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Abstract: Ambulance service personnel experience an array of emotions when working on shift. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of research to date regarding the interpersonal effects that frontline staff members’ emotional experiences and displays can have on their crewmates’ behavior and emotional state. This study used a critical realist research approach to explore the influential within-dyad effect of emotional exhibitions in frontline ambulance pairs. Ambulance service personnel (N = 18) were recruited to take part in individual interviews and to complete postshift voice diaries. Using abductive analysis methods, evidence for the emotions as social information (EASI) model processes, affective reactions and inferential processes, was presented through examples of self-reported interpersonal emotional transfer and emotional regulation. In addition, retroductive analysis of the interview and voice diary transcripts identified facilitative factors affecting the enaction of these social–emotional processes. The themes of understanding each other, managing emotions differently, expectations from above, and responding to different callouts were reported to contribute to the tendency for affective reactions and inferential processes to occur. These findings provide support for the impact that EASI model concepts can have in performance domains and offer evidence to suggest how these socially influential processes may be contextually facilitated. The results presented in this study can be used by ambulance service trusts to better understand and improve the emotional relationships of their frontline dyads. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 10 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000310
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Abstract: Athletes returning to sport following a concussion are deemed “ready” once they progress through the return to sport (RTS) steps. However, this process largely overlooks psychological factors involved in returning to sport. We used a constructivist philosophical position to understand 12 (n = 6 females, n = 6 males) formerly concussed Canadian university student-athletes’ perceptions of factors involved in feeling psychologically ready to RTS. Each student-athlete participated in two videoconference interviews (Interview 1: M = 103 min; Interview 2: M = 88 min). We identified six themes from the life-story interviews: confidence, fear, identity, pressure, support, and case-by-case. Subsequently, we used creative nonfiction analysis to write two composite stories depicting the athletes’ experiences returning to sport following a concussion. Pierre-Olivier’s story portrays a second-year university men’s ice hockey player who experienced a successful RTS following a concussion. His story focuses on his feelings of psychological readiness leading up to his first game following medical clearance. Andrea’s story portrays a women’s rugby captain who experienced an unsuccessful RTS following a concussion. Her story depicts a conversation with her doctor regarding medical clearance as well as interactions with a former teammate seeking advice about her own concussion. This study provides insights about the psychological factors experienced by athletes who are attempting to RTS following concussion. Our results highlight a need to better understand and more comprehensively assess the psychological aspects involved in returning to sport following a concussion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000309
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Abstract: Most existing guidelines for team resilience development offer an incomplete perspective from which to translate theory into practice because they rely on a “one-size-fits-all” approach that assumes specific capacities and strategies work well for all teams and which are often decontextualized from the defining feature of resilience. We propose an alternative yet complementary approach that combines theory and practice on team resilience, event systems, emergence, and team metacognition. The essence of our resilience enhanced after action reviews protocol is reflected in the acronym “STOP then Resource,” in which teams contextualize their reflection process to salient Stressors and their Temporal elements; an Overview of the unfolding dynamics of the events, including Perceived or actual impact; and lessons learned regarding Resources required to optimize resilient outcomes. We report a pilot, nonrandomized process evaluation of resilience enhanced after action reviews for teams within a military setting with 17 male team leaders (7 lance corporals, 10 corporals), who were participating in an Army training exercise. Our findings suggest that the resilience enhanced reflection protocol is feasible and acceptable to participants yet requires enhancements for future applications to maximize uptake and usefulness (e.g., target junior leaders and newly formed teams, integration within existing organizational practices). Future work is required to examine the efficacy and effectiveness of this new approach to conducting after action reviews, alongside protocol usability, salient contextual factors, and applicability for teams across organizational settings to shed light on avenues for adapting the approach to maximize uptake and engagement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 15 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000308
