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International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.435
Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 34  
 
  Hybrid Journal Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1747-9541 - ISSN (Online) 2048-397X
Published by Sage Publications Homepage  [1176 journals]
  • Feasibility of ‘Daughters and Dads Cricket’: A programme targeting
           fathers to improve daughters’ engagement and skills in cricket

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      Authors: Philip J Morgan, Emma R Pollock, Stevie-Lee Kennedy, Myles D Young, Narelle Eather, Lee M Ashton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundUtilising fathers to support their daughters and enhance their cricket skills may be an innovative approach to addressing traditional socio-cultural views of cricket relating to gender, by improving girls’ enjoyment, participation and long-term retention in in the sport.PurposeTo assess the feasibility of the ‘Daughters and Dads Cricket’ programme.MethodsIn a single-arm, pre–post study, fathers (n  =  34, 43.1  ±  4.4 years) and daughters (n  =  34, 9.4  ±  1.5 years) from Newcastle, Australia were recruited. The 9-week programme was delivered by trained facilitators and included weekly educational and practical sessions, plus home-based tasks. A priori feasibility benchmarks targeted recruitment (20 dyads), fidelity (≥80%), attendance (≥70%), compliance (≥70%), satisfaction (mean: ≥ 4/5) and retention (≥85%). Preliminary efficacy outcomes included cricket skill proficiency, daughters’ enjoyment in cricket, intention to keep playing cricket and long-term retention in cricket.ResultsFeasibility benchmarks were exceeded for recruitment (n  =  34 dyads), fidelity (98% education, 100% practical), attendance (88%), satisfaction (fathers: 4.6 of 5, daughters: 4.8 of 5) and retention (97%). Home-programme compliance fell short of the benchmark (64%). Preliminary efficacy was confirmed with medium-to-large effect size changes in 11 of the 13 daughters’ cricket skill proficiency outcomes. Promising findings were identified for daughters’ enjoyment of cricket, intention to continue playing and long-term retention in cricket.ConclusionA cricket-focused programme targeting daughters and dads was feasible and led to medium-to-large improvements in cricket skill proficiency among the daughters. Additionally, daughters were engaged with cricket, as shown by high levels of enjoyment, intention to continue playing and their long-term retention. Examining future efficacy in a larger trial is warranted.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-18T06:45:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231169096
       
  • Is a compact organization important for defensive success in elite soccer'
           – Analysis based on player tracking data

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      Authors: Leander Forcher, Leon Forcher, Stefan Altmann, Darko Jekauc, Matthias Kempe
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The interest in tactical analysis in soccer has increased in the latest years, especially with the growing availability of player tracking data. With it, the defending team's compact organization, which is considered by practitioners to be an important factor in defense, was repeatedly examined. However, the connection between this defensive principle of play and the defending success remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relation of the principle of playing defensive compact organization to the success of the defense. Based on tracking and event data of 153 games of the German Bundesliga (season 2020/21), the compactness (surface area, spread of the team, and of defending subgroups) and the organization (distances between formation lines) of the defending team was compared between successful and unsuccessful defensive plays. There were almost no differences in the compactness of the whole team, and the organizational measures between successful and unsuccessful defensive plays. The defending subgroup of five defenders closest to the ball showed a higher compactness (smaller surface area and smaller spread) in successful defensive plays compared to unsuccessful ones (−0.08 ≤ d ≤ −0.16). Our results indicate that the compactness of players in areas close to the ball seems crucial for defensive success. However, the compact organization of the entire team does not seem important to regain the ball in defense.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-16T11:36:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231172695
       
  • The FIFA 11 + : Why is adherence so challenging' Insights from a
           cross-sectional study of stakeholders in Australian amateur football
           (soccer)

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      Authors: Andrew G. Ross, Marnee J. McKay, Evangelos Pappas, Matthew Whalan, Elia Parsanejad, Kerry Peek
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesTo explore the usage and awareness of the FIFA 11 + (11 + ) across multiple stakeholders involved with amateur football.MethodsCoaches, players, non-coaching staff and medical personnel in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were invited to complete a cross-sectional online survey, which was disseminated using a targeted email to two Football NSW member organisations and a social media campaign. Categorical data (including age-groups and sex) are presented as counts and percentages and analysed using a Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all analyses.ResultsIn total 328 players, 55 coaches, 37 non-coaching staff and 16 medical personnel completed the survey (n  =  436). Awareness of the 11  +  was lowest among non-coaching staff (16.2%) and players (32.6%) but higher among coaches (52.7%) and medical personnel (93.8%). Once aware of the 11 + , 75.8% of all respondents used the program although 89.5% of them did so with modifications. In addition, only 40.0% of players reported completing all three parts of the 11  +  program. Veteran players were less likely to complete any type of warm-up compared with junior players (63.7% vs. 96.3%, respectively).ConclusionsAlthough awareness of the 11  +  varied amongst survey respondents, 3 out of 4 respondents who were aware of the 11  +  adopted the program. However, respondents reported modifying the 11  +  and not completing the program as intended, which suggests modification guidance is required to maintain the efficacy of the 11  +  .
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:37:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174506
       
  • “Train as you play”: Improving effectiveness of training in
           youth soccer players

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      Authors: Albert Deuker, Bjoern Braunstein, Jia Yi Chow, Maximilian Fichtl, Hyoek Kim, Swen Körner, Robert Rein
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      PurposeThe present study investigates to what extend de-contextualized practice is necessary to acquire technical skills in developmental soccer training. Typically, open play is considered beneficial for acquiring tactical skills, whereas specific drills are used to support the development of technical skills like passing and shooting. Therefore, a field-based study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a Nonlinear Pedagogy (NP) approach in contrast to a classical Deliberate Practice approach to improve passing performance in young developmental soccer players.MethodForty young male players (age 10 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned to three groups (PLAY, PRACTICE, and CONTROL). The PRACTICE group performed classical passing drills, whereas the PLAY group underwent a NP training regime. Passing skill was assessed before and after a 5-week training program using a standardized passing test according to the German Football Association. Additional retention testing was performed 5 weeks later.ResultsThe results indicated that, although the test design showed no specificity to the learning environment of the PLAY group, both groups improved passing skills after training, but the PLAY group displayed better results during retention testing (PRACTICE: p = 0.004, d = 0.48; PLAY: p = 0.001, d = 0.53) compared to the PRACTICE group. These findings are suggestive of general transfer learning in dynamic learning environments.ConclusionThe findings indicate that even when there is an emphasis on “technical skill” enhancement, more effective improvement in young development players may be observed through dynamic learning environments. Consequently, this study encourages coaches to design training regimes that afford players to train as they play.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:36:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231172702
       
  • Changes in deadlift six repetition maximum, countermovement jump
           performance, barbell velocity, and perceived exertion over the duration of
           a microcycle

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      Authors: Stuart N. Guppy, Tsuyoshi Nagatani, Wayne C. K. Poon, Kristina L. Kendall, Jason P. Lake, G. Gregory Haff
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The primary aim of this study was to investigate the stability of the six-repetition maximum (6RM) deadlift over the length of a five-day microcycle and whether the fatigue induced by maximal effort testing detrimentally impacted preparedness. Twelve participants performed four testing sessions, comprising a one-repetition maximum test and three 6RM tests separated by 48 hours. Countermovement jumps were performed before each testing session, and barbell velocity was measured during each warm-up set to assess changes in preparedness. The 6RM deadlift was not statistically different between any of the testing sessions (p  =  .056; ηp2  =  0.251). Similarly, there were no significant differences in jump height or other CMJ variables between sessions (p > .05). There were small to moderate differences in mean barbell velocity between the first and second 6RM test (g  =  0.24–0.88), while there were only small differences in mean velocity (MV) between the second and third 6RM test at some of the warm-up loads (40% 6RM: g  =  0.20; 80% 6RM: g  =  −0.47). Taken collectively, these data indicate that 6RM deadlift strength is stable over five days and does not appear to induce sufficient fatigue to impact vertical jump performance or rating of perceived exertion despite some changes in barbell velocity.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:35:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231172569
       
  • How functional movement variability facilitates successful skill
           adaptation during the volleyball attack

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      Authors: Paulo Caldeira, Ana Paulo, António Veloso, Jorge Infante, Keith Davids, Duarte Araújo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      From an ecological dynamics perspective, careful manipulation of task constraints can provide opportunities for action, exploited by functional movement variability of participants. The constraints-led approach (CLA) induces functional movement variability in practice designs, supporting athlete performance in satisfying task constraints and finding performance solutions to achieve intended task goals. Young male volleyball players were randomly assigned to either a traditional approach (TA) or CLA practice group. Selected spatial-temporal movement coordination variables were recorded, to explore their relations to successful performance outcomes in the attacking phase. Binomial logistic regression was used to verify the association of spatial-temporal movement variables with the percentage of successful attacks. Six spatial-temporal variables were included, and a manual backward stepwise regression was used to remove those which did not contribute to the best predictive model of successful performance. After a 6-week intervention programme, the CLA practice group displayed a significantly higher percentage of successful attack actions, when facing the opposition block. The TA group showed a small increase in successful attack actions after the intervention. The final binomial logistic regression model revealed that the variables ‘lateral deviation of the participants’ centre of mass’ at the planting step and ‘longitudinal deviation of the participants’ centre of mass’ at point of ball contact were the main predictors of successful attacking outcomes. To overcome the opposition's block in volleyball, infusing functional variability in a CLA task design, promoted superior performance in practice. Presumably, greater movement pattern variability emerged in participants to satisfy performance constraints in successful volleyball attacks.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:34:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231168012
       
  • A case study of behaviour: Differences between a head coach and
           player-coach

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      Authors: Will Vickery, Dhanur Bhardwaj, Simon Feros, Lyndell Bruce, Adam Nichol
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundCoach behaviour has received extensive attention in our literature base. This is particularly the case in recent times where systematic observations have highlighted common behaviours exhibited by coaches across various contexts. The current literature, however, lacks significant focus on the behaviours and practices of player-coaches. This is surprising given that these individuals may represent a significant proportion of the non-professional sporting industry.PurposeThe purpose of this case study was to investigate the differences in behaviours used by a player-coach and head coach within the sport of cricket and provide a position statement as to how and why further research in this area could be conducted.MethodOne head coach (age  =  26 y; Level 1 Cricket Australia coaching accreditation) and one player-coach (age  =  30 y; Level 2 Cricket Australia coaching accreditation) were filmed during their typical practice sessions at various points of the cricket season. The behaviours of each coach were coded using a modified, cricket-specific version of the Coach Analysis and Intervention System.FindingsAcross 12 practice sessions (head coach n  =  4, number of minutes recorded  =  1004; player-coach n  =  8, number of minutes recorded  =  567), observation (on task) and questioning (convergent) were the two most frequent behaviours, irrespective of the coach's role. The player-coach tended to use more instruction when compared to the head-coach, in addition to asking fewer (divergent) questions. Significantly more of the session was spent observing (on task) by the head coach than the player-coach. Specific to this study, the player-coach spent significantly more time involved in training as a player than the head coach. Based on the current findings, it appears that the role of the player-coach is likely to shape practice and behaviour. Indeed, we deploy social theory to provide tentative explanations for these key differences.ConclusionOverall, this paper is among the first to explore the role and practices of the player-coach. Given that player-coaches likely make up a significant proportion of the non-professional sporting industry, much greater research and attention is needed on this area moving forward. In particular, we feel that multiple or mixed-method studies that engage with social theory would be well positioned to develop generative insights into a) intentions behind the deployment of player-coach behaviour, b) actual behaviours engaged, and c) athlete (and others’) perceptions of such practice. Doing so would provide significant opportunities to develop bespoke education for this highly specialised – yet under examined – role.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-12T06:33:31Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231154073
       
  • Multivariate analysis of goalkeeper actions in youth football

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      Authors: Daniel Jara, Enrique Ortega-Toro, Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano, Francisco Javier García-Angulo, Pilar Sainz de Baranda
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      There is a lack of studies investigating youth goalkeepers that implement variables that can allow researchers and coaches to better understand the performances of the goalkeepers. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to identify key performance indicators of youth football goalkeepers both defense and attack. The sample was composed of 902 defensive and 896 offensive actions from a convenience sample of 32 matches of 19 teams from the Spanish National Championship of Regional Teams U12. A notational analysis was carried out using an ad hoc instrument to register the technical-tactical actions. Validity was higher than .84. In addition, intra-observer reliability was higher than .90. Classification tree analysis was used to investigate which variables were best predictors of technical actions in defense and precision in attack actions of the goalkeepers. Results showed that in the attacking phase the actions that achieve higher values of precision were those when the ball was played to zone A length and both right and left sides (X26 = 542.034; p = .000). In defense, when the goalkeeper achieve higher values of saves were those when the shot was taken from out of the penalty area and no jump or drop was performed. The present findings contribute to evidence-based practice in fostering young goalkeepers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-09T06:26:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231173190
       
  • Coach-created motivational climate ratings differentiate between dropout
           and continuation in Australian youth swimming

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      Authors: Kylie Moulds, Kotryna K. Fraser, Josh Karp, Olivia Kapocius, Mark Heathcote, Paul R. Appleton, Stephen Cobley
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesApplying Bronfenbrenner's Bio-Ecological Systems Theory and PPCT model recommendations, this study examined whether specific or multiple factors were associated with participation status in Australian youth swimming; a context known for high dropout rates.MethodsParticipants were continuing (N = 99) and former (N = 104) swimmers, aged 8–18 years, who competed at club-national level in New South Wales, Australia. Participants completed an online survey, examining socio-demographic, participation history, and coach-created motivational climate characteristics (using the EDMCQ-C). To identify influential factors, a combination of T-tests, Odds Ratios, and MANOVA analyses were used. To confirm the presence of coach-motivational climate types and their association with participant status, cluster analyses with follow-up Odds Ratios were used.ResultsExcept athlete age and sex, other socio-demographic, participation history, and family sport history participation were not associated with dropout. Meanwhile, EDMCQ-C analyses identified three cluster types of coach-created climate (empowering, disempowering, and neutral), with disempowering and empowering types, respectively, associated with dropout and continuation. The neutral climate was associated with low-moderate EDMCQ-C sub-scale scoring and was neither associated with dropout nor continuation.ConclusionFindings identify the influence of coach-created motivational climates and not athlete-related factors on continued Australian youth swimming participation, highlighting coaching implications.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-08T06:17:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174806
       
  • Coaching athletes with an intellectual disability at a national
           championship tournament

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      Authors: Fraser Carson, Julia Walsh
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaching at a national championship tournament is different to coaching across a competitive season. The team and coaches are away from their regular environment and their normal support mechanisms are distant. While much is known about stressors for coaches in high-performance sport, the current study explored how these were manifested during the intensity of a championship tournament and the coping strategies employed by one coach of a selected, intellectually disabled basketball team. This social phenomenological analysis identified four primary stressors, creating unity and development of trust, management of parents, management of inexperienced coaching/support staff, and crisis management of a critical incident. Coping strategies employed during the tournament included planning, time alone for stress-recovery management and working with a qualified expert to manage a critical incident. The temporariness of the tournament brings unique stressors for the coach and a need to manage these quickly and efficiently, especially for athletes with an intellectual disability. The coach identified that it is unlike any other type of competition, as there is absolute consumption on the tournament and a need to create a rhythm to function effectively. The need for all team members to understand their role and responsibility suggests that a collaborative approach to leadership is essential. Failure to adapt to the tournament circumstances can inhibit chances of success.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-08T06:14:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231174093
       
  • Flowing with the TIDE: A case study of the nature and development of
           epistemic beliefs of a high-level adventure sports coach

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      Authors: Ed Christian, Iain A Greenlees, Philip E Kearney
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaches’ beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing (their epistemic beliefs) are an integral but under-researched component in the development of a philosophy of coaching. The Theory of Integrated Domains in Epistemology (TIDE) offers a framework which may enhance the understanding of the development of coaches’ epistemic beliefs. The present study offers the first application of the TIDE framework to sports coaching. We present a case study of the nature and development of epistemic beliefs of a highly renowned Adventure Sports Coach (ASC), Doug Cooper, through the lens of the TIDE framework. Thematic analysis of a series of semi-structured interviews showed that early childhood experiences, strongly held beliefs about ASC as a domain of knowledge, and educational experiences in the later life were instrumental in shaping Doug's epistemic beliefs. We conclude that the TIDE framework has considerable potential for researchers and coach developers seeking to gain insight into and develop coaches’ beliefs.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-05-02T06:58:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170853
       
  • Designing small-sided games for counter-attack training in youth soccer

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      Authors: Marcelo Rochael, Gibson Moreira Praça
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The present study aimed to test different designs of counter-attacking training on tactical behaviour by manipulating the number of players and time pressure (limitation on the duration of the players’ offensive action). Specifically, we compared the influence of time pressure and numerical superiority (through an additional player) on the players’ performance and tactical behaviour in small-sided games (SSGs). Forty under-17 soccer athletes participated in the study. The athletes performed 4 SSGs in the following configurations: numerical equality and time pressure (GR-4  ×  4-GR – TP); numerical equality and no time pressure (GR-4  ×  4-GR – NTP); numerical superiority and time pressure (GR-5  ×  4-GR – TP) and numerical superiority and no time pressure (GR-5  ×  4-GR – NTP). Tactical performance was evaluated using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET), and tactical behaviour using positional data measured by the Global Positioning System. The statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. There was a better tactical performance in decision-making (0.669  ±  0.135, p  =  .02 and r  =  .27) and execution (0.602  ±  0.134, p  =  .002 and r  =  .44) of technical-tactical actions in the SSG without the time pressure rule. Furthermore, the space exploration index showed lower values (5.634  ±  0.604, p  =  .007 and r  =  .32) in games with time pressure than in games without this rule, and there were no significant differences for player length and width behaviour between protocols. It is concluded that the time pressure rule reduces the exploratory behaviour of the players. Understanding these effects allows coaches to plan better training sessions that address the contents of counter-attacks in SSG.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-28T06:08:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170830
       
  • Questioning the validity and reliability of using a video-based test to
           assess decision making among female and male water polo players

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      Authors: Lily Dong, Nicolas Berryman, Thomas Romeas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a water polo video-based test to assess decision making. Ninety-five female and male elite/tier 4 (T4) or highly trained/tier 3 (T3) athletes participated using their smartphones. Males repeated the test one week later for reliability analyses. Coaches assessed males’ in-water decision making and females were noted as selected or nonselected for the national team. Although response accuracy was significantly different between T3 and T4 athletes (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-28T05:37:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170278
       
  • Considering perceptual experiences and adaptive actions in performance
           analysis of elite Formula Kite riders by combining qualitative data and
           measured key indicators of performance

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      Authors: Eric Terrien, Benoît Huet, Paul Iachkine, Jacques Saury
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Formula Kite is a high-speed sailing sport using hydrofoils, recently included in the Olympic sports list. In Formula Kite, the riders’ technical abilities to reach and maintain high speed are key to achieving performance. The aim of the present study was to analyze Formula Kite riders’ performance during speed tests in practice sessions by combining qualitative descriptions of their lived perceptual experiences “from the inside” with measured correlates of performance. The courses of experience of four expert Formula Kite riders’ speed tests were analyzed, compared, and discussed in relation to their measured Velocity Made Good. Results of the qualitative analyses provide original insight into the fine technical adaptations of the riders in their pursuit of performance. Furthermore, the comparison between the evaluated performance using speed measurements and the perceived performance assessed by the qualitative analysis shows interindividual differences as well as inconsistencies between the two modes of analysis. Based on these results, the present study opens practical perspectives for improving training practices, consisting in “calibrating” the sailors’ perceived performance with measured performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-28T05:37:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231153273
       
  • Challenging traditions: Systematic review of practice, instruction, and
           motor skill acquisition in soccer

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      Authors: Matheus M Pacheco, Luiz M M de Oliveira, Carlos C A dos Santos, José R M Godoi Filho, Ricardo Drews
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Williams and Hodges (2005) stated five myths that soccer coaches held when organizing their athletes’ practice. However, their arguments were based, majorly, in laboratory studies which limit their validity. Here, we performed a systematic review to verify the validity of their claims and map the current scenario of how coaches can manipulate factors of practice (augmented information, focus of attention, demonstration, and practice schedule) to support learning and performance in soccer. The results, in terms of each category or the myths presented, are, in most cases, not unanimous and much more must be performed to support, or criticize, coaches’ practice. We provide an encompassing view that provides general ideas for practice and future research.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-19T06:15:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231168930
       
  • Subjective knowledge in open water activities: Scale development and
           validation

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      Authors: Heetae Cho, Koon Teck Koh, Lit Khoon Chian
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Subjective knowledge is a significant factor influencing individuals’ behaviors. It plays a critical role in preventing people from tragic event during open water activities (OWAs). However, a measurement scale for subjective knowledge in OWAs has not been developed and comprehensively investigated in the field of maritime and coaching studies. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a subjective knowledge scale in OWAs (SKS-OWA) to better understand participants’ safety perceptions. We collected data from individuals who participated in OWAs within three years in Singapore. This study conducted the pilot study (n = 260) and the main study (n = 453) and employed a rigorous scale development procedure to assess the psychometric properties of the SKS-OWA. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of subjective knowledge in OWAs, and the SKS-OWA can be used to help coaches and practitioners to plan their training programs, increase public awareness, and reduce the rates of deaths from drowning.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-19T06:03:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231168513
       
  • Elite athletes’ and support staffs’ experiences and perceptions of
           long-haul travel, and the self-management strategies they use

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      Authors: Antonia Rossiter, Thomas M. Comyns, Ian Sherwin, Alan M. Nevill, Giles D. Warrington
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Elite athletes and their support staff are often required to travel for international competitions all over the globe, however little is known about their experiences of long-haul (LH) travel and its perceived effects on performance. The aim of this study was to explore elite athletes’ and support staffs’ perception of symptoms experienced following LH travel and the self-management strategies they used to mitigate these symptoms. Elite athletes and support staff (n = 88), who had embarked on an LH flight (> 8 hours) in the previous 2 years for training or competition, completed a survey examining their perceptions of LH travel, symptoms experienced following the flight(s) and strategies they implemented to minimise the symptoms. Associations between symptoms experienced and travel strategies used with participant and journey characteristics were examined by Chi-squared tests. LH travel was widely perceived by participants to be disruptive to physical (86.4%) and mental performance (72.7%) and to increase the risk of illness and injury (86.4%). The most common symptoms experienced were related to fatigue and disruption to sleep. All participants implemented strategies to help mitigate the negative consequences of LH travel. Moving and stretching regularly in-flight and simple strategies for aligning the body clock to destination time were most prevalent. The study findings will allow the translation of research to better inform future guidelines that address the unique needs and priorities of elite athletes and support staff as they embark on LH travel for training and competition with a view to optimising performance outcomes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-18T05:05:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231170080
       
  • ‘There’s a perfect way to do things, and there’s a real way to do
           things’: Attitudes, beliefs and practices of strength and conditioning
           coaches in elite international women's rugby union

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      Authors: David Nolan, Peter Horgan, Aine MacNamara, Brendan Egan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Optimal physical performance is a product of specific and tailored training. There are well-established sex differences in anatomical, physiological, and performance factors between biological males and females, which may have implications for physical preparation. A potential knowledge gap exists in relation to sex-specific differences in physical preparation because practitioners largely rely upon empirical evidence collected in male subjects for reference when devising interventions for female athletes. Therefore, this study explored the attitudes, beliefs and practices of strength and conditioning coaches (n = 8; M/F, 6/2) in elite level (international) women's rugby union using semi-structured interviews (mean ± standard deviation duration 59 ± 15 minutes). The interviews explored differences in coaching elite female rugby players compared to males, with specific focus on training methodologies and understanding of pertinent aspects of female physiology. Reflexive thematic analysis was utilised to generate a rich qualitative dataset. Analysis resulted in the identification of higher-order themes: developmental stage of women's rugby, physical preparation, and education. Additional subthemes were created to facilitate organisation and presentation of data. The majority of coaches consider sex-specificity when devising physical preparation interventions as a function of training experience, rather than physiological between-sex differences, yet there were conflicting, and often erroneous understanding of female-specific considerations. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study to investigate attitudes, beliefs, and practices in elite level strength and conditioning coaches regarding sex-specific differences, and as such, illustrates the current understanding and opinions of practitioners in international level women's rugby union.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-17T07:46:44Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231169371
       
  • Case-study: Energy expenditure of a world class male wheelchair tennis
           player during training, Grand Slam and British open tournaments measured
           by doubly labelled water

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      Authors: Daniel G Ellis, John Speakman, Catherine Hambly, Alex Cockram, James P Morton, Graeme L Close, Tim F Donovan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The assessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) is imperative to ensure appropriate fuelling during competition and training, although the current lack of TEE research in para sport make the prescription of nutritional strategies challenging. This study aimed to assess TEE of an elite wheelchair tennis (WT) player during training and competition of the highest level. One male WT player (age 23.6 years; career high World No. 1; body mass 65.7 kg; VO2max, 45.3 ml.kg−1.min−1) participated. Prior to the assessment, VO2max and maximum heart rate, resting metabolic rate, 10 m sprint speed and upper body skinfold measurements were made. Doubly labelled water assessed TEE during a 19-day period which included the Wimbledon Championships (5 days-3 matches), training (8 days) and the British Open (BO) (6 days-7 matches). Throughout data collection, the participant continued their usual training and preparation. During Wimbledon, TEE was 3118 kcal·d−1: 60.3 kcal·kg−1 FFM: PAL 2.0 and during BO was 3368 kcal·day−1: 65.1 kcal·kg−1 FFM: PAL 2.2. Mean daily activity was 124 mins and 132 mins, respectively. During training, TEE was 3177kcal·day-1: 61.4kcal·kg-1 FFM: PAL 2.0: mean daily activity was 138 mins. These findings show the TEE of an elite WT player captured during a period of training and high-level competition, alongside data outlining the physiological profile of a world-class para-athlete.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-17T07:45:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231169033
       
  • Analysis of the return in professional men's and women's padel

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Sergio J Ibáñez, Antonio Vaquer Castillo, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Jesús Ramón-Llin, Diego Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The goal of this research was to analyze how situational variables such as the tactical position and the direction of the serve, the return's direction, and the score affect the vertical trajectory (VT) of the return (straight or lob) in men's and women's professional padel. For this, a sample of 2752 points (1431 men and 1321 women) corresponding to 69 matches played in the 2021 season of the World Padel Tour circuit was used. The VT of the return (straight or lob), to which player it was oriented, how important the point was attending to the score, the tactical position of the serving players, and the direction of the serve by systematic observation were recorded. The results showed that situational variables had a significant influence on the type of vertical return trajectory. Men performed a significantly higher percentage of straight returns (three out of four returns) when returning to the player at serve, or at a nonkey moment, or Australian position, or when the serve was to the body or to the side wall. In contrast, women returned a significantly higher percentage of lob returns (three out of four returns) to the server's partner, or in golden point situations, or in serves to the “T” and to the body, regardless of the tactical position at serve. The return had not been analyzed considering the score, observing changes in the golden points. These results have a great impact both on carrying out specific return training and on improving pair's anticipation to serve in different return situations.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-11T05:40:24Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231167752
       
  • Hormonal contraceptive use, menstrual cycle characteristics and
           training/nutrition related profiles of elite, sub-elite and amateur
           athletes and exercisers: One size is unlikely to fit all

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      Authors: Carl Langan-Evans, Mark A Hearris, Stephen McQuilliam, Louise M Burke, Trent Stellingwerff, Kirsty J Elliott-Sale, James P Morton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of the present study was to simultaneously audit hormonal contraceptive (HC) use, menstrual cycle characteristics and training/nutrition related profiles in pre-menopausal women from varying athletic and exercise backgrounds. Elite (n = 51), sub-elite (n = 118) and amateur (n = 392) female athletes and exercisers were examined via an anonymous quantitative/qualitative survey tool. All analyses for ratio data were conducted utilising one- and two-way ANOVA/ANCOVA and odds ratio models, with ordinal data analysed via Pearson's Chi-squared tests. HC use was similar across elite, sub-elite and amateurs (34–44%). Menstrual cycle length was not different (P = 0.08) between competitive levels (28 ± 13 days), but 66% of respondents reported cycle variability (10 ± 11 days). Training profiles were not different based on contraceptive status (P > 0.05) yet were across competitive groups (P  0.05), though elite and sub-elite groups reported a higher daily meal consumption compared to amateurs (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-11T05:39:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231163088
       
  • Running more than before' The evolution of running load demands in the
           English Premier League

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      Authors: Tom Allen, Matt Taberner, Mikhail Zhilkin, David Rhodes
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess running load trends (total distance (TD), high-intensity distance (HID; > 5.5ms−1) and sprinting distance (SprD; > 7ms−1)) in the English Premier League (EPL) between the 2014/2015 and 2018/2019 seasons using a semi-automated optical tracking system.MethodsA total of 1634 games across 5 seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) were analysed for team and positional TD, HID and SprD. All matches were tracked using TRACAB® Gen-4 HD motion cameras. Data were analysed to identify significant team and positional differences for each metric.ResultsSmall to moderate increases were seen in team running load for TD (p  =  0.02; effect size (ES): 0.21), HID (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-03T07:59:32Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164507
       
  • Integrating strength and conditioning training and golf practice during
           the golf season: Approaches and perceptions of highly skilled golfers

