Authors:Sacha Assadourian, Dima Daher, Catherine Leclerc, Antony Branco Lopes, Arnaud Saj First page: 61 Abstract: This preliminary study investigates the potential relationship between electrophysiological profiles measured by quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and attentional performance in 34 university American football players. QEEG data revealed patterns associated with burnout, chronic pain, and insomnia among the athletes. Attentional performance was generally average, but players exhibited faster reaction times in the alertness task without warning, fewer errors in the sustained attention task, and lower scores in the divided attention task, favoring visual information over auditory information. Significant negative correlations emerged between QEEG profiles associated with burnout, ADHD, depression, and anxiety and specific attentional subcomponents. These findings suggest a link between mental health-related brain activity and attentional performance. In a clinical context, they emphasize the need for early detection and intervention in mental health problems. This might improve cognitive performance and well-being in athletes. However, due to the small sample size and the lack of a control group, these results are considered preliminary, and further research is required to confirm and expand on these associations. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030061 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Faiçal Farhat, Achraf Ammar, Nourhen Mezghani, Mohamed Moncef Kammoun, Khaled Trabelsi, Adnene Gharbi, Lassad Sallemi, Haithem Rebai, Wassim Moalla, Bouwien Smits-Engelsman First page: 62 Abstract: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. DCD is classified as a motor learning deficit because it interferes with the ability to learn and automate movement skills. There is a lack of information on how these children acquire complex motor skills relevant to their daily recreational or sports activities. Evidence to guide physical trainers, educators, and health professionals to select an effective type of training to improve physical fitness for children with poor motor coordination is scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an 8-week task-oriented basketball training program on motor coordination and motor skill-related fitness for DCD children in the school context. Motor performance and motor skill-related fitness were evaluated before and after the intervention using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and Performance and Fitness Test Battery (PERF-FIT). A total of 52 children with DCD aged 8 to 9 were invited to join the intervention. Parents of 18 children accepted for their child to participate in the training program. In the remaining children, 20 identified as the most similar based on the diagnostic criteria for DCD (DSM-5) and anthropometric features (age, BMI) and were asked to participate as the usual care group. The difference in improvement on the MABC-2 and the PERF-FIT between the two groups on the two test occasions was compared using Mann–Whitney U tests. Within-group pre-post comparison on these test items was performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Significant differences in all performance scores were found in favor of the training group. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the DCD training group improved significantly on MABC-2 total and subscores (p < 0.001) and on all PERF-FIT items (p < 0.001). No significant changes were found on any of the test items in the DCD usual care group. Group-based training in a more natural environment (playing games with peers in school) might help children with DCD as an adjunct to or before individual therapy. Based on our findings, we believe it is possible to work in large groups (n = 18), led by trained physical education teachers and special educators, to lessen the impact of motor coordination and physical fitness problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders so that they can participate more easily in active games. Results of the usual care group showed that extra instruction and practice are needed for children with DCD. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030062 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Lidia Martinez-Jiménez, Ricardo André Birrento-Aguiar, Verónica Marco-Cramer, Enrique Ortega-Toro First page: 63 Abstract: Background: An adapted competition should create a favourable environment to tailor the feedback provided to the needs of young athletes. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of rule modification on the type of feedback given by coaches to young football players. Method: The study sample consisted of four under-10 male coaches from four Spanish teams. The analysis was conducted using a quasi-experimental A-B design, in which two tournaments were played: Tournament 1 with the official Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) rules and Tournament 2 with rule modifications. All the feedback provided by the group of coaches during the two tournaments was recorded, yielding a total of 4.386 for Tournament 1 and 3.728 for Tournament 2. Results: The results showed that in both tournaments, the predominant feedback from the coaches was individual, prescriptive, affective, and non-valuable. However, they indicated that the orientation of the feedback and its autonomy positively varied during the adapted competition. The data obtained align with the results of other studies on the type of feedback given by coaches, despite some differing from scientific recommendations. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the modified rule competition promoted changes in the type of feedback provided by the coaches. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030063 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Tina L. Baus, Stefan P. Ackermann, Sylvain Laborde First page: 64 Abstract: Recent studies have shown that both facial immersion and head-out water immersion up to the chest (HOIC) positively influence cardiac vagal activity, as indexed non-invasively through vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). While facial immersion activates the diving reflex, HOIC induces effects via hydrostatic pressure, each engaging distinct physiological mechanisms. This study aims to investigate whether combining facial immersion with HOIC results in an additional increase in vmHRV. In total, the vmHRV [log10RMSSD] of 37 participants (14 females, Mage = 23.8; SDage = 4.4 years) was assessed under two conditions, with resting and recovery measurements taken before and after each condition. The first condition involved HOIC alone (M = 1.97, SD = 0.27), followed by HOIC combined with facial immersion (M = 1.87, SD = 0.29). HOIC alone significantly increased RMSSD compared to baseline (p < 0.001); however, no additional increase was observed when facial immersion was added (p = 0.436). This suggests that, while HOIC effectively increases vmHRV, the addition of facial immersion does not provide any further enhancement under the conditions tested. Potential methodological limitations, such as the absence of breath holding, variability in immersion depth, and the use of thermoneutral water temperatures, may have influenced the outcomes and warrant further investigation. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030064 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Pornpimol Muanjai, Sirawee Chaovalit, Nongnuch Luangpon, Wirasinee Srijunto, Pongrung Chancharoen, Juntip Namsawang, Piyapong Prasertsri, Sigitas Kamandulis, Tomas Venckunas, Orachorn Boonla First page: 65 Abstract: Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of flexibility or strengthening exercises to improve flexibility, strength, muscle architecture, and functional performance in older adults with leg tightness and/or suspected sarcopenia. Methods: Ninety adults with leg tightness and/or suspected sarcopenia (age: 66.8 ± 4.9 years) were randomly allocated to two subtypes of intervention at home: resistance-band exercise (RE) or eccentric exercise (ECC) for those with weakness; static or dynamic stretching for those with tightness; and static stretching plus ECC or no exercise for those with both muscle tightness and weakness. The program consisted of 3–6 weekly sessions over eight weeks. Blinded outcome assessments before and after the eight-week program and at the three-month follow-up included mobility performance via Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), and flexibility and strength tests, as well as measurement of stiffness. Results: All groups had increased peak torque after eight weeks and improved TUG at the three-month follow-up (p < 0.05). Improved plantar flexor strength persisted at the three-month follow-up (p = 0.009). In addition, the RE and ECC groups had increased muscle thickness by 4.0 and 8.7% after eight weeks (p < 0.05). Hamstring flexibility increased in all exercise groups, except the RE group. Moreover, all six groups showed improved calf flexibility, whereas no changes in stiffness were noted. Conclusions: Increases in mobility performance, strength, and flexibility appeared due to learning effects and increased physical activity, rather than the specific training impact. However, strength-based programs may be recommended for older adults with suspected sarcopenia, as they provide additional benefits, such as short-lasting muscle hypertrophy. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030065 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Veronica Vleck, Maria Francesca Piacentini First page: 66 Abstract: It is with great pleasure that Professor Piacentini and I present this closing Editorial for the Special Issue of Sports on “Maximising Triathlon Health and Performance: The State of the Art” [...] Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030066 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Wael Ramadan, Chrysovalantou E. Xirouchaki, Abdel-Hady El-Gilany First page: 67 Abstract: Background: Hormonal levels in women are influenced by exercise intensity and modality. Methods: This 10-week study compared high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and traditional resistance training (TRT) in 72 young women. Hormonal levels (estrogen, testosterone, FSH, prolactin, and LH) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant increases in estrogen (HIIT: 150%; TRT: 72.3%) and decreases in testosterone (HIIT: 58%; TRT: 49%), FSH (HIIT: 6%; TRT: 7.7%), and PL (HIIT: 5%; TRT: 2.1%). There are no significant changes in LH. Conclusions: HIIT and TRT effectively modulate hormonal profiles, potentially benefiting reproductive and metabolic health. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030067 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Jose Luis Solas-Martínez, Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno, Alberto Ruiz-Ariza, Emilio J. Martínez-López First page: 68 Abstract: This study analyzed the relationship between time spent on daily physical activity at different intensities (light, moderate, and vigorous) and learning strategies in adolescents. The sample included 147 Spanish adolescents (62% girls, 13.61 ± 1.95 years). Learning strategies were assessed using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), while physical activity intensity was recorded via the Xiaomi Mi Band 4 smartband, which measured heart rate (HR). HR was categorized into light (rest–50% max HR), moderate (50–70% max HR), and vigorous (70–85% max HR). Adolescents who engaged in moderate-intensity activities for 46–62 min daily showed the highest scores in elaboration, critical thinking, and metacognitive self-regulation, with girls also excelling in effort regulation (all p < 0.05). Among boys, 3–6 min of vigorous activity per day was linked to higher scores in elaboration, organization, critical thinking, peer learning, and rehearsal. Conversely, girls engaging in less than 3 min of vigorous activity obtained the highest scores in critical thinking and peer learning (all p < 0.05). It is recommended that students engage in 60 min of daily moderate-intensity physical activity. Additionally, short 5-min vigorous-intensity sessions should be encouraged in both boys and girls to enhance learning benefits and reduce social barriers to high-intensity exercise. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030068 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Thomas Fallon, Hélène Rousselon, Neil Heron First page: 69 Abstract: Introduction: Sailing is a high-intensity sport that demands a combination of physical strength, endurance, and technical skill. Sail Grand Prix (SailGP), inaugurated in 2019, epitomises a transformative approach to professional sailing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of injury and illness epidemiology among SailGP elite sailors, comparing injury and illness types and locations across different sailing activities. Methods: This prospective cohort study analysed injury and illness data from professional sailors throughout season 4 (2023/2024) of the professional sailing league. Data were collected on the number of hours spent in training, racing, and foiling, alongside injury reports, categorising injury types and locations. Incidence rates were calculated per 1000 h of sailing and 365 athlete days. Injuries were stratified by sex, position on the boat, and specific sailing activities to provide a detailed comparison. Results: A total of 100 sailors participated in the Sail GP 2024 season, accumulating 4919.84 h of recorded sailing activity: 2186.03 h in racing and 2733.80 h in training. The overall injury incidence rate was 9.96 per 1000 h of activity (95% CI: 7.17–12.75) and 7.43 per 365 athlete days (95% CI: 4.99–9.86). The injury rate was notably higher for foiling at 26.52 per 1000 h (95% CI: 19.09–33.94) compared to general sailing at 14.51 per 1000 h (95% CI: 10.44–18.57). Racing posed a greater injury risk than training, with an injury rate of 11.89 per 1000 h (95% CI: 7.77–16.46) compared to 8.41 per 1000 h for training (95% CI: 5.12–12.07). Grinders had the greatest rate of injuries at 3.86 (2.24, 5.69) injuries per 1000 h of sailing. The illness incidence rate was 5.14 per 1000 h (95% CI: 3.21–7.28), with respiratory illnesses being the most frequently reported. Conclusion: This study highlights the injury and illness risks amongst elite sailors in Sail GP. Males were at higher risk of injury, with the position of grinders being the most commonly injured. Ankle and knee injuries were the most prevalent. Future research should focus on developing sport-specific injury prevention programmes and examining long-term outcomes in sailors. