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Abstract: Purpose Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and remains a worldwide problem. Epidemiological studies have shown that aerobic exercise, as a noninvasive and low-cost intervention, can effectively reduce the risk of glaucoma by reducing Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis. In addition, exercise also exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, upregulating neurotrophic factors and mitochondrial function. Methods To further analyze the relationship between exercise and glaucoma, the literature was searched through PubMed and Web of Science with the following keywords: “physical activity”, “exercise”, “glaucoma”, and “retinal disease”. All articles published between 1970 and 2022 and their references were retrieved. The focus was to analyze the neuroprotective mechanism of aerobic exercise in reducing the risk of glaucoma by reviewing relevant literature, and to lay a foundation for promoting and advocating aerobic exercise to reduce the risk of glaucoma. Results Apoptosis is the main death mechanism of RGC in glaucoma. The pathological mechanisms of RGC injury include increased inflammation, impaired neurotrophic factor transmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise can reduce vision loss in glaucoma patients by reducing RGC injury. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at least three times a week, within the guidelines recommended by physical activity guidelines, may reduce the risk of glaucoma. Conclusion Aerobic exercise plays a neuroprotective role by reducing RGC apoptosis to reduce the risk of glaucoma. Therefore, aerobic exercise is recommended as an intervention to prevent and reduce the risk of glaucoma. PubDate: 2023-09-04
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Abstract: Purpose This study compared the acute effects of a session of isometric strength training (ISO) with heavy resistance training (HRT) training on 20-m sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) performance. Methods Ten resistance-trained athletes (age: 26.7 ± 6.2 years, body mass: 71.5 ± 16.2 kg, height: 1.68 ± 0.10 m) performed baseline measures for 20-m sprint, CMJ and IMTP prior to either an ISO or HRT session. During both training sessions, participants performed back squats, Romanian deadlift and split squat. Post-test performances were measured 5 min and 24 h after each training session. Participants returned a week later to perform the other training session. Results A significant time × condition effect was found for 20-m sprint time (P = 0.007) and IMTP peak force (P = 0.003). Main time effect was observed for 20-m sprint (P < 0.001), CMJ height (P < 0.001) and IMTP peak force (P < 0.001). HRT resulted in a greater increase in sprint time at 5 min (0.17 ± 0.12 vs. 0.06 ± 0.05 s, P = 0.013, g = 1.15) and 24 h (0.01 ± 0.09 vs. 0.00 ± 0.05 s, P = 0.004, g = 1.32) post-training as compared to ISO. Similarly, HRT resulted in a significantly larger reduction in IMTP peak force than ISO at both 5 min (− 363.3 ± 248.8 vs. − 98.9 ± 230.3 N, P = 0.024, g = 1.06) and 24 h (− 289.2 ± 256.2 vs. 37.9 ± 177.8 N, P = 0.004, g = 1.42) post-training. Total impulses generated during each exercise were greater during ISO than HRT (P < 0.001–0.006). Rating of perceived recovery post 24 h was higher in ISO than HRT (P = 0.002). Conclusion The above results indicated that acute HRT led to a greater reduction in sprinting strength performance and lower perceived recovery post-24 h than ISO. PubDate: 2023-08-18
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Abstract: Background Establishing the reliability of countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics over multiple weeks can be important in understanding and tracking changes in jump performance over time. However, a limited number of key performance indicators are generally retained for ease of interpretation. Fortunately, CMJ metrics are often highly correlated, which offers the potential to summarize key jump aspects using principal component analysis (PCA). Purpose The objective of this study was to assess and compare the week-to-week (i.e., week 1 vs. week 2, week 2 vs. week 3, etc.) vs. preseason (i.e., nth-week vs. average of the 7-weeks) reliability of CMJ metrics, relative to principal components (PCs). Methods Thirteen varsity female basketball athletes completed 17 weeks of CMJ testing (i.e., offseason (4 weeks), preseason (7 weeks), and regular season (6 weeks)). The PCA was developed from all data collected, but only results of the preseason PC scores were examined for reliability purposes. Results It was found that both methods displayed comparable reliability, such that 11/18 CMJ metrics and 3/6 PCs displayed excellent weekly reliability (ICC ≥ 0.9), while 17/18 of the CMJ metrics and 5/6 of the PCS displayed excellent reliability when assessed longitudinally. PCs 1–4 explained 83% of the variance in the data relating to force measures, braking metrics, jump power measures, and between-limb differences, respectively. Conclusion These findings support the use of PCA in routine longitudinal athletic monitoring, as this technique retains valuable performance information and summarizes distinct aspects of the jump, providing a more holistic assessment of performance and indication of injury susceptibility. PubDate: 2023-08-15
