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- ACUTE EFFECTS OF ANKLE WEIGHT LOADING ON REGIONAL ACTIVITY OF RECTUS
FEMORIS MUSCLE AND LOWER-EXTREMITY KINEMATICS DURING WALKING IN OLDER
ADULTS
Authors: Shideh Narouei, Hiroyasu Akatsu , Kohei Watanabe
Abstract: Ankle weight loading is a straightforward and easily applicable method to increase the physiological burden during walking in older adults. The current study investigated the acute effects of ankle weight loading on the regional activity of rectus femoris (RF) muscle and lower-extremity joint angles during walking in twenty-nine healthy older adults. Neuromuscular activities of proximal (RFP) and distal (RFD) regions of the RF into averaged rectified values (ARV) and kinematics of left lower extremities were measured during walking with and without ankle weight on a treadmill using surface electromyography (EMG) and motion capture, respectively. Significant differences in normalized ARV between RFP and RFD with ankle weight loading were found in longer periods of the stance phase (30-55 and 5-15%) and swing (70-90 and 95-100%) phases compared to without weight condition (30-40, 50, and 75-85%) (p<.05). The hip flexion angle at (10-25 and 60-90%), knee extension at (5%, 15%, 25-35%, and 100%), and ankle dorsiflexion at (30-55% and 75%) of the gait cycle were increased with ankle weight loading more than without it (p<.05). Ankle weight loading could change the neuromuscular activity pattern of RFP and improve lower-extremity kinematics during walking in older adults. Key words: the elderly, ankle weight, rectus femoris, surface electromyography, joint angle
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- ACCURACY OF THE 20-M SHUTTLE RUN TEST FOR INDIVIDUALIZING EXERCISE
INTENSITY OF HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING
Authors: Daniel Bok, Jere Gulin, Cvita Gregov
Pages: 3 - 12
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the accuracy of the 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) for the prescription of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and to examine the appropriate intensity, prescribed by the 20mSRT end-test speed, for the execution of HIIT. Twenty physical education students (age: 22.4 ± 0.8 years, body height: 175.7 ± 8.9 cm, body weight: 73.8 ± 13.4 kg) participated in the study. On two separate occasions the participants were first tested with a maximal incremental exercise test and the 20mSRT. On another two occasions they were required to perform a 10-minute HIIT session comprised of 15-s runs interspersed with 15-s passive recovery. The intensities of the HIIT sessions were either 100% (T100%) or 110% (T110%) of the end-test speed reached in the 20mSRT. Mean oxygen uptake (VO2) (84.4 ± 5.5% vs 77.8 ± 6.9% of VO2max), mean heart rate (HR) (93 ± 2.8% vs 87.6 ± 4.6% of HRmax), blood lactate concentration (12.6 ± 2.1 vs 5.4 ± 2.6 mmol/l), and ratings of perceived exertion (9.5 ± 0.5 vs 6.7 ± 1) were all significantly (p<.01) higher during T110% vs. T100%. The percentage of the total exercise time spent ≥ 90% VO2max (37.6 ± 25.3 vs. 18.6 ± 18.0%, p<.05) and ≥ 90% HRmax (73.9 ± 17.7% vs. 37.5 ± 33.3, p<.001) were also significantly higher during T110%. The mean VO2 and HR coefficient of variation during T110% were 6.5 and 3%, respectively. The cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses to T110% were reflective of the responses typical for HIIT, while T100% induced insufficient physiological stress to enable optimal cardiorespiratory adaptation. Therefore, the intensity of 110% 20mSRT is preferable for inducing the appropriate acute physiological responses and the 20mSRT can be used to accurately prescribe HIIT. Key words: exercise testing, aerobic endurance, beep test, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, acute exercise responses
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- FREE WEIGHT TRAINING VS. ELASTIC BAND TRAINING: WHAT IS A MORE EFFECTIVE
STRATEGY FOR INCREASING MAXIMAL VELOCITY ABILITY DURING HANDBALL THROWS'
Authors: Andrija Vojinovic, Danica Janicijevic, Milos Petrovic, Amador García-Ramos, Milica Simic, Dejan Suzovic
Pages: 21 - 29