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      Authors: Alex Bliss, Ben Langdown
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Contemporary evidence has demonstrated strength and conditioning (S&C) training benefits golf performance, primarily by improving clubhead speed. However, no empirical data exist that describe how, or even if, golfers integrate their S&C training and golf practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions and practices of skilled golfers with regards to planning the season and how S&C is structured in the golf year. Sixty-five (male n  =  48; female n  =  17) Category 1 amateur (n  =  50) and professional (n  =  15) golfers completed a mixed-methods online survey. Survey answers were either golf practice or S&C training focused. Results showed the majority of golfers engage with S&C training (n  =  44; 67.7%) and follow a programme (n  =  53. 81.5%). Contrastingly, they reported having little structure for golf practice, choosing to have no annual plan (n  =  14; 21.9%), have a reactive approach (n  =  22. 34.9%) based on recent performances or training what feels appropriate/enjoyable (n  =  15; 23.8%). Golfers reported they adjust their training around competition (n  =  47; 74.6%) but with various approaches. The dichotomous and contradictory responses received across multiple answers demonstrate that continued education and research are required to help golfers integrate S&C training with their golf practice.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-04-03T07:52:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231166288
       
  • Additional substitutions in elite European football

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      Authors: Johannes Meyer, Stefanie Klatt
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In 2020, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) introduced a temporary rule amendment of two additional substitutions in regular time. In this study, we assess the impact of this rule change with regard to player relief, tactical influence by the coaches and the development of young players. Data were collected from 3652 matches from the top 5 leagues in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) rankings and 659 UEFA club competition matches (Champions League and Europa League) in 2 different seasons (pre-rule amendment: 2018/2019 vs. post-rule amendment: 2020/2021), comparing leagues that introduced two additional substitutions with those that did not. The results show that with two additional substitutions, the reduction in player load was increased by 46%. Despite being used infrequently, the rule change resulted in 45% more substitutions and, therefore, greater tactical influence by the coaches. Furthermore, two additional substitutions benefit young players’ development with an 81% increase in playing time. While the aim of the temporary amendment to the laws of the game was achieved with the additional substitutions by compensating for the increased load on the players, coaches’ substitution behaviour shows potential for improvement.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-31T06:28:47Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164090
       
  • The effect of coach–athlete fit on the coach–athlete relationship in
           team sport: Role of trust in coach

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      Authors: Seungjoo Lee, Sungho Kwon, Dojin Jang, Hyojung Kwon
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to verify the structural relationship among trust in coach, coach–athlete fit, and coach–athlete relationship. It verified the mediating effect trust in coach on relationships, in relation to coach–athlete fit and coach–athlete relationship. A total of 190 soccer players (N = 190, male; 135, female; 55) registered with the Korea Football Association responded to the survey; and their career in soccer about 6.8 years. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation modeling. As expected, coach–athlete fit and trust in coach were significantly related to coach–athlete relationship; in addition, the structural relationship among the three variables was significant. Finally, mediating effect of trust in coach between coach–athlete fit and coach–athlete relationship was showed significantly.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-28T07:48:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164771
       
  • Not much “I” in “Team”: Content analysis of pregame speeches in
           American football

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      Authors: Phil Havira, Britton W. Brewer, Judy L. Van Raalte, Donovan Jennison, Thaddeus J. France
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Although researchers have explored the effects of coach pregame speeches, little is known about the actual content, delivery, and environmental context of the speeches themselves. This study was a descriptive analysis of 127 (n = 77 intercollegiate, n = 37 high school, and n = 13 cinematic) American football pregame speeches. The speeches were viewed, transcribed, coded, and analyzed via the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2015) software program. Actual speeches were compared with natural speech norms and speeches appearing in movies pertaining to American football. In general, the pregame speeches were characterized by use of confident, analytical, motivational, emotionally tinged language that is collectively oriented and present and future focused. The speeches delivered to high school teams were substantially similar to those delivered to intercollegiate teams. The actual speeches differed from natural speech on numerous variables and from the cinematic speeches on some descriptive variables. The findings suggest that actual American football pregame speeches are fundamentally similar to cinematic American football pregame speeches and constitute a distinct form of communication that is tailored to the unique demands of the situation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-28T07:11:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231165135
       
  • Scientific mapping of the state-of-the-art in padel. A bibliometric
           analysis

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      Authors: A. Denche-Zamorano, A. Escudero-Tena, D. Pereira-Payo, J. C. Adsuar, D. Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Padel has become one of the most popular racket sports in the world, capturing the interest of researchers and thus increasing the number of manuscripts that revolve around this sport. This article describes the state of development of the science of padel and locates the most relevant journals, authors, institutions, countries and keywords on the subject. The set of publications related to padel was retrieved from the main collection of the Web of Science. The state of development of padel in science was verified. Journals, authors, institutions, countries and keywords in the topic were analysed with the VOSviewer software. A total of 116 publications were analysed, finding that the publications on padel were in a phase of exponential growth. Sánchez-Alcaraz, Courel-Ibañez, Muñoz-Marín, Ramón-Llin and Sánchez-Pay were the most prominent authors, with the University of Murcia and Spain being the main institution and country on the subject. The science of padel is growing exponentially, with Spain being the driving force behind the topic of study, with new countries joining in recent years. This study provides relevant information on the state-of-the-art padel, and it will help researchers to establish new relationships and find more relevant authors and articles.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-27T07:32:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231161993
       
  • Efficacy beliefs and motivational dynamics in early-season collegiate
           swimming relays

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      Authors: Seunghyun Hwang, Kaitlynn Sedabres, Lori Dithurbide, Deborah Feltz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examined the moderating effects of efficacy beliefs and perceived indispensability on individual efforts in early-season collegiate swimming relays. Effort changes from swimmers’ individual best times to relay-leg times were compared as a function of relay members’ relative strength (i.e., fastest or slowest) and serial position (i.e., first or last leg). Participants (N  =  199) were collegiate swimmers in 200, 400, or 800-yard freestyle relays at fall invitational meets providing 260 cases included for analysis. Individual lifetime best times, adjusted relay times, rank, serial position, and self-report measures (i.e., efficacy, perceived indispensability of their relay performance) were used for hierarchical multiple regressions. Results indicated that the slowest relay members came closer to their individual best times compared with their team members. The fastest members showed less effort change toward their individual best times than their team members. However, efficacy beliefs in one's teammates had a small positive moderating influence on the fastest members’ effort in relay performances. Based on our results, we recommend Division II and III collegiate coaches not be too concerned with positional order by particular rank at early season invitationals; instead, focus on how to obtain the most effort from each relay member. However, the slowest swimmers may perform better if not positioned first.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-23T06:54:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231165133
       
  • Analyzing continuous coach education courses in Portugal: Implications for
           youth development

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      Authors: Fernando Santos, Scott Rathwell, Bebiana Sabino, Martin Camiré, Leisha Strachan, Dany J. MacDonald
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Continuous coach education courses (CCEC) are considered a crucial vehicle for exposing coaches to topics (e.g., nutrition, mental health, positive youth development) not addressed in their initial coach training. CCEC can help coaches develop well-rounded coaching practices based on youth's physical, social, emotional, and psychological needs. The purpose of the study was to analyze the distribution of CCEC offered in Portugal between 2014 and 2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze (a) the number of CCEC offered; (b) hours devoted to each topic; (c) the types of organizations who delivered CCEC; (e) the format of CCEC (i.e., online or in-person); (f) the geographical distribution of CCEC throughout Portugal; (g) the number of coach participants per topic. The results indicate that courses addressing mental health, social justice, positive youth development, and sleep hygiene are seldomly delivered in Portugal, meaning that coaches have few opportunities to be exposed to and learn about these important topics. Thus, our results suggest CCEC in Portugal may not be extending coaches’ knowledge much beyond topics covered in their initial coach training. The lack of breadth in training may help perpetuate the emphasis on the technical, tactical, and physical development of youth with the Portuguese youth sport system. Based on the results, implications for youth development are offered.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-23T06:20:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164736
       
  • Corrigendum to “Key considerations in the week-to-week forecasting of
           individual match actions in football”

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      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-23T06:20:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164086
       
  • Analysing the physical output of international field hockey players
           through the lens of phase of play: A Commentary

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      Authors: Ted Polglaze
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-20T08:03:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231164057
       
  • Influence of the importance of the point and service tactical position in
           

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Sergio J. Ibáñez, Jose A. Parraca, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Diego Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The objective of this research was to analyse the shot following the return in men's and women's professional padel according to the importance of the point and the service tactical position. The type of shot following the return, importance of the shot and tactical position of the serving pair were recorded by systematic observation. A total of 2752 points (1431 men's and 1321 women's) from 69 matches played in the 2021 season of the World Padel Tour circuit were used. The results show that while men use more forehand and backhand volleys as shots following the return, women use more trays or smashes and back wall shots. In addition, while the server is the one who plays the most third shots following a straight return in men's padel (forehand and backhand volleys) and women's (forehand volleys and backhand volleys), the server's partner is the one who plays the most third shots following a lob return in the men's category (trays or smashes and back wall shots) and women's category (trays or smashes and back wall shots). Moreover, the importance of the point and the service position are parameters that affect the shot following the return in men's and women's professional padel. Thus, these findings are very novel as it is the first investigation to analyse the shot following the return in professional padel.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-20T08:03:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231163535
       
  • Effect of the golden points and non-golden points on performance
           parameters in professional padel

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Larissa Galatti, Bernardino J Sánchez-Alcaraz, Diego Muñoz, Sergio J Ibáñez
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Since the 2020 season the World Padel Tour (WPT) has incorporated the golden point rule, which consists of playing a point to decide the game when the score is deuce (40–40). The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the golden points and the rest of the points in men's and women's professional padel, as well as to identify the differences between both types of points. A sample of 2752 points (1431 men's and 1321 women's) was used from 394 games identified and finished with a golden point, corresponding to 69 matches played in the 2021 season of the WPT circuit. The variables recorded were the type of point (golden points and non-golden points), player serving, tactical service position, number of net exchanges, effectiveness of the partner serving and effectiveness of the last shot through systematic observation. The results indicate that during the golden points in men's padel, the Australian position is usually used more, while in women's padel the Australian position is more common when the player on the right serves and the traditional one when the player on the left serves. In addition, both in men and women, the most common serves are those directed towards the side wall. On the other hand, except for the errors in women's padel during the golden points, the winning shots are made in areas close to the net and the errors in areas at the back of the court.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-20T08:01:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231161288
       
  • Effects of physical training on change of direction performance: A
           systematic review with meta-analysis

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      Authors: Rafael Carvajal-Espinoza, Scott Talpey, Walter Salazar-Rojas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundOne of the most sought-after skills for performance in team sports is change of direction. Training the physical qualities of strength, speed, and power has been used to improve change of direction. These qualities of change of direction have been studied extensively for the last 20 years, and their influence is still questioned. Additionally, it is currently unknown how moderating training variables affect COD performance.ObjectiveThis study examines the impact of strength, power, and speed training on change of direction performance.MethodFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, a meta-analysis was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for studies conducted from 1991 to April 2021. All studies identified for inclusion were peer-reviewed and published in English and Spanish and used an athlete population as participants. For all analyses, a significance level is set at p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-17T07:43:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231160894
       
  • Training in lockdown: The impact of stringency measures on the Tokyo 2020
           Olympic Games

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      Authors: Vincenzo Alfano, Salvatore Ercolano
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Due to COVID-19, the 32nd Olympic Games were postponed temporarily for the first time, apart from those cancelled during the First and Second World Wars. Did the pandemic also affect the results' We aim to understand the impact of stringency measures on athletes’ performance in the Olympics. For many athletes, the Olympics are the pinnacle of their careers, and they follow intense training schedules to arrive at the Games in peak physical condition. Stringency measures may have affected their results by making it harder for them to train effectively, to access sports infrastructure, to meet teammates, and more generally to follow an athletic lifestyle. Our quantitative analysis shows that stringency measures had an effect on the number of Olympic medals won, especially in team sports. This is consistent with the idea that stricter non-pharmaceutical interventions made it harder for teams to train together and achieve the necessary chemistry and harmony to succeed in such a competitive event. Furthermore, women were more severely penalized by higher stringency measures than men in team events.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-14T09:04:33Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231163234
       
  • Analysing the physical output of international field hockey players
           through the lens of the phase of play

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      Authors: Eoin Cunniffe, Mark Connor, Marco Beato, Adam Grainger, Walter Mcconnell, Catherine Blake
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to describe the locomotor activity of men's hockey based on the phase of play and to identify if differences in locomotor activity exist between phases. Twenty-four players (age 26 ± 4) wore a 10 Hz Global Positioning System device to track locomotor activity during 10 international matches. The locomotor activity of players was allocated to five different phases: (1) established attack, (2) opposition counterattack, (3) established defence, (4) attacking counterattack and (5) offensive pressing, utilising a video analysis-based system. Linear mixed models and post-hoc pairwise comparisons, using estimated marginal means, were utilised to compare the locomotor activity in each phase of play within each position. Significant main effects were found for the phase of play on several locomotor activity metrics (p ≤ 0.05). With respect to max speed and relative total distance across positions, counterattacks present a unique challenge compared to other phases. Established attack phases evoke lower max speed values than offensive pressing phases for all playing positions as well as compared to opposition counterattacks for defenders, midfielders, and forwards. Positional differences existed during attacking counterattack phases, with defenders producing lower values than both midfielders and forwards for high-speed running, high-speed running efforts, max speed and relative total distance. Depending on the metric, this approach captured 22%–70% of a player's locomotor activity providing valuable insight into the current dynamics of international hockey. This investigation demonstrated positional differences based on the phase of play, which may explain previous research findings regarding positional differences.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-14T08:16:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231158527
       
  • Developing the use of explicitation techniques in team games as a
           pedagogical tool for coaching practice

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      Authors: Alice Rebecca Hunter, Kevin Morgan, Kerry Harris, Sofia Santos, Alain Mouchet
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Previous research has examined the use of phenomenological interviews post-performance with the aim of gaining subjective knowledge of the lived experience of players. However, to date, explicitation techniques have not been used within actual coaching sessions to enable the coach to gain greater insight into players’ decision-making experiences. The aim of the study was to develop the use of explicitation techniques as a pedagogical tool within coaching sessions. As the coach, I (the first author) was one of the participants in the study. I recruited five Korfball players (M = 2, F = 3, aged between 21 and 26 years) as participants to develop my use of explicitation techniques with. The study used an Action Research (AR) approach and data collection methods included audio recordings of the explicitation techniques, fieldnotes, analytic memos and focus groups. Thematic data analysis was used to identify trends and patterns and make sense of the multiple sources of data. The findings were focused on the pedagogical strategies and adaptations used to develop the use of the explicitation techniques in coaching practice. These revealed that facilitating an evocative state through questioning requires practice and experience but is beneficial for coaching practice to understand players’ lived experiences. The approach enabled me to gain greater insight into the players’ reactive decision-making processes and a better understanding of what they were seeing and feeling in decision-making moments. It is anticipated that in turn, this will enable myself and other coaches to design and facilitate better coaching sessions.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-06T08:16:23Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231159384
       
  • An applied model for using variability in practice

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      Authors: Stanisław H. Czyż, Cheryl A. Coker
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      We explore the problem of variability of practice from an applied perspective. Different types of variability, i.e., numerosity, heterogeneity, situational diversity, and scheduling are presented from the motor learning perspective, including theories, models, and concepts. We present the implications of applying variability into practice, the advantages, and problems arising while varying the practice. Finally, we propose a pragmatic model of applying variability in motor practice to assist coaches in designing effective training programs. Answers to three simple questions guide coaches to different methods of introducing variability in the practice. We present also key principles, coaches have to follow, in order to apply variability appropriately.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-03T09:07:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231159473
       
  • The under representation of women coaches in high-performance sport

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      Authors: Benjamin G. Serpell, Darlene Harrison, Rae Dower, Christian J. Cook
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      High-performance sport is still not appropriately addressing issues that perpetuate women's underrepresentation in elite sport coaching and leadership. Therefore, it is also unlikely representation for other minority groups in high-performance sport will be achieved any time soon. For high-performance sport to progress, there is an opportunity to create environments that foster a variety of coaching styles with diverse racial, ethnic and gender identities. This paper points to statistics from elite football and Olympic sports to highlight the issue of the underrepresentation of women coaches in high-performance sport and draws upon a range of literature to inform an evidence-based and strategic approach to designing development in the context of increasing coach and leader gender diversity in these settings. It explores leadership in high-performance sport, learning and development, and high-performance sport environments. We argue future focused development should prepare high-performance sport leaders to intervene at an environmental level where they provide leadership, facilitate performance enablers, and engage athletes and performance staff to shape cultural change
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:57:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231160229
       
  • Who benefits more from mindfulness' A preliminary study exploring
           moderating effect of personality traits on competition anxiety in athletes
           

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      Authors: Youteng Gan, Ruohang Wang, Xueyu Wang, Jiangang Li, Hongying Fan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectiveMindfulness can help athletes better regulate their emotions, and analyzing personality traits may help identify those who would benefit more from psychological intervention activities to optimize subsequent training effects. This study sought to examine the effects of mindfulness training on athletes’ competition anxiety and to consider the role of personality traits.MethodsFifty athletes (mean age = 21.87 years, SD = 1.62; 23 females and 27 males) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group (n = 23), which received 8 weeks of mindfulness training, and a control group (n = 27) receiving no intervention. The athletes’ personality traits, mindfulness level, and competition anxiety were measured according to the study plan before and after mindfulness training, and at an 8-week follow up.ResultsCompared with the control group, mindfulness training had a positive effect on the level of mindfulness and self-confidence in the mindfulness group, as well as a greater improvement in cognitive/somatic state anxiety. Improvements remained stable from the end of training to follow up. Additionally, athletes with high activity and high extraversion had more improvement in mindfulness levels and cognitive/somatic state anxiety, respectively, while athletes with low neuroticism demonstrated greater improvement in self-confidence.ConclusionsMindfulness training helps to reduce athletes’ competition anxieties, and personality traits might affect the improvement effect to a certain extent, which provided a reference for optimizing mindfulness training and developing more personalized psychological training for athletes who display certain personality traits.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:55:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231159171
       
  • The indirect effects of transformational leadership in soccer programmes
           for socio-economically disadvantaged individuals: Need satisfaction as a
           mechanism towards personal development

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      Authors: Jordan Donnelly, Rosie Arthur, Calum Arthur, Daryl Cowan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of coach transformational leadership (TL) on the current lives of socio-economically disadvantaged individuals within a sport-based education programme.DesignCross-sectional.Methods159 participants completed questionnaires on the perceptions of their lead coaches’ TL, perceived basic need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, relatedness) in relation to programme attendance, and feelings of resilience and life-satisfaction in their current life.ResultsPROCESS analysis revealed that all differentiated TL behaviours (but high-performance expectations) had a positive indirect effect on outcomes (resilience and life-satisfaction) via competence and a negative indirect effect on outcomes via relatedness. High-performance expectations demonstrated a direct effect on life satisfaction.ConclusionThe results demonstrate how distinct coach transformational behaviours impact differently on the lives of disadvantaged individuals within a sports-based education programme. The differentiated conceptualisation of TL revealed nuanced results, furthering our understanding of how each TL interacts with the three basic psychological needs. Finally, our results demonstrate the significance competence may hold in transferring the effect of different transformational behaviours onto the everyday lives of disadvantaged individuals.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:54:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231158693
       
  • Psychosocial factors predicting the usage of technology by golfers

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      Authors: Benjamin SP Rittenberg, Grace E Barnhart, Heather F Neyedli, Bradley W Young, Lori Dithurbide
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Technology has become an important resource in sport that can help athletes improve their performance. However, the factors that predict the use of technology among athletes are unknown. In an effort to understand the current use of technology, we examined factors that impact technology use in sport. Human technology research in other domains suggests that an individual's trust in technology may be an important predictor of whether they use technology. Specific to sport, an athlete's use of a coach, self-regulated learning, skill level, playing experience, and gender may also influence their technology use. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine which factors predict golfers’ use of technology and, through a secondary analysis, to explore how predictive factors differed between athletes who used technology and/or a coach. A one-time survey that gathered demographic and golfing-specific (Skill Level, years of playing Experience) information, and measured technology use, coach use, trust in technology, and self-regulated learning was completed by 313 golfers. Logistic regression determined that golfers’ use of a coach, trust in technology, self-regulated learning, and skill level predicted their use of technology. Further, a two-way factorial analysis of variance demonstrated that there were differences in trust in technology, self-regulated learning, and skill level between golfers who did and did not use technology. The findings of this novel study create a foundation for future research in this area and are the first step in determining how athletes can best use technology in their training and competition.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-03-02T06:53:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221148719
       
  • A career handbook for professional soccer players

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      Authors: Balázs Ács, Roland Kovács, László Toka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The success of a soccer player is not entirely pre-destined by their physical ability, talent, and motivation. There are certain decisions along the way that greatly affect the arc of their career: which skills to develop, and which club to sign a contract with. In this paper, we identify the optimal strategic choices toward multiple potential aims a soccer player can have and we seek the knowledge of what made the greatest soccer players in terms of those decisions. Our two main data sources are Transfermarkt and Sofifa from which we collect data for the period between 2007 and 2021 with 29,231 players. We perform time series analysis on skill features of soccer players, and network analysis of the players’ acquaintance graph, i.e., a graph that indicates whether two given players have ever been teammates before. Finally, we create key performance indicators to check the differences in certain features, i.e., individual player skills and connectivity attributes, between top-tier and the rest of the players, and use dynamic time warping for validation. The outcome of this work is a recommendation tool that helps players to find what needs to be improved in order to achieve their desired goals. The source code and the career advisor tool for soccer players that we have implemented are available online.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-22T07:25:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231155598
       
  • Towards maximizing expected possession outcome in soccer

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      Authors: Pegah Rahimian, Jan Van Haaren, Laszlo Toka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Soccer players need to make many decisions throughout a match in order to maximize their team’s chances of winning. Unfortunately, these decisions are challenging to measure and evaluate due to the low-scoring, complex, and highly dynamic nature of soccer. This article proposes an end-to-end deep reinforcement learning framework that receives raw tracking data for each situation in a game, and yields optimal ball destination location on the full surface of the pitch. Using the proposed approach, soccer players and coaches are able to analyze the actual behavior in their historical games, obtain the optimal behavior and plan for future games, and evaluate the outcome of the optimal decisions prior to deployment in a match. Concisely, the results of our optimization model propose more short passes (Tiki-Taka playing style) in all phases of a ball possession, and higher propensity of low distance shots (i.e. shots in attack phase). Such a modification will let the typical teams to increase their likelihood of possession ending in a goal by 0.025.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-22T07:25:09Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231154494
       
  • Calculating expected win percentage of an Indian Premier League team

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      Authors: Aaron B Hoskins
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The Indian Premier League is the most prestigious cricket league globally. There are significant finances in terms of both team ownership and player salaries. It is, therefore, essential to understanding if a team’s record is due to luck (good or bad) or if a team’s record is due to the team’s overall performance. The research presented here is motivated by how to accurately predict a team’s winning percentage in the Indian Premier League based on underlying statistics. A similar analysis has been done in other sports, mainly based on the concept of the Pythagorean expectation. This research derives a similar model for the IPL based on historical data. However, the structure of a match in the Indian Premier League is fundamentally different than the structure of games in other sports. As a result of this structural difference, this study creates additional models using both least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and stepwise regression to identify variables that are good predictors for calculating the expected winning percentage. These models compare favorably to the Pythagorean expectation model. This article presents a model combining both the determined variables and Pythagorean expectation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-20T09:58:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231156904
       
  • Sleep hygiene education for improving sleep in ultra-marathon swimmers:
           Guidance for coaches and swimmers

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      Authors: Ian C Dunican, Emma Perry, Gemma Maisey, Elena Nesci, Spencer Roberts
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Sleep for recovery is an essential factor for performance in athletes. One such group is recreational ultra-marathon swimmers (>10km). We aimed to compare measures of sleep before and after a sleep hygiene education intervention during a 16-week training programme. Using a prospective study design, the experiment was conducted in two phases (pre- and post-intervention), whereby pre- and post-intervention data were collected for 42 nights after the sleep hygiene education. This study had 24 masters’ swimmers (n = 13 females), aged 39 ± 11 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 26 ± 3 kg/m2 during a training squad for an ocean ultra-marathon swimmer (19.7 km) in Perth, Western Australia. Objective measures of sleep were obtained from a wrist activity monitor, the Readiband™ (Fatigue Science Inc., Canada). Participants underwent a 2-hour sleep hygiene education session. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to examine relationships between predictor variables and sleep responses. Sleep onset and offset increased by 12 minutes post-intervention (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-15T10:02:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231152196
       
  • Dissociations between coaches’ fatigue rating, athletes’ perceived
           fatigue, and objective training load

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      Authors: Lili Kósa, János Körmendi, Ferenc Ihász, Ferenc Köteles
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Players’ fatigue after practice is an important indicator of the actual training status for the coach. However, fatigue is not a unitary construct; it has objective (physiological) and perceived (experiential) aspects, which are not necessarily strongly related. The present study aimed to assess the association between coaches’ and athletes’ perception of fatigue and objectively assessed training load (TL). Participants were 61 elite players of five sport teams of two sports (basketball and football) and their coaches. Players’ and coaches’ perception of fatigue and objective data on TL provided by the Polar Team Pro system was obtained for 276 practice sessions overall. The association between coaches’ and athletes’ fatigue rating was .43 (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-14T08:27:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231156082
       
  • The effectiveness of two comprehensive recovery protocols on performance
           and physiological measures in elite soccer players: A parallel
           group-randomized trial

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      Authors: Albert Altarriba-Bartes, Jordi Vicens-Bordas, Javier Peña, Fernando Alarcón-Palacios, Luis A Sixtos-Meliton, Martí Matabosch-Pijuan, Enric Giménez-Martínez, Marco Beato, Julio Calleja-González
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Elite soccer players consistently report using several recovery methods after practices and games. However, it is unclear how their subsequent performance could be enhanced using broad protocols. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two different comprehensive recovery protocols in physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual outcomes. Eighteen Mexican National Team players (19.56 ± 0.62 years) were recruited. Using a randomized parallel group design, players followed one of two recovery protocols: (a) carbohydrate and protein shake, foam roller, cold-water immersion, and tart cherry juice concentrate (n = 9) or (b) carbohydrate and protein shake, stretching, and intermittent cold-water immersion (n = 9) following the completion of an unofficial game and the day after. Muscular creatine kinase, countermovement jump, hamstring maximal voluntary contraction, perceived recovery, and muscle soreness were assessed before, immediately after, and 20-44-68 h post-game. Significant effects (set at ρ≤0.05) of time were present in both interventions. Muscular creatine kinase was normalized entirely at 68 h post-game, while neuromuscular and perceptual outcomes were homogenized at 44 h. No statistically significant effects between protocols were found. Still, the interaction effects showed changes only in the group using protocol (a) at post-game and 20 h after in neuromuscular and muscle soreness. There were large correlations between muscular creatine kinase and accelerations, decelerations, sprints, and high-speed running distances. In conclusion, the interventions are equally effective for improving physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual outcomes. Thus, elite soccer players may benefit from different combinations of methods after practices or games to obtain positive effects on recovery after them.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-10T08:08:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231155585
       
  • Physical testing and strength and conditioning practices differ between
           coaches working in academy and first team soccer

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      Authors: Stephen J McQuilliam, David R Clark, Robert M Erskine, Thomas E Brownlee
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Scientific guidelines exist regarding strength and conditioning (S&C) best practice, for both first team and academy level soccer. However, it is not known if these research-informed guidelines are followed in such applied settings. The aim of this study was to investigate current S&C practice in first team and academy level (men's and women's) soccer, in multiple countries/continents. A total of 170 participants, who were involved with the delivery of S&C support at their soccer club, completed a comprehensive survey, describing their training methods. Data were analysed using Pearson's chi-square test of independence and independent t-tests. Statistical significance was set to p < 0.05. A greater proportion of academy compared to first team coaches assessed acceleration/sprint (92% vs. 83%, p=0.026), jump (95% vs. 83%, p=0.023) and change of direction performance (77% vs. 61%, p=0.031). The weekly training structure differed between groups, particularly within women's squads, with women's academy coaches reporting the lowest session frequency of all groups (1.59 ± 0.62 session per week, 44 ± 17 min duration). A greater proportion of academy (54%) versus first team (35%) coaches prioritised bodyweight training (p=0.031), despite a similar distribution of movement patterns trained. Overall, 44% S&C coaches reported using training intensities below strength training guidelines (≥80% 1RM). To conclude, there were many differences in S&C practice between S&C coaches working with first team and academy squads but particularly noteworthy was the greater proportion of academy coaches prioritising bodyweight training compared to first team coaches, which may limit physical development in academy players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-10T07:54:04Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231155108
       
  • Exploring the perceptions of leadership in Hong Kong rugby

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      Authors: Jevon Groves, Dan Clements
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The concept of leadership within sports coaching continues to fascinate and intrigue a multitude of stakeholders. There is still a need for a greater understanding of its role within a complex, dynamic field of inquiry that seemingly relies heavily on the ‘coach as leader’ for a multitude of outcomes (e.g. performance success, athlete development, social outcomes). Given the call for more contextually specific and action orientated research, the aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of coach leadership within the Hong Kong rugby union environment. The study adopted an interpretive paradigm to gain deep insight into coaches’ and players perceptions of leadership in rugby. Data was collected from 16 participants via three separate online focus groups. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data. The findings suggest that for leadership to be effective, coaches must possess a socio-cultural understanding of their context, have a clear vision for their team and have a principle of transformational and value-based leadership to assist with decision making. Additionally, coaches must become role models and demonstrate authentic leadership characteristics to be able to build and maintain relationships with the people in their organisation through effective communication. Sharing leadership appeared to be an effective method adopted by coaches to enhance leadership throughout a rugby organisation. We suggest that the results provide a grounding for coach learning within a unique coaching context.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-10T07:08:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231154074
       
