structures. CL were prescribed by including 45-second intra-set rest every two repetitions. One-repetition maximum (1RM) and peak barbell velocities of the back squat and bench press, and countermovement (CMJ) jump height were assessed before and following each 4-week mesocycle. Significant strength and power improvements were observed after the 4-week hypertrophy training block (1RM bench press = Δ3.82 kg, ES [95% CI] = 1.34 [0.76, 1.93], p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-30T07:35:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221151195
       
  • A data-driven approach to assist offensive and defensive players in
           optimal decision making

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      Authors: Pegah Rahimian, Laszlo Toka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Among all the popular sports, soccer is a relatively long-lasting game with a small number of goals per game. This renders the decision-making cumbersome, since it is not straightforward to evaluate the impact of in-game actions apart from goal scoring. Although several action valuation metrics and counterfactual reasoning have been proposed by researchers in recent years, assisting coaches in discovering the optimal actions in different situations of a soccer game has received little attention of soccer analytics. This work proposes the application of deep reinforcement learning on the event and tracking data of soccer matches to discover the most impactful actions at the interrupting point of a possession. Our optimization framework assists players and coaches in inspecting the optimal action, and on a higher level, we provide for the adjustment required for the teams in terms of their action frequencies in different pitch zones. The optimization results have different suggestions for offensive and defensive teams. For the offensive team, the optimal policy suggests more shots in half-spaces (i.e. long-distance shots). For the defending team, the optimal policy suggests that when locating in wings, defensive players should increase the frequency of fouls and ball outs rather than clearances, and when located in the centre, players should increase the frequency of clearances rather than fouls and ball outs.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-20T06:28:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221149481
       
  • Effects of training on the heart rate variability of competitive soccer
           players: A systematic review with meta-analysis

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      Authors: Dolores García-Ortega, Antonio Granero-Gallegos, María Carrasco-Poyatos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Heart rate variability (HRV) has become a popular method for monitoring readiness, recovery, and other training-derived parameters to optimize physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine the impact of training interventions on HRV fluctuations in competitive soccer players. The EBSCO, Web of Sciences (WOS), and Cochrane databases were used for the search. After identifying 293 studies, 13 were included in a qualitative analysis and 6 in a quantitative analysis. Training had a small and nonsignificant effect on HRV in competitive soccer players (Effect Size (ES) = 0.143, Standard Error (SE) = .108, p = .186, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.69, 0.355]). Soccer-focused training resulted in higher HRV scores than combined training (Q(2) = 38.13, p = .05). Higher ES were found for frequency domain parameters (p = .047; d = 0.059), night assessment (p = .016; d = 0.453), and soccer-focused training (p = .006; d = 0.366). HRV was also found to have a greater impact on females (p = .027; d = 0.275) and/or professional soccer players (p = .007; d = 0.302). Soccer training had a minimal and nonsignificant effect on HRV.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-03T04:06:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221145624
       
 
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