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of two resistance training (RT) programmes (free weight [FW] and elastic band [EB]) on velocity variables (handball throwing velocity [HTV] and maximal theoretical velocity [V0]) using load-velocity (L-V) relationship modelling. Both programmes lasted 6 weeks and consisted of performing bench press and overarm dumbbell pull-over using free weights (FW group) or elastic bands (EB group). Nineteen male sports science students were randomly assigned to EB (n=10) or FW group (n=9). Both RT programmes increased HTV and V0, although the increment was greater in the FW (>2 m·s-1) compared to the EB group (<1 m·s-1). RT programmes had selective effects on the strength variables being FW more effective in increasing 1-repetition maximum, while EB in increasing maximal isometric force. Very large correlations were observed between two-point (L-V relationship modelled through two pairs of L and V data) and multiple-point methods (L-V relationship modelled through six pairs of L and V data) (V0: r=0.96; HTV: r=0.93). All coefficients of variation showed high validity both for V0 and HTV (≤6.2%). Altogether, FW training should be used for increasing the velocity of the throwing performance, while the two-point method for following training-induced changes. Key words: load-velocity relationship, resistance training, two-point method
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- PROPOSAL OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR THE ATTACK IN WOMEN’S FOOTBALL
DEPENDING ON THE PART OF THE MATCH
Authors: Ruben Maneiro, José Luís Losada, Antonio Ardá, Iyán Iván-Baragaño
Pages: 30 - 37
Abstract: Women’s football is currently a phenomenon in expansion, both in the number of practitioners and federative records. Scientific research must be at the forefront of this growth, proposing solutions with empirical support that help improve performance not only during training but also during competition. The objective of this study was to propose a multivariate model based on the decision tree technique, with the aim of classifying and predicting the criteria that modulated the attack depending on the part of the match (either the first or second part). To do this, 6063 attacks from the two most recent world championships have been collected and analysed. The available results indicate that, although more attacks occur during the first part, it is in the second part when the goals are scored. In addition, the presented model confirms that the most successful attacks (goal, shot or sending to the area) occur with the score winning or losing, and with a duration of less than 20 seconds. The results of this study can help female soccer coaches to improve the training process of offensive actions and attack. Key words: female soccer, performance analysis, decision tree, offensive phase
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- COMPARISON OF TWO 8-WEEK TRAINING INTERVENTIONS ON THE ATHLETIC
PERFORMANCE OF PADEL PLAYERS
Authors: Eduardo Saez de Villarreal, Daniel Ramos-García, Julio Calleja-González, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
Pages: 38 - 48
Abstract: Padel is an intermittent racket sport played in pairs (2 vs. 2) on a small-sized grass court (20 x 10 m), involving high physical fitness demands for the players. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of two 8-week in-season training programs on the athletic performance of male padel players. Participants (age, 22.1±0.8 yr; body height, 182.0±1.0 cm ; body mass, 74.7±0.7 kg) were randomly assigned to the integrated training group (IG, n=12) and non-integrated training group (NIG, n=12). The IG trained inside the padel court, integrating neuromuscular exercises with sport-specific (i.e., use of the racket) technical actions. The NIG trained outside the padel court, performing the same neuromuscular exercises and sport-specific technical actions as the IG, although not simultaneously. Before and after the intervention, athletes were assessed for their hand-grip strength, two legged and one-legged Abalakov jump, bench press performance, padel stroke velocity, cardiorespiratory endurance (30-15IFT), 5-m and 10-m linear sprint time and change of direction ability at 90º and 180º using left and right leg. Both groups improved their scores on Abalakov jump tests, bench press performance, stroke velocity, cardiorespiratory endurance (30-15IFT), and change of direction ability at 90º and 180º (all changes p<.05; effect size = 0.22-2.58). The IG improved stroke velocity compared to NIG (p<.05), and only the IG showed pre-post improvements (p<.05; effect size = 0.30-0.76) in change of direction ability at 90º and 180º involving the non-dominant leg (i.e., turn to the right). An 8-week in-season integrated training approach and a non-integrated training approach may induce similar improvements in athletic performance among highly trained male padel players. However, the neuromuscular training program involving an integration of padel-specific and non-specific training exercises may induce greater improvements in padel-specific performance (i.e., stroke velocity) and change of direction speed ability, particularly in movements involving the non-dominant leg. Key words: human physical conditioning, resistance training, plyometric exercise, muscle strength, musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena, team sports