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Abstract: Purpose Research findings are typically reported at the group level but applied to individuals. However, an emerging issue in sports science concerns nonergodicity—whereby group-level data cannot be generalized to individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine if the relationship between daily carbohydrate intake and perceived recovery status displays nonergodicity. Methods Fifty-five endurance athletes recorded daily measures of self-selected dietary intake, training, sleep, and subjective wellbeing for 12 weeks. We constructed linear models to measure the influence of daily carbohydrate intake on perceived recovery status while accounting for training load, sleep duration, sleep quality, and muscle soreness. Using linear model coefficients for carbohydrate intake we tested whether the distributions (mean and SD) differed at the group and individual levels (indicating nonergodicity). Additionally, a decision tree was created to explore factors that could provide an indication of an individual athlete’s relationship between carbohydrate intake and perceived recovery status. Results Mean values were not different between group- and individual-level analyses, but SDs at the individual level were ~2.4 times larger than at the group level, indicating nonergodicity. Model coefficients for carbohydrate intake were negative for three participants, positive for four participants, and non-significant for 37 participants. The κ value measuring accuracy of the decision tree was 0.52, indicating moderate prediction accuracy. Conclusion For most individuals, carbohydrate intake did not influence recovery status. However, the influence of dietary carbohydrate intake on daily recovery differs at the group and individual level. Therefore, practical recommendations should be based on individual-level analysis. PubDate: 2023-08-14
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Abstract: Abstract Post-activation potentiation has been considered an effective intervention in relation to improving sports performance in several modalities. Specifically, indoor soccer studies have shown significant gains in muscle strength and physical capabilities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two neuromuscular training, pre- and post-8 weeks, with and without induction of post-activation potentiation. All participants were submitted to the counter movement jump protocols, maximum voluntary isometric contraction, three maximum repetitions of knee extensors, 20 m maximum horizontal speed, and Illinois agility test. Significant acute effect was found only at the height of the experimental group, pre- and post-training (0.40 ± 0.04 m and 0.45 ± 0.05 m; P = 0.035). Significant chronic effects were observed only at the height (Control: 0.39 ± 0.05 m and 0.45 ± 0.05 m; P = 0.002) and at maximum strength in three maximum repetitions (Experimental: 112 ± 17 kg and 130 ± 17 kg; P = 0.032), pre- and post-training. Therefore, the 8-week neuromuscular training, with post-activation potentiation induction, results in acute and chronic improvements, and can be adopted as an effective alternative method for the improvement in sports performance. PubDate: 2023-08-02
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Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine peak torque (PT), mean power (MP), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude, and neuromuscular efficiency from EMG and MMG amplitude (NMEEMG and NMEMMG, respectively) across the velocity spectrum in children versus adolescents. Methods Seventeen children (n = 8 males, n = 9 females) and 22 adolescents (n = 11 males, n = 11 females) participated. Participants completed maximal concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300°/s. PT, MP, EMG amplitude, and MMG amplitude were quantified during all muscle actions. NMEEMG and NMEMMG were quantified by expressing PT relative to EMG and MMG amplitude, respectively, for each muscle action. Results PT, MP, NMEEMG, and NMEMMG were greater for the adolescents than the children collapsed across sex and velocity (P ≤ 0.021). There were no significant differences for EMG amplitude (P ≥ 0.051), while MMG amplitude increased significantly from 60 to 240°/s (P < 0.001) then decreased significantly from 240 to 300°/s (P < 0.001) for all groups. Conclusion Overall, regardless of velocity, the expression of PT relative to EMG and MMG amplitude (NMEEMG and NMEMMG, respectively), in conjunction with measurements of torque and power production, may provide practitioners a unique method of examining growth and development-related augmentations in neuromuscular function during dynamic movements. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose In judo, athletes compete based on weight categories, which are required to adapt the training process accordingly, but not enough research is present to understand their particularities. The present study aimed to verify the differences in judo attack systems performed between the seven male weight categories in world-class athletes. Methods A cohort of 5847 attack systems from 1106 international judo matches was analyzed. The Chi-square automatic interaction detector was used to identify the association between the variables tori approach (attacker), uke approach (defender), tori’s grip, stance and direction of attack. Results The main results showed that: (1) the grip is the main predictor of attack systems; (2) laterality exerts a strong influence on attack systems; (3) the ≤ 81 kg and > 100 kg categories were differentiated by the use of unconventional grips; (4) the ≤ 60 kg used more kenka-yotsu (opposite sides) right stance with the Only Right Hand grip; (5) the ≤ 81 kg category used more the ai-yotsu (same side) left stance with the Only Left Hand grip. Conclusion The results reported from this study can help coaches and athletes in choosing the best technical–tactical actions when developing combat strategies. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Abstract High mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) is an evolutionarily ancient protein, which, as an important non-histone chromosome-binding protein in organism cells, is involved in a variety of important biological processes, including DNA repair, gene transcription, cellular inflammatory response, and autophagy. In this study, we established an eccentric exercise model to observe the effect of HMGB1 on skeletal muscle autophagy and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Forty-eight male 8-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into control group (C) and exercise group (E). Group E was subjected to a bout of eccentric exercise on a treadmill and sampled soleus at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-exercise. The speed of the exercise protocol in this study was 16 m/min, the slope was −16°, and the time was 90 min. The ultrastructural changes of skeletal muscle were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The protein expressions of HMGB1, Beclin1, and LC3 were detected by Western Blot. The co-localizations of Beclin1/Bcl-2, Beclin1/HMGB1, and Beclin1/Vps34 were measured by immunofluorescence. The results show that eccentric exercise leads to abnormal changes in the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle, and the protein levels of Beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-I, and the content of HMGB1 in nuclear and cytoplasm were significantly increased at 24 h post-exercise (P < 0.05). The co-localization of Beclin1/Bcl-2 and Beclin1/HMGB1 were increased significantly at 0 h post-exercise and then decreased, while the co-localization of Beclin1/Vps34 showed the highest level at 24 h post-exercise. In conclusion, HMGB1 facilitates the separation of Beclin1 from Bcl-2 and promotes Beclin1 binding to Vps34, which may play an important role in eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle autophagy. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose The aims of the present study were two-fold: (i) to investigate the relationship between physical characteristics and the game statistics associated with ball-carrying capability amongst sub-elite rugby union players, and (ii) to predict the level of change in these physical characteristics required to improve the associated game statistic via regression analysis. Methods Thirty-eight senior professional players (forwards, n = 22; backs, n = 16) were assessed for body mass (BM), back squat (BS) single-repetition maximum (1RM) normalised to BM (1RM/BM), 10 m sprint velocity (S10), 10 m sprint momentum (SM10), and the game statistics from 22 games within the 2019/20 RFU Championship season. The relationship between these measures and the predicted level of change in a physical measure required to improve the total number of the associated game statistic by one were assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and simple regression analyses. Results In forwards, an ~ 11.5% reduction in BM, an ~ 11.8% improvement in BS 1RM/BM, or an ~ 11.5% increase in S10 was required to improve the game statistics associated with ball-carrying capability. In backs, a ~ 19.3% increase in BM or a ~ 15.6% improvement in SM10 was required. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that improvements in lower-body relative strength, acceleration performance, and position-specific alterations in body mass are required to maximise the ball-carrying capability and therefore match outcome of sub-elite rugby union players. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is a screening tool to detect abnormalities that may predispose athletes to sudden cardiac death. Newer standardized criteria have been introduced to better interpret ECG data, however this research has predominantly focused on male athletes. It is important to include female athletes in research to better define ECG characteristics in this population. The purpose of this study was to compare the Seattle and International Criteria ECG abnormalities in Division II female collegiate athletes of various ethnicities. Methods Fifty-six females (age 20.2 ± 1.4 years; height 1.70 ± 0.7 m; weight 69.5 ± 8.9 kg) completed a resting 12-lead ECG protocol. ECG data was classified as ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ according to the parameters of each criterion and abnormal conditions were noted. Chi-square analysis was used to assess statistical comparisons between criteria. Results There was a significant difference in abnormal classifications as the total number of ECGs identified as abnormal using the Seattle Criteria decreased from 12 (21.4%) to 2 (3.6%) when using the International Criteria (P < 0.05). African American athletes had a higher number of abnormal ECG’s compared to White and Latina athletes using the Seattle Criteria (P = 0.03). Conclusions The International Criteria significantly reduces the total number of abnormal ECG readings in female collegiate athletes compared to the Seattle Criteria and did not overly identify African American athletes with abnormalities. Further research is necessary to expand on this study and clearly define criteria for female athletes of various ethnicities. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose We aimed to conduct a scoping review by reviewing studies that investigated the influence of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on the effect of physical activity (PA) on risk of obesity. The research questions of this review were: (1) “What is known from existing literature about the influence of the FTO gene on the effect of physical activity on obesity'” (2) “What are the gaps in existing literature in that area'” Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist and the five-stage methodological framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley were utilized to conduct this scoping review. Four online databases were searched for articles between July 2021 and August 2021. The articles were chosen to be included if they were: published in English; included male and/or female adult participants (ages 18–65); looked at the effect of FTO on overweight/obesity; and included PA/exercise/physical fitness intervention or examination. Excluded studies were studies with a population that had a diagnosis of any disorder or condition other than obesity. Results Nine articles were selected for this scoping review, one of which is a conference abstract. Based on the type, the articles were categorized into intervention (n = 3), observational (n = 5), and review article (n = 1). All articles were summarized in terms of questions and main findings. Conclusion This scoping review presented evidence that the FTO gene could influence the effect of PA on obesity. The gaps in knowledge were evident in the limited number of intervention studies. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the response of myokines to blood-flow restricted resistance-exercise (BFR-RE) in younger and older males before and after completing a 12-week resistance-training program. Methods There were 8 younger (24.8 ± 3.9 yrs) and 7 older (68.3 ± 5.0 yrs) untrained male participants completed this study. Anthropometric and maximal strength (1RM) measurements were collected before and after a 12-week, supervised, progressive full-body resistance-training program. As well, an acute bout of full-body BFR-RE was performed with venipuncture blood samples collected before and immediately following the BFR-RE, followed by sampling at 3, 6, 24 and 48 h. Results The 12-week training program stimulated a 32.2% increase in average strength and 30% increase in strength per kg of fat free mass. The response of particular myokines to the acute bout of BFR-RE was influenced training status (IL-4, untrained = 78.1 ± 133.2 pg/mL vs. trained = 59.8 ± 121.6 pg/mL, P = 0.019; IL-7, untrained = 3.46 ± 1.8 pg/mL vs. trained = 2.66 ± 1.3 pg/mL, P = 0.047) or both training and age (irisin, P = 0.04; leukemia inhibitory factor, P < 0.001). As well, changes in strength per kg of fat free mass were correlated with area under the curve for IL-4 (r = 0.537; P = 0.039), IL-6 (r = 0. 525; P = 0.044) and LIF (r = − 0.548; P = 0.035) in the untrained condition. Conclusion This study identified that both age and training status influence the myokine response to an acute bout of BFR-RE with the release of IL-4, IL-6 and LIF in the untrained state being associated with changes in strength per kg of fat free mass. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997–2020, taking into account the countries’ Human Development Index (HDI), and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’ representativeness in the raking alongside the years. Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes, ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon (403 female and 487 male) and marathon (480 female and 482 male) races, between the years 1997–2020. Information about the countries’ HDI was included, and categorized as “low HDI”, “medium HDI”, “high HDI”, and “very-high HDI”. Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions (1st–3rd; 4th–10th; > 10th), and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as “total number of athletes 1997–2000”; “total number of athletes 2001–2010”; and “total number of athletes 2011–2020”. The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables. Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI, followed by low HDI and very-high HDI. Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females (χ2 = 15.52; P = 0.017) and males (χ2 = 9.03; P = 0.014), in half-marathon and marathon, respectively. No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes, but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years (1997–2000 to 2001–2010: r = 0.60; P < 0.001; 2001–2010 to –2011–2020: r = 0.29; P < 0.001). Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI, followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI. The Matthew effect was observed, but a generalization of the results should not be done. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of a 12-week recreational soccer program (RSP) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adolescents with obesity. Methods Eighteen adolescents with obesity were assigned to RSP [n = 10, age = 13.8 ± 1.5 years, body mass index (BMI) = 30.7 ± 5 kg/m2] and control (n = 8, age = 14.9 ± 1.4 years, BMI = 32.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2) groups. Participants underwent anthropometric, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and RMR assessments at baseline and post-intervention. The 12-week RSP consisted of small-sided games with 60-min performed 3 times per week. Results Post-intervention, between-group differences due to RSP emerged for body mass (Δ: − 15.1 kg, P = 0.043), BMI (Δ: − 4.7 kg, P = 0.05), waist and hip circumferences (Δ: − 14.6 and − 16.6 cm, P = 0.015 and P = 0.017, respectively), fat mass (Δ: − 8.7 kg, P = 0.049) and VO2max (Δ: 5.5 mL/kg/min, P = 0.013). No significant differences were detected for the absolute and adjusted RMR for fat mass and fat-free mass at baseline and after 12 weeks for both RSP and control groups, although a marked downward trend of 27.6% for adjusted RMR was observed post-control (1915 vs. 1386 kcal/day; Δ: − 529 kcal/day). Conclusion A 12-week RSP was effective for improving anthropometric, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness health markers in adolescents with obesity, but not for RMR. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose Whether elite athletes, who have been exposed to vigorous-intensity exercise combined with other stressors, have elevated systemic low-grade inflammation, remains largely unclear. To address this question, we studied the levels of six inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers of a low-grade inflammatory state in elite athletes after an 11-month training and competition season. Methods We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers and 27 gender- and age-matched, moderately-exercising controls. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) cytokines were quantified as surrogate markers of low-grade inflammation. Results The athletes were found to have significantly lower concentrations of CRP (P = 0.0232) and higher concentrations of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P = 0.0097, P = 0.0256, and P = 0.0185, respectively) than the controls. No significant differences between athletes and controls were detected in the concentrations of IL-6 and GlycA. The inflammatory score (IS) did not differ significantly between athletes and controls. Conclusion The results of this study argued against the hypothesis of a significant chronic low-grade inflammation in response to prolonged high-performance exercise among elite endurance athletes. PubDate: 2023-08-01
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Abstract: Purpose This study aimed to analyze how psychological flexibility, perfectionism, and reported injuries are related to pain catastrophizing in soccer referees. Methods Design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Data were collected online from 199 soccer referees. Pain catastrophizing was assessed with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, psychological inflexibility with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and perfectionism with the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Data were also gathered on other injury-related variables. Results Referees with medium–high scores on psychological inflexibility showed greater pain catastrophizing (t = 5.322, P < 0.001), rumination (t = 4.004, P < 0.001), helplessness (t = 5.023, P < 0.001) and magnification (t = 5.590, P < 0.001) than those with low scores. Psychological inflexibility emerged as a significant predictor of catastrophizing (β = 0.313, P = 0.006). A slight relationship was found between perfectionism and catastrophizing. For all subscales, the referees who reported mild–moderate injuries in the last three seasons showed greater pain catastrophizing, while those with severe injuries obtained higher scores on all dimensions of catastrophizing except magnification. Finally, those who reported severe injuries only obtained higher scores on rumination and helplessness. Conclusion These results provide a better understanding of the variables that influence pain perception. Possible interventions are suggested based on the observation that greater psychological flexibility was associated with lower pain catastrophizing, with the specific features of the latter depending on the presence and severity of the injury. PubDate: 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00234-z