  • The player makes the coach: Exploring player development among Division I
           basketball coaches

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      Authors: Chris Croft, Courtney Paulson, Sarah Stokowski, David Berri, Michael Mondello
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Head Men's Basketball coaches at the collegiate level are often portrayed as teachers with the ability to dramatically elevate the productivity of their players. However, there is also the perception that perhaps head coaches are only as talented as the players on their team. Thus, a debate has ensued, do Men's Basketball coaches develop the players on their team, or is it in fact the talent of the players themselves that make a coach successful' Over the course of 17 seasons, and through the use of absorbed regression, over 80 coaches, as well as 28,581 player observations at the Division I level, were included in the data set. Results indicated that there were no substantial effects that most coaches significantly alter the productivity of the players. Some evidence was shown that there are some coaches who alter the productivity of the players. Thus, recruiting is essential to a team's success, and coaches should (re)consider how to develop their athletes throughout their tenure.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-10T07:07:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221146384
       
  • The moderating role of coping strategies in athletic coaches’
           psychological well-being in response to negative emotions

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      Authors: Ye Hoon Lee, Heetae Cho
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Negative emotions are known risk factors for physical health, psychological distress (e.g. hopelessness and feeling worthless), and mood disorders (e.g. depression and anxiety). Thus, it is important for athletic coaches, one of the most stressful occupations, to understand how to cope with their negative emotions. This study aimed to examine the moderating roles of four different coping strategies (emotion-focused, problem-focused, proactive, and emotive suppression) on the relationship between negative emotions and psychological well-being. Online survey data were collected from 162 athletic head coaches working in NCAA Division I through questionnaires that assessed the proposed variables. The results reported that proactive coping strategy and emotive suppression strategy negatively and significantly moderated the negative emotional–psychological well-being relationship. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the coping strategies that should be avoided in response to negative emotions among coaches. The results also highlight the need to consider adopting existing proactive coping intervention programs for coaches.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T10:14:08Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231153488
       
  • Utility of video analysis and expert modelling for technique development
           in novice sport climbers: A randomized controlled study

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      Authors: Rok Blagus, Bojan Leskošek, Luka Okršlar, Nace Vreček, Tadej Debevec
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Sport climbing is a multifaceted sport that also requires appropriate techniques to optimize movements. As augmented feedback is known to facilitate motor learning, we investigated the utility of adding video analysis and expert modelling to standardized verbal feedback for the acquisition of three climbing-specific techniques (drop knee, heel hook and high step). Twenty-six novice climbers (12 women) completed two testing sessions before and after a training intervention that consisted of three coached climbing sessions targeting the three techniques. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group, which solely received standardized verbal feedback or an experimental group that additionally received standardized video analysis and expert modelling using the Dartfish tablet application. Video recordings were subsequently evaluated by two climbing experts on a 7-point scale. The expert scores were higher in the experimental than in the control group for the high step (causal total effect (CTE) 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.06, 0.68]). Improvements for the drop knee (CTE = 0.12, 95% CI [−0.24, 0.48]) and heel hook (CTE = −0.05, 95% CI [−0.42, 0.31]) were similar in both groups. For the drop knee, we, however, observed a positive causal direct effect (CDE = 0.38, 95% CI [0.07, 0.68]), which was comparable to that observed for the high step but also a negative causal mediator effect via the perceived difficulty (CME = −0.26, 95% CI [−0.51, −0.04]). Compared to verbal feedback solely, the addition of video analysis and expert modelling might facilitate the acquisition of certain climbing techniques, such as high step, in novice climbers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T09:08:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231152548
       
  • Differences and variability of physical and technical characteristics
           among rugby union small-sided games performed within a preseason

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      Authors: Marco Zanin, Jayamini Ranaweera, Joshua Darrall-Jones, Gregory Roe
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to investigate the differences in physical and technical characteristics among three specific rugby union small-sided games (SSG) and to examine the variability of these characteristics over three weeks within a preseason of a professional rugby union club. Eighteen backs and 22 forwards were recruited for the study. The three SSG designs were: backs only (SSG-B), forwards only (SSG-F) and both backs and forwards (SSG-BF). Physical characteristics were quantified using external (e.g., total distance covered [m·min−1]) and internal (i.e., Stagno's training impulse [AU·min−1]) load measures. Technical characteristics were quantified using the number of rucks, successful passes, unsuccessful passes, line breaks and tries per minute. The SSG-BF produced a greater high speed (>61%) running distance covered in comparison with SSG-B (1.97 vs. 1.32 m·min−1) and SSG-F (1.26 vs. 0.94 m·min−1), and more successful passes (9.47 vs. 9.36 count·min−1) and line breaks (0.98 vs. 0.65 count·min−1) than SSG-F. Conversely, all the other physical and technical characteristics were higher in SSG-B and SSG-F. All the physical and technical characteristics, except high speed (>61%) distance covered in forwards and unsuccessful passes and tries per minute, changed over days showing either a linear or quadratic pattern. Based on these findings, practitioners may implement position-specific SSG (i.e., SSG-B and SSG-F) to expose players to greater physical and technical characteristics. Furthermore, if SSGs were to be repeated across multiple days, practitioners should be aware of the possible variability in physical and technical characteristics due to potential adaptations to the constraints or the onset of fatigue.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T08:46:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231153387
       
  • Assessing asymmetries and predicting performance in semiprofessional
           soccer players

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      Authors: Jorge Arede, John FT Fernandes, Harjiv Singh, Chris Bishop, Dani Romero-Rodriguez, Marc Madruga Parera
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to (a) detail the interlimb asymmetries during multi-directional jumping, change of direction and for ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and (b) determine how asymmetries and performance in multi-directional jumping and ankle dorsiflexion predict performance during change of direction tests. Twenty-two male semi-professional players completed a testing session which consisted of unilateral ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, vertical and horizontal unilateral and lateral countermovement jumps and left and right leg 90° (COD90L&R) and 180° (COD180L&R) change of direction tests. No significant differences between limbs were observed for any of the variables (P > 0.05), though vertical countermovement jump (11.1% ± 9.1%) and dorsiflexion range of motion (10.5% ± 10.3%) imbalances were greater than those during lateral (2.7% ± 2.2%) and horizontal (2.2% ± 1.9%) countermovement jumps, and 90° (3.6% ± 3.1%) and 180° change of direction (2.9% ± 3.6%). Subjects presented 3.4 ± 1.4 real asymmetries (i.e., one greater than the coefficient of variation) across the tests, with all subjects having at least one real asymmetry. Stepwise linear regression models explained a reasonable amount of variance in change of direction180R (70%), COD90L (57%), COD90R (39%), COD180L (23%) using the countermovement jump and dorsiflexion range of motion variables (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-03T08:45:33Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221146220
       
  • Evolution of match performance parameters in elite men's handball
           2012–2022

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      Authors: Alex Pascual, Roger Font, Xavier Pascual, Carlos Lago-Peñas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to quantify longitudinal changes in the games of the 6 Men’s European Handball Championship (EHC) celebrated between 2012 and 2022. A total of 563 match observations were examined. Specifically, the study contained the Number of Goals, Number of Attacks, Number of Shots, Number of Saves, Offensive Efficacy (Number of Goals/Number of Attacks × 100) and Defensive Efficacy (100 − Offensive Efficacy of the Opponent). Data were examined using the Kruskal–Wallis test and linear regression analysis. Results suggest that the number of goals remained relatively constant from 2012 to 2022. However, the number of attacks, shots, saves and defensive efficacy decreased, while offensive efficacy increased. These findings can contribute to a better understanding of how handball is evolving from a structural or tactical viewpoint.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-02-01T06:47:25Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221142418
       
  • Neuromuscular adaptations to different set configurations during a
           periodized power training block in elite junior Judokas

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      Authors: Dale M Harris, Dustin J Oranchuk, Christopher Latella
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Although the impacts of traditional sets (TS) versus cluster (CL) sets resistance training have been broadly explored among recreationally trained populations, no studies have previously compared these set configurations among elite Judokas. Twenty-two elite male and female Judokas (age = 17.5 ± 1.2 years) performed identical periodized 4-week hypertrophy and strength blocks (8 weeks in total). Following this, for the final 4-week power training block, the cohort was separated into either TS (n = 11) or CL (n = 11) set structures. CL were prescribed by including 45-second intra-set rest every two repetitions. One-repetition maximum (1RM) and peak barbell velocities of the back squat and bench press, and countermovement (CMJ) jump height were assessed before and following each 4-week mesocycle. Significant strength and power improvements were observed after the 4-week hypertrophy training block (1RM bench press = Δ3.82 kg, ES [95% CI] = 1.34 [0.76, 1.93], p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-30T07:35:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221151195
       
  • Assessing biological maturity timing by MRI and coaches’ eye in elite
           youth soccer players: A comparison between objective and subjective
           diagnostics utilizing correlation and single case analyses

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      Authors: Daniel Leyhr, Dennis Murr, Michael Romann, Katrin Eichler, Lajos Basten, Thomas Hauser, Dennis Lüdin, Oliver Höner
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The importance of considering information related to athletes’ biological maturation within talent identification and development processes is frequently emphasized by both sport scientists and practitioners. Although there is evidence for the use of objective diagnostics for assessing biological maturation, little is known about its subjective determinations by coaches. Such approaches are particularly relevant when scientific support is limited. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare a practical subjective approach (coaches’ eye) to assess biological maturity timing (BMT) with objective reference diagnostics (MRI). For this purpose, data were collected from 63 male elite soccer players of the U12 and U14 age group who were part of the German talent promotion program. Players’ BMT (i.e., skeletal – chronological age) was assessed by MRI and a subjective rating of two coaches. Data analyses revealed high-rank correlations (rs = .55; p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-24T06:45:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541231152820
       
  • The coach's role during an athlete's rehabilitation following sports
           injury: A scoping review

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      Authors: Jamie King, Theresa L Burgess, Candice Hendricks, Fraser Carson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaches play a pivotal role during an athletes’ rehabilitation, assisting them to deal with the psychological challenges linked with injury recovery and return to sport. However, coaches’ views of their roles during rehabilitation, and the extent to which their influences may facilitate psychological coping is unclear. Although athletes value input from their coaches during their injury rehabilitation, their satisfaction with the support provided is varied. To explore the current literature on the role of coaches during an athlete's rehabilitation from injury, a scoping review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, was conducted on EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus databases. A total of 27 articles met the inclusion criteria after 2716 studies were excluded based on the eligibility criteria during phases of title, abstract and full-text screening. Factors to consider when exploring coaches’ roles during injury rehabilitation include athlete's and coaches’ age and gender, the type of sport and level of competition, the athletes’ role in the team, and the injury severity and type. The major role that coaches play during rehabilitation is providing social support to the injured athlete. The amount and availability of social support, as well as different forms of social support and their perceived prominence to athletes’ well-being, are key concepts worth considering when analyzing the role of coaches during injury rehabilitation. Social support provided by coaches to athletes undergoing rehabilitation aids in maintaining the coach–athlete relationship, thereby preventing any unrest between the two upon return to sport.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-20T07:24:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221150694
       
  • A data-driven approach to assist offensive and defensive players in
           optimal decision making

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      Authors: Pegah Rahimian, Laszlo Toka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Among all the popular sports, soccer is a relatively long-lasting game with a small number of goals per game. This renders the decision-making cumbersome, since it is not straightforward to evaluate the impact of in-game actions apart from goal scoring. Although several action valuation metrics and counterfactual reasoning have been proposed by researchers in recent years, assisting coaches in discovering the optimal actions in different situations of a soccer game has received little attention of soccer analytics. This work proposes the application of deep reinforcement learning on the event and tracking data of soccer matches to discover the most impactful actions at the interrupting point of a possession. Our optimization framework assists players and coaches in inspecting the optimal action, and on a higher level, we provide for the adjustment required for the teams in terms of their action frequencies in different pitch zones. The optimization results have different suggestions for offensive and defensive teams. For the offensive team, the optimal policy suggests more shots in half-spaces (i.e. long-distance shots). For the defending team, the optimal policy suggests that when locating in wings, defensive players should increase the frequency of fouls and ball outs rather than clearances, and when located in the centre, players should increase the frequency of clearances rather than fouls and ball outs.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-20T06:28:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221149481
       
  • Effects of training on the heart rate variability of competitive soccer
           players: A systematic review with meta-analysis

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      Authors: Dolores García-Ortega, Antonio Granero-Gallegos, María Carrasco-Poyatos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Heart rate variability (HRV) has become a popular method for monitoring readiness, recovery, and other training-derived parameters to optimize physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine the impact of training interventions on HRV fluctuations in competitive soccer players. The EBSCO, Web of Sciences (WOS), and Cochrane databases were used for the search. After identifying 293 studies, 13 were included in a qualitative analysis and 6 in a quantitative analysis. Training had a small and nonsignificant effect on HRV in competitive soccer players (Effect Size (ES) = 0.143, Standard Error (SE) = .108, p = .186, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.69, 0.355]). Soccer-focused training resulted in higher HRV scores than combined training (Q(2) = 38.13, p = .05). Higher ES were found for frequency domain parameters (p = .047; d = 0.059), night assessment (p = .016; d = 0.453), and soccer-focused training (p = .006; d = 0.366). HRV was also found to have a greater impact on females (p = .027; d = 0.275) and/or professional soccer players (p = .007; d = 0.302). Soccer training had a minimal and nonsignificant effect on HRV.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2023-01-03T04:06:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221145624
       
  • Before supporting athletes, evaluate your coach–athlete relationship:
           Exploring the link between coach leadership and coach–athlete
           relationship

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      Authors: Chen Zhao, Sophia Jowett
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The overall quality of coach–athlete relationship has been shown to positively associate with coach leadership effectiveness on athletes’ outcomes. Nonetheless, others also showed no associations when each subdimension of coach–athlete relationship was separately examined. This study used canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to examine the complete set of correlations between coach transformational leadership (six dimensions) and quality coach–athlete relationship (six dimensions). A total of 213 athletes (122 male; 91 female) from various performance levels and sports completed a multi-section questionnaire. CCA revealed positive, negative and no correlations between the coach transformational leadership and coach–athlete relationship variable sets. For example, the Direct Commitment dimension of the coach–athlete relationship was negatively related to the Individualised Support dimension and positively associated with the High-Performance Expectation dimension of coach transformational leadership. In light of these results, we discuss whether viewing the coach–athlete relationship as an inherent dimension embedded within the conceptualisation of coach leadership is suitable and accurate.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-29T12:36:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221148113
       
  • Experiential knowledge of expert coaches on the critical performance
           factors of the taekwondo roundhouse kick

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      Authors: Luigi T. Bercades, Anthony R.H. Oldham, Anna Lorimer, Seth Lenetsky, Sarah Kate Millar, Kelly Sheerin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The primary aim of this study was to capture expert taekwondo coaches’ experiential knowledge regarding critical factors that underpin the roundhouse kick. The secondary aim was to explore the coaching–biomechanics interface and translate the coaches’ knowledge into observable biomechanical variables for future investigation. The final aim was to elicit further expert knowledge to assess the usefulness of the resulting variables. Six higher themes emerged from interviews involving four coaches: (1) hip flexibility, (2) balance, (3) control/coordination, (4) distance, (5) footwork and (6) speed. These were supported by several sub-themes. The authors translated each theme and sub-themes into biomechanical variables: (1) front knee height, (2) support foot balance, (3) foot velocity, (4) interpersonal distance and (5) cut-kick transition speed. Two separate expert coaches appraised these variables in terms of understanding, importance, coachability and differences in expertise. In attempting to translate expert knowledge to biomechanical variables, we supported the need for a common conceptualisation of knowledge between scientists and coaches.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-28T06:24:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221144120
       
  • Key considerations in the week-to-week forecasting of individual match
           actions in football

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      Authors: Qixiang He, John Komar, Ying Hwa Kee
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Short-term forecasting of performance in football is crucial in week-to-week decision making. The current study presented novel contributions regarding the considerations that should be accounted for in the prediction of match actions performed in competitive matches. First, the study examined whether the quantity and recency of training data used to build a prediction model significantly influenced predictive accuracy. Three prediction models were built with the exponential moving weighted average (EMWA) method, each differing in the quantity of training data used (three, five, and seven preceding match days). Next, the study examined if contextual constraints, such as type of match action being predicted, playing position, or player age, significantly influenced predictive accuracy. Match action data from players in the top five European leagues were collected from the 2014/2015 to the 2019/2020 seasons. The model trained using less but more recent data (three preceding match days) demonstrated the greatest accuracy. Next, within the offensive and defensive phases, match actions differed significantly in predictive accuracy. Lastly, significant differences were found in prediction accuracy between playing positions, whereby actions associated with the primary task of the playing position were more accurately predicted. These findings suggest that in the forecasting of individual match actions, practitioners should seek to train the prediction model using more recent data, instead of including as much data as possible. Furthermore, contextual constraints such as the type of action and playing position of the player must be keenly considered.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-28T03:59:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221147764
       
  • Investigating the Relationship Between Authentic Leadership and Athletes'
           Commitment, Positive Affect, and Perceived Teammate Prosocial Behaviour
           via Trust and Team Culture

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      Authors: Ella Malloy, Mariya A Yukhymenko-Lescroart, Maria Kavussanu
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Authentic leadership is a genuine form of leadership in which leaders demonstrate behaviours in line with their moral values. Research has started to examine this leadership style and its impact on a range of athlete outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether coaches’ authentic leadership, as perceived by their athletes, is related to athletes’ commitment, positive affect and perceived teammate prosocial behaviour via trust and team culture. Participants were 366 (240 females, Mage = 21.07) athletes, participating mostly in team sports, who completed questionnaires assessing the aforementioned variables. Using multilevel path analysis, we found that authentic leadership was positively related to athletes' commitment and positive affect via trust and team culture, as well as to perceived teammate prosocial behaviour via trust. Our findings enhance our understanding of authentic leadership in sport and highlight its importance in predicting a range of outcomes. The findings suggest that authentic leadership in coaches could be key to creating more positive environments in sport.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-27T06:33:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221139280
       
  • The impact of sleep behaviours, chronotype and time of match on the
           internal and external outcomes of a tennis match

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      Authors: Mitchell Turner, Philipp Beranek, Sofyan Sahrom, Johnny Lo, Alexander Ferrauti, Ian C Dunican, Travis Cruickshank
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Tennis match performance is often evaluated by a player's internal (heart rate) and external (match analytics) outcomes. Numerous factors could influence these outcomes, including the time of day, which may be advantageous or not depending on a player's chronotype. This study aimed to determine the influence time of day, chronotype and sleep–wake behaviour (SWB) had on internal and external outcomes of tennis matches. Twelve state-level male tennis players, with a mean age of 28  ±  7, stature of 183  ±  7 and body mass of 86.6  ±  17.4 wore an actigraph device and completed a sleep diary for the study duration. Based on rankings, players were paired against the same opponent and completed three tennis matches at 8:00 am, 2:00 pm and 8:00 pm, separated by a minimum of 48 h. Fatigue and chronotype, measured by the Fatigue Severity Scale, Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire and midsleep time, were assessed before matches; motivation, measured by the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, was assessed after matches. During matches, players wore global positioning systems and heart rate monitors; the match analytics and players’ rate of perceived exertion were recorded. Increased unforced errors and decreased winners and forced errors were observed in the evening matches. Decreased total distance and rate of perceived exertion during the second set were found for the evening compared to morning and afternoon matches. Chronotype and sleep–wake behaviour had trivial to weak associations with internal and external outcomes. These results indicate that players and coaches should consider the match times when training for future tournaments.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-27T06:29:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221130443
       
  • Exploring coaching leadership behaviors among top-division university
           badminton teams in Taiwan: A “Five Cardinal Relationships” (Wulun)
           perspective

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      Authors: I-Chen Huang, Ping-Chao Lee, Chiao-Lin Nien, Chien-Yu Lin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examines coaching leadership behaviors among top-division university badminton teams in Taiwan. Our analytical framework is based on the concepts of Confucianism and its values regarding the behaviors proposed by Mencius that comprise the “Five Cardinal Relationships” (Wulun). As Confucianism is the basis for the Chinese order, Wulun is a unique cultural phenomenon in Chinese society that dominates role norms and duties. A total of 10 relationships based on the relationships associated with Wulun shape the relationship networks of Chinese individuals and thus the behaviors of individual Chinese people. Methodologically, 10 interviews were conducted with two coaches, two player coaching assistants and six players from two first-division university badminton teams in Taiwan. Paternal leadership is a style of leadership associated with authority, discipline, fatherly benevolence and strong morals. First, our results indicate that on Taiwanese sports teams, the leadership behavior of a coach must meet the expectations associated with Wulun relationships. If there is a threat to the image required to play this role, authoritarian leadership becomes the most commonly used style. Second, when a coach consciously demonstrates benevolent and virtuous leadership, relationships have the potential to evolve into friendships. Third, when a coach delegates power to an assistant, the assistant's leadership style becomes rather similar to that of the head coach, thereby maintaining harmony in relationships.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-27T05:54:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221147656
       
  • Kinetics of the front-arm technique in cricket fast bowling

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      Authors: RED Ferdinands, Y Deshpande
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of the front arm in cricket fast bowling. Eighteen male fast bowlers (mean age = 17.2 ± 1.6 years; mean height = 1.89 ± 0.05 m; mean mass = 85.0 ± 10.0 kg) were recruited from NSW grade club level and their bowling actions recorded by a Cortex 2.0 motion analysis system (200 Hz). The interaction between joint power and joint angular velocity data was observed simultaneously for the front shoulder and elbow joints. A joint actuation strategy (active or controlled) was assigned to shoulder flexion–extension, abduction–adduction, and elbow flexion–extension motion to understand whether the joint kinematics followed the time-history of the joint torque. The results only partially agreed with the commonly prescribed coaching maxim of “pulling down” the front arm for faster ball speeds. Active extension and adduction of the front shoulder joint were observed during the delivery phase of the action, whereas the acceleration phase was marked by periods of controlled shoulder extension and active shoulder flexion. At the elbow joint, active elbow flexion was observed at a time when it may reduce the moment of inertia about the thoracic and lumbar spine rotation axes. Overall, combinations of active and controlled joint powers were observed for the front shoulder and elbow joints, implying that this sample of bowlers did not adhere to the traditional notion of “pulling down” the front arm as fast as possible.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-27T05:50:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221124073
       
  • An examination of how and why triathlon coaches use a suite of
           technologies in their practice

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      Authors: Leighton Wells, Timothy Konoval, Lyndell Bruce
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Current literature has examined the technical aspects of triathlon, technologies used in triathlon, and coaching practice in isolation. However, what is not known, and what this research will examine for the first time, are the relationship between these elements and how they interconnect and influence each other. The study also examines how coaches decide what technology to use and why, in relation to their coaching philosophy. Seven individual 1-hour interviews were conducted via video conference with national and international triathlon coaches. The coaches (n = 7) had varying backgrounds, including former elite-level athletes, sport science professionals, and health science graduates. Using a qualitative inductive and deductive thematic analysis, four central themes were discovered. Findings indicate that the opportunities and challenges of implementing new and emerging technologies are ongoing, with coaches not always having consistent views, levels of flexibility, or open-mindedness as to which technologies to use and why. Notably, coaches are concerned about athletes' over-reliance on technology and the data it produces, impacting the athlete's perception of their effort. We conclude that despite switching between different philosophical views of technology, coaches ultimately choose a suite of technologies based on comfort in addition to selecting tools that will enhance the performance of their athletes. Coaches also prioritise the health and well-being of their athletes and will use technology to assist in collecting data to aid in this process. Finally, coaches want athletes to stay ‘in tune’ with their inner sense of effort, and not become overly reliant on objective data.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-22T09:17:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221144129
       
  • A systematic review of velocity and accelerometer thresholds in soccer

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      Authors: Francisco Javier Díaz-Soto, Markel Rico-González, Luiz H Palucci Vieira, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Hadi Nobari, José Pino-Ortega
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Background: Velocity and acceleration have been highlighted as the most critical variables in soccer. However, there is a consensus gap in defining different levels of effort. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review is to identify if it is a consensus in those articles that proposed a threshold to establish (i) movement intensity at different velocities using tracking systems and (ii) accelerations using inertial measurement units, classifying the justification methods. Method: A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Of the 1983 studies initially identified, 39 were thoroughly reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Conclusion: The 40-m maximal linear sprint and physical fitness tests are the most commonly used methods to generate speed and acceleration thresholds in soccer. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in locomotor test procedures and workload zones established from these performance data. Studies diverged when considering the use of individualized thresholds. The low sampling rate (≤ 10 Hz) in the publications calculating acceleration and deceleration demands should also be interpreted cautiously. The present study collected evidence to help professionals process and interpret external load data. More interventional work is needed to confirm the value of fitness-based individualizations.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-09T07:34:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221143346
       
  • Menstruation and training – A quantitative study of (non-)communication
           about the menstrual cycle in German sports clubs

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      Authors: Hanna Laske, Mara Konjer, Henk Erik Meier
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The menstrual cycle is one of the most fundamental differences between men and women and is capable of influencing the performance, well-being and health of female athletes. Despite increasing research, the influence of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance is still largely a mystery and highly individual. This in turn increases the importance of effective communication between coaches and female athletes. The purpose of this study is to analyse the existing communication behaviour of coaches as perceived by female athletes, as well as their willingness to communicate about the menstrual cycle. Therefore, we developed an online questionnaire addressed to female sports club athletes (n = 1195). Questions about the coach's thematisation of the menstrual cycle and the female athlete's willingness to communicate served as dependent variables. Ordinary least squares regressions were conducted for both dependent constructs. We found that communication behaviour depends on coaches’ age, type of sport and training frequency. Communication willingness depends on the gender of the coach, athletes’ age, type of sport, training frequency and perception of cycle-related performance fluctuations. Overall, the results of our study also show a large gap between desire and reality-even in 2022 coaches rarely talk about the menstrual cycle, although a large proportion of female athletes would be willing to do so. Both coaches and athletes should be empowered to communicate more openly about menstrual cycle. Improving communication skills on both sides may also improve the coach-athlete relationship.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-09T07:33:49Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221143061
       
  • Preparing for the youth basketball European Championship: Perceptual
           response and acute effects of an injury prevention program

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      Authors: Jorge Arede, António Paulo Ferreira, Pedro Esteves, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Nuno Leite
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aims of this study were to determine the feasibility of the injury prevention program (IPP), to examine the reliability of perceptual response to an IPP and to analyze the acute effects of both external and internal demands of in-court training sessions in the IPP. Twelve young basketball players participated in a national team (NT) training camp (120 total individual samples). While players only completed five exclusive in-court training sessions, the IPP was always performed before such in-court practices in the rest of the sessions. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was determined at the completion of each IPP. Training load (TL) measures during in-court practices were collected using indoor tracking system, and individual heart rate monitors. Independent t-tests and analysis of variance were used to compare between-sessions TL measures and to test the main effect of RPE in TL. The mean RPE of all IPP sessions was 14.7 ± 0.86. Moreover, there was moderate reliability (ICC = 0.69) between IPP sessions for the RPE and an acceptable coefficient of variation (CV = 4.45%). Furthermore, after IPP, subjects significantly covered more distance per minute (total, ≤ 6 km/h and 6.1–12 km/h) and performed a higher number of body impacts per minute (total, very light and moderate do heavy). Also, the main effect of RPE during IPP sessions was significantly observed in distance covered per minute (total and 12.1–18 km/h) during in-court training sessions. This IPP could serve as a feasible and reliable strategy to implement during NT preparation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-09T07:32:49Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221142511
       
  • The half-time talk: A mixed-method examination of youth-elite football
           coaches’ behaviours and team-management strategies

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      Authors: Pablo E Raya-Castellano, Matthew J Reeves, David Cárdenas-Vélez, Luis Fradua, Allistair P McRobert
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Football, unlike some other team sports, includes limited game interruptions for coaches to easily communicate with players and affect their performance. However, a reduced number of studies have explored how coaches attempt to influence players during half-time. This study examined football coaches’ behaviours during half-time and their perceptions underpinning their talks’ delivery. Five Spanish coaches (Mage = 32.2, SD = 8.8) working for a La Liga academy were systematically observed during half-time talks (n = 20) and participated in a semi-structured interview each. Half-time talks were coded using a modified version of the Coach Analysis and Intervention System, and semi-structured interviews were analysed following thematic analysis procedures. Instruction and feedback were the most employed behaviours for four coaches, with younger age-group coaches employing greater divergent questioning and in-talk player participation. Furthermore, data suggested that coaches conferred with their staff, before entering the changing room and rapidly progressed from divergent to convergent questions and feedback and instruction. The team's ‘level of play’ was the most perceived relevant factor affecting the verbal and vocal strategies of coaches’ messages, albeit the score gained importance for coaches of older age-groups. This study is pioneering, examining how coaches attempt to influence their players during half-time talks of competitive youth football.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-09T07:31:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221141049
       