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- SURVEY ON COACHING PHILOSOPHIES AND TRAINING METHODOLOGIES OF WATER POLO
HEAD COACHES FROM THREE DIFFERENT EUROPEAN NATIONAL SCHOOLS
Authors: Andrea Perazzetti, Milivoj Dopsaj, Aleksandar Nedeljković , Sanja Mazić , Antonio Tessitore
Pages: 49 - 61
Abstract: The ability to change swimming styles and body positions, involving continuous shifting from horizontal to vertical posture and performing jumps, as well as technical skills play a fundamental role in water polo performance. To face with these demands, the coaching staff of elite and sub-elite water polo clubs might adopt a variety of training methods, also based on their specific coaching philosophies. This point has led to an enlargement of the staff, with higher head coaches’ responsibilities, who may interpret their professional activity according to their own coaching philosophy, education, and their respective national water polo schools. In fact, based on their international sports achievements, some countries can be identified as recognised water polo national schools. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to survey 40 head coaches of three important national water polo schools (Italy, Greece, and Serbia) to identify and compare their coaching philosophies and training methodologies. The survey was based on five sections (Technical staff composition, Team roster, Weekly periodization, Testing and monitoring, Tactics and strategies). Furthermore, using a detailed descriptive statistic, the current study gives interesting information on how 40 high-ranking elite and sub-elite teams of different national championships organize their training during a typical week of the competitive season. A further improvement of this research line could include more national schools, expanding the sample to more countries from all over the world. Key words: team sports, team management, coach education, typical training week, competitive season
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS ON STRENGTH AND POWER PERFORMANCE IN A TRAINED
POPULATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Asier Santibañez-Gutierrez, Julen Fernández-Landa, Nikola Todorovic, Julio Calleja-González, Marko Stojanovic, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
Pages: 62 - 72
Abstract: The main purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of probiotics intake on strength and power performance in a trained population. This study was designed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. The review was registered in PROSPERO with the following registration number: CRD42021248173. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from their inception to the 18th March 2022 to find original research studies evaluating the effects of probiotic supplementation on strength and power performance tests in a trained population. The following inclusion criteria were applied to select studies: probiotics supplementation; trained population; strength and power performance measurements; human experimental trial; controlled with a placebo group; peer-reviewed and original articles written in English language. Random effects model and standardized mean differences (SMD) were used following Hedges’ G for the meta-analysis. Seven studies were finally included after the inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied (n=142 participants). Results of the meta-analysis identified a significant benefit of probiotics compared to placebo treatments (p=.04), with a small pooled effect size (SMD=0.36 [0.02-0.70]; I2=43%), and no funnel plot asymmetry was present. In summary, this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotic supplementation could effectively enhance strength and power performance in a trained population. Key words: recovery, physiology, nutrition, exercise, athlete
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS AND MOVEMENT PROFILES OF PROFESSIONAL
MEN’S FIELD HOCKEY GAMES
Authors: Liya Lin, Xinyi Ji, Li Zhang, Haiqin Weng, Xinyi Wang
Pages: 73 - 84