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Abstract: This study explored high-performance athletes’ and coaches’ experiences of unexpected transitions caused by COVID-19 pandemic and the postponement of the Olympics with the aim of identifying their available resources to cope with such unexpected transitions. A total of 23 high-performance athletes (n = 18) and coaches (n = 5) who were preparing for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games participated in the study between June and October 2020. Semistructured interviews were conducted via both video (e.g., Microsoft Teams meeting) and phone calls. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed that participants experienced a range of negative emotions; however, they adapted to the changes and challenges experienced after accepting the uncertainty of the circumstances. The participants’ main challenges were the changes and limitations to training. To cope with the challenges that the unexpected transition led to, the athletes and coaches employed a range of coping skills and strategies, including commitment to training, setting a short-term goal to focus on training, positive distraction, and seeking social support. Further, the importance of social and organizational support was highlighted as external resources. The findings extend our understanding of nonnormative transitions to include explanation of the mechanisms of coping using Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) transactional theory of stressors and coping. Practical implications on what types of support (e.g., informational, emotional, and psychological support) that key stakeholders may need to consider when establishing support schemes/systems are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 11 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000306
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Abstract: Structured exercise provides a vehicle through which people can accrue physical activity that is vital for their health, yet dropout and membership turnover rates in exercise settings are high. Leaders are a prevailing feature of many exercise settings (e.g., exercise classes) and can strongly influence the behaviors and experiences of exercisers. However, rigorous empirical tests of how exercise leaders can maximize their positive influence and promote positive group member outcomes are needed. Using a repeated measures design, we examined relationships between exercise class leaders striving to create a strong sense of shared identity among class attendees (i.e., acting as identity entrepreneurs) and a range of positive outcomes. During a 3-week intensive sampling period, we obtained 919 unique questionnaire responses from 395 exercise class attendees. Participants were invited to complete a brief questionnaire after each class they attended, reporting their perceptions of the class leaders’ identity entrepreneurship, their own intentions to return to a class with the same leader in the future, enjoyment of the class, affective valence during the class, and in-class effort. Participants’ attendance at the same scheduled class 1 week later was assessed objectively using the fitness facility’s class attendance records. Multilevel models showed positive relationships between participants’ perceptions of their class leader’s identity entrepreneurship and their own intentions to attend in future, enjoyment, positive affective valence, effort, and actual attendance 1 week later. Consistent with identity leadership theorizing, exercise class leaders were able to foster positive outcomes for class members by creating a strong sense of “us.” (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000305
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Abstract: Body-related envy (when an individual desires to possess, or wishes another individual lacked, a body appearance and/or fitness characteristic) may be an important self-conscious emotion contributing to sport and exercise participation and experiences. However, there is a lack of validated instruments to assess body-related envy. The purpose of the present studies was to test the body-related envy scale (i.e., BREV) in adolescent girl athletes. In Study 1, factor structure of the developed items was tested using exploratory factor analysis, N = 112, M (standard deviation [SD])age = 14.85(1.38) years. In Study 2, participants, N = 510, M(SD)age = 14.01(1.38) years, completed the BREV scale, and other validated measures of body image, physical self-concept, affect, emotion, and sport experiences. Across studies, the theorized two-factor structure for BREV (appearance and fitness subscales) was supported. Each subscale demonstrated adequate internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The appearance and fitness subscales of the BREV also appropriately integrated into existing and validated measures of body appearance and fitness self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt, authentic pride, hubristic pride, envy). The eight-item BREV measure is a reliable and valid measure of body-related envy in adolescent girls, furthering our understanding of this emotion within the context of girls sport. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000304
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Abstract: Reports an error in "Collegiate athlete mental health: Comparing treatment-seeking student-athletes and nonathletes on service utilization, clinical presentation, and outcomes" by J. Ryan Kilcullen, Brett E. Scofield, Alaina L. Cummins and Brendan M. Carr (Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2022[May], Vol 11[2], 138-155). In the original article, the description of the inclusionary criteria in the “Data Reduction” section for “Aim 3: Treatment Outcomes” contained an error. The text has been corrected to accurately reflect the procedure undertaken by the authors. Because the error was in the description of the data reduction only, the results and conclusions presented in this article were not affected. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2022-01217-001). Objective: This study informs the limited findings on student-athlete mental health by comparing student-athletes and nonathletes receiving psychological services at University Counseling Centers (UCCs) on (a) UCC utilization rates, (b) clinical presentations and historical treatment experience, and (c) treatment outcomes. Method: Using naturalistic data from a large practice-research network (PRN) spanning 2017–2019, the following analyses were conducted: paired t-tests to examine UCC utilization rates in aggregate and by athletic division (Aim 1; UCC N = 104 & 110); Nested multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and logistic regression to compare presenting symptomatology and historical treatment experiences (Aim 2; N = 7,730); and Nested Residualized MANOVA and Univariate Nested analysis of variance (ANOVAs) to assess pre- to post-treatment symptom changes (Aim 3; N = 2,563) within and between student-athletes and nonathletes. Results: Compared to nonathletes, student-athletes utilized UCC services at slightly lower rates (i.e., small to moderate effect sizes) overall, though they use services at equal or greater rates within Division I institutions; tended to present with lower levels of distress across several psychological domains; and benefitted equally or more from treatment, particularly in areas of depression, generalized and social anxiety. Conclusions: Study findings provide unique insight on the experiences of treatment-seeking student-athletes by demonstrating a significant, positive responsiveness to treatment, as well as novel comparisons between student-athletes and nonathletes receiving services within UCC settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000303
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Abstract: Within the elite environment, female gymnasts have been exposed to various forms of maltreatment. While the effects of child maltreatment have documented physical and psychological consequences stemming into and throughout adulthood, no researchers in the sporting context have included neglect within their focus of athlete experiences. This study sought to provide an understanding of retired gymnasts’ maltreatment experiences, including both acts of commission (physical and emotional abuse) and omission (neglect), and the subsequent long-term psychological impacts from being part of the elite gymnastics culture. One semistructured interview (M = 96 min, SD = 46.62) was conducted with 12 retired International and National level women’s artistic gymnasts (Mage = 29 years, SD = 4.76). Participants reported being retired from the sport between 7 and 20 years (M = 12; SD = 4 years), with career lengths between 8 and 15 years (M = 11; SD = 2.1 years). Through reflexive thematic analysis three themes were constructed: what we went through; how it’s affecting us now; and will things ever change' Findings highlighted the multiple forms of maltreatment endured by gymnasts, had a prolonged psychological impact, including clinically diagnosed disorders, on their lives up to 20 years postretirement, lending initial support to attachment theory. We hope this understanding demonstrates the need to change the beliefs surrounding the culture and the relational coaching practices. Further, that effective provisions are implemented to both prevent the abuse from happening and support those gymnasts who have been affected both during and after their retirement from the sport. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000302
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Abstract: Trust is essential for operational and organizational effectiveness in high-stakes environments where cooperation and coordination among team members is key, particularly among swift starting action teams (STATs) who are composed of individuals with little or no previous experience of working together. Wildman et al. (2012) developed a multilevel conceptual framework in which they characterized the formation and development of swift team trust according to an input–mediator–output–input model (IMOI). We conducted a preregistered systematic review of six electronic databases (Web of Science [core collection], Scopus, Business Source Complete, PsycInfo, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) to identify literature that could be used to test this conceptual model. From an examination of 19,249 potentially relevant items that studied STATs composed of adults (aged 18 years or more), we found no single comprehensive test of this model in its entirety nor a sufficient examination of key structural sections of Wildman and colleagues’ model. Cumulating evidence from 53 primary studies via meta-analytic structural equation modeling (199 effects, Nteams = 2,380, Nindividuals = 9,975), we found that individual-level propensity to trust was positively related to one’s perceptions of trust in their team; one’s trust in their team was positively related to emotional reactions, team processes, and team performance; and team processes and performance were positively associated with individuals’ subsequent trust in their team. We also revealed an indirect effect of trust perceptions on collective performance via team processes. Our findings underscore the need to consider innovative methodologies and technologies to study swift trust dynamics temporally in ways that permit empirical tests of multicomponent conceptual models of trust formation and development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 02 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000298
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Abstract: The aim of the present study was to ascertain the mediating role of dispositional mindfulness on the relationship between athletes’ personality traits and functional/dysfunctional psychobiosocial states associated with performance. Italian athletes (N = 221, 112 female, Mage = 29.29 ± 9.55) involved in individual (n = 124) or team sports (n = 97) completed questionnaires assessing personality traits, dispositional mindfulness in sport context, and psychobiosocial states. Path analysis was conducted to test the mediation effects of mindfulness (awareness, nonjudgmental attitude, and refocusing) on the relationship between personality traits (conscientiousness and emotional stability) and psychobiosocial (functional and dysfunctional) states using maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and bias-corrected bootstrap method based on 5,000 resamples. Gender and sport types were entered as covariates in the model. Path analysis revealed a significant positive indirect effect of conscientiousness on functional psychobiosocial states via awareness and refocusing dimensions, meanwhile emotional stability showed a positive indirect effect via refocusing. Moreover, a significant negative indirect effect of emotional stability on dysfunctional psychobiosocial states via nonjudgmental attitude emerged. Findings suggest that conscientious and emotionally stable athletes are more prone to be mindfully aware of the present moment, to refocus on it, and to adopt a nonjudgmental attitude. In turn, they can experience a higher level of functional psychobiosocial states associated with sport performance. Implications and directions for further research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 23 May 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000300