  • Exploring determinants of international transfers of women soccer players
           in Portuguese football

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      Authors: Paulo Mourao
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In this pioneering work, we reflect on transfers in women's football. For this purpose, we collected all transfers from the two seasons with the most records in Portugal (the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons). The four dimensions associated with individual and prestige characteristics conducive to changing clubs, as well as 14 variables, were tested. For treating the problem of the endogeneity of some variables, we used a probit model with instrumental variables. The results obtained showed that high values of “goals per match” increase the probability of a player having an international transfer. Other determinants, such as the position of the transferring club or the player's field position, are also discussed in detail.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-06T05:42:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221142928
       
  • Locomotor activities and subjective load differences between professional
           youth soccer players and professional development loans: A comparative
           analysis

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      Authors: Thomas P Craig, Paul Swinton, Steve Barrett, Patrick Maughan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study quantified and compared the weekly locomotor activity and subjective load between elite and development loan youth soccer players registered to a primary club. Development loan players were loaned to a lower-league club and trained part-time with their loan club whilst being available for development fixtures and training with the primary club. Data were collected in 16 squad players and 4 development loan players at loan clubs across a 41 week competitive phase of the 2018/2019 season. Analysis was completed on total distance (m), PlayerLoadTM (au), low intensity running (24.98 km·h−1, m), accelerations (>2 m·s−2 count) and decelerations (
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-06T05:41:42Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221141145
       
  • Cohesion and collective efficacy as antecedents and team performance as an
           outcome of team resilience in team sports

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      Authors: Miguel A. López-Gajardo, Tomás García-Calvo, Inmaculada González-Ponce, Jesús Díaz-García, Francisco M. Leo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This research project, composed of two studies, aimed to analyse various antecedents and outcomes of team resilience. Study 1, which involved 394 sports team players (Mage  =  20.41, SD  =  5.23), cross-sectionally examined the relationship between group cohesion and collective efficacy with team resilience, and the mediating effect of collective efficacy on the cohesion-team resilience relationship, using players’ perceptions assessed through questionnaires. Study 2, which involved 434 players (Mage  =  21.53, SD  =  5.57) from collective sports, aimed to longitudinally corroborate the relationship between cohesion (Time 1) and collective efficacy (Time 1) with team resilience (Time 2), and to examine perceived team performance (Time 2) as a consequence of team resilience, again evaluated through questionnaires. Results showed that task cohesion, social cohesion and collective efficacy in Studies 1 and 2 were positively related to resilience characteristics. Also, task cohesion was negatively related to vulnerability under pressure in both studies. Collective efficacy was also shown to be an antecedent of vulnerability under pressure in Study 1 and a mediator of the relationship between task cohesion and resilience characteristics in both studies. Lastly, team resilience was a predictor of perceived team performance at the end of the season in Study 2. Thus, the findings provide new empirical evidence of the antecedents and outcomes of team resilience in the field of sports psychology. Coaches and practitioners should develop group cohesion and collective efficacy in training sessions and matches during the season to achieve more resilient and less vulnerable teams.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-06T05:39:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221129198
       
  • In-game winner prediction and winning strategy generation in cricket: A
           machine learning approach

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      Authors: Pranath Pussella, Rajitha M Silva, Chaminda Egodawatta
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study provides an in-game prediction of the winner for Twenty20 (T20) cricket by focusing on the matches played in the Indian Premier League. For the analysis, data were collected from 812 completed matches played between 2008 and 2020. Initially, several candidate features were identified, and then the LASSO method was applied as a feature selection technique to identify the most important set of features. Based on the identified important features, predictions are provided for each stage of a match where a T20 match can consist of a maximum of 240 stages. For each stage, three classification models were formed using Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machines. The prediction accuracy was used for evaluating the findings of the study, and the prediction accuracy of each model indicates the ratio between the number of correctly predicted instances and the total number of predicted instances. Naive Bayes demonstrated prediction accuracies ranging from 53.08% to 91.76% between the first and the 240th stage of matches, whereas the accuracy of Logistic Regression varied from 56.92% to 97.65%. In comparison, Support Vector Machines also displayed comparable outcomes with a prediction accuracy of 55.00% at the first stage, and 90.59% at the 240th stage. Furthermore, a strategy generator that assists the competing teams in the second innings to devise winning strategies, is presented in this study alongside an interactive web-based application for making in-game predictions, and for assisting the end users (players and coaching/managing staff) in decision making, based on the generated winning strategies.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-05T06:43:33Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221119738
       
  • A paradox of tournament seeding

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      Authors: László Csató
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      We analyse a mathematical model of seeding for sports contests with round-robin qualifying tournaments. The standard seeding system based on coefficients measuring the historical performance of the teams is shown to be unfair as it might potentially punish a team for its better results by having to face stronger opponents on average in the next stage. Major football competitions are revealed to suffer from this weakness. Incentive compatibility can be guaranteed by providing each qualified team with the highest coefficient of all teams that are ranked lower in its qualifying tournament for seeding purposes. Our proposal is illustrated by the 2020/21 UEFA Champions League.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-12-01T07:21:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221141617
       
  • Global differences in current strength and conditioning practice within
           soccer

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      Authors: Stephen J McQuilliam, David R Clark, Robert M Erskine, Thomas E Brownlee
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Differences exist between top-tier soccer leagues (e.g. anthropometry and match demands), which may influence strength and conditioning (S&C) practice. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether current S&C practice in men's and women's (first team and academy) squads differed between global regions. A total of 170 participants, involved in the delivery of S&C support at their soccer club (based on South America (SA), the USA, the UK, or other European countries (EUR)), completed a survey examining their S&C methods. The survey comprised six sections: (i) academic qualifications and S&C coaching experience; and their preferred methods for (ii) physical testing; (iii) strength and power development; (iv) plyometric training; (v) speed development; and (vi) periodization. Coaches in EUR conducted fewer formal S&C sessions, placed less importance on free-weight resistance training (RT), and performed less speed and plyometric training compared to coaches in other global regions (all p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-29T06:23:41Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221136048
       
  • Effects of contextual and tactical dimensions on the creation of
           goal-scoring opportunities in U12 and U13 elite Spanish soccer teams

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      Authors: Joaquín González-Rodenas, Adrián Martínez López, Roberto Pérez Gay
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this paper was to describe the interactive effects of contextual and tactical dimensions on the creation of goal-scoring opportunities (GSO) in youth elite Spanish soccer, according to the type of possession. A total of 1730 team possessions from 24 qualifying matches of the official Spanish LaLiga Promises U12 and U13 soccer-7 tournaments were analyzed. For the analysis, team possessions were grouped into recoveries and restarts, according to the type of possession start. The study evaluated ten contextual and tactical dimensions by observational methodology. For recoveries, the multilevel binary regression models revealed significant effects of dimensions such as match status, initial field zone, initial penetration, type of attack, number of dribbles and number of passes on the creation of GSO. However, for restarts, only dimensions such as initial penetration, number of dribbles and possession width presented significant effects on the creation of GSO. In conclusion, the effects of different contextual and tactical dimensions in youth soccer teams seem to depend on whether the start of the team possession is a transition or a restart, regardless of the age category. These findings are useful for soccer coaches and analysts, which can help them understand the key dimensions in the design of training sessions in youth soccer teams.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-29T06:04:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221141816
       
  • The subjective task load responses and movement characteristics associated
           with purposefully designed games in junior Touch players

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      Authors: Nick Dobbin, Anthony Atherton, Colin Hill
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study sought to design five touch-specific modified games and evaluate the subjective task load responses and movement characteristics. Forty-two high-performance junior Touch players completed five modified games during a single training session. Each game was designed to increase the physical, technical, mental, frustration or temporal load. Subjective task loads were measured after each game using the NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) questionnaire. Movement characteristics were recorded using global positioning systems. Data were analysed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and the association between movement characteristics and subjective task loads were assessed using linear mixed modelling. Clear between-game differences were observed in physical, technical, mental, frustration, temporal and technical load, indicating that the load for which the game was designed to increase (e.g. physical load  =  physical game) was higher than all other games (ηp2  =  0.118–0.211, all P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-29T06:03:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221141694
       
  • Week-to-week variations of internal and external intensity measures in
           professional women volleyball players

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      Authors: Ricardo Lima, Ana Gracinda, Bruno Silva, Ana Filipa Silva, Joel Pereira, Rui Miguel Silva, Filipe Manuel Clemente
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of the present study was twofold: (i) to analyze the relationship between weekly variations in ACWR, training monotony (TM), training strain (TS), s-RPE and the number of jumps; and (ii) to explore the association between tests based on the external and internal training intensity (TI) measures across weeks. An observational cohort study was conducted. Ten female elite volleyball players (two setters, three middle-blockers, three outside hitters, and two opposites) of a first Division Portuguese team (24.1  ±  6.12 years old; 66.48  ±  6.85 kg; and 175.4  ±  6.52 cm) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external and internal TI measures. The correlation coefficients between internal and external TI measures were determined using Pearson's r. The results showed a moderate relationship between weekly variations of ACWR, TM, TS, s-RPE, and the number of jumps. Additionally, a moderate association between external and internal TI measures were detected. In conclusion, s-RPE seems to be a more sensible measure than the number of jumps, since its percentage of variation was higher.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-29T06:02:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221134202
       
  • Musculoskeletal symptoms and training characteristics differ between sex
           and playing positions: A cross-sectional study among high-performance
           Brazilian beach handball players

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      Authors: Raquel de Carvalho-Nicolau, Simoni Teixeira Bittar, Markus Tilp, Silvo de Azevedo Lago, Leonardo dos Santos Oliveira
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study analysed self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms and training characteristics of high-performance Brazilian beach handball athletes. In a cross-sectional study, 28 men (mean (standard deviation), age: 23 (5) years, body mass: 81.9 (14.4) kg, height: 181.3 (8.6) cm, experience: 13.3 (5.4) years) and 27 women (mean (standard deviation), age: 28 (8) years, body mass: 65.5 (12.7) kg, height: 170.4 (4.9) cm, experience: 9.3 (3.0) years) answered an online questionnaire about anthropometric and sociodemographic aspects, musculoskeletal symptoms, and training characteristics. The results showed that the musculoskeletal symptoms are more prevalent in the knees during the previous seven days and in the shoulder during the previous 12 months. Left-wing players were more affected by musculoskeletal symptoms in the shoulder than right-wing players and central defenders during the previous seven days regardless of the sex. Problems in the elbow area presented a higher prevalence in the male players compared to the female players in the past 12-month period. The training volume was higher for men compared to women, regardless of the playing position. Moreover, beach handball athletes who reported training five days/week or 360 min/week or more were more likely to develop musculoskeletal symptoms in the elbow compared to those who had a lower frequency and duration of training. Musculoskeletal symptoms occurred most in the shoulders and knees, differing between sex and playing positions. Higher frequency and duration of training were independent risk factors for chronic musculoskeletal symptoms in the elbow compared to a lower volume of training.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-29T06:01:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221133025
       
  • An investigation into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon golfers’
           strength and conditioning and golf practice

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      Authors: Ben L Langdown, Alex Ehlert
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      As the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 increased, governments across the world introduced various restrictions to reduce infections. Stay-at-home orders and lockdowns of golf courses (for 5.08 ± 2.79 months) and strength and conditioning facilities (for 6.78 ± 3.80 months) meant that golfers had to quickly adapt their practice and training. This mixed-methods study surveyed amateur and professional golfers (n = 107), to examine the applied impact of the pandemic on their strength and conditioning, golf practice, tournament engagement, levels of stress and motivation and the impact upon diet and sleep. Results indicate reduced practice frequency and duration across various aspects of golf, as well as reduced tournament engagement. The most commonly cited limiting factors for tournament engagement were a lack of practice time (28.8%) and travel restrictions (52.5%). In general, golfers were motivated to train, with session frequency remaining consistent with pre-pandemic levels. However, golfers suffered from significantly higher levels of stress (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-28T08:30:20Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221140016
       
  • Using consensus methods to standardise judgement-based guidelines required
           for player management decision-making processes: A case study in
           professional rugby union

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      Authors: Jayamini Ranaweera, Marco Zanin, Dan Weaving, Gregory Roe
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Standards are pivotal for generating the evidence required to manage players in professional sport environments like rugby union. Resultantly, using a three-step qualitative approach, this study aimed to formulate a consensus as a subjective standard for evidence generation pertaining to player management. The consensus statement intended to identify evidence on peaks/troughs in player external training loads using Global Positioning System (GPS)-based information in the High-Performance Unit (HPU) of a Gallagher Premiership rugby union club. Initially, a systematic review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) framework was conducted to unravel the factors considered (literature-based cues) when identifying peaks/troughs in player external training loads using GPS information. Next, thematic analysis conducted on the data obtained from 7 semi-structured interviews with HPU staff highlighted that they consider 6 factors with 38 elements (practitioner-based cues) during player external training load management. Thereafter, guided by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument and by utilising selected elements representing 4/6 factors (healthy player, GPS information, longitudinal durations and practitioner judgements on information), a consensus among practitioners for identifying peaks/troughs in player external training loads was developed with the participation of five HPU members using the nominal group technique (NGT). Practitioners reached an agreement with regard to 12 indicators to subjectively identify peaks/troughs in player external training loads within the considered environment.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-24T10:26:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221140192
       
  • A review exploring coach knowledge, attitudes/beliefs and behaviours
           towards low energy availability in athletes

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      Authors: Jennifer Hamer, Ben Desbrow, Chris Irwin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Coaches are important figures of influence with potential to create environments that influence athlete health and performance outcomes. Ideally, coaches provide supportive environments that lead to performance optimisation and long-term health. Coaches who employ language and behaviours that overemphasise body composition and/or provide misinformed nutrition advice may predispose athletes to low energy availability (LEA) and the associated health consequences. Having a clear understanding of current knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of coaches with regard to LEA is required to guide future coach education/support initiatives to optimise athlete health and performance. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to systematically review published literature regarding coach knowledge, attitudes/beliefs and behaviours of LEA.Data from 20 eligible studies was extracted into predetermined categories according to coach ‘knowledge‘; ‘attitudes/ beliefs’; and ‘behaviours’ regarding LEA/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport/Female Athlete Triad and/or eating disorders and/or disordered eating. Any single study could provide outcomes to inform one or multiple of these categories. The majority of results were drawn from studies conducted prior to LEA being defined as a concern for athlete health, which limited our understanding of the contemporary knowledge, attitudes/eliefs and behaviours of coaches on this important issue. That said, indications of gaps in coach knowledge and the employment of inappropriate attitudes/beliefs and behaviours regarding issues associated with LEA were evident. An opportunity exists for key stakeholders to develop comprehensive coach education frameworks, which equip coaches with the adequate capability, opportunity and motivation to support athlete health and avoid the consequences of LEA.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-23T06:15:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221140188
       
  • Analysis of finishing actions in men’s and women’s
           professional padel

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      Authors: Adrián Escudero-Tena, Bernardo Almonacid, Jorge Martínez, Rafael Martínez-Gallego, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Diego Muñoz
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The objective of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of finishing actions in men’s and women’s professional padel. To do this, the category, the type of finishing actions, the type of shot and the number of shots in 5513 points from five World Padel Tour tournaments were analysed. The results showed that men made more winners and fewer errors than women (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-23T05:52:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221139970
       
  • The impact of winning or losing a padel match on heart rate variability

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      Authors: Santos Villafaina, Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, Orlando Fernandes, Diego Muñoz, Nuno Batalha, Jose A Parraca
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Padel is an intermittent sport that has significantly increased its practice in the past years. Previous studies showed that physical demands significantly differed depending on the results of the match (win or lose). However, no previous studies have investigated the effects on the heart rate variability (HRV) of padel players. The present study examined the impact of winning or losing a padel match on the player's HRV. A total of 27 players, with a mean age of 37.26 (9.42) years old and a body mass index (BMI) of 26.26 (3.21) participated in our study. The participant's HRV was assessed before, during and after a padel match. The match results were used to divide the sample between winners and losers. Time domain, frequency domain and non-linear measures were extracted. Results showed that both groups significantly decreased their HRV during and after the match. However, significant differences (p> 0.05) were not found between winners and losers in the HRV while playing padel or after the match. These differences could indicate that the physical load was similar in the two groups. Results highlight the importance and usefulness of analysing the HRV as an indicator of post-competitive fatigue in medium-level padel players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-23T05:51:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221140066
       
  • Application of wearable technologies for player motion analysis in racket
           sports: A systematic review

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      Authors: Chantelle Jean Rigozzi, Gareth A Vio, Philip Poronnik
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The use of wearable devices for player motion analysis is becoming a popular method to measure kinematic parameters associated with player techniques in racket sports. This systematic review focused on identifying the current applications of wearable technology for player motion analysis in racket sports (tennis, table tennis, badminton and squash) through two research questions: (1) What are the existing applications of wearable technology for player motion analysis in racket sports' (2) What data analysis methods are used to quantify and evaluate player motion' A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE databases was undertaken following PRISMA reporting guidelines. Included studies must have only used external wearable technology mounted to either the player or the racket for the potential application of player motion analysis in a racket sport, tested the wearable technology under normal playing conditions and not only focused on detecting/classifying the player's stroke or activity movement. Of the 6616 articles found, a total of 15 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Tennis and table tennis were the most popular sports researched and inertial measurement units and electromyography sensors were the most common types of sensors used. This review found that wearable devices were mainly used to analyze (1) movement similarities and differences of players at different playing levels, (2) variability in racket, upper limb and joint movement patterns and (3) movement differences associated with different ball spin levels. These technologies can create a new level of accessible personalized training in these sports.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-16T06:51:14Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221138015
       
  • Golf swing in response to anteroposterior ball position

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      Authors: Sung Eun Kim, Jangyun Lee, Sae Yong Lee, Hae-Dong Lee, Sung-Cheol Lee, Jae Kun Shim
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Studies for effective golf coaching such as providing a causal relationship between the address posture and golf-swing behaviors are limited. This study investigated the effects of ball position on golf-swing behaviors. Twenty professional golfers performed golf swing at five different anteroposterior (forward/backward) ball positions: reference ball position (R0) and ±2.14 cm (golf ball radius) and ±4.17 cm (golf ball diameter) to the R0. Their swings were captured using a motion capture system with two force platforms. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the ground reaction forces and swing kinematics for different ball positions. The backward (closer to the golfer) ball positions were associated with more extended trunk, knee, and ankle angles in the sagittal plane during the entire golf swing (from address to impact) compared to that of the R0. The backward ball positions were generally associated with decreased horizontal ground reaction forces and pelvis and X-factor angles in the transverse plane during the downswing compared to that of the R0. Whereas, these patterns were reversed for the forward ball positions. These results demonstrate the value of ball position for coaching methods including the importance of a consistent ball position and reveal a consistent human control system for professionals which can provide valuable information for modeling the features of a digitized coaching tool.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-08T06:34:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221137672
       
  • Understanding the influences on horizontal jump landing mechanics: A
           systematic review

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      Authors: Andrew T Krause, Suzanne J Snodgrass, Suzi Edwards, Timothy McNally, Peter G Osmotherly
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Horizontal jumps have been used to assess pathological landing mechanics and as a plyometric conditioning exercise. Investigations have yet to clarify what and how varying jump characteristics influence landing mechanics. A search of Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and SPORTDiscus was conducted. Included articles were original published research articles, which reported 3D kinetic or kinematic measurements on landing, from bilateral horizontal jumps in healthy adult populations. Nine articles met inclusion criteria and demonstrated a satisfactory to low risk of bias. Kinematic and kinetic landing data for bilateral horizontal jumps were extracted and analysed. The addition of a subsequent jump on landing reduced peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF), and addition of a heading task reduced landing hip and knee joint flexion. Greater magnitude jumps increased knee joint flexion. Horizontal jump tasks which restricted arm swing produced less peak vertical GRF. Bilateral horizontal jumps described as having higher peak vertical trajectories appeared to be associated with reduced hip flexion on landing. These findings highlight the importance of considering jump characteristics when designing bilateral horizontal jump tasks. Further research on landing performance following bilateral horizontal jumps is required to strengthen findings and should include measures of flight trajectory.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-08T06:34:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221135736
       
  • A worldwide survey of perspectives on demands, resources, and barriers
           influencing the youth-to-senior transition in academy football players

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      Authors: Carolina Lundqvist, Warren Gregson, Daniele Bonanno, Lorenzo Lolli, Valter Di Salvo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The youth-to-first team phase presents a number of challenges in the careers of modern football players with stagnation, inconsistent performance and dropout being reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of staff involved in professional academy football clubs around the globe, with a particular focus on youth and first team transition demands, resources as well as transitions barriers and coping among male academy football players. Participants from 29 male youth academies distributed across 29 countries took part in the survey. Our main findings suggested training and match intensity reported as being greater at the senior-level and also pressure from parents. The majority of respondents indicated their clubs having long-term strategy for player development and specific roles supporting successful player transitions. Exposure to different playing styles was deemed important to prepare players for the first team. Likewise, having the academy and the first team training on the same site was perceived to ease the transition, with the majority of respondents indicating that players are able to cope with the pressure of first team training and games. Perceptions on whether staff do not have the skills/resources to prepare players for the changes in environment and culture when players move from youth-to-senior level were unclear. Collectively, our study extends previous transition research on youth football academies suggesting the importance of a club-based playing philosophy to prepare players for the first team demands and challenges.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-03T07:55:47Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221135626
       
  • An investigation into performances of novice field-hockey players’
           fundamental game skills when performed on natural and artificial grass
           surfaces

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      Authors: Dennis G Slade, Darryl J Cochrane
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to determine the relative levels of engagement novice field-hockey players had with the intent of the game's fundamental performance variables while playing on natural and artificial grass surfaces. Twenty novice male and female players (mean age 10.28 ± 0.62 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. A cross-over study design was adopted to ensure players received sessions on natural and artificial grass surfaces. Sessions were delivered over a two-week period. Data was gathered from recorded games in weeks one and two using a video drone 25 m vertically above the hockey pitches. A computer notebook with video analysis software was used for lapsed-time analysis. A specific coding template was developed to determine the frequency of fundamental game skills of ball carrying (5 m); hitting (ball travels 5 m); pushing (ball travels 5 m), and ball contact during the games. The fundamental game skills of ball carrying, hitting, and pushing the ball>5 m, and ball manipulation, revealed significant (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-03T07:40:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221135624
       
  • The influence of full leg-length compression tights during treadmill
           running at race speed

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      Authors: Chris J McManus, Joshua Butson, Mike Rogerson, Sally Waterworth, Benjamin Jones, Chris E Cooper, Gavin Sandercock
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of the present study was to examine whether full leg-length compression tights modify physiological and kinematic measures during treadmill running at a competitive race pace in moderately trained runners. Thirteen males and five females completed two 15-minute running tests at a speed corresponding to a recent race time wearing compression tights or loose-fitting running shorts. Running economy (RE) was determined by oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide expiration during the final 3 minutes of treadmill running. Muscle oxygenation, skin temperature, heart rate (HR), vertical oscillation, step frequency and ground contact time (GCT) were measured continuously. GCT was shorter with compression compared with control trials (p  =  0.03), however, no differences in RE, muscle oxygenation, vertical oscillation, step frequency, HR or skin temperature were revealed. Despite a shorter GCT with compression tights, the findings suggest that moderately trained runners do not benefit nor limit physiological responses at a competitive race pace.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-02T07:29:28Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221134156
       
  • Does time of day and player chronotype impact tennis-specific skills and
           physical performance'

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      Authors: Mitchell Turner, Philipp Beranek, Johnny Lo, Alexander Ferrauti, Ian C Dunican, Travis Cruickshank
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Tennis players’ success relies on tennis skills, such as groundstrokes and serves, and physical attributes, such as strength, speed and endurance. This study aimed to determine if players’ tennis skills and physical attributes are influenced by time of day, chronotype or sleep–wake behaviour (SWB). Twelve male tennis players (age (years): 28.17 ± 7.85) competing in state-level competitions wore a wrist-worn activity monitor (GT3X, Actigraph) and completed a modified version of the Consensus Sleep Diary to measure SWB. The Chalder Fatigue Scale and Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire were used to measure players’ fatigue and preferred chronotype. Mid-sleep with a sleep correction was used to determine players’ current chronotype. After the baseline period, players were tested at 8:00 am, 2:00 pm and 8:00 pm, with the order of testing sessions randomised for each player. Testing sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. Players’ groundstrokes, serve speed, agility, overhead medicine ball throw and Hit and Turn Test performance were measured in each session. General linear modelling revealed that backhand consistency was less in the evening compared to the morning by 17% (p = 0.020) and afternoon by 15% (p = 0.040). Maximal service velocity was less in the evening compared to the afternoon by 10.5 km/h (p = 0.041). Chronotype did not influence tennis skills or physical performance. Average and maximal backhand velocities were reduced for every hour that time at lights out, and sleep-onset time was postponed. Tennis skills, but not physical performance tests, were influenced by time of day and SWB.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-02T06:09:41Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221136023
       
  • Effects of flywheel resistance training using horizontal vs vertical
           exercises

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      Authors: Pablo Asencio, Jose L Hernández-Davó, Adrián García-Valverde, Rafael Sabido
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Flywheel resistance training is a very useful method to optimize athletic performance. However, research assessing the different loading conditions hypothesis during flywheel resistance training is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the loading conditions used during flywheel resistance exercise on improvements in athletic performance. Twenty nine (29) athletes were randomly assigned to three different flywheel resistance training groups: vertical-directed exercises (VR), horizontal-directed exercises (HR) and a mixed group (MIX). Performance assessment included one repetition maximum (1-RM) in the half-squat exercise, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and change of direction (COD) ability (5-0-5 agility test). For the 1-RM squat, significant improvements were found in the VR (p = 0.011) and MIX groups (p = 0.015). All groups showed significant increases in CMJ height (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-02T05:58:31Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221135372
       
  • Relationships between opponent ranking and locomotor activity in
           international field hockey

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      Authors: Carl A James, Oliver R Gibson, Ashley GB Willmott, Craig Stewart, Aishwar Dhawan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      No research has investigated the effect of opponent world ranking (WR) on locomotor activity within modern (post-2015) international men's hockey. A retrospective analysis of 71 matches (vs. 24 opponents, WR# 12 ± 11, WR# 1–86) investigated the relationships between opponent ranking at team and positional levels, on locomotor activity. Data were analysed using linear mixed modelling to; (1) explore relationships between opponent ranking and locomotor activity and (2) to compare between predefined ranking groups (WR# 1–8 ‘HIGHER’ [n = 8], WR# 9–17 ‘SIMILAR’ [n = 8] and WR>#18 ‘LOWER’ [n = 8]), relative to the reference team (WR# 11). Significant relationships were found between opponent world ranking and total distance (β = −6.11; p = 0.003), high-speed running ([HSR], β = −4.87, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-11-01T07:23:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221131773
       
  • Perceptions and approaches of golf coaches towards strength and
           conditioning activities for youth golfers

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      Authors: James Shaw, Zachariah I Gould, Jon L Oliver, Rhodri S Lloyd
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Golfers who want to improve their technical proficiency will undoubtedly hire a swing coach who may also influence and give advice on how the golfer can improve outside of technical enhancement (i.e. strength and conditioning, warm-ups, cool-downs etc.). With research examining the effects of strength and conditioning on youth golfers beginning to materialise, it is important to ascertain golf coaches’ perceptions of strength and conditioning, warm-ups and cool-downs and how they are utilised with youth golfers. Fifty Professional Golfers’ Association Professionals and Assistant Professionals completed an online questionnaire on their perceptions of, and approaches to, strength and conditioning, warm-up and cool-down activities for youth golfers. Data indicated that 84% and 80% of coaches perceived strength and conditioning could enhance golf swing performance and reduce the risk of injury, respectively. Although all coaches agreed golfers aged 18 years and under can take part in strength and conditioning activities, there was no consensus on when a golfer should start strength and conditioning activities, with most coaches unaware of the existing guidelines surrounding youth resistance training. Warm-ups are perceived by coaches to be beneficial for youth golfers with> 75% of coaches stating their players completed a warm-up, however, the modes of exercise coaches deemed suitable for a warm-up were varied. Cool-downs were deemed beneficial for aiding recovery post-round, yet over half of coaches selected their players did not habitually complete one. Findings from the questionnaire highlight that although perceptions towards strength and conditioning, warm-ups and cool-downs are positive, educational solutions to disseminate the underlying contemporary guidelines and practical applications to coaches and players are required.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-20T06:58:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221132371
       
  • Athlete burnout and perfectionism in objectively and subjectively assessed
           sports

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      Authors: Peter Hassmén, Kyra Webb, Christopher J Stevens
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      When athletes are burning out, performance decreases whereas exhaustion and devaluation increases. Athletes with perfectionistic tendencies may be at greater risk for burnout than those with lower levels. But are there any differences between athletes participating in objectively assessed sports (utilizing unbiased measures, such as time, e.g. swimming) and athletes participating in subjectively assessed sports (relying on coach feedback, competition judges, or internal perceptions to gauge performance, e.g. competitive dancing)' A total of 108 athletes (including 53 athletes in objectively assessed and 55 athletes in subjectively assessed sports) completed the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Significant relationships were detected between perfectionism and burnout; negative dimensions of perfectionism were more strongly correlated with burnout. However, no significant differences were observed between the sports groupings, either on perfectionism or burnout. This study suggests that perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with athlete burnout, regardless of the athlete's sport being objectively or subjectively assessed.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-20T01:30:47Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221132913
       