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate physical demands, physiological demands, and movement profiles of different positions across four quarters in professional men’s field hockey games. Eighteen professional male field hockey players participated in the study, and data were collected in eleven official matches. Players wore global positioning system units and heart rate monitors to collect physical, physiological, and movement profile data. Defenders had significantly higher absolute total distance covered, player load, acceleration and deceleration count, and forward-backward initial movement analysis (IMA) count, but lower high speed running distance, compared with midfielders and forwards (p<.05). However, when using relative metrics (normalised by playing time), defenders had the lowest physical and physiological outputs, and forwards had the highest (p<.05). Total distance covered per minute, high-speed running distance per minute, player load per minute, acceleration and deceleration count per minute, and repeated high-intensity efforts per minute were all significantly higher in quarter 1 than in other three quarters (p<.05). The percentages of linear running and non-linear dynamic movement duration decreased quarter by quarter. Modified training impulse per minute reached its peak in quarter 2 (p<.05). It was concluded that defenders had the highest volume in terms of the game demands due to their high playing minutes; however, they had the lowest relative volume compared with the other two positions. Forwards had the highest linear running intensity, while midfielders were required to perform more multi-directional, non-linear movements. Quarter 1 was the most active quarter and players became fatigued in quarter 2. IMA counts were not sensitive to fatigue compared to movement profile and modified training impulse variables. Key words: GPS, activity profile, heart rate, team sports
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- UNSTABLE COMPARED TO STABLE CORE EXERCISES IMPROVE MUSCULAR ENDURANCE IN
PREADOLESCENTS AND ADOLESCENTS: AN EIGHT-MONTH RANDOMIZED TRIAL
Authors: Miroslav Marković, Vladimir Milošević
Pages: 85 - 94
Abstract: Although previous studies have indicated the importance of a core strength and muscular endurance training in preadolescents and adolescents, there is a lack of evidence regarding effects of a long-term core training in unstable conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of core training in stable versus unstable body positions on core and upper body strength and muscular endurance in non-trained children aged 11-14 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either stable (SC, N=569) or unstable (UC, N=633) core-exercise group and assessed at baseline, after four, and eight months for sit-ups, dynamic trunk extension, static trunk extension, and push-ups. Repeated measures ANOVA, with time as a within factor, and exercise group, age, and gender as between factors, was employed for data analysis. Post-hoc comparisons showed greater absolute improvements after the eight-month training in UC compared to SC for all measures, age groups, and both genders (p≤.01), and greater relative improvements (differences in Cohen’s d between UC and SC ranged from 0.08 to 1.58), except for static trunk extension in 11- and 12-year-old participants. However, the differences between SC and UC in four-month effects were inconsistent. These results point out that core exercises in unstable compared to stable conditions have a greater capacity for long-term improvement of core and upper body strength and muscular endurance in non-trained preadolescents and adolescents. Key words: children, resistance training, abdominal strength, lower back strength
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- INTEGRATING COGNITIVE CONTENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES: EFFECTS ON
COGNITIVE VARIABLES AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Alberto Ruiz-Ariza, Sebastián López-Serrano, Sara Suárez-Manzano, Emilio J. Martínez-López
Pages: 95 - 107
Abstract: The aim was to analyse the effect of a 4-week programme integrating cognitive contents in Physical Education (CogniPE) on cognitive performance (CP) and emotional intelligence (EI) of adolescents. A randomised controlled trial was conducted with a control group (CG, n=58), which performed physical exercises at low intensity (i.e., stretching or pilates), an experimental group 1, which performed small-sided games of team sports (EG1, n=62), and experimental group 2, which performed CogniPE (EG2, n=60). Intensity of exercises and scores were registered after each station to classify and motivate the teams. Selective attention and concentration increased by 11.9% and 9.2% in EG1, and by 18.2% and 14.4% in EG2, respectively, compared to CG. Mathematical calculation improved by 15.9% and 18.7% in EG1 and EG2, compared to CG. In EI, well-being improved by 10.9% in EG1, sociability improved by 12.8% in EG1 and 15.9% in EG2 compared to CG. It is concluded to use CogniPE in school context. Key words: cognitive performance, mathematical calculation, physical exercise, secondary education, sociability