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Abstract: Response inhibition—i.e., the ability to willfully stop preplanned action—is crucial for goal-directed behavior in performance settings. However, response inhibition may be compromised under both emotional and physical stress. Parallel processing models alongside recent empirical data suggests that, when combined, one stressor may “cancel-out” effects of the other stressor. The current preregistered study aimed to verify and extend these findings, by investigating how acute threat and vigorous exercise intensity may interact to influence response inhibition. Twenty-four participants (Mage = 23.19, SDage = 3.11) performed an anticipatory response inhibition task under no threat and threat of shock (i.e., receiving mild electric shocks upon making task errors) whilst cycling for 2 × 30 min at light versus vigorous intensity on a stationary bicycle ergometer (i.e., 60% HRmax vs. 86% HRmax). Participants responded to a rising indicator on a screen by lifting their finger off a response switch as soon as the indicator reached a target line (i.e., Go trials; 70% of trials) or to inhibit their lifting response if the indicator automatically stopped rising before the target line (i.e., Stop trials; 30% of trials). Self-reported anxiety was higher under threat versus no-threat conditions and HR and perceived exertion were higher under vigorous versus light exercise intensity. Neither threat nor vigorous exercise significantly altered Go- and Stop-trial performance. No interaction effects for task performance were observed. It is suggested that response inhibition may be relatively robust against mild levels of task-relevant emotional stress and high levels of physical stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 24 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000292
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Abstract: Teamwork is a dynamic process that can fluctuate over a team’s time together, including within a competition. The purpose of the present study was to better understand why this process breaks down, whereby teams do not demonstrate effective teamwork execution. To do so, 18 British university athletes (11 men, 7 women; Mage = 21.4 years) from interdependent team sports were interviewed on two occasions and asked to describe experiences in which their team did not communicate, coordinate, or cooperate effectively during gameplay. Underpinned by a critical realist approach and through abductive thematic analysis, we developed seven themes (comprised of 16 subthemes) which reflected precursors to teamwork breakdowns. These included: (a) ineffective team preparation during training and during the pre-competition warmup; (b) ineffective team monitoring, problem solving, action planning, and conflict management during in-competition transition periods; (c) changes to the team’s roster composition over the season and during games; (d) unhelpful leadership from coaches and athlete leaders during gameplay; (e) poor unity among team members regarding the team’s instrumental objectives and social relationships; (f) problematic levels of confidence between teammates and among the team as a whole; and (g) poor performance of one’s team and successful performances of one’s opponent during the competition. The novel findings from this study extend current knowledge of teamwork and group dysfunction in sport and provide directions for future research on teamwork breakdowns. The potential applied implications for coaches and other team leaders (e.g., sport psychology consultants, and athlete leaders) related to these findings are also highlighted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 07 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000290
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Abstract: Having everyone on the “same page” in teams working toward a common objective is essential to effective teamwork, yet an integrative understanding of factors that enhance these shared mental models (SMM) is absent from the evidence base. We addressed this gap in the literature via a prospectively registered (https://bit.ly/2I7zJzz) systematic review of five databases to identify eligible studies and statistically synthesize evidence from 36 lab or field experiments (131 effect sizes, Nparticipants = 6,209, Nteams = 1,912) that tested the effectiveness of team development interventions (TDI) for enhancing SMM among adults where participants were randomized to experimental groups. Via a three-level random effects meta-analysis, we found a positive and significant medium-to-large overall effect of TDI on SMM, g = .61, 95% CI [.41, .82]; sensitivity and meta-bias analyses (e.g., risk of bias, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations [GRADE] assessment) generally supported the robustness of this overall effect. Moderator analyses indicated that outcome assessment method meaningfully altered the overall pooled effect, with stronger effects observed when outcomes were researcher-assessed. Nevertheless, our assessment indicated low certainty in the quality of the evidence and “noisiness” in the overall estimate (i.e., prediction interval of −0.66 and 1.89). Overall, this study contributes new knowledge on the antecedents of SMM that can inform theory regarding the nomological network of this concept, as well as methodological insights that can improve the evidence-base in future work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 10 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/spy0000288
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