  • Effects of a short-term in-season break on repeated-sprint ability, jump
           height and locomotor performance in small-sided games in female soccer
           players

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      Authors: Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández, José A Rodríguez-Marroyo, Alejandro Vaquera, José G Villa Vicente, Filipe M Clemente
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The current study aimed to analyse the effects of an in-season break period (2-week) on specific performance in amateur young female soccer players. Twelve female soccer players completed four assessment sessions, two before (BD-d1 and BD-d2) and two after (AD-d1 and AD-d2) a 2-week in-season break detraining period (both separated by 24 h). In each session, players completed a repeated sprint ability test (repeated sprint ability = 8 sprints of 30 m with 25 s of recovery), a countermovement jump test and locomotor performance in small-sided games (small-sided games = 3 sets of 5 min in a 5 vs. 5). Players exhibited a significant decrease in mean of repeated sprint ability (mean time of 8 sprints, p = 0.000, effect size = 2.04) and countermovement jump (p = 0.009, effect size = 1.39) performance between BD-d1 and AD-d1. The percentage of change between BD-d1 and BD-d2 from AD-d1 and AD-d2 shows significant differences (p = 0.05, effect size = 1.12) in best of repeated sprint ability (best time of 8 sprints) but not (p = 0.517, effect size = 0.31) in mean of repeated sprint ability. Significantly less high-intensity acceleration was performed in BD-d2 and AD-d2 from BD-d1 (p = 0.003, effect size = 3.21 and p = 0.002, effect size = 3.25, respectively). Only a 2-week in-season break inactivity was sufficient to decrease mean of repeated sprint ability and countermovement jump performance but not the best of repeated sprint ability. Therefore, it is necessary to apply specific training strategies to prevent decreases in performance in female soccer players in specific periods of the season.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-13T07:39:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221131932
       
  • Sex-based differences in concussion incidence and its underlying injury
           

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      Authors: Vasanth Sundaram, Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran, Utkarsh Singh, Alan J Pearce
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to synthesize and quantify the sex-based differences in concussion incidences rate and associated mechanism of injuries in team bat/stick sports. Following a systematic search across five electronic databases, 46 studies were included in the review; 24 were included in the incidence rate (IR) meta-analysis and 13 of the 24 studies met the eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis involving injury mechanism. DerSimonian and Laird random effects models were used for pooling the Rate Ratio (RR) data. Ice-hockey had the highest overall risk of concussion, followed by lacrosse and baseball/softball. Female players had higher concussion IRs compared to males (RR 0.74 [95% CI 0.58–0.95], p = .02) across all sports included in this study. Sex-based differences in concussion IRs for ice-hockey and lacrosse were not statistically significant. Male athletes were more statistically likely to sustain concussion because of player-contact in ice-hockey (RR 1.55 [95% CI 1.29–1.86], p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-13T07:38:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221131650
       
  • Comparisons and correlations between the anthropometric profile and
           physical performance of professional female and male soccer players:
           Individualities that should be considered in training

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      Authors: Pedro Schons, Artur Avelino Birk Preissler, Rafael Oliveira, João Paulo Brito, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Guilherme Droescher de Vargas, Lucas Moraes Klein, Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      For male soccer players, the anthropometric profile and physical performance is already known but in women it is not well documented, the knowledge of these differences can qualify the training. Therefore, the aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to compare the anthropometric profile and physical fitness of Brazilian professional female and male soccer players; and (ii) analyze the relationships between anthropometric and physical fitness measures per sex. A cross-sectional study including 92 professional soccer players 44 women and 48 men was conducted. After one week of the end of the pre-season, the players from four different teams were assessed to anthropometric profile assessments and physical performance tests (e.g., jumping, linear sprint, change-of-direction and aerobic based test). Comparisons, correlation, and effect size analysis were performed between groups. Apart from the age and change-of-direction test, all other anthropometric and physical performance variables were significant different between women and men. Men were significantly faster than women in the 20 m linear sprint test (8.87%; p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-13T07:36:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221131649
       
  • Shedding some light on in-game formation changes in the German Bundesliga:
           Frequency, contextual factors, and differences between offensive and
           defensive formations

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      Authors: Leon Forcher, Leon Preine, Leander Forcher, Hagen Wäsche, Darko Jekauc, Alexander Woll, Timo Gross, Stefan Altmann
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The tactical formation is considered an important factor in soccer, however, changes in tactical formation during matches (in-game) and the distinction between offensive and defensive formations has rarely been considered in previous studies analyzing match performance. Therefore, objectives of this study were to investigate the following research questions: (i) How frequently do in-game formation changes occur' (ii) What contextual factors are associated with these changes' (iii) How often do defensive and offensive formations differ' The sample consisted of 81 matches (n = 162 single team cases) of the 2020/2021 German Bundesliga season. For each case, the starting formations (i.e. defensive and offensive) and in-game formation changes were recorded by observation of video data. For each in-game formation change, the contextual variables “point in time,” “substitutions,” and “goals” were recorded. In-game formation changes were found in 29.6% of the cases studied. Most in-game formation changes were discovered for the second half (95.2%), when the own team substituted at least one player (76.2%), and when the opposing team was leading the match (69.0%). In 25.3% of the investigated cases, the offensive and defensive formations of a team differed. Concluding, in-game formation changes are a relatively common phenomenon and, therefore, must be considered in the methodology of future research on tactical formation in soccer. The same applies to the distinction between offensive and defensive formation. Furthermore, coaches can use the findings to anticipate possible opposing team in-game formation changes earlier (e.g. in the second half, when the own team is leading and the opponent is substituting a player).
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-13T07:35:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221130054
       
  • Comparison of physical demands between matches and small-sided games in
           Australian Football

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      Authors: Christopher Wing, Nicolas H Hart, Fadi Ma’ayah, Kazunori Nosaka
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study evaluated the physical demands and specificity of small-sided games (SSGs) compared to matches in Australian Football (AF). Global positioning system (GPS) data was collected on 48 AF players from 39 matches and 28 training sessions across two seasons. Match data was analysed using the ball in play (BiP) method with the maximum BiP period for each match (e.g. the BiP with greatest meters per minute), for each variable (relative distance, high-speed running, and accelerations) averaged for each player to establish maximal means as reference points. Intensity of all BiP periods in matches and SSGs was compared (e.g. a BiP period recorded at 100 m·min−1 by a player with a maximal mean of 200 m·min−1, was classified as a 50% effort). This was categorised in 10% intensity buckets, and compared between matches and SSGs using linear mixed models and Cohen's d effect sizes. Distance was greater (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-13T07:34:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221129902
       
  • Challenge–skills balance in international junior elite tennis
           players

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      Authors: Sarah Guinoubi, Salma Mouelhi-Guizani, Mokhtar Chtara, Miguel Crespo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study uses self-determination and flow theories as a theoretical framework to investigate the role of need for competence satisfaction (NCS) and autonomous motivation (AM) in balance between challenge and skills (BCS) and dispositional flow (DF) in international junior elite tennis players. A sample of 114 (62 girls and 52 boys) junior elite players (15.62 ± 1.36 years) representing 24 countries competing in International Tennis Federation junior tournaments completed measures on the NCS using the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, AM with the Sport Motivation Scale and DF State scale to measure the BCS and their DF. Values of Cronbach α>.80 and the rhô Jöreskog coefficients were shown to be satisfactory and>0.89. The independent sample t-test analysis revealed no significant gender differences in any of them (p > .05). Simple regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive linear correlation between BCS and DF (r = .46; F = 29.31, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-13T07:33:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221129600
       
  • Does size matter' Effects of small versus large pitch small-sided game
           training on speed and endurance in collegiate soccer players

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      Authors: Joshua Faga, Chris Bishop, Sean J Maloney
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to compare the training effect of small-sided games played using large and small area per player on speed and endurance in college soccer players. Twenty male NCAA division 1 soccer players were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: small-sided games using a large area per player (n = 10), or small-sided games using a small area per player (n = 10). During the 4-week intervention, both groups performed three sets of 4–8 min of 5 versus 5 small-sided games using either a large (300 m2) or small (75 m2) area per player. Pre- and post-training, players completed linear sprint (20- and 40-m), repeated sprint, and aerobic endurance tests. Following the intervention, both groups exhibited improvements in 20-m, 40-m, and maximum sprinting speed (all p  0.05). A decline in maximal aerobic speed occurred in the small area per player group (p = 0.010, g = 0.60) whilst no change was reported for the large area per player group. Following the intervention, anaerobic speed reserve was lower for the large area per player group versus the small area per player group (p = 0.013; g = −0.23). No further between-group differences were reported at either time-point. These results suggest that small-sided games played with a small area per player may not be adequate to maintain aerobic fitness.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-11T07:58:53Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221126955
       
  • Characterization of differences in sleep behaviors between academy,
           semi-professional and professional levels of competition in rugby union
           athletes

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      Authors: Angus R Teece, Martyn Beaven, Christos K Argus, Nicholas Gill, Matthew W Driller
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Athletes display differing sleep habits to non-athletic populations; similarly, differences occur in sleep habits between athletes from different sports. There is currently limited research investigating the differences in sleep habits and behaviors between different levels of competition within the same sport. A total of 224 rugby union athletes (109 academy, 38 semi-professional, 84 professional) completed the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Professional athletes displayed a significantly longer self-reported sleep duration compared to semi-professional and academy athletes (7 h 52 min ± 51 min vs. 7 h 16 min ± 1 h 15 min vs. 7 h 19 min ± 1 h 12 min, p < 0.01). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global scores revealed a significantly lower (p = 0.04, d = 0.3) score for professional athletes (5.2 ± 2.5 AU) than academy athletes (6.0 ± 2.7 AU). Individual components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups for sleep duration and daytime dysfunction. No significant differences (p> 0.05) were observed between levels of competition for the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire global score; however, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for 6 of the 18 items. This study was the first to investigate sleep behaviors across multiple levels of competition in rugby union athletes. Professional athletes displayed longer sleep duration compared to semi-professional and academy level athletes. Additionally, results highlighted that differences exist between levels of competition for specific sleep behaviors. This study identified that sleep behaviors could be improved for all levels of rugby union athletes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-10-03T07:43:13Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221127516
       
  • Classification of four pitching styles in Japanese baseball players

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      Authors: Tomohisa Miyanishi, Kazushi Shimada, Takashi Kawamura, Daisaku Hirayama, Keizo Takahashi, Ryu Nagahara
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to provide normative biomechanical data of baseball delivery styles and to verify an appropriate criterion for quantitatively classifying baseball pitches into four delivery styles. In total, 74 pitches were visually identified by seven coaches into 24 overhand (OS), 17 three-quarter (TS), 21 sidearm (SS) and 12 underhand (US) deliveries. The accuracies of the classifications of the pitches using the arm slot angle (θAS) and using the combination of trunk lateral tilt (θT) and upper arm elevation (θA) angles at release were compared. Average values for θAS were 53.9°, 31.5°, 5.8°, and −34.8° in the OS, TS, SS and US; corresponding values for θT were 31.9°, 15.4°, −0.9°, and −40.1°; and for θA were 39.8°, 16.1°, −6.3°, and−43.0°. Both variables (θAS and the average of θ'T and θ'A, which corresponded to the projection of each point on the regression line) correctly classified the delivery styles, but the accuracy of the classification using θAS (96%) was higher than that using the average of θ'T and θ'A (89%). There were fewer and smaller overlaps of the ranges of pitches classified using θAS (only 6 pitches between TS and SS (14.9° to 23.0°), which can be considered a buffer zone) compared to the average of θ'T and θ'A. Consequently, θAS seems the most appropriate for classifying baseball pitches into the four delivery styles. The separation points between the four styles were marked by θAS values of 45° (between OS and TS), 19° (between TS and SS) and −13° (between SS and US).
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-27T05:53:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221128355
       
  • A tale of two selection biases: The independent effects of relative age
           and biological maturity on player selection in the Football Association of
           Ireland's national talent pathway

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      Authors: Liam Sweeney, Sean P Cumming, Áine MacNamara, Dan Horan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study investigated the associations between biological maturation status (classified using the Khamis–Roche method for the percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation) and relative age (expressed as a decimal value relative to the difference between birth date and competition cut-off date) and the extent to which their relative selection biases existed across competitive age groups in an analysis of players within the Football Association of Ireland's (FAI) national talent pathway. The players assessed were either from the U13 FAI National Academy (n = 125), the Ireland U15 national team (n = 18), or the Ireland U16 national team (n = 16). A moderate to very large selection bias in favour of early maturing players was observed across all age groups, increasing in magnitude with successive age groups (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-27T05:53:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221126152
       
  • A development and preliminary validation of the brief version of the
           Japanese Academic and Athletic Identity Scale

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      Authors: Goichi Hagiwaraa, Kayoko Kurita, Satori Hachisuka, Shinichi Warisawa, Takehiro Iwatsuki, Fumio Mizuochi, Mariya Yukhymenko-Lescroart
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a brief version of the Japanese Academic and Athletic Identity Scale (AAIS-JB), which would enable the survey to be easily conducted online nationwide in Japan. In addition, this study determined the centrality of academic and athletic identities in the elite student-athletes with scholarships and the sub-elite student-athletes with no scholarships. Participants (n = 1009) consisted of student-athletes from 20 universities (5 districts) in Japan, of which 560 were elite athletes (i.e. receiving scholarships) and 449 were sub-elite athletes (i.e. not receiving scholarships). Results showed content validity, factorial validity, and reliability of the brief version of the AAIS-JB. Both athletic and academic identities were significantly higher for the elite student-athletes than for the sub-elite student-athletes. Differences between the elite and sub-elite student-athletes provide important insights into the further development of intercollegiate sports in Japan. Sports administrators and the coaching staffs engaged with student-athletes can support student-athletes by understanding more about the dominant dimensions of their identity to maximize its positive impact on student-athletes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-26T06:01:32Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221128954
       
  • Competence Needs Satisfaction in elite junior tennis: Gender differences

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      Authors: Sarah Guinoubi, Salma Mouelhi-Guizani, Mokhtar Chtara, Miguel Crespo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Empirical studies on Basic Psychological Needs Theory in sports have increased exponentially since the turn of the millennium. Within this context, we studied the contribution of competence needs as a predictor of Reduced Sense of Accomplishment (RSA) and Balance between Challenge and Skills (BCS) in elite junior tennis players and its gender differences. A sample of 114 (62 girls and 52 boys) junior elite players (15.62 ± 1.36 years) from 24 countries competing in the International Tennis Federation world junior tournaments participated in this study. Three different questionnaires were used, Competence Needs Satisfaction (CNS) with Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, RSA with Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, and BCS with Dispositional Flow State 2. Results showed that these scales were reliable (>.70). Independent sample t-test analysis revealed no significant gender differences in any of them (p > .05). Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that CNS was negatively associated with RSA (r = −.46; p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-26T05:58:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221128936
       
  • Application of a nutrition support protocol to encourage optimisation of
           nutrient intake in provincial academy rugby union athletes in New Zealand:
           Practical considerations and challenges from a team-based case study

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      Authors: Charlie J Roberts, Nicholas D Gill, Christopher M Beaven, Logan R Posthumus, Stacy T Sims
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Provincial academies represent an important bridge between amateur and professional level rugby union in New Zealand. Athletes are provided with professional-level coaching; however, limited direct nutrition support is available. Congested training schedules and the requirement to work or study due to a lack of financial support may present a challenge towards athletes meeting nutrition requirements. The aim of the study was to facilitate improvement in nutrient intake, body composition and subjective well-being in provincial academy athletes via the implementation of a nutrition-support protocol based around behaviour change techniques. Significant increases in total energy (pre: 2492 ± 762 kcal; post: 2614 ± 625 kcal), relative energy (pre: 24.4 ± 7.5 kcal·kg; 25.5 ± 6.0 kcal·kg), total protein (pre: 131.1 ± 41.8 g; 153.8 ± 37.1 g) and relative protein (pre: 1.3 ± 0.4 g·kg; post: 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kg) were observed. Furthermore, changes in subjective sleep quality, stress, mood and upper body soreness were observed following the intervention. No changes were observed in body composition, carbohydrate or fat intake. Significant variability in nutrition and body composition changes highlights the importance of applying an individualised approach to nutrition support provision in developmental athletes. Practitioners working within these environments should be aware of the challenges and influences contributing to athletes’ nutrition choices and habits.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-07T07:25:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221124119
       
  • A post-COVID-19 proposal to apply artificial saliva substitutes to polish
           the cricket ball

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      Authors: René ED Ferdinands, Franz Konstantin Fuss, Kashmira Sabnis
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The COVID-19 pandemic has caused administrators to issue a major change in the playing regulations of cricket. For hygienic reasons, the historic practice of applying saliva to polish one side of the cricket ball has been banned. Fast bowlers feel that this regulation will limit their ability to swing the cricket ball. Wax-like substances have been suggested as a replacement, but the concern is that they may generate excessively high swing forces, unfairly disadvantaging the batters. Instead, we suggest that artificial polishing substances that more closely resemble the properties of saliva, such as alpha-amylase, and mucin-based and Aloe vera-based saliva substitutes could produce swing forces on the ball that are more in keeping with the traditions of the sport. Wind-tunnel experiments will be necessary to develop suitable artificial polishing agents that bowlers can use at all levels of competition.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-05T06:29:32Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221122388
       
  • Habit or lack of education' Hypohydration is present in elite senior judo
           athletes even during a weight-stable training camp

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      Authors: Bayram Ceylan, Mesut Burak Taşcan, Jozef Simenko, Şükrü Serdar Balcı
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      It has been well-documented that high-level judo athletes presented a high level of hypohydration during weight-cutting and competition periods. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the hydration status of high-level judo athletes during a weight-stable training period. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate elite judo athletes’ hydration status, body mass change, and fluid intake during a weight-stable training camp. Twenty-seven judo athletes (women n = 8, men n = 19, body weight = 79.6 ± 20.9 kg) from the senior national judo team voluntarily participated in this study. Data were collected in the morning after waking up and before and after the morning and evening training sessions. On the second day, the measurements were taken again in the morning after waking up. Urine-specific gravity (USG) was classified as hydrated (USG < 1.020) and hypohydrated (USG ≥ 1.020). The athletes’ USG values measured on two consecutive mornings increased (1.025 ± 0.007 to 1.029 ± 0.006) during 24 h, in which athletes performed judo training in the morning and evening. Moreover, sex and weight category did not affect the changes in USG values (p > .05). Most of the elite judo athletes presented hypohydration (92.6%). The relationship between the fluid intake of the athletes and the changes in USG and body weight values during 24 h was not significant (p > .05). The current study’s findings revealed that high-level judo athletes present a high level of hypohydration even during a weight-stable training camp. Furthermore, the training sessions during the experiment period (24 h) worsened the hydration status of the senior athletes in all weight categories for both women and men.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-01T07:06:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221122433
       
  • Peer-to-peer online video feedback with pedagogical activity improves the
           snatch learning during the COVID-19-induced confinement in young
           weightlifting athletes

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      Authors: Hichem Souissi, Mohamed Abdelkader Souissi, Omar Trabelsi, Anis Ben Chikha, Adnene Gharbi, Nizar Souissi
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The lack of training caused by the COVID-19 pandemic could have significant consequences on the performance and health of athletes. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of two innovative distance education methods on improving motor skills in weightlifting. We randomized 35 children (aged 10 to 12) into groups of peer-to-peer online video feedback with a pedagogical activity (P-VF-PA), peer-to-peer online video feedback only (P-VF), and control group (CONT). Learners underwent a test one week before (T0) and one day after (T1) an eight-session training intervention and a retention test session a week later (T2). Kinovea was used to measure the kinematic parameters of the snatch performance. After the distance learning sessions, the training with the P-VF-PA method improved most of the kinematic parameters compared to the P-VF method, and the advantages derived from its application persisted in the retention test (e.g., the difference between the right side and left side distances of the bar trajectory Diff-Tr (T1 vs. T0: 42.32 ± 41.33%, Hedges’ g = 1.16, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-09-01T07:05:25Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221122385
       
  • Legal and illegal ruck cleanouts in South African non-professional youth
           rugby

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      Authors: Stephanie Kruger, Lee Moore, Wayne Viljoen, Mike Lambert, Clint Readhead, Wilbur Kraak
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The ruck area is responsible for the second-highest number of rugby union injuries, therefore it is necessary to investigate and understand the ruck better for improved player safety. The study aimed to investigate and compare incidents of legal and illegal ruck cleanouts in non-professional youth rugby. Using Nacpsort Scout Plus software, 118 South African Rugby Union under 18 Youth Week tournament matches were coded between 2015 and 2019. In total, 35,545 ruck cleanouts were coded, of which 32,641 (91.8%) were legal and 2904 (8.2%) were illegal. Of the 2904 illegal cleanouts, 2676 (92.2%) were deemed ‘not dangerous’ and 228 (7.8%) were considered ‘dangerous’. The ‘dangerous’ ruck cleanouts represented 0.6% of the total ruck cleanouts. Of the most common illegal ruck cleanouts, ‘not supporting own body weight’ were mostly ‘not dangerous’ (2498; 99.4%, p = 0.01); and all ‘neck rolls’ were considered ‘dangerous’ (147; 100.0%, p = 0.02). The findings of the study suggest player behaviour can still be improved, with regular participation in regular safe and effective technique training drills. The risk of injury during the ruck can further be influenced positively by coaches, through regular coaching and training on safe and effective ruck techniques.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-30T07:07:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221122439
       
  • Pre- and post-competitive anxiety and match outcome in elite international
           junior tennis players

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      Authors: Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, Santos Villafaina, Rafael Martínez-Gallego, Miguel Crespo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to analyse the impact of match outcome (win or lose) in an elite international tennis competition on pre-competitive anxiety and self-confidence. A cohort of Under-16 elite boys (n = 18), with a mean age of 15.44 (0.616) years and an international competitive experience of 4.44 (1.89) years, which were representing six national teams participated in this cross-sectional study. The assessments took part in a qualifying stage of the International Tennis Federation (ITF) Junior Davis Cup competition. During the tournament, participants played the best of three set matches. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2R (CSAI-2R) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-E) were employed to assess the pre-competitive anxiety before and after the tournament's match. Cognitive and somatic anxiety were slightly higher before than after the matches. No significant differences were found between the pre-and post-match measures. However, significant differences in cognitive anxiety, state anxiety and self-confidence were found when comparing pre-match and post-match values between winners and losers. In this regard, winners showed a significant reduction in state anxiety and cognitive anxiety after the match. According to our results, intervention programmes should incorporate tools that will assist players in their management of anxiety and self-confidence, specifically with those players who lost the match.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-24T08:03:43Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221122396
       
  • Erratum to Additional players and half-court areas enhance group
           tactical-technical behavior and decrease physical and physiological
           responses in basketball small-sided games

    • Free pre-print version: Loading...

      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-22T07:34:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221118620
       
  • Investigating the biomechanical validity of the V-spine angle technique in
           cricket fast bowling

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      Authors: René ED Ferdinands, Utkarsh Singh
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The effective utilisation of braking ground reaction forces is considered an essential biomechanical characteristic of fast bowling in cricket. The configuration of the trunk and legs during the delivery stride phase has been hypothesised to increase braking forces, causing the upper body segments to increase their angular momentum and thereby increase ball release speed. This study investigated the relationship between V-spine angle, front shank angle (plant angle) and front knee angle with braking ground reaction forces and ball release speed. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic analyses were performed for 17 male pace bowlers (17.2 ± 1.7 years) of New South Wales grade club level using data from a Cortex 2.0 motion analysis system (200 Hz) and Kistler force plates (1000 Hz). V-spine angle was strongly and significantly correlated with braking ground reaction force (r = −0.691), plant angle (r = −0.806) and front knee angle (r = −0.606). In addition, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that front shank angle was the strongest predictor of braking ground reaction force. The data suggests that V-spine angle and plant angle may play an important role in generating high braking ground reaction forces in bowling, with the front knee angle possibly playing a supporting role. Coaches may need to consider these findings when assessing the techniques of pace bowlers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-18T06:54:31Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221108252
       
  • Navigating the club-to-international transition process: An exploration of
           English Premier League youth footballers’ experiences

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      Authors: Dom Edwards, Paul Michael Brannagan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study investigated the experiences of youth footballers as they made their transition from club football to the England youth international football teams. The club-to-international transition focuses on the movement of an individual from club sport to international representation, a within-career transition that comes with its own specific demands, characterised by the dual stakeholders of club and national governing body. The authors completed semi-structured interviews with 11 current youth footballers to better understand the type of coaching support they were provided by both club and national team coaches before, during and after international representation. Through thematic analysis, it was found that there was ambiguity as to the support offered to youth international footballers, with players explaining that feedback provided post-training camp did not support them in their development. Players also suggested the importance of sharing performance data between the domains (club and international) as good practice that helped them to have a more successful transition. These novel results suggest that the transition into youth international football should be seen as an important step in the development of the young footballer, however, clubs and national governing bodies need to work closer together to use this transition as a developmental opportunity. Several practical applications are discussed, including the importance of key stakeholders clearly outlining their responsibilities to the player during international representation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:37:49Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221115008
       
  • Exploring the effects of interchange rotations on high-intensity
           activities of elite futsal players

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      Authors: João Nuno Ribeiro, Bruno Gonçalves, Jordi Illa, Micael Couceiro, Jaime Sampaio, Bruno Travassos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The literature lacks an understanding of the physical demands of team sports with unlimited substitutions (player interchange rotations). Because of this characteristic of the game, it is necessary to analyze the physical requirements through player rotation rather than analyzing global averages. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between high-intensity activities (HIA; sum of accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed running actions) performed per interchange rotations and match time variables (playtime, rest time, and work–rest ratio) in elite futsal players. A retrospective observational design was used. Twelve matches from an elite male team competing in the Premier Spanish Futsal League were analyzed using a local positioning system, yielding a total sample of 17 players. The number of HIA performed per interchange rotation varies between players and allows the identification of three distinct activity profiles—lower HIA (10 HIA), medium HIA (28 HIA), and higher HIA (38 HIA). Furthermore, these profiles were found to be stable alongside the existing interchange rotations throughout the match. Playtime (F = 40.9, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:37:22Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221119659
       
  • Optimal and suboptimal video instructions change movement execution in
           young talented basketball players

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      Authors: Eline M. Nijmeijer, Marije T. Elferink-Gemser, Egbert Otten, Anne Benjaminse
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Observational learning is considered powerful to promote (implicit) motor learning. While it is a common tool in practice, little is known about the effects of video instructions on movement execution. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of watching biomechanically optimal (OPT) and suboptimal (SUBOPT) sidestep cutting (SSC) video instructions on movement execution. Ten male basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.2 years, height 189.9 ± 3.1 cm, mass 75.4 ± 7.1 kg) from a Regional Talent Center performed anticipated 45° SSC tasks in baseline (BASE) followed by two counterbalanced experimental conditions. Subjects watched expert videos (matched by sex and height) of OPT and SUBOPT movement executions and were asked to imitate this to the best of their ability. Kine(ma)tic data was captured with 21 reflective markers and 2 force plates. After watching the videos, subjects displayed smaller ankle dorsiflexion angles (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:37:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221118882
       
  • Acute effects of ballistic and non-ballistic conditioning activities on
           the punching impact of amateur boxers

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      Authors: Wenjuan Yi, Dexin Wang, Chao Chen, Rui Wu
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesThis study investigated the postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of medicine ball throwing (MBT) and bench pressing (BP) on punching impact at different recovery times.MethodsFourteen amateur boxers performed three lead-hand (lead-hand) and rear-hand straight punches (rear-hand) at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min after MBT or BP exercise. Peak force, time to the peak force, and rate of force development (RFD) of each punch was measured by a force plate.ResultsThere was no significant condition × time interaction effect for any variables (lead-hand: F = 0.744–0.913, p = 0.448–0.542; rear-hand: F = 0.240–1.355, p = 0.245–0.944). No significant main effect for condition for any variables (lead-hand: F = 0.103–0.219, p = 0.644–0.751; rear-hand: F = 0.070–0.459, p = 0.504–0.793). The time effect was significant on peak force (F = 4.411, p = 0.005) and RFD (F = 5.002, p = 0.002) of lead-hand, time to the peak force (F = 5.791, p = 0.001) and RFD (F = 5.514, p = 0.001) of rear-hand. Peak force and RFD of the lead-hand, as well as time to the peak force and RFD of the rear-hand enhanced significantly at 6–15 min (p = 0.001–0.042), compared to the baseline.ConclusionsMBT and BP may equally enhance punching impact for amateur boxers; moreover, there was no difference in recovery time between conditioning activities.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-16T05:36:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221119390
       
  • Professional padel: Comparative gender analysis of game transitions during
           matches

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      Authors: Bernardino Sánchez-Alcaraz, Alejandro Sánchez-Pay, Adrián Hernández, Rafa Martínez-Gallego, Miguel Crespo, Jesús Ramón-Llin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Transitions, or movements in which players move from attacking to defending situations or vice versa, are key situations in high-performance competitive padel, and therefore, they should be specifically trained. The aim of this study was to analyse the transitions made by players from the back of the court to the net in professional padel and compare them by gender. A total of 1350 points from 14 matches from the 2020 World Padel Tour were analysed, in which 32 professional players (16 men and 16 women) participated. The matches were analysed through systematic observation, using the Lince and Kinovea programmes. Results showed that one or no transitions were made in more than 50% of the points. The first transition was made between fifth and sixth shots of the rally, with a higher percentage of points with more than three transitions in women's matches than in men's matches. Counter-attack transitions were done mainly by the serving partner, most frequently using the lob. The most effective counter-attacks were those in which both players approached the net and both defenders moved to the backcourt, with the women teams obtaining the best results in this type of movement as compared to men. On the other hand, men lost the net less often than women. It is concluded that the results can provide useful guidelines for coaches when prescribing and conducting specific training sessions and individualised match preparation strategies.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-12T06:30:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221118610
       