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- COMPETITIVE ANXIETY IN ATHLETES: EMOTION REGULATION AND PERSONALITY MATTER
Authors: Rita Amaro, Tânia Brandão
Pages: 108 - 119
Abstract: Competitive anxiety is an important issue in sport psychology since it is capable of influencing athletes’ performance. This study aims to examine the role of emotion regulation and personality in explaining individual differences in competitive anxiety of athletes, considering their sex and sport modality. A total of 101 athletes (50.5% males), aged between 18 and 69 years (M = 26.22; SD = 0.99), were included in this cross-sectional study. They filled out self-report scales on emotion regulation, personality, and competitive anxiety. Multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. Results partially supported our hypotheses. While sex differences were found in competitive anxiety, with women experiencing higher cognitive and somatic anxiety and lower self-confidence in comparison to men, no differences were found according to sport modality. Additionally, cognitive reappraisal was significantly associated with self-confidence, whereas neuroticism and extroversion were significantly associated with competitive anxiety dimensions. Key words: emotion regulation, personality, competitive anxiety
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN YOUNG COMPETITIVE TENNIS PLAYERS
Authors: Mustafa Söğüt, Koray Biber, Hasan Ödemiş, Durukan Durmuş, İsmet Tarık Ulusoy
Pages: 120 - 127
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of the relative age effect (RAE) in young tennis players. Data from a sample of all ranked (n= 3463) and licensed (n= 29150) players in consecutive age groups (10- to 17-year-old) were collected from the official web page of the national federation. They were assigned to four quartiles according to the month of birth: a) Quartile 1 = January-February-March, b) Quartile 2 = April-May-June, c) Quartile 3 = July-August-September, d) Quartile 4 = October-November-December. The players aged between 10 and 17 years affiliated with the national federation were assigned as theoretically expected distribution. The results revealed that 70%, 60.1%, and 56.6% of the top 10, 50, and all ranked players were born in the first half of the year, respectively. However, the results from the chi-square test of goodness-of-fit showed significant RAEs only in the distributions of all ranked and top 50 players at the age of 10 and 11 correspondingly. These results may suggest that RAE exists among young tennis players who are in their early adolescence years. Key words: racket sports, talent identification, biological age, physical growth, maturation
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT STATUS AND BASAL METABOLISM IN SCHOOLCHILDREN:
THE MODERATING ROLE OF DIET QUALITY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Pedro José Carrillo López, Andrés Rosa-Guillamón
Pages: 128 - 137
Abstract: There is currently a scientific trend to study the association between energy balance and its impact on health from the earliest stages of life. The aim of this study was to examine whether diet quality and physical activity moderate the association between weight status and basal metabolism in a sample of Murcian primary schoolchildren aged 8-12 years. Basal metabolism was calculated according to height, sex, and weight, with fixed coefficients following validated formulae. Physical activity was measured with the Krece-Plus test; the KIDMED questionnaire was used to quantify diet quality and nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) adjusted for sex and age. The results obtained indicate that overweight schoolchildren had a higher basal metabolism than their normal-weight peers considering their diet quality and physical activity level (p<.001, for both). Also, the effects of weight status on basal metabolism may be moderated by diet quality (p<.05) but not by physical activity (p>.05). These results may be of particular interest to educational and health personnel since generating strategies to improve schoolchildren’s eating habits, especially towards higher diet quality, could be vital as a method to increase basal metabolic energy expenditure and their overall health. Key words: Mediterranean diet, obesity, physical activity, health, schoolchildren
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- NO RELATIVE AGE EFFECT AMONG BRAZILIAN ELITE FEMALE FUTSAL ATHLETES: AN
ANALYSIS BASED ON TACTICAL INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE AND TEAM’S FINAL
POSITION IN THE NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP