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Abstract: Background Shoulder strength evaluation is a recommended procedure in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Aim To examine hand-held sphygmomanometer (HHS) and hand-held dynamometer (HHD) intra- and inter-rater reliability during isometric shoulder external and internal rotation strength testing in prone rotation position in asymptomatic participants, and to compare these two testing modalities. Design Reliability study. Methods A total of 20 asymptomatic participants (27.7 ± 7.4 years; 77.1 ± 10.1 kg) attended a strength assessment consisting of HHS and HHD tests. Reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), coefficient of variation (CV) with 95%CI, and standard error of measurement (SEM). Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis were used to compare HHS and HHD testing modalities. Results “Good” to “excellent” intra (ICC range = 0.896 to 0.979) and inter-rater reliability scores (ICC range = 0.850 to 0.978) were displayed during both HHS and HHD tests during internal and external rotation strength assessments. Linear relationships between HHS and HHD measures were found, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging between 0.60 and 0.79. Conclusion HHS and HHD resulted to be reliable strength assessment modalities for clinical practice. These assessment modes can be equally valid in assessing intra and inter-limb asymmetries in isometric shoulder rotation strength. The affordability and availability of HHS in ordinary clinical settings can facilitate its implementation in musculoskeletal practice. PubDate: 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00232-1
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Abstract: Aim Resistance training volume is one of the most important variables to induce muscular adaptations. However, high-volume training can be exhausting and cause prior knowledge of training volume in a session to negatively affect the total number of repetitions performed, thus reducing the overall training effect. This study was designed to determine the influence of prior knowledge of the number of sets to be performed on total training volume. Methods Eleven men with previous resistance training experience (≥ 12 months) performed six sets of bench press under three different conditions: a control trial (CL) where participants were informed that they would perform six sets and complete six sets; a deception trial (DC) where participants were informed they would perform three sets but had an additional three sets added after completing the first three sets, and an unknown trial (UN) in which participants received no information about how many sets would be performed but actually completed six sets. Conditions were randomized among all participants. All sets were performed to momentary concentric failure using 70% of one-repetition maximum. Results Results showed no significant difference among the three conditions for the total number of repetitions (CL = 62.4 ± 8.5, DC = 61.1 ± 13.2, UN = 62.2 ± 2.8, P = 0 .94). Conclusion These results suggest that prior knowledge of the number of sets to be performed in a training session has no significant effect on total training volume achieved in resistance-trained men. PubDate: 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00236-x
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Abstract: Abstract Thyroid hormones are widely studied for their involvement in energy metabolism and thermogenesis. However, their role on muscle fibers and the structure and organelles of this tissue has yet to be reviewed. This mini-review aims to show the involvement of thyroid hormone signalings in the function of muscle fibers. Serum levels of thyroid hormones depend on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, which, in turn, acts depending on changes in homeostasis and the environment. In skeletal muscle, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) participate in contractile function, metabolism, myogenesis, and regeneration. T3 regulates skeletal muscle gene expression through the interaction with the specific nuclear isoforms receptors for thyroid hormones: α (THRA) and β (THRB). In addition, T3 activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which ultimately increases the transcription of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). They can bind to a membrane integrin, Alpha-5 beta-3 integrin (αvβ3), and activate the PI3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways. T3 and T4 also increase Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) gene transcription. These initially nongenomic, nonclassical actions serve as additional interfaces for transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormones. In addition, di-iodine (T2), the thyroid hormone metabolite, has been shown to play a role in this process. PubDate: 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00235-y
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