  • Are soccer players born later in the year more technically skilled than
           those born earlier in the year

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      Authors: Andrew H Hunter, Nicholas M A Smith, Thiago V Camata, Mathew S Crowther, Andrew Mather, Felipe A Moura, Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago, Robbie S Wilson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In many youth sports, selection into elite training academies is dominated by athletes born earlier in the year. Previous research suggests this is partly due to these athletes being more physically developed than their younger peers. How athletes born later in the year survive in elite academies is less understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that players born later in the year are more technically skilled than their peers born earlier in the same year. Using 150 youth players (10–19 years of age) from an elite Brazilian soccer academy, we measured each player's date of birth, height, and mass; sprinting ability; dribbling ability; and kicking accuracy and speed. We found most players in this academy were born in the first half of the year, and those born earlier in the year (relatively older) tended to be taller and heavier than those born later in the same year (relatively younger). In addition, relatively older players were faster when sprinting and dribbling the ball in a straight line. Conversely, relatively younger players were more accurate when passing the ball with their nondominant foot, providing some evidence these players were more technically skilled than their older peers of the same age. We suggest skill tests with youth players need to consider relative age and physical size in order to best assess a player's potential.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-12T06:29:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221117630
       
  • Combining sport and conventional military training provides superior
           improvements in physical test performance

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      Authors: Konstantinos Havenetidis, Athanassios Bissas, Nikolaos Monastiriotis, Gareth Nicholson, Josh Walker, Theodoros M Bampouras, Alexander J Dinsdale
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Training for both sporting and military performance is common practice within army trainee populations, although it is currently unknown what effect this combination of training methods may have on the physical attributes required for overall physical preparedness. This study examined the effects of sport-specific training on general fitness in a professional military population. Four hundred and twenty-three Greek male army cadets completed a 12-week training regimen involving standard physical training (callisthenics, strength and endurance running exercises) and either general military training (GMT) or sport military training (SMT). A series of physical tests took place before and after the training period: a mile run, pull-ups, 50 m swim and an obstacle course run. Both the GMT and SMT groups showed significant (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-12T06:29:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221116959
       
  • Influence of scaling on match play characteristics in youth tennis: A
           systematic review

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      Authors: Laurent Chapelle, Bruno Tassignon, Dirk Aerenhouts, Evert Zinzen
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Scaled tennis is the downsized version of adult tennis and aims to allow youth players to play a type of tennis that resembles adult tennis. However, since the different scaling conditions (red, orange, lime and green tennis court) were chosen pragmatically it is unclear whether the match play characteristics of scaled tennis resemble those of adult tennis. It is also unclear whether the match play characteristics are comparable between the different scaling conditions (allowing a smooth transition through the scaled courts). Therefore, this systematic review aims to compare match play characteristics in scaled tennis to adult tennis, and to compare match play characteristics across the different scaling conditions. The PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus (EBSCO) databases were searched until November 2021. The match play characteristics included first serve percentage, percentage of first serve points won, percentage of second serve points won, percentage of total serve points won, number of aces, number of double faults, winners’ percentage, unforced errors percentage, percentage of break points won, rally duration and inter contact time. The systematic search identified 887 records and six studies were included. All included match play characteristics, apart from the percentage of second serve points won and a number of double faults, showed significant differences between scaled tennis and adult tennis. Similarly, all included match play characteristics, except for a number of double faults, showed significant differences between the different scaling conditions. Based on these results, future research is needed to optimise the different scaling conditions in terms of match play characteristics.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-12T06:28:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221116875
       
  • Multidimensional analysis of players’ responses in basketball
           small-sided games: The impact of changing game rules

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      Authors: Sarah da Glória Teles Bredt, Daniel de Souza Camargo, Juliana de Oliveira Torres, Gibson Moreira Praça, André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade, Leopoldo Augusto Paolucci, Israel Teoldo da Costa, Mauro Heleno Chagas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study followed a cross-sectional design and aimed to compare the offensive and defensive tactical-technical actions and the physical and physiological responses between four 3vs.3 basketball small-sided games (SSGs) played on the half-court: with regular rules (3vs.3REGULAR), with defensive pressure (3vs.3DEFPRESS), with the close-shot rule (3vs.3CLOSESHOT), and with offensive numerical superiority (4vs.3). Fifty-one U-14 and U-15 male athletes participated in the study. They were divided into 3-player teams and played one 4-min bout of each SSG type. Heart rate and the time spent in four acceleration zones (0.0–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–1.5, and 1.5–2.0 g) were recorded using heart rate monitors and triaxial accelerometers. SSGs were filmed for the analysis of Space Creation Dynamics and defensive tactical-technical actions. Results showed a higher frequency of space creation without the ball and a mean number of passes per offense in the 4vs.3, with this SSG showing higher offensive performance than the 3vs.3CLOSESHOT (large effect sizes). Defensive behavior was significantly impacted by all rules: in general, 4vs.3 presented the highest frequency of closeouts, 3vs.3DEFPRESS increased the frequency of close off-ball marking and the 3vs.3CLOSESHOT increased the frequency of double-teaming, all differences presenting large effect sizes. Heart rate and the time spent in moderate and high accelerations (zones 2 and 3) were the highest with defensive pressure and the lowest with numerical superiority; heart rate and accelerations in the close-shot rule are higher than in numerical superiority but similar to the 3vs.3REGULAR. We concluded that the SSGs investigated in this study can stimulate different offensive and defensive actions and be used to develop the performance of basketball athletes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-12T06:28:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221112076
       
  • Effects of moderate altitude on the physical performance of elite female
           soccer players during an official soccer tournament

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      Authors: Ronaldo Kobal, Irineu Loturco, Everton C do Carmo, Cesar Cavinato Cal Abad, Marcelo Rossetti, Tiemi Saito, Rafael Roberto Klosterhoff, Renato Barroso
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate altitude (2800 m) on neuromuscular performance, body-mass, rating of perceived exertion, total quality recovery, and global positioning system–motion variables (distance covered, sprint distance, number of accelerations, and top-speed) during soccer training and official matches. Seventeen professional female soccer players performed vertical jump tests and were weighed over seven days during the altitude acclimatization. Global positioning system–motion variables, rating of perceived exertion, and total quality recovery were assessed over two training sessions at 2800 m and compared to the metrics collected during two sessions at sea level. Global positioning system–motion variables were measured during six official matches played at 2800 m and compared to six matches at sea level. Vertical jump height and body-mass did not change during acclimatization (p > 0.05). Rating of perceived exertion was higher and total quality recovery was lower after training sessions at altitude (p  0.05). These findings suggest that moderate altitude can lead to substantial decreases in the physical performance (especially in total sprint distance), increased rating of perceived exertion, decreased total quality recovery in female players. These occurrences are critical to soccer performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-10T06:47:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221117149
       
  • Race craft: A qualitative exploration of the development, implementation
           and reflection of tactical decision making in road cycling

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      Authors: Mathew W O’Grady, Ryan Worn, Julian O Owens, Brendan J O’Brien, Scott W Talpey
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Historically, research that has aimed to understand the determinants of road cycling performance has focused primarily on the physiological characteristics of successful performers. To date, little research has been conducted on the tactical strategies that underpin successful road cycling, especially from a qualitative perspective. This study reports the practices of seven high-performing Australian cyclists and coaches to inform how they prepare for competition, the tactical decisions they make during and reflective practices they use following a road cycling competition. Inductive qualitative one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted using open-ended questions via an online meeting platform. A robust thematic analysis of the interviews was undertaken resulting in the establishment of themes aligned with pre-race, in-race and reflection upon tactical decision making. Prior to the race, themes related to the specificity of training, planning of a race strategy and use of training data emerged from the interviews. During the race, themes of the cyclist’s role within a team, in-race communication and race craft were established. Post-race, a theme related to the reflective practice implemented by each participant was evident. These results and discussion provide novel insights into the process of developing, implementing and reflecting upon tactical decision making used in high-level road cycling. This information is valuable for teams and governing bodies to inform and enhance coaching development and practice within the sport of road cycling.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-10T06:46:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221118423
       
  • Are local weather stations a feasible substitute for on-site measurements
           for heat stress assessment in sports'

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      Authors: Andrew Grundstein, Early R. Cooper, Olivia Cahill, Christian Walker
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      With increasing concerns about heat-related hazards for athletes, many commercial weather companies are offering heat monitoring systems. Such systems may provide readily available data across a school campus that can free busy staff such as coaches and athletic trainers from data collection. Yet, standard recommendations are for measurements to be taken on the field of play. A question is “can a single weather station accurately capture heat stress conditions on different fields of play with differing microclimates'” Our study compares wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) reports from a WeatherSTEM operated weather station to those collected during a summer study period on nearby fields of play (grass, synthetic turf, and hardcourt tennis) on the campus of the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. The WeatherSTEM WBGTs were lower than on-site measurements 84%–92% of the time, resulting in clinically meaningful differences in activity modification recommendations. We believe these differences are related to both meteorological conditions from the station siting on a roof and the WBGT model employed. Among other factors, we believe that the greater wind speeds at the weather station reduced estimated WBGTs. Also, simply replacing the WeatherSTEM WBGT model with a publicly available, physically based model increased WBGT estimates and better matched on field conditions. We conclude that station setting and the choice of software for computing WBGT can make a critical difference in determination of the WBGT estimates and associated activity modification recommendations. Users should also request information on the validity and accuracy of WBGT estimates prior to purchasing a system.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-09T04:17:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221117240
       
  • Effect of different set configurations on barbell trajectories during the
           power snatch

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      Authors: Tsuyoshi Nagatani, G Gregory Haff, Stuart N Guppy, Wayne Poon, Kristina L Kendall
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to investigate the effect of different set configurations on barbell trajectories during a series of power snatch sets. Ten strength-power athletes (height: 1.78 ± 0.09 m, body mass: 88.7 ± 14.3 kg, age: 28.9 ± 4.8 years) with at least 6 months of training experience performing the power snatch participated in this study. Each participant completed three experimental protocols as part of a randomized repeated measures design. The three protocols tested were a traditional, cluster, and ascending cluster set protocol where training loads were increased across the repetitions contained within each set. All protocols required each participant to perform the power snatch with three sets of five repetitions at an average load of 75% of one-repetition maximum. Three-dimensional barbell trajectories were recorded using a motion capture system during each set protocol. Participants maintained barbell trajectories within each set of both traditional and cluster protocols. This result indicates that higher intensities (>75% of one-repetition maximum) than those used in this study should be used when using cluster sets that are designed to maximize the benefits of cluster sets for maintaining barbell trajectories during a series of power snatch sets performed for five repetitions. Additionally, participants displayed an increased barbell loop at the first repetition during the ascending cluster protocol. Therefore, coaches should only use this programming strategy for highly trained athletes who have already developed proper weightlifting technique to avoid a suboptimal barbell trajectory during the power snatch training session.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-05T07:16:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221116965
       
  • Range values for external and internal intensity monitoring in female
           soccer players: A systematic review

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      Authors: Rafael Oliveira, João Paulo Brito, Adrián Moreno-Villanueva, Matilde Nalha, Markel Rico-González, Filipe Manuel Clemente
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      BackgroundThe range values of different training and match intensity measures obtained to define benchmarks in female soccer players are needed. Usually, cohort studies analyse only one team with a relatively small sample size, which brings forth the need for a systematic review to generalise training and match intensity evidence.ObjectivesThis review aimed to identify and summarise studies that have examined external and internal training or match intensity monitoring to provide range values for the main measures in female soccer players.MethodsA systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsFrom the 2853 studies searched, 44 were analysed in which the following range intervals were found for training: rated perceived exertion (RPE, 1–7 AU), session-RPE (s-RPE, 51–721 AU), total distance (2347–6646 m) and distance>19.4 km·h−1 (9–543 m). For matches, the range values were s-RPE (240–893 AU), total distance (5480–10581 m), distance ≥14 km·h−1 (543–2520 m), ≥ 18 km·h−1 (96–1680 m), number of accelerations (49–240) and deceleration (21–85) and player load (848–1096 AU).ConclusionsThis study provides range values of s-RPE, RPE, TRIMP, total distance and distance>19.4 km·h−1 regarding training; range intervals of s-RPE, heart rate average and maximum, total distance, distance ≥ 14 km·h−1, ≥ 18 km·h−1, ACC and DEC (> 2 ms−2) regarding matches for professional female players that can be used by coaches, practitioners or researchers to achieve similar training and competitive levels.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-05T07:16:29Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221113014
       
  • Does transforming subjective measures of load better represent training
           and match-play intensity in youth soccer players'

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      Authors: Patrick C Maughan, Niall G MacFarlane, Chris Towlson, Steve Barrett, Paul A Swinton
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of relationships between measures of training load and assess whether these can be modified through non-linear transformations. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and seven external load measures (total distance covered, PlayerLoad, low-intensity running distance, high-speed running distance, sprinting distance, accelerations, and decelerations) were collected from 20 academy soccer players (age = 17.4 ± 1.3 years, stature = 178.0 ± 8.1 cm, body-mass = 71.8 ± 7.2 kg), with 3220 recordings taken across a 47-week season. To control for the effects of session duration, sessions were categorised as short (≤60 min) or long (>60 min). All RPE and sessional RPE-training load (sRPE-TL; RPE multiplied by session duration) were analysed in their raw form and through raising to a series of exponentials. The underlying structure of the data was investigated using principal component analysis. Two components were retained for each analysis and varimax rotation was performed. The first rotated component (RC) was best represented as a measure of volume (RCvolume) with high loadings for RPE and sRPE-TL, whilst the second RC was best represented as a measure of intensity (RCintensity). Non-linear transformations had little effect on loading of modified measures for long sessions for sRPE-TL (RCvolume: 0.87–0.8; RCintensity: 0.27–0.13), and for RPE (RCvolume: 0.76–0.79; RCintensity: 0.17–0.10). For short sessions, the loading became more equal between intensity and volume for sRPE-TL (RCvolume: 0.88–0.41; RCintensity: 0.32–0.36) and more aligned to intensity (RCintensity: 0.52–0.61) compared with volume (RCvolume: 0.44–0.23) for RPE. The present study demonstrates that RPE and sRPE-TL predominantly reflect measures of training volume, however, they can be modified to better reflect intensity for training sessions
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-08-01T08:02:36Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221114739
       
  • The reliability and usefulness of a novel basketball standardized shooting
           task

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      Authors: Bryce D Daub, Blake D McLean, Aaron D Heishman, Aaron J Coutts
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this investigation was to develop a basketball shooting performance test and subsequently assess the tests measurement characteristics and construct validity. The novel standardized shooting task (SST) was comprised of 60 free throw attempts followed by a 4-min spot-to-spot shooting segment (including seven sequential locations either outside the 3-point line or at a 15-foot mark, depending upon player role). After development of the SST, 28 (male = 16, female = 12) NCAA Division I basketball players completed the task on separate days (Part 1; reliability) and then following a standard basketball practice (Part 2; sensitivity). SST performance collected from 13 males was then compared with shots made during live practices and expert ranking's (Part 3; construct validity). Interday reliability (Part 1) measures were: intraclass correlations coefficient = 0.77–0.86; coefficient of variation = 1.9–12.0%. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between days for any performance variables. From pre- to post-practice (Part 2) repeated measures analyses of variance showed a significant difference (p = 0.03) for shots made in 4-min (MAKE4MIN; pre = 51.6 ± 8.8, post practice = 48.7 ± 9.3), while no significant differences were detected for any other variables. Results from Part 3 indicated large correlations for Shooter Rank versus MAKE4MIN (r = 0.814, p = 0.001) and Shooter Rank versus shooting percentage in live play (r = 0.815, p = 0.001). These data demonstrate the SST poses sufficient reliability and sensitivity to detect meaningful changes in performance, as well as adequate construct validity. Therefore, offering an ecologically valid measurement which can be incorporated to athlete monitoring strategies in elite basketballers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-28T06:16:34Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221100496
       
  • A comparison of three load-velocity based methods to estimate maximum
           overhead press performance in weightlifters

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      Authors: Marcos A Soriano, Ester Jiménez-Ormeño, G Gregory Haff, Paul Comfort, Verónica Giráldez-Costas, Carlos Ruiz-Moreno, Amador García-Ramos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to evaluate whether lifting velocity can be used to estimate the overhead press one repetition maximum (1RM) and to explore the differences in the accuracy of the 1RM between three velocity-based methods. Twenty-seven weightlifters (16 men and 11 women) participated. The first session was used to test the overhead press 1RM. The second session consisted of an incremental loading test during the overhead press. The mean velocity was registered using a transducer attached to the barbell. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc corrections was applied to the absolute differences between the actual and predicted 1RMs. Raw differences with 95% limits of agreement and ordinary least-products regressions were used to test the concurrent validity of the 1RM prediction methods with respect to the actual 1RM. The ANOVA did not reveal significant differences for the absolute differences respect to the actual 1RM between the three 1RM prediction methods (F = 3.2, p = .073). The absolute errors were moderate for the Multiple-Point (6.1 ± 3.7%), Two-Point45−75 (8.6 ± 6.2%), and Two-Point45−90 methods (5.7 ± 4.0%). The validity analysis showed that all the 1RM prediction methods underestimated the actual 1RM (1.0–2.2 kg), but ordinary least-products regressions failed to show fixed or proportional bias. These results suggest that the Multiple-Point and Two-Point45−90 velocity-based methods might be viable tools to predict the overhead press 1RM in weightlifters, but practitioners are encouraged to use the direct 1RM for a more accurate prescription of the training loads.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-26T06:39:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221115854
       
  • Quantifying high-speed running in rugby league: An insight into
           practitioner applications and perceptions

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      Authors: Thomas Bennett, Phil Marshall, Steve Barrett, James J Malone, Christopher Towlson
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      High-speed running has previously been documented as a popular metric among rugby league researchers. Researchers place importance on high-speed running due to its inclusion in assessing the demands of training and match-play to help prescribe accurate training loads and recovery methods. However, there is currently no information available as to how important rugby league practitioners perceive high-speed running to be and what methods are currently used by practitioners to quantify high-speed running. Furthermore, practitioners’ perceptions of specific benefits, barriers and motivations when selecting high-speed running methods are also currently limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a current insight into the practice and perceptions of rugby league practitioners when quantifying high-speed running. This study surveyed practitioners working in the European Super League (n = 12) and the Australasian National Rugby League (n = 11). Ranking analysis established high-speed running to be the most important metric for both training practice and match-play. Absolute high-speed running thresholds were applied by 52% of respondents (n = 12) with the most common being 5.5 m·s−1 (n = 9). Individualised high-speed running thresholds were applied by 48% of respondents (n = 11) with the most common approach implementing peak sprint speed methods (n = 9). Absolute high-speed running thresholds are perceived to permit better group data comparison, whereas individualised methods are perceived to permit better interpretation of high-speed running data. Ultimately, practitioners are motivated to implement their chosen methods with the possibility of more accurately prescribed high-speed running thresholds, although the impracticality of specific testing procedures may act as a barrier.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-25T12:13:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221112825
       
  • Anthropometric and physical performance determinants of young tennis
           players progressing through a talent identification and development
           programme

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      Authors: Laurent Chapelle, Johan Pion, Peter Clarys, Nikki Rommers, Eva D’Hondt
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examined the influence of both anthropometric and physical performance determinants on the likelihood to be selected to progress through a talent identification and development programme in young tennis. Data were collected in 538 young tennis players (323 males and 215 females) from 6 age categories (U8–U13). A principal component analysis was used to generate one anthropometric determinant (based on body height, body weight and maturity offset) and four physical performance determinants: speed and agility (based on 5 m sprint, 20 m sprint and 505 change of direction test); jumping power (based on standing broad jump and standing broad jump in series); motor coordination (based on balancing backwards and jumping sideways) and tennis ball control (based on a throw and catch test and hold tennis ball up test). For all determinants, tertiles were generated for every age category and both sexes separately. Univariate binary logistic regressions were performed to examine the influence of each determinant on the chances to be selected to progress in the talent identification and development programme. Significant odds ratios were found for all included anthropometric and physical performance determinants (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-25T12:07:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221115855
       
  • Does disallowing body checking impact offensive performance in non-elite
           under-15 and under-18 youth ice hockey leagues' A video-analysis study

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      Authors: Ash T Kolstad, Luc Nadeau, Paul H Eliason, Claude Goulet, Brent E Hagel, Carolyn A Emery
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Policy that disallows body checking (BC) lowers the injury and concussion rate for youth ice hockey players. However, little is known about how disallowing BC influences in-game metrics of performance. This prospective cohort video-analysis study examined offensive performance in Under-15 (ages 13–14) and Under-18 (ages 15–17) youth ice hockey players in leagues allowing and disallowing BC. Fifty-two games were filmed (n = 13 BC, n = 13 non-BC) for Under-15 and Under-18 non-elite (lowest 60% and 45% divisions, respectively) divisions in Calgary, Canada. Footage was analyzed for offensive performance metrics on the puck-carrier using the validated ice hockey adapted team sport assessment procedure. Puck metrics included how the player acquired puck possession (e.g. conquered puck from an opponent, received pass from a teammate) and the outcome (e.g. shot on goal, lost puck to opponent). The puck metrics were used to compute a performance composite score for each player that accounted for the quantity (rate of puck possessions per shift time) and quality (a ratio of positive performance metrics to all metrics) of play. Mean difference's (MD) in performance composite scores were compared using multivariable linear regression (adjusted for player position and cluster by team-game) between leagues allowing and disallowing BC for both age groups. Analyses revealed no significant MD in the performance composite scores between players in BC and non-BC leagues for both age groups (Under-15: MD = 0.02, 95%CI: −0.08, 0.12; Under-18: MD = −0.06, 95%CI: −0.16, 0.03). These findings suggest no differences in offensive performance when BC is disallowed in Under-15 and Under-18 non-elite leagues.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-25T12:07:42Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221112916
       
  • Accuracy and reliability of college athletes’ scoring of artificial
           urine color samples to determine hydration status

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      Authors: Floris C Wardenaar, Ryan GN Seltzer, Stavros A Kavouras
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      There is potential for error when athletes self-assess urine color when attempting to distinguish between high and low urine concentration. This study investigates student athletes’ ability to score artificial urine color samples (Uc) using an 8-color Uc chart. A total of 35 student-athletes (n = 30 women) scored 51 samples on two days 2–5 days apart. Artificial urine color samples were designed to match urine colors 4–7 from an 8-color Uc chart. The color rating took place using a scoring box with LED lights providing an illuminance of 1660 lux. The data were used to design random effect models to test the contrast between the athletes' color ratings and the actual color of the reference, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed that as a group, participants scored samples similarly between days (4.4 ± 1.2 vs. 4.5 ± 1.2, P = 0.52), but on an individual level, samples were rated inconsistently (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.13–0.56), with correlations between reported scores and the reference colors ranging from r = −0.74 to + 0.64. Samples were scored significantly lighter than their actual color shade (odds ratio: 2.64, 95% CI 1.55–4.52, P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-21T03:35:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221114748
       
  • Do serve distance and net height modify serve biomechanics in young tennis
           players'

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      Authors: Maxime Fadier, Pierre Touzard, Chloé Lecomte, Benoit Bideau, Nicolas Cantin, Caroline Martin
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to determine whether decreasing serving distance and net height would immediately influence serve biomechanics and performance in young intermediate tennis players. Ten young tennis players (9 to 12 years) performed maximal effort flat serves from three court conditions (“red”, “orange” and “green”: serving distance at 6.40, 9.00 and 11.89 m from the net and net height at 0.80 m, 0.80 m and 0.91m, respectively). A radar measured ball speed while serve kinetics and kinematics were calculated with a 20-camera optical motion capture system. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze the effect of the three conditions on ball speed, serve kinematics and kinetics. No significant differences in shoulder and elbow kinetics were observed between the three conditions. Ball speed, maximal flexion angle of the back knee and maximal angular velocities of back knee extension and trunk flexion significantly improved when players served from the red conditions in comparison with green ones. This study shows that reducing serve distance and net height may be an effective coaching strategy to immediately increase ball speed, leg drive and trunk flexion in young tennis players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-21T03:34:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221114106
       
  • Learning effects of triple continuous jumping snatch intervention on the
           second pull of the snatch for novice lifters

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      Authors: Shin-Yuan Wang, Pei-Tzu Lan, Tai-Ger Hsu
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to compare the effects of triple continuous jumping snatch (TCJS) intervention training on the technique and performance of novice lifters. Males (n = 22; age = 19.7 ± 0.9 years; height = 173.7 ± 6.1 cm; body mass = 76.3 ± 11.8 kg) who had no training experience in weightlifting were randomly assigned to a control (CG; n = 11) or an experimental (EG; n = 11) group, and trained three times a week for 8 weeks. The CG was trained in the snatch, and EG intervened with TCJS. In the initial state, t-tests and Hedges’ effect sizes revealed significant and very large-to-nearly perfect differences (p < 0.001, g = 6.39) for barbell velocity while the barbell made contact with the body and the maximal barbell acceleration after contact (p < 0.001, g = 3.79) between CG and EG. Moreover, differences in the angle between the barbell and the shoulder prior to the turnover phase exhibited significant and moderate decreases in weeks 2, 6, and 8 (all p < 0.05, g = 0.63–0.98) by performing the snatch with the TCJS intervention. The TCJS not only impacts barbell velocity and acceleration immediately, but also reduces horizontal movement between the barbell and body. The results of this study demonstrated that the TCJS constitutes a superior training method for novice lifters to enhance the stability of techniques when compared with snatch.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-11T12:38:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221113024
       
  • Modeling athletic career of football players: Implications for career
           management and retirement

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      Authors: Ricardo Monteiro, Diogo Monteiro, Miquel Torregrossa, Bruno Travassos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to identify Career Indicators (CIs) over the stages of career development (Initiation/Development, Mastery, and Discontinuation stages) in the retirement stage of Portuguese football players. Three thousand five hundred retired Portuguese football players that played between 1960 and 2018 were considered in this study. A path analysis was performed to identify the standardized direct and indirect effects of the CI at each stage of career development, on Portuguese football players’ retirement age. The proposed model highlighted that the relationship between the CI number of seasons as a youth player, number of seasons as a youth player in top 3 clubs, age of first registration as a senior player, number of seasons as a senior player, number of seasons as a senior player in top 3 clubs, number of total games as a senior player, age of the last best result age achieved, number of games in the retirement season, and discontinuation stage length contribute to explain 40% of the retirement age of Portuguese football players. Results allowed the understanding of the influence of each stage of career development on career length. According to the Holistic Athletic Career Model, it was the first attempt to create a predictive model of CI of athletic variables. Further research should be developed to incorporate some mediator variables such as players’ performance levels and achievement to improve the explanation of the development of football players’ careers and retirement.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-11T12:37:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221111616
       
  • Training practices and perceptions of soccer officials: Insights from the
           Referee Training Activity Questionnaire

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      Authors: Gary P McEwan, Viswanath B Unnithan, Chris Easton, Rosie Arthur
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study sought to: (1) document the multifaceted training practices of soccer officials in relation to their role and officiating category; and (2) explore the association between the officials’ training practices and perceptions of the attributes pertinent to optimal performance. Field referees and assistant referees at officiating categories 1–3 (n = 173) with the Scottish Football Association were invited to participate in this national cross-sectional study. Using the Referee Training Activity Questionnaire (RTAQ), officials reported the volume and type of training engaged in during a 2-week in-season period. Respondents’ perceptions of the skills pertinent to performance were also explored using a 7-point Likert scale (1 = not at all important; 7 = extremely important), with the frequency in which they trained these skills assessed using a 5-point Likert Scale (1 = less than once a month; 5 = more than once a week). Ninety-one responses were received, representing a 52.6% response rate. Irrespective of their role or level of professional attainment, the officials’ training was focused mostly on physical conditioning, with significantly less time apportioned to decision-making (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-07T07:01:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221110707
       
  • Analysis of the physiological response in junior tennis players during
           short-term recovery: Understanding the magnitude of recovery until and
           after the 25 seconds rule

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      Authors: Jorge E Morais, José A Bragada, Rui Silva, Alan M Nevill, Fabio Y Nakamura, Daniel A Marinho
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Literature lacks evidence about the physiological recovery of tennis players between points. This study aimed to: (i) verify the heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) recovery variance in young tennis players from the end of a tennis drill until the 25-s mark and onwards (65-s limit), performed at several intensities, and (ii) test the curve fitting that better characterizes the players’ HR and V̇O2 recovery, from the end of the drill until the 65-s mark. The sample was composed of 13 male tennis players (age: 16.80 ± 1.61 years) recruited from a National Tennis Association. Players were instructed to perform a drill test (“two-line drill wide mode”) based on an intensity increment protocol. Three levels of intensity were used based on the reserve HR and V̇O2. A significance level effect was observed on the HRreserve and V̇O2reserve (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-07-04T06:07:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221110677
       
  • Inconsistency between objective and subjective comparisons of sleep
           quality is found between sea level and moderate terrestrial altitude
           (2,320m) in high-performance swimmers