Authors: Mylena Aparecida Alves Rodrigues, Vivian de Oliveira, Lucas de Castro Ribeiro, Kevin William Bortolan, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Ricardo Franco Lima, Lucas Savassi Figueiredo, Henrique de Oliveira Castro
Pages: 138 - 145
Abstract: Our aim in this study was to analyze: (i) the presence of the relative age effect (RAE) on the Brazilian elite female futsal athletes according to their team’s final position in the National Championship, and (ii) the relationship between the presence of the RAE and the athletes’ tactical individual performance. Participants were 77 female Brazilian elite futsal athletes that competed in the 2021 National Championship. Data included their dates of birth aggrupation by quartiles (Q1-Q4), their team’s final position in the National Championship, and their tactical individual performance indicators (time played, goals scored, assists, steals, shots on goal, unbalanced passes, and challenges won in 1vs1). Analyses of the overall sample indicated that RAE was not prevalent in this context since the observed birthdate distribution was not different from the expected one (p=.796). When the final placement in the championship was considered, the birthdate distributions were also not different from the expected for both the top-ranked (p=.572) and low-ranked (p=.679) team athletes. Regarding athletes’ tactical individual performance, no differences were found between the athletes with early and late birthdates for any of the variables analysed (p>.05). Our results suggest that RAE has no impact on this specific sport context, which should be interpreted as a positive factor since female futsal athletes seem to have the same chance of achieving the elite level in Brazil, regardless of their birthdates. Key words: birth date, player development, sports performance, futsal, female
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- 200M BREASTSTROKE POST-COMPETITION BLOOD LACTATE REMOVAL CHARACTERISTICS:
A CASE STUDY OF AN INTERNATIONAL FEMALE SWIMMER—AN EXAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL
MODELING IN RELATION TO POOL LENGTH
Authors: Klara Šiljeg, Milivoj Dopsaj, Dajana Zoretić
Pages: 146 - 153
Abstract: The goal of this study was to define the individual model characteristics of lactic acid removal after 200m breaststroke competitive load in a female swimmer in relation to different pool lengths (25m vs. 50m). The second goal was methodological and referred to the presentation of newly applied metrological procedures for the Individual Lactate Recovery Profile modeling. Six races from the competitive season 2021/22 were selected, in which the athlete achieved the most valuable results in relation to the FINA score. To establish the metabolic response of the organism to the competition effort, the method of determining the level of lactate concentration in capillary blood (La in mmol/L) was used. Differences between the mean values of variables were established using ANOVA. The polynomial curve equation function was used to create a blood lactate concentration in a function of recovery time model (La-trecovery). The ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the monitored variables and the pool length function (p=.097). The maximum achieved blood lactate concentration in the acute race recovery phase was 13.17 ± 2.81 and 12.08 ± 1.80 mmol/L and the given concentration initially occurred in the time of 240.0 ± 85.6 s and 169.3 ± 79.9 s in the 25 and 50m pool, respectively. In relation to the time of complete passive recovery required to establish acidosis at the level of 2 mmol/L (25 and 50m pool) occurred in 1191.7 ± 481.3 s and 1326.7 ± 405.1 s, while the full index of intensity of blood lactate clearance was 135.7 ± 60.7 s/mmol/L and 124.0 ± 60.7 s/mmol/L for 25m and 50m pool, respectively, although no statistically significant difference was found between the parameters of recovery in relation to pool length. The offered mathematical models enabled a practical individual approach to controlling the specific adaptation to training for achieving a higher competitive level performance. Key words: swimming, adaptation, modeling, training control
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- THE POSSIBILITY OF PREDICTING THE PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED SKI ELEMENTS
BASED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BASIC SKI ELEMENTS
Authors: Ivana Martinčević, Vjekoslav Cigrovski
Pages: 154 - 161
Abstract: The aim of this research was to predict the success of the performance of advanced ski elements based on the level of performance of basic ski elements, with the ultimate purpose of improving training programmes for alpine ski beginners. The sample of participants consisted of 250 students of the Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb who attended their mandatory classes of the university study subject of Skiing in the academic year 2021/22. The sample of variables consisted of the grades the students earned for their performance of four exam elements, two basic ski elements and the other two belonging to the advanced ski elements group. The basic ski elements were uphill turn (UT), for which the mean of two grades was taken for further analysis due to its performance to both sides – left and right, and snowplough turn (SPT). Advanced ski elements were parallel turn (PT) and short turn (ST). Besides descriptive statistics for each variable, two ordinal logistic regression models were constructed for determining the relationship between the performance of short turn based on the level of performance of snowplough turn, on the one hand, and on the other, between the performance of parallel turn based on the performance of uphill turn. The results of the first ordinal logistic regression analysis (short turn performance based on snowplough performance) showed the existence of a statistically significant linear association of the two ski elements performance (b=2.15, SE=0.72, p=.03). Similar results were obtained in the second ordinal logistic regression analysis for the other pair of ski elements (parallel turn performance based on uphill turn performance): b=2.36, SE=0.24, p<.001. Well acquired dynamic motor stereotypes, reflected in good performance of basic ski elements, are the basis for good performance of advanced ski elements, therefore skipping any step in the teaching process based on progression could have a negative impact on achieving the desired goals. Key words: ski skills, training methodology, ski elements, ski learning
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
- WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING FOR CHILDREN WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISABILITIES:
A META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Jianming Zhou, Longfei Guo, Ming Chang, Zhensong Lan, Shuoqi Li
Pages: 162 - 173
Abstract: Over the years, the concern over bone health deterioration in children with neurological disabilities (ND) has caught the interest of the research community. As the current traditional exercise methods are considered too challenging for children with ND, it is essential to seek effective rehabilitation programs with minimum difficulties and movement restrictions for children with disabilities, ultimately improving their muscle and bone health. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the potential application of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) as a beneficial and effective approach to improving bone mineral density (BMD), total body bone mineral content (BMC), and lean mass in children with ND. The impact of WBVT on children with ND was investigated using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A database search was conducted to screen and select previous literature sources published from January 2002 to July 2022 from EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following the quality assessment (PEDro scale and NIH scale) and sensitivity analysis, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was conducted using the STATA 15.1 software with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022343789). Eight studies (four randomized controlled trial [RCT] and four non-RCT studies) were selected, which involved 184 male and 130 female participants. Based on the PEDro scale, all RCT studies were classified as high methodological quality, while the NIH scale rated all non-RCT papers as “Good”. In addition, the meta-analysis results indicated that WBVT substantially enhanced femur BMD [(p<.01, z = 3.37), SMD (95% CI) = 0.47 (0.20, 0.74)], lumbar spine BMD [(p=.02, z = 2.32), SMD (95% CI) = 0.32 (0.05, 0.58)], total body BMC [(p<.01, z = 3.42), SMD (95% CI) = 0.29 (0.12, 0.46)] and lean mass [(p<.01, z = 2.80), SMD (95% CI) = 0.25 (0.07, 0.42)] of children with ND. However, the effect of WBVT was insignificant on the total body BMD of children with ND [(p=.22, z = 1.24), SMD (95% CI) = 0.14 (-0.08, 0.37)]. The meta-analysis demonstrated the significant effect of WBVT on the femur BMD, lumbar spine BMD, total body BMC, and lean mass in children with ND. Hence, WBVT can be suggested as a complementary treatment prescription for children with ND. Key words: neurological disabilities, whole-body vibration training, bone mineral density
PubDate: 2023-06-30
Issue No: Vol. 55, No. 1 (2023)
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