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      Authors: Daniel Astridge, Michael McKenna, Adrian Campbell, Anthony P Turner
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      It is popular for high-performance athletes to attend training camps at natural moderate altitude (1800–2500m), which may have direct and indirect effects on the quantity and quality of sleep athletes obtain. This can potentially influence the ability to maximise training responses and optimise recovery from exercise. This study aimed to compare objective and subjective markers of sleep quality between sea level (SL) and moderate altitude (ALT) in a sample of 14 (male n = 5, female n = 9) high-performance collegiate swimmers. Sleep was objectively (wristwatch actigraphy) and subjectively (Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire; ASSQ) assessed at SL and an ALT of 2,320m. A significant increase (p = 0.028, d = 0.76) in the ‘sleep difficulty score’ calculated from the ASSQ was identified from SL (4.9 ± 1.7 au) to ALT (6.6 ± 2.3 au), with a greater number of the swimmers judged to have a more severe clinical sleep problem at ALT. Of the seven sleep characteristics assessed objectively, there were no significant differences identified between the two environments. Sleep disruption was found to substantially improve following rest/recovery days while at ALT. Although this study highlights possible inconsistencies between objective and subjective measures of sleep quality while at ALT, any suggestion of reduced sleep quality should be considered seriously. Practically, the present study demonstrates the importance of, at altitude, using both objective and subjective measures to monitor athlete sleep quality, and ensuring training schedules are carefully periodised, incorporating rest or recovery days within intense training blocks for optimal sleep quality to be achieved.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-21T05:32:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221109150
       
  • The association between junior tennis players’ physical and cognitive
           attributes and groundstroke performance

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      Authors: Mitchell Turner, Alyce Russell, Kate Turner, Philipp Beranek, Christopher Joyce, Fleur McIntyre, Travis Cruickshank
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Improving groundstroke velocity and accuracy is critical for tennis success. However, there is limited research available on the physical and cognitive attributes required for groundstroke performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and cognitive characteristics and their association with groundstroke performance in junior tennis players. Thirty-four competitive junior tennis players, aged 12.59 ± 2.44 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Cognitive tests assessing processing speed, complex attention, cognitive flexibility and problem-solving capacity and physical tests assessing flexibility, speed, agility, power, strength and anaerobic and aerobic capacity were performed. Tennis groundstroke performance was evaluated using a novel tennis groundstroke assessment. Tennis groundstroke performance was associated (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-21T05:32:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221106824
       
  • An external focusing strategy was beneficial in experienced children but
           not in novices: The effect of external focus, internal focus, and holistic
           attention strategies

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      Authors: Esmaeel Saemi, Elham Amo-Aghaei, Ebrahim Moteshareie, Masahiro Yamada
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      External focus (attention directed to an intended effect) has been shown to improve motor performance compared to internal focus (attention directed to body movements). Recently, holistic attention (attention directed to the overall feeling) has been discussed as an effective alternative. We hypothesized that a less specific cue (e.g. holistic attention) may be more effective than an external focus in experienced individuals. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of external focus, internal focus, and holistic attention on 14 experienced children-athletes (Mage, 14.35 ± 1.98 years; Mheight, 171.28 ± 9.53 cm; Mweight, 58.28 ± 10.28 kg) and 14 novice children (Mage, 14.21 ± 1.92 years; Mheight, 170.92 ± 12.40 cm; Mweight, 62.14 ± 15.62 kg). Participants completed a 16-meter front crawl swimming task with assigned instructions for three trials per condition. The results showed main effects of skill level (p < 0.001), condition (p = 0.006), and the skill level/condition interaction (p = 0.003). Post hoc tests revealed that external focus was superior to internal focus (p < 0.001), with no difference between holistic attention and internal focus (p = 0.158) or holistic attention and external focus (p = 0.05) in the experienced athletes, while none of the conditions were different in novices. The benefits of attentional focus may be influenced by the level of experience.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-21T05:32:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221104158
       
  • Performance indicators in women’s volleyball Olympics and World
           Championships (2014–2021)

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      Authors: George Giatsis
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to explore the match and technical indicators between winning and losing women's teams in the Olympics and World Championships (2016–2021) depending on the final score of the matches and to compare the winners’ technical indicators in 3-set matches to those of men in the respective competitions. A total of 281 volleyball matches were analyzed from the Women's Olympics (2016 and 2021) and World Championships (2014 and 2018). Discriminant function analysis determined which skill(s) contributed significantly to winning matches in every type of score. This study showed that the teams that won 3-0 and 3-1 matches had better performance in all scoring skills (serve, attack, block, and opponent errors) compared to their opponents, while the opponents’ errors did not affect the result. In 5-set matches, block points were the main predictor of a team's success. In conclusion, the results of the women's teams at the highest level of volleyball matches, show that different performance indicators determine the match outcome. The attack is not the only skill that increases the probability of winning a match, since block and serve to contribute equally significantly. Furthermore, in 5-set matches, blocking is the technical skill that differentiates the winning from the losing teams. Finally, in 3-set matches, it seems that the performance indicators differ between women and men in attack efficiency, block, and opponent error points.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-20T05:09:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221106378
       
  • Cycling modelling under uncontrolled outdoor conditions using a wearable
           sensor and different meteorological measurement methods

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      Authors: Geoffrey Millour, Félix Plourde-Couture, Frédéric Domingue
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to model the cycling displacement under uncontrolled outdoor conditions with a wearable sensor and different meteorological measurement methods. One participant completed eight courses of a distance of 9.2 ± 2.4 km with varied profiles and directions. Data were recorded every second with a power meter, a GPS and a speed sensor. The aerodynamic drag coefficient, measured by a Notio wearable sensor, and the meteorological variables provided by the Notio, a Kestrel fixed meteorological station and the OpenWeather website were integrated into the Martin mathematical model to calculate the theoretical power output. The power calculated by the model on the basis of data from Notio, Kestrel and OpenWeather were, respectively, 1 ± 4 W higher, 7 ± 15 W lower and 67 ± 111 W higher than the power measured by the sensor. The overall RMSE and R2, including 7325 data points, were 12.8 W and 0.77 (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-20T04:21:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221106386
       
  • How much training do English male academy players really do' Load inside
           and outside of a football academy

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      Authors: David M Johnson, Sean P Cumming, Ben Bradley, Sean Williams
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      To date, no studies have investigated the loads undertaken by elite youth footballers outside of their academy commitments. This study aimed to understand the load of English male academy football players' activity both inside and outside of the academy, as well as, how this load varies between age groups and days. Fifty-two male academy footballers were asked to record the duration, intensity and mode of moderate to vigorous physical activity undertaken outside of their academy training. These data were then combined with session Rating of Perceived Exertion load undertaken inside the academy over the corresponding period. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. The coefficient of variation (CV) was the between-subject standard deviation as a percentage of the mean. The variation of activity types players undertake outside the academy reduced with age. There was no significant difference in the ‘outside of academy’ load between age groups, but there was a significantly greater CV in the Under 15/16 (U15/16) group (CV = 164%) compared to the U12 (CV = 107%) and U13/14 (CV = 119%) age groups (P = 0.001). For the U12 group, there were no significant between-day differences in load outside of the academy or the combined (inside and outside) load. For the U13/14 and U15/16 groups, there were significant between-day differences in load outside of the academy, as well as, significant between-day differences in the combined load. Practitioners should consider how activities undertaken by players outside of the academy setting contribute to the weekly load periodisation and should modify their training schedules accordingly.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-16T10:48:33Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221101847
       
  • High-speed running distance and frequency in football training: When and
           how are they stimulated in a microcycle'

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      Authors: Kévin Marín, Julen Castellano
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Purpose: The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of the distance and frequency of the high-speed running performed by professional players during the training process, taking into account the duration of the microcycle (Mi) composed of 4, 5, 6 and 7 days between matches (MD). Total distance at high speed (HSR,>21 km·h−1, in m), at very high-speed running (VHSR,>24 km·h−1, in m) and sprint (SPR,>27 km·h−1, in m) were recorded, in terms of distance (d) and frequency (n) during training sessions. Training data were obtained using global positioning technology from 23 professional football players belonging to the first team of the Spanish La Liga club during the 2017/18 season (n  =  28 microcycles). There were no significant differences in volume (distance and frequency) of the different locomotive demands (LD) when Mi accumulated more days. Regardless of the duration of the Mi, the central days (MD-5, MD-4 and MD-3) accumulated more stimulus in HSR, VHSR and SPR compared to the post sessions (MD-6 and MD-7) and pre-match (MD-2 and MD-1) where the MD-2 was the day that required the least stimuli from the players (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-15T05:52:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221107982
       
  • Can’t jump, won’t jump: Affordances of the horse-rider dyad underpin
           skill adaptation in showjumping using a constraints-led approach

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      Authors: Marianne Davies, Joseph A Stone, Keith Davids, Jane Williams, Mark O’Sullivan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Equestrianism is part of a global industry influenced by a rich history of over 4000 years of culture and tradition. As the only interspecies Olympic event, equestrianism is facing negative public perceptions of competition performance and traditional coaching practices. In this position paper, we propose a constraints-led approach as a framework for contemporising equestrian coaching practice. Ecological dynamics is the theoretical framework that underpins a constraints-led approach methodology, providing guiding principles that inform a nonlinear pedagogy in sport and physical education. A constraints-led approach focuses on the individual (organism/s), task and environmental constraints acting over multiple nested timescales and what this means for how behaviour emerges. Using examples from the equestrian discipline of showjumping, we outline how a constraints-led approach can inform coaching behaviour and practice design to support skill acquisition through co-adaptations in the horse-rider dyad system. By focussing on the horse-rider dyad as a complex system, there is a move away from a human-centric perspective of compliance and control of the horse, toward system agency and intentionality in problem solving. Practice design principles of intention, representativeness, constraints manipulation and functional variability support the dyad to co-adapt and interact effectively through practice to achieve performance goals. Skilful performance is developed through attunement to perceptual information that invites opportunities for action (affordances). Understanding the development of affordance perception in the horse-rider dyad could guide the application of a constraints-led approach to equestrian coaching practice.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-15T05:52:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221107379
       
  • Engagement in athletic career: A study of female Brazilian handball world
           champions

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      Authors: Leilane Alves de Lima, Riller Silva Reverdito, Alcides José Scaglia, Larissa Rafaela Galatti
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to identify and describe elements that influenced the engagement of the 2013 Brazilian handball female world champions from grassroots to elite sports levels. Seven members of the team participated in a retrospective examination of their athletic development, with a mean of 20 years of sports experience. A semi-structured interview and questionnaire were used for data collection, and the script was based on the development stages of the Developmental Model of Sport Participation1 and the dynamic elements of the Personal Assets Framework2. The thematic analysis showed that the athletes’ personal characteristics, their disparate environments, and the quality of their relationships were significant in their pathway to elite performance. The results show that well-structured settings are not important in the early years, but rather the coaches’ interest in keeping young athletes engaged in sport is one of the key elements. Moreover, the advance in the maintenance years, training in a more structured setting and the coaches’ caring attitude and attention to their athletes’ feelings and emotions can lead to pathways toward excellence.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-15T05:52:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221106763
       
  • Acute:chronic workload ratio and training monotony variations over the
           season in youth soccer players: A systematic review

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      Authors: Markel Rico-González, Rafael Oliveira, Francisco Tomás González Fernández, Filipe Manuel Clemente
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Since acute:chronic workload ratio and training monotony have been criticized as injury risk predictors, the use of intensity measures should be more oriented to understand the variations of intensity across the season. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the main evidence about the acute:chronic workload ratio and training monotony variations over the season in youth soccer players. The search was made in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and FECYT (Web of Sciences, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, and SCIELO) according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 225 studies initially identified, 13 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Nine analyzed acute:chronic workload ratio, seven analyzed monotony, and four studies analyzed both acute:chronic workload ratio and monotony. Overall, the range values for acute:chronic workload ratio were 0.58–17.5 AU, while for monotony were 0.83–23.0 AU which showed a higher variability. Few studies showed an association between higher values of acute:chronic workload ratio and/monotony with injury risk or to prevent health problems. These measures could be used to understand the variations of the data through the in-season periods. However, caution is necessary due to the scarce studies performed in young soccer players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-15T05:51:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221104589
       
  • Evolution of anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of
           international male cricketers from 2014 to 2020 in a World Cup winning
           nation

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      Authors: P Scott, R Ahmun, C de Weymarn, E Gardner, A Bliss, T W Jones, S J Callaghan, J Tallent
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of the study was to firstly present a comprehensive physical profile of international cricketers in a World Cup winning cricket nation. Secondly, to describe changes in physical profiles across seven years. Fifty-two senior international cricketers’ physical profiles were retrospectively analysed across seven years. Using linear mixed-modelling, changes in stature, body mass, sum-of-8 skinfolds, sprinting time (10 and 40 m), run-2 time, counter movement jump (CMJ), push and pull strength capacity and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level-1 (Yo-Yo-IR1) were analysed during a seven-year period. There were no significant changes in body mass (p = .63) or stature (p = .99) during this time. However, there was a significant (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-08T06:08:01Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221105455
       
  • Effect of intra-session exercise sequence on the load–velocity
           relationship variables after a concurrent sprint interval and resistance
           training program

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      Authors: Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Felipe García-Pinillos, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Santiago A Ruiz-Alias
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study aimed to examine the effects of altering the intra-session exercise sequence of a concurrent training program on the load–velocity relationship variables obtained from different compound exercises. Physically active subjects (n = 24, age = ∼21 years) were assigned to one group that performed sprint interval training (sprints: 4–6; intensity: all-out; duration: 30 s; rest: 4 min) followed by resistance training (exercises: back squat and bench press; sets per exercise: 4–6; load: 60–80% of the one-repetition maximum; repetition in reserve: 6–1; rest: 2 min) (SIT + RT) or another group that performed the opposite sequence (RT + SIT). Exercises modes were separated by 10 min. Both groups trained three times per week over an eight-week period. The individualized load–velocity relationships were assessed before and after training through an incremental loading test during the back squat and bench press exercises and three variables were subsequently calculated: load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and area under the line (Aline = L0⋅v0/2). Regardless of exercise sequence, both groups increased L0 (ES range = 0.78–0.91) and Aline (ES range = 0.50–0.55) but decreased v0 (ES range = −0.36 to −0.46) during the back squat exercise, while all load–velocity relationship variables were increased (ES range = 0.04–2.20) during the bench press exercise. The SIT + RT group showed a moderately greater bench press v0 increase compared to the RT + SIT group (ES = −1.07). These results indicate that both intra-session exercise sequences can induce comparable improvements in the load–velocity relationship variables after an eight-week concurrent training program.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-06T05:18:25Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221105458
       
  • Effects on collective behaviour and locomotor and neuromuscular response
           

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      Authors: Sergio Nieto, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, Eneko Fernández
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this study was to describe the effects on collective behaviour and the physical response of young elite football players (Under 15) in the same 11 versus 11 task in three different pitch lengths (100, 75 and 50 m, LSG100, LSG75 and LSG50, respectively), keeping the width constant (60 m). The intra-team variables were: convex hull (CH), stretch index (SI), width (W), length (L) and length/width (L/W). The inter-team variables were calculated by using the 20 outfield players: CH2, W2, L2, L/W2 and DC (distance between centroids). The physical variables were: maximum speed (Vmax), number of accelerations (Acc) and decelerations (Dec) and total distance (TD). The results showed small (LSG100 > LSG75) and moderate–long differences (LSG100 > LSG50) for CH, SI and L. There was a moderate increase in DC and W2 (LSG50 > LSG75) and a moderate decrease in SI2, CH2, SI, L and CH (LSG75 > LSG50). The entropy was higher in SSG50 > LSG75 > LSG100. On a conditional level, the values showed differences between the three formats studied, showing more similarities between LSG50 and LSG100 than with LSG75. The main conclusion of the study was that the variation in the dimensions of the pitch caused a non-linear variation in the behavioural and conditional response in teams and players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-06T05:17:52Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221101603
       
  • Longitudinal analysis of the 800-m performances of the world's best female
           long-distance pool swimmer: A case study using critical speed and D′

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      Authors: Renato Barroso, Everton Crivoi do Carmo, Carl Foster, Philip Skiba, Augusto Carvalho Barbosa
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purposes of this study were to ascertain how physiological adaptations, as reflected by critical speed and distance above critical speed (D′), impact the competitive performance of a world-class female long-distance swimmer; and to determine whether a model including the expenditure and recovery of D′ could be used to understand pacing in swimming. From August 2011 to August 2021, we retrieved 800-m performance and splits data from races in which she improved her time, and also the 400-m and 200-m freestyle performances from the same competitions. Performances from the 200, 400, and 800 m were used to estimate critical speed and D′. The 800-m splits were used to calculate the usage of D′ during the race and to investigate pacing. The differential W′ balance model (W′BAL) was used to calculate its analogous in swimming, the D′BAL. Critical speed increased from 1.516 to 1.616 ms−1 while D′ fluctuated ∼15 m from 2011 to 2016. D′BAL approached 0 m at the end of the races and may be useful to understand pacing. Critical speed and 800-m speed presented a nearly perfect correlation (0.99, p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-06-03T08:15:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221104721
       
  • The demands of training and match-play on elite and highly trained junior
           tennis players: A systematic review

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      Authors: James Andrew Fleming, Adam Field, Steve Lui, Robert Joseph Naughton, Liam David Harper
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectiveTalented junior tennis players are exposed to high training loads and congested competition schedules. Understanding the demands of training and competition is important to prescribe training and recovery programmes that optimise performance. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and appraise the literature available on training and match-play demands in an elite and highly trained junior tennis population to inform practice and future research opportunities.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus databases was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines in November 2021. The following keywords were used: ‘tennis’, ‘match-play’, ‘match’, ‘training’, ‘drill’, ‘practice’, ‘coaching’, ‘session’, ‘competition’ and ‘tournament’. Filters were applied to retrieve articles conducted on junior tennis players.ResultsThe search returned an initial 879 articles. Following the screening process, 21 articles were accepted for analysis. Articles were organised into four themes: training demands, match-play, court surface and recovery. Results highlighted that training sessions failed to induce the same physiological and perceptual demands imposed by tournament match-play. Rallies were 22% longer on clay courts, and associated with increased playing time, heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion compared with hard court surfaces. Competing in multiple matches per day negatively impacted performance indices including jumping, sprinting and change of direction. Increased ratings of muscle soreness, fatigue and pain were also reported.ConclusionAdditional work is warranted to substantiate these findings and determine the efficacy of current training strategies and competition demands imposed on elite and highly trained junior tennis players.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-25T07:23:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221102556
       
  • Concurrent training in team sports: A systematic review

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      Authors: Deborah Seipp, Oliver J Quittmann, Frowin Fasold, Stefanie Klatt
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Background: Concurrent strength and endurance training could interfere with adaptation, which primarily affects long-term strength development. However, so far, research on this theme has rarely focused on ways to optimize concurrent strength and endurance training in team sports. Objectives: This paper aims to summarize the literature on the effects of concurrent training on aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways as well as strength and jump performance measures in team sports (invasion games) to provide recommendations for its application. Methods: A systematic literature review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted. Various reliable sources with only experimental studies investigating the effect of concurrent training on sport-specific performance measures in team sports (invasion games) were included. Two researchers independently evaluated the risk of bias with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Results: From 1649 records, 24 were included: 12 in children/adolescents (n = 428; aged up to 18 years) and 12 in adults (n = 620; aged 19–30 years), respectively. Thirteen of 24 studies reported improved endurance (V˙O2max, YoYoIR) and strength (CMJ, SJ and 1RM) performance by adding additional resistance training in young and adult team sport players with different training status, and nine of 24 studies reported more pronounced interference effects in older and more experienced players. Discussion: Concurrent training can improve endurance and strength performance in team sports athletes. However, it is revealed that concurrent training can lead to diminished effects, which might be minimized by extended recovery time between sessions, adapted sequencing order and endurance exercise modality. With maturity and developing training status, an increased importance of these variables was documented.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-25T07:23:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221099846
       
  • The influence of tactical formation on physical and technical match
           performance in male soccer: A systematic review

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      Authors: Leon Forcher, Leander Forcher, Hagen Wäsche, Darko Jekauc, Alexander Woll, Stefan Altmann
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The number of investigations that specifically address the influence of formation on soccer performance has increased in recent years. Since there is no overview that summarizes these effects, this systematic review aims to synthesize the available literature on the effects of tactical formation on physical and technical match performance. According to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was performed (Databases: PubMed and Web of Science). Studies were included, if they reported any physical (e.g., sprinting distance) or technical (e.g., number of passes) match performance parameters and compared at least two different formations. The study outcomes were synthesized descriptively. The effect of formation on physical performance was investigated in ten studies while three studies investigated the effect on technical performance (11 studies included). The studies revealed that formation has an effect on the physical and technical match performance of soccer players both in a team and at a positional level. On a team level, smaller differences were observed for formations that are similar in the number of players in each playing position (i.e., 4-5-1, 4-2-3-1). Furthermore, physical match performance was higher in formations with three defenders (e.g., 3-5-2) in comparison to formations with four defenders (e.g., 4-4-2). On a positional level, all positions were affected in a similar way by formation. Therefore, formation affects the physical and technical match performance of soccer players and if the playing position is also considered, the results become even more meaningful. The studies were very heterogeneous regarding their methodology (i.e., parameters, sample size). The findings can help coaches to design their training programs and to prepare the players for a specific positional role depending on the tactical formation.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-24T05:45:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221101363
       
  • The influence of compression tights on running economy varies by relative
           intensity

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      Authors: Chris McManus, Chris E Cooper, Gavin Sandercock
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The effect of compression tights on running economy is unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of compression tights on economy. Following an incremental test to exhaustion to determine aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) and peak running speed (vV̇O2max), twenty-six moderately endurance-trained males (28 ± 7 years; 76.1 ± 8.4 kg; V̇O2max = 54.7 ± 4.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) were allocated to either a 60% (n = 8), 62.5% (n = 9) or 65% vV̇O2max group (n = 9) using block randomisation. Participants ran for 15 min at the allocated vV̇O2max with compression tights and a non-compression control condition in a randomised, counter-balanced order, separated by seven days. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and expired carbon dioxide (V̇CO2) was measured to determine economy as caloric unit cost. No difference was observed between conditions for the 60% and 62.5% vV̇O2max groups, however economy was improved with compression at 65% vV̇O2max (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-24T05:45:41Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221097961
       
  • Selected factors for triple jump preparation: A case study of an Olympic
           silver medalist

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      Authors: Nelio Alfano Moura, PengPeng Han, Larissa de Paula Moura, GuoJie Wang, TingGang Yuan
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The People's Republic of China obtained at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games its best historical performance in the triple jump, thereby winning the silver medal. The objective of this case study was to present how evidence-based knowledge was applied to improve selected factors that may have contributed to this result. The factors included running speed, strength, muscle power, jumping technique, body composition, mental preparation, training organization, and recovery. Short training blocks, monitoring of training sessions and athlete's status, individualized tapering, use of activation sessions the day before competition, and postactivation performance enhancement strategies used in training and at the event were concepts followed during the preparation to the Games. Improved performance in field tests and power training was accompanied by positive changes in approach speed, run-up accuracy, and jumping technique, which, together with mental preparation, enabled two personal records to be set in the Olympic final. The results in the field tests were among the best ever reported and could constitute a benchmark for world-class triple jumpers.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-24T05:45:28Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221094670
       
  • The effects of an HIIT program on young soccer players’ physical
           performance

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      Authors: Yiannis Michailidis, Christoforos Ganotakis, Nikos Motsanos, Thomas Metaxas
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely used in soccer. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of an HIIT program on the performance of soccer players under the age of 17. Twenty-nine youth players participated in this study. Players were randomly separated into two groups: control group (n = 14) and intervention group which performed extra HIIT (EX, n = 15). The duration of the training program was 4 weeks. Sprint 10 m, 30 m, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), Illinois agility test, YO-YO intermitted recovery test 1, and repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (RSAbest, RSAmean, RSAdecrement) were measured pre and post the training program. The performance in 10 m, Illinois test, and RSAmean improved in the EX group (P = 0.022, P = 0.047, and P = 0.045, respectively). The performances of the two groups differed significantly in post-measurement of 10 m, Illinois test, and RSAmean (P = 0.046, P = 0.039, and P = 0.044, respectively). This study supports that a short-term program of HIIT can improve acceleration, agility, and RSA performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-20T09:14:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221102530
       
  • Comparing the physical effects of combining small-sided games with short
           high-intensity interval training or repeated sprint training in youth
           soccer players: A parallel-study design

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      Authors: Hadi Nobari, Ana Filipa Silva, Norodin Vali, Filipe Manuel Clemente
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Most of the research combining small-sided games (SSGs) with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is using the short or long forms of HIIT. However, other types of HIIT as repeated sprint training (RST) could enhance different stimuli. The purpose of the current research was to analyze the within- and between-group variations of physical fitness and body composition of two combined training interventions: (i) SSGs combined with a short high intensity interval training (sHIIT); and (ii) SSGs combined with a RST. This study followed a randomized parallel study design. Twenty-eight youth soccer players (age: 17.3 ± 0.5) belong to the same team were assigned equally to two intervention groups: SSG + sHIIT versus SSG + RST. Training intervention lasted 4 weeks, with a 2-session/week frequency. The players were tested twice, once before and after the intervention with the following tests: skinfolds (fat mass); Sargent jump test (SJT); standing long jump; sprinting time at 10-, 20-, or 30-m; 5-0-5 for time and deficit; 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) based on the final velocity, and repeated sprint ability (RAST) for peak, minimum, average power, and fatigue index. A mixed analysis of variance was conducted to considering factor × time effect. Between-group analysis revealed no significant differences at baseline and post-intervention period for fat mass, sprinting time at 10-, 20-, and 30-m, change-of-direction (COD) time and deficit, SJT and standing long jump, final velocity at 30-15IFT and RAST peak, average power, and fatigue index (p > 0.05). Within-group analysis revealed that both groups significantly reduced fat mass (p ≤ 0.001), SJT (p ≤ 0.001), standing long jump (p ≤ 0.001), sprint time at 10- and 20-m (p ≤ 0.001), 30-m (p = 0.002), COD time (p ≤ 0.001) and deficit (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-20T08:43:41Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221101842
       
  • Training, anthropometric, and physical performance profiles of players in
           the U19 men's volleyball at different in-game role

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      Authors: Pedro Schons, Artur Avelino Birk Preissler, Guilherme Pereira Berriel, Victor Hugo Szortyka Oses, Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The evolution of its rules has made the demands of different court in-game role more specific in terms of skills. However, it is unclear whether players in the U19 men's volleyball already have specifics according to their in-game role. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the training profiles, anthropometric profiles, and physical performance profiles of male volleyball players aged under 19 at different in-game role. The 353 volleyball players (16.89 ± 0.76 years) were evaluated prior to the Brazilian U19 men's state team championship games. The training profiles were evaluated using a questionnaire; the anthropometric profile was obtained by analyzing the body mass, body height, and arm span; and the physical performance profile was measured by changes in direction, sprint, block jump reach, and spike jump reach tests. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare players' in-game role, with a significance of α
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-18T04:46:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221100058
       
  • The effect of proprioceptive training on technical soccer skills in female
           soccer

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      Authors: Athanasios G. Souglis, Antonios K. Travlos, Georgios Andronikos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Development of perceptual-cognitive motor skills is a crucial factor influencing soccer training and competition. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of neuromuscular coordination, proprioceptive and balance exercises on physiological attributes and technical skills in female soccer. Female soccer players competing in Greek A Division (N = 48) were assigned to intervention (N1 = 24) and control groups (N2 = 24). The Proprioceptive Training Intervention Program (PTIP) lasted approximately 20 min and was implemented five times per week for 16 weeks. It was hypothesized that the PTIP in addition to a regular training programme would significantly affect female soccer player perceptual-cognitive-motor capability as it was estimated with physiological attributes ([math]O2max and agility) and motor performance soccer technical skills (juggling, heading, shooting, passing, and dribbling). All performance variables were measured prior and after the 16-weeks PTIP. Groups by Measures (2 × 2) ANOVAs with repeated measures on the second factor revealed that the intervention group decreased percent body fat and improved [math]O2max and all technical skills in comparison to the control group after the PTIP (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-16T07:29:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221097857
       
  • 2019 International touch rugby world Cup: An analysis of movement demands
           by half and gender

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      Authors: Javier A Zaragoza, Jessica Prather, Christine M Florez, Justin Goonan, Matthias R Tinnin, Ariane H Secrest, Lem W Taylor, Nathan Elsworthy, Vincent J Dalbo
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      PurposeQuantify and compare the movement demands of gameplay in a male only and a female only touch rugby team competing in the International Touch World Cup (2019).MethodsMovement demands (male: n = 16; female: n = 15) were assessed across 16 games (male open's: 8; female open's: 8) with 10 Hz global positioning system devices. Separate linear mixed models and Cohen's effect size (ES) comparisons were used to analyze variables by half (1st vs. 2nd half) and gender (male vs. female).ResultsWithin game comparisons revealed reductions in run distance (ES = -0.26; p = 0.003) and worst-case scenario one-minute relative distance (ES = -0.29; p = 0.019) from the first to second half in a male only team. The female only team experienced an increase in walk distance (ES = 0.42; p
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-16T07:29:01Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221100185
       
  • Rink hockey “Ok-XS”. Motor behavior effects of scaling games
           in U8 players

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      Authors: Enrique Lacasa, Albert Canton, Isidre Brufau, Jaume March-Llanes, Carlota Torrents
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      In rink hockey, it is not usual to find proposals of mini-hockey in early competition. This study aimed to analyse the effect of the manipulation of court dimensions and the number of participants on the motor behavior of players. Twenty-four rink hockey players (three girls and 21 boys; age: 7.1 ± 0.4 years) U8 category participated in this study. Three types of 3-min games were played twice, with 3-min breaks, following a random order: i) Four versus four (plus goalkeeper) on an official pitch (40 × 20 m); ii) Four versus four (plus goalkeeper) on a rink measuring 20 × 13 m, and iii) Two versus two (plus goalkeeper) on a court measuring 20 × 10 m. All games were video-recorded and a systematic observation instrument was used to register the actions using the Lince PLUS observation tool (v.1.2.0-2020). The individual technical-tactical behavioral variables of the court players were analysed, considering: (a) actions without the ball; (b) actions with the ball; and (c) final phase of ball possession. Statistical analysis was performed based on the Generalized Mixed Poisson Model. The results revealed that total actions were increased in both scaling situations compared to situation 1 in which young rink hockey players officially compete (S1 vs. S3; p
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-16T07:28:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221094830
       
  • How do International Olympic Sport Federations innovate' the use of
           crowdfunding and the impact of COVID-19

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      Authors: Miguel Crespo, Dolores Botella-Carrubi, Jose Jabaloyes, Rafael Martínez-Gallego
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to contribute to the understanding of innovation and crowdfunding of International Olympic Sport Federations (IFs), which are the world governing bodies of their respective sports. Three research questions were addressed: the perceptions of the IFs on the implementation of their innovation programmes during the last four years (2016–2020), the impact of COVID-19 on the IFs capability to innovate, and the crowdfunding strategies of the IFs. A mixed method combining qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. An online semi-structured questionnaire which included an open answer section was completed by IFs executives (n = 22) and an analysis of the information provided by IFs through various content sources was conducted. Results showed that IFs with less funding had a significantly more innovative approach that their counterparts, that the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on the innovative capability was not unanimous, that they identified sport-specific programmes as the most innovative of all initiatives delivered during the pandemic, and that crowdfunding projects were implemented in their sport but mostly at individual and local levels. From a research perspective, since this is the first study that investigates the innovation and crowdfunding strategies of IFs, future directions include the need for further research with national and regional federations on these topics. Practical implications are suggested for IFs to deliver innovative programmes to satisfy their stakeholder needs and to consider new funding methods such as crowdfunding as part of their strategies.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-11T07:52:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221096922
       
  • “Is it a slow day or a go day'”: The perceptions and applications of
           velocity-based training within elite strength and conditioning

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      Authors: Steve W. Thompson, Pete Olusoga, David Rogerson, Alan Ruddock, Andrew Barnes
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Velocity-based training (VBT) is a contemporary prescriptive, programming, and testing tool commonly utilised in strength and conditioning (S&C). Over recent years, there has been an influx of peer-reviewed literature investigating several different applications (e.g. load-velocity profiling, velocity loss, load manipulation, and reliability of technology) of VBT. The procedures implemented in research, however, do not always reflect the practices within applied environments. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the perceptions and applications of VBT within elite S&C to enhance contextual understanding and develop appropriate avenues of practitioner-focused research. Fourteen high-performance S&C coaches participated in semi-structured interviews to discuss their experiences of implementing VBT into their practices. Reflexive thematic analysis was adopted, following an inductive and realist approach. Three central organising themes emerged: Technology, applications, and reflections. Within these central themes, higher order themes consisting of drivers for buying technology; programming, testing, monitoring, and feedback; and benefits, drawbacks, and future uses also emerged. Practitioners reported varied drivers and applications of VBT, often being dictated by simplicity, environmental context, and personal preferences. Coaches perceived VBT to be a beneficial tool yet were cognizant of the drawbacks and challenges in certain settings. VBT is a flexible tool that can support and aid several aspects of S&C planning and delivery, with coaches valuing the impact it can have on training environments, objective prescriptions, tracking player readiness, and programme success.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-09T12:02:28Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221099641
       
  • Comparison of the game structure and point ending during Grand Slam
           women's doubles tennis

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      Authors: Marcos Borderias, Miguel Crespo, Rafael Martí­nez-Gallego, Ernest Baiget
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Despite the importance of doubles tennis, there is little research on this modality of the game, especially as per women play. The aim of this study was to analyse the structural variables and the way points ended in women's doubles, as well as to observe the differences between surfaces and between winning and losing teams. Twenty-one WTA doubles matches from three Grand Slams played on three different surfaces were analysed. Players played 2.0 ± 0.3 sets, 19.9 ± 3.2 games, 130.4 ± 25.3 points, 0.2 ± 0.6 tie breaks per match (PM), 9.5 ± 1.0 games and 62.6 ± 7.9 points per set, and 6.6 ± 0.6 points per game (PG). 33.5% of the points ended with a winner (Wn), 43.6% with a forced error (FE) and 22.8% with an unforced error (UE), with the Wn shot being the variable that most discriminated between winner and loser teams. It was also shown that the way more points were finished was with FE, followed by Wn and UE. There were no significant differences between surfaces in structural variables or point ending. These results showed that in women's doubles playing Wn shots and avoiding UE is crucial to successful performance, so that aggressive play and taking the initiative in the game has a positive influence in the result.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-09T12:01:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221098226
       
  • Leg fidgeting enhances blood lactate clearance following maximal anaerobic
           exercise

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      Authors: A. MartinezAguirre-Betolaza, K. Jacka, D. Sargent, C. Paterson, K.J. Stone, L. Stoner, A. Broomfield-Gull, S. Fryer
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Low intensity active recovery such as walking appears to be optimal for the clearance of blood lactate (BLa) concentration following high intensity exercise. However, within a sporting context, competition rules or procedural impracticalities often mean walking is not possible. Leg fidgeting during sitting has been shown to increase leg blood flow, which may impact BLa clearance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether leg fidgeting stimulates BLa clearance following high intensity exercise. Using a randomized crossover design, fifteen (7 female) university athletes performed a 30 s Wingate test followed by 15 min of either passive seated rest, or seated leg fidgeting. BLa, heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed pre, immediately post and post 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min. There was a significant (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-09T12:01:28Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221097800
       
  • Characteristics of goals scored in open play at the 2017 and 2018
           Australian national cerebral palsy football championship

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      Authors: Alvin M Goh, Eric J Drinkwater, Craig A Harms, Mark Scanlan, Robert U Newton, Fadi Ma’ayah
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Despite increasing popularity of cerebral palsy (CP) football (para football) worldwide, there are limited data available describing effective attacking strategies that lead to goals. The purpose of this research was to investigate the most frequent methods of ball repossession, distribution and movement patterns that successfully led to goals scored in open play of CP football. Video footage of all goals (n = 167) during the Australian National CP Football Championships in 2017 and 2018 were analysed using SportsCode software. Most goals (89.8%) were scored from open play, with the most effective mode of ball delivery identified as being direct play, of four or less passes, to create an opportunity to score. More goals were scored during the first half of games (54.9%), with a majority of goals (67.1%) scored from a region that encompasses the entire penalty area (Zone 1). The findings from the research conclude that tactically, coaches could capitalise on restarts by moving the ball quickly in four or less passes into the middle of the penalty area, to increase their chances of scoring goals in CP football.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-05-06T11:56:07Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221095941
       
  • The differentiation of single and dual career athletes falls short: A
           person-oriented approach to characterize typical objective life situations
           of elite athletes

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      Authors: Merlin Örencik, Michael J. Schmid, Jürg Schmid, Achim Conzelmann
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Research concerning athletic career development in high-performance sport typically uses demographic data, sport characteristics or pursuing a dual career (i.e. having an educational or vocational career simultaneous to the athletic career) to identify developmental processes. In defiance of these attempts, considerable heterogeneity remains within these subgroups of the elite athlete population. In line with the person-oriented approach, the objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive typology of athletes with similar objective life situations by considering both sport-related as well as non-sport related aspects. To this end, data were collected about athletic performance level, weekly amount of working time (i.e. sport-related activities, education, and vocation), and financial information (i.e. gross annual income and income generated from sport). Based on a sample of 733 elite athletes, a cluster analysis was performed to divide the sample into groups of similar patterns on the aforementioned factors. Five different athlete patterns were found: (1) working dual career athletes, (2) high-income professional athletes, (3) medium-income professional athletes, (4) family-supported athletes, and (5) student dual career athletes. These findings support the dual career literature of separating dual career (Cluster 1 and Cluster 5) from single career athletes, which, in turn, should also not be regarded as a single population, but further divided (Cluster 2, Cluster 3, and Cluster 4). This typology may aid federations and practitioners within athletic career development in providing individual assistance for elite athletes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-25T06:15:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221090941
       
  • Mental health literacy practices within Australian football league next
           generation academy clubs: An exploratory study

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      Authors: Samantha Diamond, Lee Wallace, Madeleine English, Cristina M. Caperchione
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      PurposeTo explore and describe the extent and quality of Mental Health Literacy (MHL) resources, information and education currently available within the Australian Football League (AFL) Next Generation Academy (NGA) programs and identify limitations/gaps in existing MHL practices within these programs.MethodsAn exploratory mixed-method descriptive design was utilised in two phases. Phase One consisted of a researcher led MHL audit of publicly available data associated with each NGA program. Phase Two included a web-based open-ended questionnaire distributed to key NGA personnel and focused on mental health practices within the programs. Descriptive statistics were used to present Phase One data and thematic analysis was utilised in Phase Two.ResultsIn Phase One, the total mean standardised score for resources on mental health, raising awareness on mental health and culture of support within the clubs were 47% (SD = 16, range 18–89), 51% (SD = 23, range 0–77) and 61% (SD = 27, range of 9–97). In Phase Two, eight participants responded to the questionnaire (44% response rate). Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis: 1) current initiatives and resources within the club; 2) training, education and support for staff; 3) the gender divide.ConclusionMainstream mental health resources do exist within the AFL and there is some support within the professional league. However, these are not effectively tailored for youth elite athletes, nor have they been implemented into NGA programs despite the willingness of staff in supporting the mental health of these athletes.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-20T07:00:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221092099
       
  • Professional padel tennis: Characteristics and effectiveness of the shots
           played to the fence

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      Authors: Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Rafael Martínez-Gallego, Jesús Ramón-Llin Mas, Miguel Crespo, Diego Muñoz, José Miguel López Martínez, Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Padel tennis is played on different surfaces and the padel tennis court is made of different materials. This influences how the ball can be played back after it hits or bounces on them. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of shots played to the fence in professional padel tennis. A total of 489 shots to the fence played by the 8 best pairs (16 male and 16 female players) competing in an international professional tournament were recorded. Using an observational methodology, variables such as the distance of the shot to the net, the side of the court from which the shot was played, the trajectory of the shot and the type of shot were analysed and compared according to gender and effectiveness. The results showed that in women's padel, the overhead shot was significantly more used to play the ball to the fence (48.4%) as compared to men's padel (39.9%), where volleys were significantly more used (39.5%) as compared to women's padel (30.5%). Crosscourt shots were significantly more effective (24.2%) than the down the line ones (16.8%). Groundstrokes were the strokes which produced significantly higher number of winners (25.2%) as well as errors (31.1%). As the distance to the net increased, the effectiveness of the shot played to the fence significantly decreased. These data can serve as a reference for padel players and coaches when planning training sessions adapted to the characteristics of the competition.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-20T06:47:29Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221093765
       
  • Anticipatory information sources of serve and returning of elite
           professional tennis players: A qualitative approach

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      Authors: Jan Carboch, John Brenton, Eliska Reischlova, Tomas Kocib
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Kinematic and contextual information is important for players as they can use these for anticipation and facilitating motor responses. The interaction of the use of this information with an understanding of how the mind works in elite players is crucial but difficult to obtain by empirical research methods. The aim was to: (i) explore and identify anticipatory information sources among professional tennis players, (ii) verify findings of Vernon et al. and elaborate on these findings based upon the perspective of European players and coaches. We interviewed 9 active or former professional players (current coaches) for 30–60 min each, replicating the same methodology and questions as Vernon. An open-coding analysis approach was used, with codes to identify common themes extracted from the transcribed interviews. Our findings were generally in support of Vernon's findings, verifying the importance of ball toss kinematics, contextual information sources such as the score or weather, as well as the importance of constantly updating the available kinematic and contextual information sources throughout the match. We elaborate on these findings by providing more detail regarding Vernon's findings, and add new sources of information mentioned by the interviewed players such as server's rear foot position and server's gaze. Participants shared information about their returning strategies, how they build pressure on the server, and their own service return practice, noting that this is not practiced as much as they would like it to be. Overall, focus on developing and improving visual anticipation skill is limited, even at this level of expertise.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-18T09:46:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221092345
       
  • Practice and match workload of a female tennis player in two annual
           seasons: A single-case study

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      Authors: Ales Filipcic, Miguel Crespo, Tjasa Filipcic
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The aim of this single case study was to monitor the external workload of a professional female tennis player between 314 training sessions and 115 matches. A wearable device was used during two fully consecutive tennis seasons (24 months). External workload was determined using time indicators (total and active session times), shots indicators (shots per week, session, hour, rally and minute) and frequency distribution of rallies. This case study showed that the workload during practice sessions was higher compared to matches in terms of active time, percentage of active time, shots per hour and rally, and frequency distribution of rallies with more than nine shots. The number of shots executed per minute was lower in the practice sessions than in the match. It is concluded that the recommended number of shots per hour in a 90-min practice session is for the player to perform 400 to 800 shots. The recommended average number of rallies in practice sessions is 144 and 70% of the rallies should consist of four shots. The pace of rallies in open match situations in the practice sessions should reach the level of official matches. These conclusions could be useful guidelines for determining the workload of female tennis players participating in entry-level professional tournaments.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-18T09:45:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221088836
       
  • Effect of match-related contextual factors on positional performance in
           the national rugby league

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      Authors: C. J. Wedding, M. A. Gomez, C. T. Woods, W. H. Sinclair, A. S. Leicht
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      ObjectivesTo examine the effects of match-related contextual variables on positional groups and success in the National Rugby League (NRL).MethodsData relating to match location, match outcome, quality of opposition and match type (absolute score differential) from all matches across the 2015–2019 NRL seasons were collected, in addition to 14 previously identified Factors (technical performance indicators). A decision tree, grown using the Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) algorithm, was used to model the effect of each of these match-related contexts on positional contribution according to match outcome.ResultsThe accuracy of the exhaustive CHAID model in explaining the influence of positional groups on match outcome was 66%. The model revealed four primary splits: interchange forwards, utility backs, adjustables and a group containing the remaining three positional groups (forwards, backs, and interchange).ConclusionsResults suggest that interchange forwards, utility backs and adjustables could have a definitive role within the team compared to the remaining positional groups in determining match outcome. In contrast to team-level research, there is a greater emphasis on the importance of defensive actions (e.g. try causes, tackles made) at a positional level than attacking performance indicators. The moderate classification accuracy justifies the use of this approach for examination of the interactions between match-related contextual variables, performance indicators and positional groups.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-18T02:19:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221092525
       
  • Sequence and efficacy of game complexes in high-level women’s
           volleyball: A novel perspective through Social Network Analysis

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      Authors: Lorenzo Laporta, Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa, Leonardo Gasparini Fernandes, Iago Augusto Pastori, Augusto Cézar Rodrigues Rocha, Raúl Hileno, Ricardo Franco Lima, Henrique de Oliveira Castro, José Afonso
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The stereotyped sequence of volleyball actions allows organising them into six game complexes (K), each with specific dynamics. The purpose of this study was to verify the game flow in high-level women's volleyball through the sequencing of game complexes, their relative importance within the game and their relationship to attack efficacy. Seven matches of the Women's Brazil Cup’2020, knockout competition played by the 8 best teams of the 2019/2020 Superliga, were analysed (31 sets, 1268 rallies). The matches were obtained through the online video platform www.youtube.com. Pearson's chi-squared test (χ2) with Monte Carlo correction was used to assess the association between the variables, and Social Network Analysis with Eigenvector Centrality for the understanding of the nodes interactions their relative importance in a global context. The highest frequencies occurred for K0 (28.75%), KI (25.54%), and KII (23.39%), followed by KIII (15.60%), KV (3.73%), and KIV (2.99%). Positive associations occurred between KI and error; K0 and first KIV and continuity; and between KI, KII, first KIII, second KIII, first KV or second KV and point. The highest Eigenvector Centrality values occurred in first KVE1 and first KIVE1, and the lowest in K0E0, K0E2 and seventh KIIIE0. The results showed that the game complexes unfold in sequences with different frequencies; the sequences K0E1-KIE2, K0E1-KIE1-KIIE2; K0E1-KIE0 and K0E1-KIE1-KIIE1-KIII(1)E2 are the most frequent, which is informative for approximating the regularities of the training sessions to those of the matches.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-11T03:37:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221087688
       
  • Teamwork and performance in professional women's football: A network-based
           analysis

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      Authors: Laura M.S. de Jong, Paul B. Gastin, Lyndell Bruce, Dan B. Dwyer
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Analysis of the underlying tactics and teamwork in women's football is rare and it is unknown how professional women's teams cooperate to be successful. The aim of this study was to investigate teamwork using network analysis while comparing match-outcome, match-type, ladder halves and tournament phases, to determine whether teamwork is related to success. Ball transfer data in 694 matches from the 2015, 2016 and 2017/18 Football Association Women's Super League (FA WSL) seasons; 2016–2018 National Women's Football League (NWSL) seasons; 2013 and 2017 European Cups; and 2011 and 2013 World Cups were analysed. The network metrics: edge density, transitivity, mean distance, out degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality were calculated. Success was categorised in match outcomes, ladder halves, tournament phases and ladder positions. It was found that successful professional women's football teams are highly connected (p = 0.006), and the distribution of ball possession is centralised (p = 0.001). There is a tendency for key players to send out a high number of passes, but there is no dependency on these key players for the total ball flow within a team, which is a characteristic that may be unique to women's football. Differences in teamwork exist between single matches and full seasons or tournaments, with successful teams having more effective ball movement and successful passes over the course of a season or tournament (p < 0.001). Moreover, successful league teams have more players with connecting roles than tournament teams and match tactics should be adapted to this.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-11T03:03:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221092355
       
  • Rule-directed and discovery learning in SCUBA-diving

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      Authors: Fabian Möller, Uwe Hoffmann, Fabian Steinberg, Tobias Vogt
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Time efficiency is crucial when teaching SCUBA-diving with limited practice time. Safety skills must be learned with sufficient quality and still be mastered after long breaks and in critical situations. We hypothesized a rule-directed learning approach (RL), which provides the learners with information on the best way to perform a skill, to show good initial results but less stability over time. Discovery learning (DL), which enables learners to experience more variability and to find individual solutions, might support greater stability over time and higher robustness to stress and fatigue.25 beginners (age:22.5 ± 2.7; 5 females) were randomly assigned to RL (N = 13) or DL (N = 12) and received the same general criteria for successful deployment of a surface marker buoy. Only RL got additional visual presentation and explicit instructions. Six acquisition trials were conducted. Three evaluation trials were performed, video-recorded, and independently rated for water-position/trim, time, and safety-aspects (Pre). Another three rated trials were performed after 45 (±5) days without further practice (Retention).Safety performance was rated higher for RL both during Pre (P 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-07T12:40:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221091453
       
  • The impact of different playing surfaces on physiological parameters in
           collegiate DI American football athletes

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      Authors: Floris C. Wardenaar, Kaila A. Vento, Carmen P Ortega-Santos, John Connolly, Jennifer K Vanos
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      Heat conditioning aids in acclimatization to support health and performance, yet heat safety is an important factor. This quasi-experimental pilot study investigated differences in micro-environmental conditions and physiological outcomes in n = 5 Division I collegiate American football players over different playing surfaces during summertime in the southwest U.S. Participants performed three practice sessions on hot days (∼33°C): outdoors on artificial turf (AT) and natural grass (NG); and an indoor dome (ID). Microclimate parameters, including net radiative fluxes, and physiological markers (core temperature (Tc), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate, and hydration) were continuously and simultaneously monitored. Microclimate conditions varied across the three environments. Outdoors, the largest differences were observed in surface temperatures between AT and NG (67.0°C and 32.8°C, respectively), resulting in higher emitted longwave radiation (infrared heat), slightly increasing air temperatures. Indoors, the lack of radiation lessened the overall heat load, yet higher humidity and lower airflow were observed. Physiologically, similar baseline Tc and Tsk and self-reported heat stress levels were recorded. During exercise, a significantly higher Tsk value was found on the AT (higher heat load), followed by the NG (moderate) and ID (lowest). The same pattern was reflected in Tc, RPE, and self-reported heat stress, even with lower solar radiation on AT. No differences between environments were reported for estimated energy expenditure, pre/post-body weight, bodyweight loss, fluid intake, or sweat rate. Small changes in microclimates affect overall heat loads and measured and perceived heat stress, which coaches can use in decision-making for session type, heat safety, and/or acclimatization goals.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-07T12:40:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221089748
       
  • The pre- and post-pitch-entry physical and technical responses of rugby
           league interchange players according to starting status

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      Authors: Samuel P. Hills, Zachary L. Crang, Mark Russell, Rich D. Johnston
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study quantified the activities of interchange players during the 15 min before and 20 min after initial pitch-entry (INTentry) or re-entry (INTre−entry) for substitutes and starters, respectively, and identified relationships between pre- and post-pitch-entry responses. Fourteen semi-professional rugby league players wore Microelectromechanical Systems and were filmed throughout 10 matches in which they were interchanged (68 observations). Twelve physical and technical variables were analyzed for the pre-match warm-up, five, 10, and 15 min before INTentry or INTre−entry (physical variables only), and five min epochs following match-introduction. Linear mixed models indicated that during the 0–5 min following INTentry, physical and technical responses were typically greater (∼7.1% to 66.3%) than subsequent epochs while total (∼6.2%) and high-speed (37.1%) distance also exceeded the 0–5 min after INTre−entry (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-07T12:39:50Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221089306
       
  • Periodisation in professional tennis: A macro to micro analysis of load
           management strategies within a cluttered calendar

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      Authors: Thomas Perri, Rob Duffield, Alistair Murphy, Tom Mabon, Machar Reid
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      AimThis study analysed the periodisation of internal loads across training and competition blocks of future top 250 (T250) professionally ranked tennis players’ professional transitions.MethodsRetrospective data was analysed from 10 male and 8 female Australian tennis players aged between 16 to 18 who later achieved professional rankings inside the T250. Session-rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE TL) was collected from all sessions using an online application. Data were collected from official matches, on-court skill-based training, and off-court sessions (i.e., strength, conditioning, body management) and classified according to their occurrence in either training or competition blocks. Weekly sRPE TL was quantified for respective training and competition periods. One-way analysis of variance and effect size analyses compared within-sex training loads between training and competition blocks.ResultsTraining blocks lasted longer than competitions for both sexes (p 
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-05T06:57:29Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221091087
       
  • Effects of brief periods of combined plyometric exercise and high
           intensity running training on the fitness performance of male U17 handball
           players

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      Authors: Nawel Gaamouri, Mehrez Hammami, Roy J. Shephard, Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly, Beat Knechtle, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Sabri Gaied
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      This study examined the effects of 8-week combined plyometric exercise and high intensity running training (combined training) on the performance fitness in male U17 handball players. Participants were randomly divided between experimental (E; n = 15; age: 16.5 ± 0.4 years) and control (C; n = 13; age: 16.7 ± 0.3 years) groups. The E group performed combined training (4 workshops) twice a week over 8 weeks. Each session lasted approximately 35 min. The C maintained regular in-season training. Before and after the combined training, both groups underwent repeated sprint ability (RSA), sprint performance (5m, 10m, 20m and 30m), change of direction test (Modified change-of-direction T-test (T-half)), vertical jump (squat jump (SJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ), counter-movement jump with aimed arms (CMJA)), horizontal jump (five-jump test (5JT)), strength (1-RM half squat), and 20-meter shuttle run. Group x time interaction showed significant increases on sprint performance (p < 0.01, 8.6%; p < 0.001, 7.3%; p < 0.05, 6.9%; and p < 0.01, 8.9% over distances of 5m, 10m, 20m and 30m respectively) in E relative to C. The T-half also showed significant gains for E (p < 0.05, 6.8%), as did vertical jumping (p < 0.01, 32.7%; p < 0.001, 32.6% and p < 0.001, 23% for SJ, CMJ and CMJA respectively) and horizontal jumping (p < 0.05, 13.3%) compared to C. Moreover, there were significant improvements of RSA and 20 m shuttle run in E compared to C. However, there were no significant differences in 1-RM half squat between groups. We conclude that the allocation of short periods of a combined training is effective in enhancing performance fitness and thus can be commended to male U17 Handball participants as a potentially useful component of their training.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-04-05T06:57:09Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221090932
       
  • Technical and physical performance across five consecutive seasons in
           elite European Soccer

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      Authors: Ryland Morgans, Patrick Orme, Eduard Bezuglov, Rocco Di Michele
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The technical and physical demands of elite soccer match-play may vary considerably across a season and from season-to-season in relation to a myriad of factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the technical and physical performance trends over five consecutive seasons (2016–2021) for twenty-two soccer players from a team participating in an elite European league, the Russian Premier League (RPL). Match data were recorded and analysed via an Optical Tracking System, and a selection of technical and physical performance variables were examined. From matches analysed, we observed small within-season changes (ES 0.17 to 0.37) for technical performance variables, and small to moderate changes (ES 0.31 to 0.86) for physical performance variables. Dribbles, percentage of successful dribbles, total distance covered, high-intensity and sprint distances, and maximal acceleration showed an average increase from the 2016–2017 to the 2018–2019 season, followed by a decrease in the subsequent seasons. Conversely, tackles, high-intensity accelerations and peak acceleration showed a decreasing trend from the 2016–2017 to the 2020–2021 season. Moderate to large correlations (r = −0.58 to 0.46) were apparent between changes in technical and physical variables. In summary, we observed between-season changes in match technical and physical variables in a RPL team, while there were no differences between the first and second phases of the season. The present findings may provide coaches with knowledge about long-term variations in technical and physical match performance, that can be practically useful to assess and interpret change in individual and team performance.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-03-31T06:44:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221089247
       
  • An assessment of the World Rugby law application guidelines for the
           breakdown on sanctioning and player adherence

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      Authors: Scott L. Mitchell, Gregory J. Tierney
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      World Rugby’s law application guideline for the breakdown was developed to make the breakdown safer, fairer, and simpler to understand. The aim of this study was to use video analysis to assess the impact of these guidelines by comparing player adherence from the 2019 Rugby World Cup (pre-guidelines) to the 2020 Autumn Nations Cup (post-guidelines) as well as the rate of sanctioning by match officials. Contested breakdowns (n = 1444) were individually analysed by coding any infringement that occurred as well as the sanctioning outcome. The chi-square and probability (p) values were calculated to compare proportions before (pre) and after (post) the law application guidelines. No change in the rate of infringements was observed (p = 0.207), though the rate of infringements penalised increased (p = 0.001). Reductions in the rate of infringements of two of the five offences targeted by the guidelines were observed; “offside” (p = 0.008) and “remains on feet” (p
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-03-28T07:24:37Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221088577
       
  • Gender differences in parental educational styles in athletes: Competition
           level and sport success

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      Authors: Higinio González-García, Francisco Daniel Martínez-Martínez, Antonia Pelegrín
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The goal of this research was to know whether there are differences in parental educational styles depending on gender in athletes and parents, the level of sports success (local successes, national successes and international successes) and the competition level (local competition, national competition and international competition). The sample was made up of 357 Spanish athletes. An ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire, the Multifactor Self-Assessment Test of Child Adjustment (TAMAI) and the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response (INF-OV), were used to measure the different variables. Results showed that women athletes perceived more protective fathers and men perceived more authoritarian mothers. MANOVA analyses revealed that no gender differences were found depending on the competition level and the level of success. In conclusion, fathers should be aware that they unconsciously can be more protective with girls, otherwise, mothers can be more authoritarian with boys. Thus, these results should be considered by practitioners to create programs to intervene with parents depending on athlete's gender differences.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-03-17T07:24:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221087205
       
  • Analysis of match report indicators in men's volleyball olympics and world
           championships (2014–2021) depending on the type of final score

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      Authors: George Giatsis, Sotirios Drikos, Afroditi Lola
      Abstract: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this study was to explore the match and technical indicators between winning and losing teams in the Olympics and World Championships (2016–2021) depending on the final score of the matches. A total of 273 volleyball match reports were analyzed from the Men's Olympics (2016 and 2021) and World Championships (2014–2018). Discriminant function analysis determined which skill(s) contributed significantly to winning in matches with various score types. This study showed that for 3- and 4-set matches attack was the best predictor for team's success, while block and serve had also meaningful contribution. In 5-set matches serve and block points were the main predictors of a team's success. The results on the importance of scoring skills highlight the necessity of sustained trainability of all match actions, not favoring one, such as attack, too much. The essential for this balance is confirmed by the fact that teams do not increase their probability of winning a match by success only in attack, but also in the other terminal actions such as serve and block.
      Citation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
      PubDate: 2022-03-16T09:37:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/17479541221086779
       
 
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