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030069 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Tom Douchet, Antoine Michel, Julien Verdier, Nicolas Babault, Marius Gosset, Benoit Delaval First page: 70 Abstract: Background: Understanding the balance between intensity and volume during training and competition is crucial for optimizing players’ performance and recovery in professional soccer. While worst-case scenarios (WCSs) are commonly used to assess peak match demands, little is known about how the time spent within WCS thresholds varies across congested and non-congested periods, especially when considering differences in playing time. This study examines the time spent at different percentages of WCSs during congested and non-congested periods for players with lower and higher playing times throughout training sessions and matches. Methods: Data were collected from a professional soccer team across a congested and non-congested match period. Twenty players were divided into two groups based on playing time: the top 10 playing times (PT 1–10) and the bottom 10 playing times (PT 11–20). WCS thresholds for total distance (TD) and the distance covered above 20 km·h−1 (D20) were quantified in 10% increments, starting from 50% and increasing up to >100%. The time spent at each threshold was compared between periods and groups for the integrated soccer exercises performed during all training sessions. Repeated measures of ANOVA were used to analyze differences between playing time groups and periods. Results: During training, players spent significantly more time within the 50–90% WCS TD and WCS D20 thresholds during non-congested periods compared to congested periods (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the time spent for >90% of the WCSs between periods (p > 0.05). Both PT 1–10 and PT 11–20 groups exhibited similar patterns of WCS achievement, with small effect sizes observed for a few indicators. Conclusion: Coaches should design training sessions that replicate or exceed match demands, particularly during non-congested periods. Future strategies should integrate larger-sided games with longer durations and dissociated contents to better individualize and optimize training loads, especially for non-starters. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030070 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Anthea Clarke, Clare MacMahon, Todd Pickering, Matthew Driller First page: 71 Abstract: Background/Objectives: The study had two objectives: first, to assess the intra- and inter-day reliability of a novel eye tracking device (EyeGuide Focus) in healthy adults; and second, to explore its applicability in measuring fatigue associated with physical strain, pre- and post-rugby match. These objectives were investigated in a two-part study. Methods: For Part A, 20 healthy participants (Mage ± SD = 30 ± 7 years) completed morning and afternoon testing with the EyeGuide Focus over two consecutive days (Day 1 and Day 2) and one day a week later (Day 8). For Part B, 12 female participants (Mage ± SD = 25 ± 5 years) completed EyeGuide Focus measurements pre- and post-rugby union match. Results: The results indicate moderate-to-high intra-day and inter-day reliability (ICCs 0.58–0.79). Fatigue induced by a rugby union match did not significantly alter EyeGuide Focus scores (p > 0.05), suggesting stability in measurements despite physical exertion. Conclusions: The sensitivity of the EyeGuide Focus to minor variations in fatigue warrants further investigation as a tool to aid monitoring and performance. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030071 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Antonio Beira de Andrade Junior, Elena Marie Peixoto Ruthes de Andrade, Guilherme Rodrigues de Souza, Agnaldo José Lopes First page: 72 Abstract: Background: Considering that the nervous system regulates cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) and that low CAM is associated with poorer performance, it is essential to evaluate the effects of training to increase parasympathetic modulation in Muay Thai (MT) fighters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week intervention based on strength training and nutritional counseling on performance, CAM, and nutritional status in amateur MT fighters. Methods: This is a longitudinal and interventional study in which 22 MT fighters underwent a strength training program and nutritional protocol. Before and after the intervention, they underwent the ten-second frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-mult), bioimpedance analysis (BIA), and assessment of heart rate variability. Results: After the intervention, there was an increase in the number of kicks in both FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.032, respectively). In BIA, there was a significant increase in both fat-free mass and basal metabolic rate (p = 0.031 and p = 0.020, respectively). After the intervention, significant increases were observed during the physical test in the following variables that denote improvement in parasympathetic modulation: square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (p = 0.005); percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference in duration greater than 50 ms (p = 0.002); high frequency range (p < 0.0001); and standard deviation measuring the dispersion of points in the plot perpendicular to the line of identity (p = 0.004). Conclusions: In amateur MT fighters, an intervention with strength training and nutritional guidance is able to improve CAM through greater parasympathetic activation. Furthermore, there is an improvement in performance and body composition after the intervention. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030072 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Valerio Giustino, Antonino Patti First page: 73 Abstract: Biomechanics is the application of the principles of mechanics to humans; that is, the study of the motion of bodies and the causes that determine it [...] Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030073 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Spyridon Methenitis, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, Thomas Mpampoulis, Constantinos Papadopoulos, Giorgos Papadimas, Nikolaos Zaras, Gerasimos Terzis First page: 74 Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between muscle fiber type variables and sprinting, jumping, strength, power and endurance performances in sprinters and marathon runners. Furthermore, the study explored which muscle fiber type variable influences athletes’ performance the most and which variable discriminates sprinters from marathon runners. Body composition, vastus lateralis muscle fiber composition, sprinting, jumping, strength, maximum isometric force, rate of force development and endurance performance were assessed in well-trained sprinters (n = 15; age: 24.7 ± 4.1 years; body mass: 82.7 ± 8.8 kg; body fat: 11.3 ± 4.2%) and marathon runners (n = 15; age: 26.1 ± 3.2 years; body mass: 69.7 ± 4.3 kg; body fat: 9.5 ± 3.3%). Significant correlations were observed between muscle fiber composition variables and performances (r = −0.848 to 0.902; p < 0.05), with percentage cross-sectional areas (%CSAs) showing the strongest associations. Regression analyses confirmed %CSAs as the strongest predictors of performance (R2: 0.796–0.978; p < 0.001; B coefficients: −0.293–0.985), while discriminant analysis accurately differentiated sprinters from marathon runners (100%, p < 0.001) by only using athletes’ muscle fibers’ %CSAs. In conclusion, muscle fibers’ %CSAs may be the most critical variables for explaining and distinguishing sprinters’ and marathon runners’ performances. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030074 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Iván Martín-Miguel, Diego Muñoz, Rafael Conde-Ripoll, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, Bernardino J. Sánchez-Alcaraz, Adrián Escudero-Tena First page: 75 Abstract: The aim of this scoping review was to examine the existing literature on padel among young players (under 18) and classify its main research areas. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 16 studies on teaching methodologies, psychological characteristics, physiological demands, physical attributes, and gameplay parameters. This review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of research on youth padel. The findings suggest that a search-based teaching methodology enhances skill acquisition more effectively than traditional methods. Modifying the court dimensions (20 × 10 m to 10 × 6 m) and ball pressure optimizes learning in early training (~8–10 years). At advanced levels, training with professional players increases motivation and performance. The psychological analysis shows higher self-confidence and lower cognitive and somatic anxiety, with boys exhibiting greater somatic anxiety than girls, highlighting the need for sex-specific psychological strategies. The physiological findings establish reference values, with a higher VO2max in boys and younger players. In physical performance, boys outperform girls in terms of jump height and strength, while girls excel in agility. The gameplay analysis reveals that the rally duration increases with the skill level (7–9 s in beginners, 9–12 s in national players), the stroke frequency varies by level (from 4 at initiation level to 6–9 at regional and national levels), and there are differences in specific technical actions (forehand and backhand for initiation level, volleys for advanced level, and bandeja to finish points). From a practical standpoint, these insights can help coaches to tailor training strategies by considering a player’s age, sex, and competitive level, optimizing youth padel performance. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030075 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Beltrán Cáceres-Diego, Cristian Marín-Pagán, Pablo Martínez de Baños, Pedro E. Alcaraz First page: 76 Abstract: Infantry soldiers must cover long distances carrying heavy and bulky combat equipment. Since the beginning of their training, Spanish Marines have undergone this characteristic and demanding test. However, little is known about its effects on neuromuscular function and recovery in the days following the test. Twenty-six Spanish Marines completed the test, three of whom suffered injuries and had to withdraw from the study, resulting in a final sample of twenty-three Marines. These participants underwent evaluations before (pre), immediately after (post), and 24 and 48 h post-exercise, following a 30 km endurance march carrying their 34 kg combat equipment. A repeated-measures ANOVA, paired-samples t-test, and effect size (ES) analysis were conducted; the results are presented as mean ± SD. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The variables and p-values of changes over time are presented. Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (p = 0.004), countermovement jump (CMJ) (p ≤ 0.001), rating of fatigue scale (ROF) (p ≤ 0.001), maximum pull-ups in two minutes (PUmax) (p ≤ 0.001), body mass (BM) (p ≤ 0.001), hand grip strength (HGS): dominant (p = 0.180) and non-dominant (p = 0.616), and incident reports (IRPE) showed a significant increase over time and between the first 10 km and last 5 km in fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, shortness of breath, excessive sweating (p ≤ 0.001), and muscle tremors (p = 0.028), except for palpitations (p = 0.189). In conclusion, the results indicate that the test had a significant impact on neuromuscular function, with no recovery observed in overall strength and lower limb power after 48 h, even though their perceived fatigue decreased substantially. The resilient spirit of operational military units and their philosophy of always being ready for combat could increase the injury rate. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030076 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:William Archambault, Dave Ellemberg First page: 77 Abstract: Gaps remain in our understanding of which factors contribute to concussion disclosure and how they contribute to this process, thereby limiting our ability to improve disclosure. This study aimed to characterize the most relevant extra-personal determinants of SC disclosure and to describe their influence on the disclosure process. To that aim, the first author conducted substantive qualitative interviews with nine university student–athletes and analyzed their content via constant comparative analysis (guided by Straussian grounded theory). Eleven (11) extra-personal concepts influencing concussion reporting were identified and described across two categories: Contextual Incentives and Socio-Cultural Pressures. These findings suggest that each identified concept can individually shape the context around the injury, creating either higher-stakes conditions that deter disclosure or lower-stakes conditions that encourage it. Further, the results posit that these concepts interact and collectively influence athletes’ decision-making process by modulating the perceived stakes of disclosing a concussion. If these findings hold true in more diverse populations and contexts, they suggest that adapting concussion prevention efforts to consider these contextual variables could improve SC disclosure. This study also highlights the benefits of using qualitative methods in the investigation of concussion reporting. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030077 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Aitor Alberdi-Garciandia, Jordan Santos-Concejero First page: 78 Abstract: The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been found to improve different cardiopulmonary-related variables that ultimately enhance endurance performance. The main goal of this systematic review was to analyze the hematological, physiological, and performance effects (both maximal and submaximal) of rHuEPO in well-trained endurance athletes. A literature search was conducted in three different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) on 20 January 2025; including studies published from 1 January 2010 to the search date. After analyzing 985 resultant articles and 5 records identified outside of the databases through citation tracking, 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. We found that, regardless of the total dose of rHuEPO used, this substance improves the main hematological (total hemoglobin mass, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit) and physiological (maximal oxygen uptake and peak oxygen uptake) parameters, while the maximal performance-related parameters (mainly, maximal power output, and peak power output) also tend to increase. However, further research is needed to determine if rHuEPO can also improve submaximal parameters, which are also major determinants of performance in endurance sports. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030078 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Lorenzo Pugliese, Chiara Tuccella, Gabriele Maisto, Emanuele D’Angelo, Simona Delle Monache, Maria Scatigna, Maria Helena Rodrigues Moreira, Valerio Bonavolontà, Maria Giulia Vinciguerra First page: 79 Abstract: Workplace physical activity programs (WPAPs) are increasingly being recognized for improving employee health, though the results remain inconsistent. Universities provide favorable settings for WPAPs. This study examined the effects of a 24-week circuit training and mobility program on the physical fitness (PF) and body composition of university employees. Thirty-eight university employees (9 males and 29 females; 51.5 ± 12.6 years) followed a 24-week training program consisting of two circuit training sessions and one mobility session per week. PF (including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), grip strength, shoulder mobility, core endurance, lower limb strength, and balance) body composition, anthropometric variables, and physical activity (PA) levels were assessed at baseline (T0), 12 weeks (T1), and 24 weeks (T2). CRF, strength, mobility, and core endurance significantly improved. A body composition analysis indicated a decrease in fat mass and an increase in lean mass at T2. Minor changes were observed in anthropometric variables. Furthermore, PA levels increased throughout the intervention. The 24-week WPAP improved the PF and body composition of university employees. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030079 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:P. Martín-Escudero, M. Fuentes-Ferrer, F. Peinado Miguel, E. Jiménez-Herranz First page: 80 Abstract: The prevalence of impaired mental health (MH) has increased in recent decades. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of impaired MH amongst registered Spanish golfers using the GHQ-28 questionnaire. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out in Spain between March and August 2024 using a self-administered questionnaire on 298 adult participants. The participants were mainly men (75.1%) over 60 years of age (50.7%) who were married or with a partner (79.5%), and who were active in the job market (56%). Of the participants, 73.5% reported an improvement in MH levels attributed to the game, and 77.2% recommended golf as a way to improve MH. The prevalence of impaired MH was 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1–10.2%). Differences in impaired MH were found according to age (<=45 years: 28.6%; 46–60 years: 5.0% and >60 years: 4.0%; p = 0.001), marital status (married or with a partner: 4.6% vs. other: 14.8%; p = 0.009) and time of play (morning: 3.3% vs. other: 10.3%; p = 0.015). The prevalence of impaired MH detected was low and these results indicated that such playing habits and characteristics may have a positive impact on the mental wellbeing of golf players. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030080 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Dávid Elek, Miklós Tóth, Balázs Sonkodi, Pongrác Ács, Gábor L. Kovács, Péter Tardi, Csaba Melczer First page: 81 Abstract: Background/Objectives: Hamilton and colleagues invented the soleus push-up exercise and showed that this exercise method was successful in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of the current pilot study was to assess the efficacy of the soleus push-up in individuals with prediabetes and to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating this exercise method into their daily routine. Methods: Ten participants (mean age: 53.3 ± 2.7 years; four females, six males) with prediabetes were included in the study. Initially, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) while being sedentary to establish baseline postprandial blood glucose measurements. During a subsequent OGTT, participants concurrently performed the soleus push-up (SPU) exercise either with or without electromyographic (EMG) feedback. Blood glucose levels were measured at 15 min intervals over the two-hour duration of both OGTTs. Results: We observed that performing the SPU in a sitting position during the oral glucose tolerance test resulted in approximately a 32% reduction in postprandial glucose excursion compared to the sedentary baseline results. This effect was also present in the absence of EMG feedback. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that this repetitive, prolonged contractile muscle activity can improve metabolic regulation in prediabetic individuals without the need for a laboratory setting. SPU may be a viable and effective exercise to support metabolic health in home or work environments. However, further validation is needed with a larger sample size. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030081 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Andrew M. Lane, Richard B. Kreider First page: 82 Abstract: There has been a long-standing call in the sports and exercise sciences for researchers to adopt an interdisciplinary approach [...] Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030082 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Kathrine Lervold, Jan Arvid Haugan, Maja Gunhild Olsen Østerås, Frode Moen First page: 83 Abstract: This study explores the predictive factors influencing sport coaches’ perceived performance levels following an 18-month mentor-based education program. The study employed a quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test control group design to assess changes in perceived coach performance over time. The experimental group participated in six group gatherings and at least 15 individual mentoring sessions over 18 months, while the control group received no intervention. Participants were recruited from a non-formal coach education program run by the Norwegian Olympic Sports Center (NOSC), requiring recommendations from their respective sport federations. Of the 159 coaches who applied, 73 were selected for the program and invited to participate, along with 29 additional coaches from specialized high schools for elite sports, forming a total sample of 98 coaches (69 in the experimental group, 29 in the control group) at pre-test. The sample consisted of 61 males (62%) and 37 females (38%), aged 26 to 71 years (M = 38.3, SD = 8.3), representing over 20 sports, with handball (15.3%), cross-country skiing (10.2%), soccer (7.1%), and track and field (7.1%) being the most common. Data collection included an online questionnaire measuring perceived coach performance, coaching hours, age, and dimensions of the coach–athlete working alliance (task, bond, and goal development). After 18 months, 75 coaches completed the study, yielding a response rate of 73.5%. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that coaches’ ages, weekly coaching hours, baseline perceived performance, and task development within the coach–athlete working alliance positively predicted their performance perception post-test. Participation in the mentor-based program also had a significant positive effect. However, neither bond nor goal development in the working alliance predicted performance perception. These findings underscore the importance of mentoring, structured self-reflection, and task-focused coaching strategies in enhancing coaching effectiveness. The results have implications for coach education programs seeking to foster professional growth and performance development. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030083 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Larissa Fernanda Porto Maciel, Sergio José Ibáñez, Mariana Klauck Beirith, Alexandra Folle First page: 84 Abstract: This article aims to identify the influence of the social dynamics experienced by basketball players, specifically the type of support and help they received during their formative years in the sport. To this end, we conducted a mixed-method study with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected from Brazilian athletes aged 18 and 19 (n = 141), followed by in-depth interviews with 24 athletes. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine the differences between the age groups, and the association between the qualitative variables was analyzed using the Chi2 test, which was aided by the SPSS statistical program. Thematic analysis guided the coding and analysis of the qualitative data. The results showed that the family provided support at all formative stages, with the type and amount of the support supplied changing over time. Three types of support provided by family members were identified, with emotional and tangible support being more prevalent up to age 17. In contrast, informational support was more prominent in the final phase of sports training. Peers mainly provided emotional and informational support, especially from the age of 15. The results showed that the club, school, and coaches supported the athletes to keep playing basketball, usually through transportation, scholarships, food, and athlete grants. These findings provide valuable information on the dynamic nature of social relationships in the athlete development process. They also show that the support offered influences the wider environment to optimize or hinder athletic development in basketball. There is still a long way to go in understanding the social dynamics within the complex development processes in sports. Longitudinal studies with ecological, conceptual, and methodological approaches that provide a more integrative, complementary, holistic, and contextualized view of the influence of social dynamics on athlete training and sports participation could be an avenue to explore in future research. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030084 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Alan Huebner, Jonathon R. Lever, Thomas W. Clark, Timothy J. Suchomel, Casey J. Metoyer, Jonathan D. Hauenstein, John P. Wagle First page: 85 Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance metrics across five NCAA Division I varsity sports using Generalizability Theory (G-Theory). Three hundred male athletes from football, hockey, baseball, soccer, and lacrosse performed three or more CMJs on dual-force platforms. G-Theory was applied to identify variance components and determine reliability coefficients (Φ) for 14 key metrics. Metrics requiring more than three jumps to achieve Φ 0.80 were deemed unreliable. Metric reliability varied by sport and phase of movement. Metrics associated with the eccentric phase (e.g., Eccentric Duration, Deceleration Rate of Force Development Asymmetry) demonstrated lower reliability, often requiring >3 jumps. Reliable metrics across sports included Phase 1 Concentric Impulse and Scaled Power, requiring three trials or fewer. CMJ reliability is sport- and metric-specific. Practitioners should prioritize reliable metrics and adjust protocols to balance data quality and practicality, particularly when monitoring eccentric characteristics. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030085 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Iñigo Mujika, Jocelyn Mara, Irina Zelenkova, Rodrigo Zacca, David B. Pyne First page: 86 Abstract: Background: The effective monitoring of athletes’ adaptation is crucial to optimize the outcomes of altitude camps and minimize the risk of maladaptation to the hypoxic stress and intensive training. This case report assessed the hematological adaptations in 22 world-class female water polo players during a 16-day ‘live high-train high’ (LHTH) altitude camp (2320 m) and evaluated the differences between selected (n = 13) and non-selected (n = 9) players and between playing positions. Methods: Hematological parameters, including total hemoglobin mass (tHBmass) and blood volume, were measured before and after the camp. Resting heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, body mass, fatigue, and sleep were monitored daily. Results: Relative tHbmass increased PRE to POST (5.4 ± 5.1%, range −3.9–20.2), but blood volume did not change (p = 0.797). Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell distribution width increased PRE–POST (p < 0.001, ES = 1.21–2.69), while mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin decreased (p < 0.001, ES = 0.51 and 0.72, respectively). No substantial differences were observed in the hematological parameters between selected and non-selected players. There was a large difference in the change in relative blood volume between centers (n = 4, PRE 74.1 ± 5.4, POST 69.7 ± 5.9 mL/kg; mean ± SD) and field players (n = 15, PRE 80.8 ± 10.6, POST 82.8 ± 6.8 mL/kg; adj p = 0.046, ES = 1.15) and between centers and goalkeepers (n = 3, PRE 89.7 ± 9.6, POST 82.0 ± 7.1 mL/kg; adj p = 0.046, ES = 1.62). Conclusions: A 16-day LHTH camp can induce favorable hematological adaptations in world-class women’s water polo players, without substantial differences between selected and non-selected players, and larger increases in field players. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030086 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Asieh Namazi, Ehsan Modiri, Suzana Blesić, Olivera M. Knežević, Dragan M. Mirkov First page: 87 Abstract: Monitoring heart rate (HR) is vital for health management and athletic performance, and wearable technology enables scientists to obtain real-time cardiovascular insights. This study compares Machine Learning (ML) techniques, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), and 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNNs). Then, we develop a hybrid Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)-Augmented ML technique to predict HR using wearable sensor data. Additionally, we investigate the impact of incorporating auxiliary physiological inputs, such as breathing rate (BR) and RR intervals, on predictive accuracy. The study utilizes the cardiorespiratory data acquired through wearable sensors while practising sports, including 126 recordings from 81 participants (53 males, 28 females) engaged in 10 different sports. Physiological signals were collected at 1 Hz using the BioHarness 3.0 (Zephyr Technology, Mangaluru, India). The dataset includes individuals with varied levels of sports experience (beginner, intermediate, and advanced), allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of HR variability across different expertise levels. Our results demonstrate that the hybrid SSA-LSTM model reaches the lowest prediction error by effectively capturing HR dynamics. Furthermore, integrating HR, BR, and RR data significantly enhances accuracy over single or dual parameter inputs. These findings support adopting multivariate machine learning models for health monitoring, improving HR prediction accuracy for fitness and preventive healthcare. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030087 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Vanessa M. Martinez Kercher, Janelle M. Goss, Janette M. Watkins, Liam A. Phillips, Brad A. Roy, James F. Dow, Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo, Kyle A. Kercher First page: 88 Abstract: Background: Despite the well-established physical benefits of resistance training (RT), only 31% of U.S. adults meet RT guidelines, with women participating at lower rates. While the physiological aspects of RT are well researched, less is known about the psychological factors, such as affective responses (e.g., enjoyment, energy). This study explored the relationships between self-efficacy, self-determined motivation, affective responses, and adherence in a 16-week barbell-based RT program. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with 43 adults (M age = 45.09 ± 10.7, 81.8% female) enrolled in a community-based RT program. Affective responses were measured pre- and post-training, within RT sessions, and over time. Repeated-measures ANOVA and correlational analyses were used to examine relationships between psychological variables, affective responses, and adherence to the program. Results: Participants reported significant improvements in positive affective responses post-training and across the program’s duration. Self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation were positively associated with higher affective responses and greater adherence. Strength exercises elicited more positive affects compared to power exercises, and lifting heavier relative loads was correlated with more favorable emotional outcomes. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of psychological factors, such as self-efficacy and motivation, in the relationship of affective responses to RT. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030088 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors: Heshmati, Tabrizi, Daneshjoo, Hosseini, Bahiraei, Sahebozamani, Konrad, Behm First page: 89 Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of primarily asymmetrical (soccer and volleyball) and symmetrical sport load (sprint and swimming) in the upper and lower limbs on dynamic balance and muscle strength and to compare these values in the dominant and non-dominant limbs. This study employed a cross-sectional design, included 45 adolescent female athletes from four sports, divided into asymmetric (ASYM, n = 25) and symmetric (SYM, n = 20) groups. They were assessed for maximal voluntary isometric muscle contraction (MVIC) relative muscular strength using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) for shoulder external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR), as well as hamstring and quadricep strength. Upper and lower limb balance were also assessed using the Upper (YBT-UQ) and Lower Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-LQ) tests. The results showed significantly greater balance in the upper extremities of swimmers and in the lower extremities of the sprinters in both the dominant (DS) and non-dominant (NDS) sides than in other groups (p < 0.0001). However, no significant difference in internal and external shoulder rotator muscles strength between the groups (p > 0.05). Although significant differences were found in hamstring strength on the dominant side and quadricep strength on both sides (p < 0.05), a notable finding was that sprint athletes consistently demonstrated stronger quadriceps muscles as compared to other groups in both the dominant and non-dominant sides. According to the current findings, there are significant differences in upper and lower body balance, hamstring, and quadricep muscle strength among sports. This suggests that athletes of asymmetrical sports may need to improve non-dominant side knee strength and balance symmetry to prevent the risk of injury. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13030089 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2025)
Authors:Milan Petronijević, Katarina Ohnjec, Milivoj Dopsaj First page: 27 Abstract: Muscular strength and explosiveness are generally known as factors that affect physical performance. Physical ability modeling has a profound connection with long-term athlete development and talent identification. The purpose of the current study was to investigate differences in contractile characteristics (maximal isometric force and maximal rate of force development) among various muscle groups in youth elite female team handball players (n = 35, 16.6 ± 1.1 years) compared to a control group (n = 28, 16.7 ± 1.1 years). The following tests were performed: isometric non-dominant hand grip, isometric dominant hand grip, isometric deadlift, isometric standing leg extension, and isometric bilateral ankle extension. For each subject, the maximal isometric force and maximal rate of force development were derived from the isometric strength tests. The research analyzed a total of twenty-four variables, presented in both absolute and relative values. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among all pairs of variables in the absolute values of maximal isometric force (Λ = 0.531, F = 10.07, p = 0.000) and maximal rate of force development (Λ = 0.692, F = 5.08, p = 0.001) between the two groups. The most significant difference was found in the grip of the dominant hand, where the impact of the difference was 43.6% and 37.0% for the absolute values of force and explosiveness. Conversely, no differences were observed between the pairs of variables representing the relative values across the two subject groups, except for the dominant hand grip relative force (p = 0.006). The results provide information about the contractile potentials of important muscle groups in the game of handball, which could help in adapting strength training according to the specifics of the strength and explosivity development of young female handball players. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020027 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Rocco Perrotta, Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu, Domenico Cherubini, Paolo Riccardo Brustio, Corrado Lupo First page: 28 Abstract: The present study aimed to verify the (1) differences between players’ roles in relation to technical and tactical and time–motion indicators, and the (2) relationships between individual time–motion and technical and tactical indicators for each role in a men’s Italian football Serie A team. A total of 227 performances were analyzed (28 players: 8 forwards, FWs; 11 midfielders, MDs; 9 defenders, DFs). Technical and tactical indicators, such as ball possession (played balls, successful passes, successful playing patterns, lost balls, ball possession time), offensive play (total and successful dribbles, crosses, assists), and shooting (total shots, shots on target) were obtained by means of Panini Digital (DigitalSoccer Project S.r.l). In addition, a time–motion analysis included the total distance, distances covered at intensities of 16.0–19.8 km/h, 19.8–25.2 km/h, and over 25.2 km/h, the average recovery time between metabolic power peaks, and burst occurrence, the latter of which was performed by means of a 18 Hz GPS device (GPexe Pro2 system tool) worn by the players. Results showed role-specific differences: MDs covered more distance, while DFs had better ball possession. MDs and DFs had more successful playing patterns, and MDs and FWs performed more dribbles and shots. Strong correlations (p < 0.01, ρ > 0.8) were found between bursts and assists for FWs, high-intensity running and ball possession for MDs, and distance, dribbling, and shots for DFs. These findings highlight the importance of individual and tailored training programs to optimize role-specific performance demands. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020028 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Donald W. Rogers, Andreas T. Himariotis, Thomas J. Sherriff, Quentin J. Proulx, Megan T. Duong, Sabrina E. Noel, David J. Cornell First page: 29 Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to determine the test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of a photoplethysmography (PPG) finger sensor when collecting heart rate variability (HRV) metrics in reference to electrocardiography (ECG) and heart rate monitor (HRM) devices. Five minutes of R-R interval data were collected from 45 participants (23 females; age: 23.13 ± 4.45 yrs; body mass index: 25.39 ± 4.13 kg/m2) in the supine and seated positions in testing sessions 48 h apart. Moderate-to-excellent test–retest reliability of the HRV data collected from the PPG sensor was identified (ICC2,1 = 0.60–0.93). Additionally, similar standard errors of the mean, coefficient of variation, and minimal detectable change metrics were observed across all devices. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were identified in the HRV data between the PPG sensor and ECG and HRM devices; however, these differences were interpreted as trivial-to-small (g = 0.00–0.59). Further, the PPG sensor tended to only overestimate HRV metrics by <0.5 ms and near perfect relationships (r = 0.91–1.00) and very large-to-near perfect agreement (CCC = 0.81–1.00) were identified between collection methods. The PPG sensor demonstrated adequate test–retest reliability and concurrent validity in both the supine and seated resting positions. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020029 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Tony Estrella, Lluis Capdevila First page: 30 Abstract: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive health and fitness indicator, and machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool for analysing large HRV datasets. This study aims to identify athletic characteristics using the HRV test and ML algorithms. Two models were developed: Model 1 (M1) classified athletes and non-athletes using 856 observations from high-performance athletes and 494 from non-athletes. Model 2 (M2) identified an individual soccer player within a team based on 105 observations from the player and 514 from other team members. Three ML algorithms were applied —Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)— and SHAP values were used to interpret the results. In M1, the SVM algorithm achieved the highest performance (accuracy = 0.84, ROC AUC = 0.91), while in M2 Random Forest performed best (accuracy = 0.92, ROC AUC = 0.94). Based on these results, we propose an athleticism index and a soccer identification index derived from HRV data. The findings suggest that ML algorithms, such as SVM and RF, can effectively generate indices based on HRV for identifying individuals with athletic characteristics or distinguishing athletes with specific sports profiles. These insights underscore the importance of integrating HRV assessments systematically into training regimens for enhanced athletic evaluation. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020030 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Adrian T. Wolff, Sara R. Sherman, Craig A. Horswill First page: 31 Abstract: We investigated the effects of a functional breathing program on the aerobic performance of recreational runners. Runners participated in an aerobic endurance training program with functional breathing (FBP; n = 8, 34.8 ± 5.1 yrs, 25.3 ± 2.5 kg·m2) or without functional breathing (CON; n = 8, 29 ± 5 yrs, 23 ± 2 kg·m2). The treatment group underwent daily breathing exercises, and nasal-only breathing during low-intensity sessions of the training program. The primary outcome variables measured before and after the program included the following: the breath-hold time at rest, the duration and VO2max with nasal-only breathing, and the VO2max with normal breathing during a graded running test. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). We found a significant group x time interaction for breath-hold time (∆ from PRE: +1.9 s [CON], +11.7 s [FBP]; p = 0.04; d = 1.13). However, the changes in the time and VO2max with nasal-only breathing, and in the VO2max with normal breathing, did not differ between the FBP and CON groups. A small but significant time (main) effect for the increase in VO2max (~3.0%, p < 0.05) suggested that both groups had adequate stimuli for physiological adaptations. The four-week supplementary functional breathing protocol increased the breath-hold time, but not the maximum nasal-only breathing time, nasal-only breathing VO2max, or VO2max, in recreational runners. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020031 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Seow Ting Low, Terence Buan Kiong Chua, Dan Li, Michael Chia First page: 32 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the lives of pre-primary school children in Singapore where increased infection rates prompted lockdown measures that altered children’s daily routines. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the lifestyle behaviours and health quality of 3134 children aged 5 to 6 years across three periods: pre-COVID, COVID-19 lockdown, and COVID-19 endemicity. Data were collected using the Surveillance of Digital Media Habits in Early Childhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ®) to measure on- and off-screen media habits of children and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PaedQL) to assess children’s health quality. Adherence to physical activity (PA) guidelines dropped from 32.7% pre-COVID to 27.4% during lockdown but improved to 34.4% in endemicity (p < 0.05). Sleep (SL) adherence followed a similar pattern, decreasing from 33.4% to 27.9% before rising to 40.6% (p < 0.05). Screen time (ST) adherence significantly declined during lockdown (16.7% to 10.8%, p < 0.001). Weak positive correlations with all PaedQL metrics were observed across periods, except during endemicity (p < 0.05). Concerted efforts involving key stakeholders must be made to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on children’s lifestyle behaviours and QoL, ensuring they are better prepared for the transition to primary school. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020032 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Marion Geary, Niamh Kitching, Mark Campbell, Frank Houghton First page: 33 Abstract: Background/Objectives: Athletic identity (AI) is an important part of an elite athlete’s self-concept and can positively impact sports performance, but over-emphasis can lead to potentially negative outcomes. Identity theory suggests that identity is shaped by individuals’ roles, group affiliations, self-perceptions, and important changes in personal circumstances. Athlete transitions are changes that occur in an athletes’ athletic and/or non-athletic circumstances, which can impact identity development. Using identity theory, this study aimed to explore the athletic transitions important in early AI formation and development in elite Gaelic athletes. Methods: Nine athletes were purposively sampled and participated in semi-structured interviews that were analysed using a six-step thematic analysis. Results: Findings indicate that the initiation, development, and mastery transitions in sport influence AI formation and align with the identity theory precepts of roles, groups, and persons in identity development. AI formation and development is individualised and shaped by perceived athlete competence, associated external validation, and the increased professionalism and personal commitment associated with higher levels of performance. Conclusion: We call for a greater emphasis to be placed on the development of multi-faceted identity profiles in elite Gaelic athletes. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020033 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Rafael González-Moret, Isabel Almodóvar-Fernández, María Gimeno, Ana Blanco, Paula Sánchez-Thevenet, Héctor Usó, Gonzalo Haro, Antonio Real-Fernández First page: 34 Abstract: (1) Background: Elite sport can increase vulnerability to developing mental health pathologies. The purpose of the study is to determine the frequency at which these behavioural disorders appear in elite footballers and evaluate their relationship with other addictions. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2020 and January 2022 on 306 participants. The variables of gambling and gaming were studied. The different groups were compared using Chi-squared tests. Probabilities exceeding 95% (p-values < 0.05) and residuals results greater than 2 or less than −2 were considered significant. (3) Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of alcohol (p < 0.001), tobacco (p < 0.001), and cannabis (p = 0.016) consumption. We also found differences between those who had a history of a nervous disease (p = 0.015). 6.6% of the of football players had a probable diagnosis of a gambling disorder compared to 1% in the general population (p = 0.011). Among the pathological and non-pathological cases of gambling in the football population, significant differences were found between those with a salary of EUR 900–1500/month (p = 0.027) or a history of a nervous pathology (p = 0.021). (4) Conclusions: This study showed that professional football players were vulnerable to mental health pathologies related to gambling. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020034 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Ronald J. Houison, Andrea Lamont-Mills, Michael Kotiw, Peter C. Terry First page: 35 Abstract: The psychology of sports officials is often overlooked in psychology research. The present study addressed this disparity by exploring relationships among the mood, stress, and performance of Australian softball umpires. Six male and two female participants aged 25–68 years (M = 48.95 ± 17.39 years) each completed the Brunel Mood Scale before games and provided saliva samples on multiple occasions prior to and after officiating games at two Australian National Softball Championships. Data from 65 games were analysed with performance assessed using Softball Australia’s umpire assessment tool. A significant positive relationship (p < 0.01) was found between tension scores and umpire performance. Using a stepwise regression analysis, tension scores and baseline cortisol level collectively explained 22.6% of the variance in umpire performance scores. These findings suggest that umpires require an optimal level of tension in the period leading up to competition to perform successfully, supporting the relationship between tension and performance first proposed by the inverted-U hypothesis. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020035 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Silvia Sedano, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo First page: 36 Abstract: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various active recovery strategies in youth female soccer players during competitive tournaments with limited recovery periods (i.e., 24–48 h). Twenty-two elite under-17 female football players participated in this randomized controlled trial, which encompassed fourteen 90 min official matches. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three recovery protocols: passive stretching, foam rolling, or lumbopelvic mobility exercises, which were implemented ten minutes after each match. Countermovement jump with free arm (CMJA) height was measured pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 5 h post-intervention. Wellness perception was evaluated 24 h later. Significant enhancements in CMJA height were observed immediately after all recovery protocols and at 5 h post-intervention compared with pre-intervention (p < 0.001). The lumbopelvic mobility protocol yielded the most substantial improvement, significantly surpassing both stretching and foam rolling. Moreover, significant increases in wellness perception were observed following the foam rolling (p < 0.001, ES = 0.95) and mobility (p < 0.05, ES = 0.88) protocols, with the mobility protocol demonstrating a marginally larger effect size than stretching. Active recovery strategies significantly enhanced neuromuscular function and wellness perception in under-17 female soccer players. Lumbopelvic mobility exercises exhibited superior efficacy, suggesting that they should be prioritized in post-match recovery regimens. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020036 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Giulia Di Martino, Carlo della Valle, Alessandra di Cagno, Giovanni Fiorilli, Giuseppe Calcagno, Daniele Conte First page: 37 Abstract: (1) Background: This study evaluated whether physical activity and sports serve as a protective factor in mitigating COVID-19 pandemic long-term consequences. (2) Methods: A survey of 1702 participants (8–18 years) used the Impact of Event Scale (IES), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). Participants were categorized based on their engagement in sports, cultural activities, or sedentary behaviors. Statistical analysis included non-parametric tests, CHAID models, and clustering. (3) Results: In total, 65.5% of participants experienced minimal to mild anxiety, and 34.5% reported moderate to severe anxiety. The main predictor of depression is the sample age, followed by the training experience. Depressive symptoms were identified in 71.3% of participants (75.7% adolescents; 64% children). Adolescents with longer training experience (67.6%) showed lower depression compared to those with shorter experience (77.2%). For post-traumatic stress, 38% of children and 46% of adolescents exceeded cut-off scores for significant symptoms, with age and training level identified as key predictors. Among children, sport experience with low weekly frequency was associated with the lowest depression rates (59.5%). (4) Conclusions: Four years after the pandemic, a high percentage of anxiety and depression disorders is observed in the youth population, particularly among adolescents. Sports appear to slightly alleviate this serious condition. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020037 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Ximena Martínez-Mireles, Edna Judith Nava-González, Manuel López-Cabanillas Lomelí, Debbie Samantha Puente-Hernández, Miriam Gutiérrez-López, José Omar Lagunes-Carrasco, Ricardo López-García, Erik Ramírez First page: 38 Abstract: This scoping review aimed to determine the somatotype of modern elite athletes across various sports. The literature search followed the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Four databases were consulted, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Clarivate InCites, as well as platforms such as Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis Online, Books Ovid, CAB eBooks, MyiLibrary, and Core Collection. Eligibility criteria included articles published between 1995 and 2024 involving athletes at the elite level, such as junior, senior, Olympic, first-division professionals, world-class competitors, national competitors, black belts, master athletes, non-professional athletes with at least 10 years of experience, those ranked in the national or international top 10, and high-level collegiate athletes. A total of 66 studies were included. Modern male elite athletes predominantly exhibited an endomorphic mesomorphic somatotype, whereas female athletes were classified as central. The present study was the first to synthesize data from 66 articles, encompassing athletes of varying elite levels, both males and females, while providing detailed information on age, weight, height, BMI, somatotype and its classification, and complemented by somatoplot references. Future research is recommended to include a greater diversity of sports and a more significant number of elite female athletes to enhance the representativeness of elite athletes. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020038 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:George John, Ameen AlNadwi, Tiffany Georges Abi Antoun, Ildus I. Ahmetov First page: 39 Abstract: There has been rapid growth in women’s football worldwide; however, research on injury prevention strategies and physiological considerations specific to female athletes remains insufficient. Women’s football has experienced an increase in injury prevalence, despite being underrepresented in sports literature, with less than 25% of research focused on this demographic. The incidence of injuries, particularly among young elite female footballers, is notably high, impacting long-term health outcomes such as osteoarthritis and contributing to shorter playing careers. Certain injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures, occur at significantly higher rates in women compared to men, underscoring sex-specific risk factors that must be addressed in injury prevention programs (IPPs). This narrative review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of IPPs tailored for female football players and to address their heightened susceptibility to injuries compared to males. Research studies and review articles were identified using a literature search of the PubMed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to December 2024. Biological factors, including hormonal influences—such as increased ACL laxity during the menstrual cycle—and musculoskeletal differences, such as muscle strength imbalances, reduced joint stability, and hip weakness, significantly contribute to this increased risk. Despite the existence of injury prevention protocols like FIFA 11+, their consistent application and adaptation to meet the unique needs of female footballers remain limited. In addition to physical injuries, mental health is a critical concern. Female football players exhibit higher rates of depression and anxiety compared to their male counterparts, influenced by factors such as injury-related stress and menstrual cycle variations. In conclusion, the growing participation of women in football highlights the urgent need for research and implementation of injury prevention strategies specifically tailored to female players. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020039 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Lucas Rafael Lopes, Rui Medeiros, Valéria Tavares, Francisca Dias, Marcus Vinícius Galvão Amaral, Rodrigo Araújo Goes, João Antonio Matheus Guimarães, Jamila Alessandra Perini First page: 40 Abstract: Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) assesses athletic performance; however, its values are inconsistent in post-COVID-19 athletes. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of V̇O2max in post-COVID-19 athletes. Observational studies were identified by screening the PubMed database published up to 17 July 2023. The initial electronic search found 320 studies. Of these, 26 employing the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to assess aerobic fitness were selected. Of the 2625 pooled athletes, 1464 were infected and considered as the post-COVID-19 group, either asymptomatic or symptomatic, while the remaining 1161, who were uninfected or had V̇O2max results prior to infection, were defined as the infection-free group. Age and V̇O2max were differently distributed between post-COVID-19 athletes and those without infection (p = 0.03 in both). Persistent symptoms athletes had 8 mL/Kg/min lower V̇O2max than those without infection (p = 0.04). In addition, post-infected athletes who underwent CPET after 12 weeks showed a significant reduction of 2.9 mL/Kg/min in V̇O2max according to the increase in body mass index (BMI). The pooled analysis showed that aerobic fitness was reduced in athletes post-COVID-19. V̇O2max was negatively correlated with BMI in those who underwent CPET at 12 weeks, suggesting that symptoms persist beyond 12 weeks, affecting return-to-play. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020040 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Gema Díaz-Quesada, Juan Francisco Jiménez-Jiménez, Rosario Padial-Ruz, Gema Torres-Luque First page: 41 Abstract: The physical activity (PA) level in women, it seems, tends to decrease in adulthood. The aims of the study were: (i) to evaluate the degree of compliance with PA recommendations in young women university students and (ii) to measure steps and the level of PA in different periods during the week. Eighty-eight young adult girls (21.38 ± 2.71 years) were recruited for this study. Participants wore an “Actigraph GT3X” accelerometer for seven days, collecting minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and steps volume. The results show an 80% of compliance of the 10,000 steps per day and a 220% of compliance of the 300 min/week of MVPA. The analysis shows a trend towards higher steps and PA minutes at the Weekdays (steps/day, BF10 = 168.563, δ = 0.418; meeting recommendations 10,000 steps/day, BF10 = 168.563, δ = 0.419; MVPA minutes/day, BF10 = 10.648, δ = 0.323; meeting recommendations 300 min/week, BF10 = 10.648, δ = 0.324) and during the Out-of-University-Time (steps/day, BF10 = 1.387 × 1010, δ = −0.883; meeting recommendations 10,000 steps/day, BF10 = 1.387 × 1010, δ = −0.886; MVPA minutes/day, BF10 = 1.110 × 1015, δ = −1.138; meeting recommendations 300 min/week, BF10 = 1.1 × 1015, δ = −1.144). This study can provide strategies and motivational PA guidelines at university to enhance well-being in young female university students. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020041 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Modesto A. Lebron, Justine M. Starling-Smith, Ethan C. Hill, Jeffrey R. Stout, David H. Fukuda First page: 42 Abstract: Background: This investigation aimed to examine sex-based differences in deoxy[heme] (HHb), tissue saturation (StO2), and force-deoxygenation ratio (FD) of the forearm flexor muscles during a maximal-effort intermittent fatiguing handgrip protocol. Methods: Thirty-three healthy males (n = 15) and females (n = 18) completed a fatiguing handgrip protocol consisting of 60 4 s contractions separated by a 1 s rest. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure muscle oxygenation before, during, and after the protocol. Results: Sex differences in HHb (p = 0.033) and StO2 (p = 0.021) were observed with significantly greater values for females (HHb: 110.204 ± 12.626% of baseline; StO2: 72.091 ± 5.812%) in comparison to males (HHb: 101.153 ± 12.847% of baseline; StO2: 66.978 ± 7.799%). Females (0.199 ± 0.081 AU) also demonstrated significantly (p = 0.001) lower FD in comparison to males (0.216 ± 0.094 AU). However, males (b = −0.023 ± 0.008 AU) demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.001) greater rate of decline in FD in comparison to females (b = −0.017 ± 0.006 AU). Conclusions: Prior to, during, and after a maximal-effort intermittent fatiguing handgrip fatiguing protocol, males demonstrate significantly lower StO2 than females and a faster rate of decline in FD. Moreover, females demonstrate greater HHb values than males when assessed relative to a resting baseline. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020042 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Bastian Mester, Kim Lennartz, Julia Kristin, Heinz-Lothar Meyer, Christina Polan, Monika Herten, Marcel Dudda, Manuel Burggraf First page: 43 Abstract: Background: Deaf squad athletes regularly participate in national/international competitions and most prepare for competitions in clubs with hearing athletes. Hearing loss is associated with difficulties in balance control which may impair functionality. The aim of this study is to provide epidemiological data on sports injuries in deaf squad athletes. Methods: In this retrospective study, data on main sport, training and competitions, injury rates, and downtimes were collected. Questionnaires from n = 65 athletes (n = 15 females, n = 50 males; age 28.00 ± 0.40 years) were finally analyzed. All injuries during the athlete’s career within nine body regions were recorded. The influence of contact sports, supervision by Olympic Training Center (OSP), and hearing aids on injury rates and downtimes were analyzed. Results: An amount of 89.20% were additionally registered in a regular sports club. A total of 1430 injuries were recorded during 465,400 training hours (3.07 injuries/1000 training hours). The highest prevalences were found for hand/fingers (43.00%) and ankle/foot (14.00%). Contact sport athletes had higher injury rates and longer downtimes (5.66 versus 1.28 injuries/1000; p < 0.001; 2.45 versus 1.11 weeks/1000; p = 0.011). OSP athletes showed lower injury rates (0.92 versus 4.38 injuries/1000, p = 0.004). Longer downtimes were recorded for athletes without hearing aids during training (2.29 weeks/1000 versus 0.96 weeks/1000; p = 0.045). Conclusions: Deaf athletes are exposed to additional training and competition in hearing sports. The negative impact of contact sports may be attributed to hearing loss. Hearing aids in training seem to be protective. Athletes should consider supervision by OSP. The results of this study may help to improve treatment and integration of deaf athletes into hearing sports. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020043 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Martín Barcala-Furelos, Iván González-Gutiérrez, Josune Rodríguez-Negro, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Rubén Navarro-Patón First page: 44 Abstract: (1) Background: Physical education at school is not able to meet the need for physical activity and sport (PA and S) established by international organizations, making it necessary to implement its practice outside school hours. This study aimed to find out the reasons for practicing, abandoning, and never having practiced PA and S outside school hours among students of Primary Education (PE) and Secondary Education (SE) in Cantabria (Spain). (2) Overall, 1038 students participated (349 from PE and 689 from SE), consisting of 512 boys and 526 girls between 10 and 17 years old (M = 12.92; SD = 1.92). They completed an ad hoc questionnaire with 21 questions about reasons for practicing (12 items), abandoning (3 items), and never having practiced PA and S (6 items) between the months of May and June 2024. (3) Results: As for active students, boys argue that they do so because of the influence of friends (p = 0.024), search for excitement (p = 0.002), liking PA and S (p = 0.022), and entertainment (p = 0.001). In PE, compared to SE, the most important factors are excitement (p < 0.001), health (p = 0.005), and liking PA and S (p = 0.022). Students who abandon PA and S do so because of the competitive environment (p = 0.001), with boys predominating. SE students highlight reluctance and laziness (p < 0.001) and the loss of liking PA and S (p = 0.013). Students who have never practiced PA and S do so because they do not find any sport motivating (p = 0.047) and because of reluctance and laziness (p = 0.018), especially among girls. In SE, the differences appear due to reluctance and laziness (p = 0.009) and because friends do not practice PA and S (p = 0.049). (4) Conclusions: Boys prioritize emotional and competency aspects, while girls focus on social aspects and happiness. PE students tend to participate in sports for fun and to improve their skills, while SE students tend to show reluctance and laziness and a loss of interest in PA and S. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020044 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Massimo Teso, Alessandro L. Colosio, Maura Loi, Jan Boone, Silvia Pogliaghi First page: 45 Abstract: The heart rate slow component (scHR) is an intensity-dependent HR increment that emerges during constant exercises, partially dissociated from metabolism (V˙O2). The scHR has been observed during constant-workload exercise in young and older adults. Unless this scHR is accounted for, exercise prescription using HR targets lead to an undesired reduction in metabolic intensity over time. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to characterize scHR across intensities, sex, and age to develop and validate a predictive equation able to maintain the desired metabolic stimulus over time in a constant aerobic exercise session. Methods: In our study, 66 individuals (35 females; 35 ± 13 yrs) performed the following: (i) a ramp-test for respiratory exercise threshold (GET and RCP) and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) detection, and (ii) 6 × 9-minute constant exercises at different intensities. The scHR was calculated by linear fitting from the fifth minute of exercise (bpm⋅min−1). A multiple-linear equation was developed to predict the scHR based on individual and exercise variables. The validity of the equation was tested on an independent sample by a Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman analysis between the measured and estimated HR during constant exercises. Results: The scHR increases with intensity and is larger in males (p < 0.05). A multiple-linear equation predicts the scHR based on the relative exercise intensity to RCP, age, and sex (r2 = 0.54, SEE = 0.61 bpm⋅min−1). scHR (bpm⋅min−1) = −0.0514 + (0.0240 × relative exercise intensity to RCP) − (0.0172 × age) − (0.347 × Sex (males = 0 and females score = 1)). In the independent sample, we found an excellent correlation between the measured and estimated HR (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.001) with no bias (−0.01 b·min−1, z-score= −0.04) and a fair precision (±4.09 b·min−1). Conclusions: The dynamic of the scHR can be predicted in a heterogeneous sample accounting for the combined effects of relative intensity, sex, and age. The above equation provides the means to dynamically adapt HR targets over time, avoiding an undesired reduction in the absolute and relative training load. This strategy would allow the maintenance of the desired metabolic stimulus (V˙O2) throughout an exercise session in a heterogeneous population. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020045 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Adam C. Eckart, Pragya Sharma Ghimire, James Stavitz, Stephen Barry First page: 46 Abstract: Musculoskeletal injury (MSI) risk screening has gained significant attention in rehabilitation, sports, and fitness due to its ability to predict injuries and guide preventive interventions. This review analyzes the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and the Y-Balance Test (YBT) landscape. Although these instruments are widely used because of their simplicity and ease of access, their accuracy in predicting injuries is inconsistent. Significant issues include reliance on broad scoring systems, varying contextual relevance, and neglecting individual characteristics such as age, gender, fitness levels, and past injuries. Meta-analyses reveal that the FMS and YBT overall scores often lack clinical relevance, exhibiting significant variability in sensitivity and specificity among different groups. Findings support the effectiveness of multifactorial models that consider modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors such as workload ratios, injury history, and fitness data for better prediction outcomes. Advances in machine learning (ML) and wearable technology, including inertial measurement units (IMUs) and intelligent monitoring systems, show promise by capturing dynamic and personalized high-dimensional data. Such approaches enhance our understanding of how biomechanical, physiological, and contextual injury aspects interact. This review discusses the problems of conventional movement screens, highlights the necessity for workload monitoring and personalized evaluations, and promotes the integration of technology-driven and data-centered techniques. Adopting tailored, multifactorial models could significantly improve injury prediction and prevention across varied populations. Future research should refine these models to enhance their practical use in clinical and field environments. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020046 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Yasha Nahreini, Monika Herten, Jens-Peter Stahl, Christoph Schönle, Marcel Dudda, Thomas Jöllenbeck First page: 47 Abstract: Background: Achilles tendon rupture rehabilitation protocols often emphasize two key factors, namely plantar flexion and load restriction during the early recovery stages. However, we hypothesize that variations in walking speed also play a significant role in affecting the load on the Achilles tendon. This study aims to explore the combined impact of plantar flexion angle and walking speed on the surface electromyography (EMG) activity of the calf muscles. Methods: Surface EMG measurements on 24 healthy volunteers assessed the activity of the calf muscles (gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and soleus). Participants walked on a treadmill using two designs of ankle foot orthoses set at three different angles of the ankle joint (mainly 0°, 15°, or 30° plantar flexion), as well as barefoot and in sports shoes. The tests were performed at full loads of 1, 2 and 4 km/h or with additional measurements at 1 and 2 km/h with a partial load of 20 kg. The walking speed of 4 km/h in sports shoes was used as reference, corresponding to the maximum load on the calf muscles during walking. Results: Both orthoses demonstrated a significant reduction in EMG activity by more than half even at a 0° setting and 1 km/h compared to walking barefoot or in sports shoes. However, as walking speed increased to 2 km/h and especially to 4 km/h, EMG activity significantly increased, approaching the level of walking with sports shoes at 1 km/h. The results indicated that even minor changes in walking speed had a significant impact on muscle activity, underscoring the importance of this parameter. Conclusions: This study suggests that walking speed should be considered a crucial factor in rehabilitation protocols for Achilles tendon ruptures, alongside plantar flexion and load restrictions, to optimize recovery outcomes. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020047 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Yuki Shimoyama, Shintaro Kasai, Hiroaki Wagatsuma, Tatsuru Ibusuki, Takumi Tsukada, Kaori Tachibana First page: 48 Abstract: In wheelchair basketball, classes are based on competition observations. Since 2021, out-of-competition testing has been implemented; however, research remains limited. This study aimed to determine whether the quantified volume of action (VOA) can be an indicator for classification and examined the influence of a competitive wheelchair on VOA evaluation. This cross-sectional study included 47 wheelchair basketball players (21 able-bodied, 26 with physical impairments: class 1, n = 8; class 2, n = 5; class 3, n = 4; class 4, n = 9). Tests were performed in a wheelchair (wheelchair condition) and on a trainer bed (bed condition). Participants held a ball and rotated their trunks in various planes. Movements were recorded using four cameras, and position coordinates were extracted using the three-dimensional DLT method. Classes and sitting conditions were compared across five groups: classes 1, 2, 3, 4, and able-bodied. Comparisons between classes revealed significant differences in all planes, including wheelchair and bed conditions (p < 0.05). The VOA expanded in the wheelchair condition compared to the bed condition across multiple classes and planes (p < 0.05). Measuring the VOA outside the competition while sitting on a bed may effectively classify players by eliminating equipment influence. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020048 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Matteo F. de Leon, Clayton L. Camic, Matthew J. Herring, Christopher M. Hill First page: 49 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and inter-device reliability of the OTBeat BurnTM heart rate monitor during an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Twenty males (mean ± SD age = 21.1 ± 1.9 years) volunteered to complete a test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer with OTBeat BurnTM devices placed on the forearm and upper arm, with a 12-lead electrocardiogram used as the criterion. The heart rate was recorded every 30 s and averaged across each two-minute stage. Accuracy was assessed through calculation of the mean absolute percent error (MAPE), Bland–Altman plot, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the inter-device reliability. Statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. The MAPE (±SD), Bland–Altman regression analyses, and Lin’s CCC values were 0.9 (±0.6)% and 0.8 (±0.5)%, r = 0.107 and 0.303, and rc = 0.998 and 0.998 for the forearm and the upper arm monitors, respectively. The ICC for inter-device reliability was R = 0.999. Our findings indicated the OTBeat BurnTM monitors placed on the forearm and upper arm provided highly accurate and reliable values when compared to an electrocardiogram from low to maximal exercise intensities. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020049 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Lorcán Mason, James Connolly, Lydia E. Devenney, Karl Lacey, Jim O’Donovan, Maria Faulkner, Rónán Doherty First page: 50 Abstract: Background: Elite sport participation creates a significant burden on adolescent athletes due to demanding training schedules, high training intensities, and the complexity of puberty. As such, an athletes’ ability to effectively balance stress and recovery is essential for their athletic performance and requires appropriate management throughout the competitive season. This research aimed to investigate: (i) the quantity, quality, and timing of sleep; (ii) general and sport-specific nutrition knowledge; (iii) recovery practices; and (iv) the relationships between sleep, nutrition, and recovery practices in elite adolescent athletes. Methods: A total of 51 athletes completed a battery of previously validated and reliable questionnaires which investigated their sleep characteristics, nutrition knowledge, and recovery practices. Results: Statistically significant moderate correlations were observed between their Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score, Sleep Difficulty Classification (SDC), and Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q Sport) scales, with small significant correlations observed between the SDC and REST-Q recovery scales. Participants had lower scores in both their sport (36.10 ± 12.13) and total (40.25 ± 11.18) nutrition knowledge compared to their general nutrition knowledge (49.53 ± 16.46). Moderate levels of general (1.50 ± 0.86) and sport-specific (1.57 ± 0.85) stress and high levels of general (3.92 ± 0.74) and sport-specific (3.72 ± 0.96) recovery were demonstrated. Furthermore, 94% reported their sleep quality to be “fairly good” (n = 30) or “very good” (n = 18). Conclusions: These findings highlight the necessity of further investigating the effect of educational strategies on improving sleep, nutrition, and recovery knowledge in athletes to aid recovery and dietary behaviours. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020050 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Mark Zamodics, Mate Babity, Gusztav Schay, Tamas Leel-Ossy, Agnes Bucsko-Varga, Panka Kulcsar, Regina Benko, Dora Boroncsok, Alexandra Fabian, Adrienn Ujvari, Zsuzsanna Ladanyi, Dorottya Balla, Hajnalka Vago, Attila Kovacs, Eva Hosszu, Szilvia Meszaros, Csaba Horvath, Bela Merkely, Orsolya Kiss First page: 51 Abstract: Body composition and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) are vital for optimizing sports performance, but the correlations between them are still underexplored. Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between body composition and specific CPET variables describing physical fitness in young athletes, also adjusting for age and height, in a less-studied, female population. Seventy players participated in our study (age: 16.10 ± 1.63 y). After determining body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, we conducted treadmill-based maximal-intensity CPET. Data were analyzed in R using multivariate linear regression, accounting for age and height as confounders. Lean body mass (LBM), body fat mass (BFM), and bone mineral content (BMC) showed no effect on resting, maximum, or recovery heart rates and no correlation with resting or maximal lactate values. LBM positively correlated with maximum ventilation (VE-max) (Est: 1.3 × 10−3; SE: 6.1 × 10−4; p < 0.05) and maximum absolute oxygen consumption (VO2abs-max) (Est: 7.710−5; SE: 6.9 × 10−6; p < 0.001)—with age as an influencing factor for VE-max and height as an influencing factor for VO2abs-max. Conversely, BFM showed a negative correlation with maximum relative oxygen consumption (VO2rel-max) (Est: −4.8 × 10−4; SE: 1.2 × 10−4; p < 0.001). Moreover, BFM and BMC were also negatively correlated with maximal exercise duration (Est: −2.2 × 10−4; SE: 8.0 × 10−5; p < 0.01; Est: −3.2 × 10−3; SE: 1.4 × 10−3; p < 0.05) with height as an influencing factor. Our findings indicate complex correlations between body composition and CPET parameters, providing important information for the analysis of individual ergospirometric data. Our results draw attention to the fact that body composition is more precise than weight and height in the evaluation of athletes’ physical fitness. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020051 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Gülsüm Mandir Cömert, Markus Gruber First page: 52 Abstract: Lower extremity misalignments increase the risk of chronic overload and acute injuries during sports and daily activities. Medial positioning of the knee and foot in the frontal plane is one of the key biomechanical risk factors associated with lower extremity injuries and pain. Different exercise interventions have been implemented to counteract misalignments. However, most studies have been conducted on clinical populations. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to assess the preventive effects of exercise interventions on frontal plane knee and foot posture in healthy individuals. Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro) were systematically searched for original articles published between 2008 and 2024. This review included clinical trials on healthy adults (18–45 years) with or without lower extremity biomechanical misalignments, examining the effects of exercise interventions alone on knee and foot frontal plane biomechanics. Eligible studies reported at least one relevant frontal plane foot and knee biomechanical measure, such as knee valgus/abduction, medial knee displacement, foot pronation/eversion, or navicular drop. Studies involving non-exercise interventions, single-session protocols, and participants with neurological or spinal disorders, pain, or injury were excluded. A total of 35 articles with 1095 participants were included in this review. A total of 20 studies included individuals without a biomechanical misalignment, and 15 studies focused on individuals with a biomechanical misalignment. Mean values, standard deviations, and p-values were extracted from the included studies. Effect sizes and confidence intervals were then calculated to provide a quantitative presentation of the data. In conclusion, in healthy individuals without biomechanical misalignment, technique training and core muscles strengthening were most effective for improving knee valgus. Hip, core, and foot muscle strengthening reduced foot pronation in those with pronated feet, while short foot exercises improved foot positioning in individuals with flat feet. Combining lower extremity strengthening with knee position control training may reduce knee valgus in individuals with increased knee valgus. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020052 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Grace Redman, Scott Pierce, Adam Leigh Kelly First page: 53 Abstract: Relative Age Effects (RAEs) are a phenomenon in athletics related to an over-representation of individuals born closer to an arbitrary cutoff date. Such effects have been shown in many different countries, levels of play, and contexts, although they are yet to be studied in volleyball within the United States, which is the second most popular high school girls’ sport and the fastest growing high school and college sport for males. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine RAEs in college volleyball. Publicly available data were collected from the websites of women’s Division I program (n = 1253) and men’s Division I/II (n = 164). Chi-squared goodness of fit tests were used to compare birth rate distributions. Data accounted for gender, school and club cutoff dates, athletic timing, and redshirt status. Results showed RAEs were strongest in women on-time school group. Interestingly, reverse effects were observed (i.e., an overrepresentation of relatively younger athletes) for delayed school volleyball players, but this expected trend was not observed in the redshirt group. On-time women’s club group showed academic timing was a significant contributor towards RAEs, whilst these effects were strongest for the on-time school group in men. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020053 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Alex Ojeda-Aravena, Rafael L. Kons, Jairo Azócar-Gallardo, Xurxo Dopico-Calvo, Aida Fernández, Marcelo Tuesta-Roa, Mauricio Cresp-Barria, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Eduardo Báez-San Martín First page: 54 Abstract: In order to optimize body composition and its components, it is of interest to analyze inter-limb asymmetries in athletes of popular combat sports such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). This study aimed to assess the magnitude and direction of body composition asymmetry in competitive male BJJ athletes. Seventeen experienced and competitive male BJJ athletes (age 34.59 ± 8.00 years, 172.94 ± 5.46 cm, BJJ experience 7.88 ± 5.57 years, and 3.71 ± 1.05 days of weekly volume training), including Guard Fighters (n = 7) and Pass Fighters (n = 10), participated in this study. In a single session, whole-body and segmental upper limb and lower limb body composition (BC) was assessed utilizing dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The assessment included total mass (TM), fat mass (FM), fat mass percentage (%FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and bone mineral content (BMC). Absolute differences between limbs were analyzed using a paired t-test. A comparison of BC asymmetries according to combat styles was conducted using an independent t-test. The effect size (ES) was interpreted as Cohen’s d. The main results revealed significant asymmetries in the upper limbs (ULs) of the total group; greater values were found on the left side for TM (p = 0.009, ES = 0.725), FM (p = 0.016, ES = 0.650), FFM (p = 0.026, ES = 0.594), and BMC (p < 0.001, ES = 0.993). In Pass Fighters, differences favored the right side in TM (p = 0.003, ES = 1.277), FM (p = 0.009, ES = 1.039), FFM (p = 0.011, ES = 1.000), and BMC (p < 0.001, ES = 1.916). In contrast, Guard Fighters showed no discrepancies in these parameters. No notable disparities were observed in the lower limbs. This pilot study reveals that BJJ athletes present significant asymmetries in BC, particularly in the ULs, with a marked predominance on the right side, especially in Pass Fighters. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020054 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Zaheen Ahmed Iqbal, Daniel Hung-Kay Chow First page: 55 Abstract: Background: Variability in running mechanics, termed running variability, reflects the adaptability of the locomotor system to dynamic environments. Due to inconsistent findings in the literature, there is a research gap in understanding its role in injury. Objectives: This scoping review explores running variability’s influence on injury susceptibility, examining studies across various injury types, skill levels, methods, and analysis adhering to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist (PRISMA-ScR). Eligibility criteria and sources of evidence: Twenty-one studies illustrating the complexity of running variability in relation to running-related injuries were selected from Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases during December 2022 to June 2024. Results: There are significant differences in running variability between injured and healthy runners, with variability influenced by injury type, stage, and individual differences with varying levels of evidence. Out of 21 studies, 8 (38%) found no group differences, 11 (52%) noted higher running variability in injured participants, and 5 (24%) reported lower variability in injured than healthy subjects. The review was constrained by the diverse subjects, methods, tasks, and outcome variables across the studies. Conclusions: Currently, there is no standard normal range for running variability and abnormal variability is defined relative to control groups, though healthy controls can also show abnormal variability without injury in some study designs. Despite the absence of standardized running variability norms, wearable sensors offer insights into real-world running mechanics, presenting running variability as a potential predictor of running-related injuries. The review highlights the need for standardized protocols and further research to clarify running variability’s role in injury prediction and prevention, emphasizing the necessity of individualized approaches in training and rehabilitation. Future studies should aim to establish a causal relationship between running variability and injury susceptibility, focusing on identifying variability patterns that precede or follow an injury. This review sets the stage for developing evidence-based strategies to optimize running performance and minimize injury risks. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020055 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Augusto Pereira, João Nuno Ribeiro, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Rubén Herrero Carrasco, Bruno Travassos, Tomás T. Freitas, Konstantinos Spyrou First page: 56 Abstract: The aims of this study were to analyze (1) the external match demands during a congested period (CP) (i.e., three games in eight days) and (2) the differences among games with two- or three-day intervals in professional futsal players. Eleven elite male futsal players were monitored during 15 official matches. Wearable accelerometers were used to record player load (PL), accelerations (ACC), decelerations (DEC), and changes of direction (COD) at different intensities (e.g., high, medium, and low) using two approaches (e.g., absolute and relative per minute). A linear mixed model and effect sizes (ESs) were used to analyze differences between matches and days of interval. Considering the external match load during CP, non-significant differences were found for all the variables (p = 0.108–0.995; ES: 0.01–0.40). Comparing the interval days between games, players had significantly higher DECHI (p = 0.030; ES: 0.48), CODTOTAL (p = 0.028; ES: 0.33), CODMED (p = 0.024; ES: 0.40), and CODLOW (p = 0.038; ES: 0.31) following 3 days of interval between the games when compared with 2 days. However, when analyzed relative to effective time, non-significant differences were found. In summary, CPs seem to not affect the match external load, but players performed better in terms of DEC and COD following 3 days of interval when compared to 2 days when analyzed with absolute values. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020056 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:José Luis Maté-Muñoz, Luis Maicas-Pérez, Iñigo Aparicio-García, Juan Hernández-Lougedo, Luis De Sousa-De Sousa, Mónica Hontoria-Galán, Francisco Hermosilla-Perona, Manuel Barba-Ruiz, Pablo García-Fernández, Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar First page: 57 Abstract: Background: One of the most significant challenges for exercise professionals in designing strength training programs is determining the intensity or effort level of each set performed. One of the most studied methodologies has been the use of Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scales. This study aims to analyze the application of the OMNI-RES scale for monitoring training intensity across different relative loads and fatigue levels in various training protocols. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants completed nine exercise sessions, with one week separating each session. The first session involved a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the bench press (BP) to identify the load–velocity relationship. Subsequently, each participant randomly performed two maximum repetition (MNR) protocols at 60% and 90% of 1RM, and two protocols with a 30% velocity loss (VL) at 60% of 1RM and a 10% VL at 90% of 1RM. These sessions were repeated one week later. Results: significant differences were found between the four bench press protocols regarding the number of repetitions and the percentage of velocity loss per set (p < 0.001). However, the RPE of the MNR protocol at 60% of 1RM was significantly higher than the other protocols. Moreover, the RPE for the protocol at 60% of 1RM with a 30% VL was similar to that at 90% of 1RM with a 10% VL (p = 1.000). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, percentage VL at 1 m·s−1, and the effort index were significantly higher in the MNR protocol at 60% of 1RM compared to all other protocols (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The most important finding of this study is that the OMNI-RES scale may not be a reliable indicator of exercise intensity. This is because the highest values on the scale were observed at the lowest relative intensity (60% 1RM) during the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) protocol, corresponding to the maximum volume. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020057 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Jared Steele, Iain Hunter First page: 58 Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between total running experience, defined as cumulative years of running multiplied by weekly mileage, and variability in lower leg joint kinematics during treadmill running. Twenty-seven male athletes participated, running while kinematic and kinetic data were collected. Linear regression revealed significant negative correlations between total running experience and variability in both knee and ankle joint range of motion (ROM). Specifically, ankle ROM variability (p = 0.001, R2 = 0.35) and knee ROM variability (p = 0.002, R2 = 0.32) were reduced in runners with more experience. A stepwise regression model further identified ankle ROM variability as a significant predictor (p = 0.033), explaining 44.25% of the variance in total running experience. A significant positive correlation between running experience and instantaneous vertical loading rate (IVLR) (p = 0.025, R2 = 0.15) suggests that more experienced runners generate higher load rates. These findings indicate that more experienced runners exhibit more consistent and stable movement patterns, reflecting refined motor control. The results support the hypothesis that greater running experience is associated with reduced variability in movement patterns within a controlled environment, providing insights into the mechanisms that could contribute to enhanced performance and injury prevention. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020058 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Pablo López-Sierra, Sergio L. Jiménez-Sáiz, Javier García-Rubio, María Isabel Piñar, Sergio J. Ibáñez First page: 59 Abstract: Background: Basketball matches involve numerous conditioning factors which, when put together, make for a complex prediction event. However, unraveling all these elements in different studies allows the control of certain conditioning factors of the game, giving rise to more stable and controlled games. Objectives: Due to the absence of studies that analyze professional matches in women’s basketball, the aim of the present research is to analyze the influence of the result, partial result and specific positions on the load in official competition between two women’s teams that play a match simultaneously. Methods: Using an ex post facto design, 19 professional players were measured in an official match of the Spanish second division of women’s basketball, monitoring both opponents simultaneously, obtaining at all times the contrast of loads between both teams. Inertial devices were used to measure the external and internal load of each player. Parametric and non-parametric statistical difference analyses were performed, as well as two linear mixed models. Results: The results reveal significant differences in external loading when loads are analyzed as a function of match outcome. Differences between external and internal load are found when taking into account specific positions, and when including several comparisons in the analysis. The team that obtained the highest kinematic and neuromuscular load demands was the one that won the match. The specific position of guard obtained a greater physical load at the end of the match than the centers. Conclusions: Coaches should prioritize high-intensity training that replicates match demands, considering positional differences in workload to optimize player conditioning and recovery strategies for sustained performance. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020059 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Lucas Vieira Santos, Karla Raphaela da Silva Ramos Freitas, Eveline Torres Pereira, Luciano Bernardes Leite, Pedro Forte, Claudia Eliza Patrocínio de Oliveira, Osvaldo Costa Moreira First page: 60 Abstract: Background: Anxiety and depression are prevalent after spinal cord injury, impairing social participation and quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of traditional resistance training (TRT), flywheel resistance training (FWRT), and high-velocity resistance training (HVRT) on the mental health and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury. Methods: Thirty-two participants were divided into TRT (n = 12), FWRT (n = 8), and HVRT (n = 12) groups, undergoing 8 weeks of upper-limb training twice weekly under super-vision. Training intensity and volume were progressively increased. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SF-36 Questionnaire were used to assess outcomes. Results: Both the TRT and FWRT groups showed a reduction in HADS-D scores post-intervention (p < 0.001). The TRT group also presented a significant reduction in HADS-A scores post-intervention (p = 0.003). Concerning quality of life, after training, TRT showed improvements in social functioning (p = 0.013), FWRT improved scores in physical functioning (p = 0.002), bodily pain (p = 0.002), vitality (p = 0.046), and role emotional (p < 0.001), while HVRT enhanced role physical (p < 0.001), social functioning (p = 0.013), and role emotional (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, TRT was the most effective in reducing anxiety and depression and enhancing quality of life, while FWRT showed notable gains in physical and functional capacity. HVRT demonstrated improvements primarily in role physical but was less effective in other domains. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.3390/sports13020060 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025)
Authors:Angie D. Moscoso, Vera Z. Pérez, Manuel J. Betancur First page: 4 Abstract: This article aims to make a scoping review of Validating Questionnaires used in the field of lower limb (LL) rehabilitation in which systems, devices or exergames are used. Its main objective is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the results obtained in the validation of questionnaires, as well as to identify specific criteria for evaluating systems, devices or exergames in the area of LL rehabilitation, through the analysis of validating instruments and their application in different associated contexts. The article details the methodology employed, a PRISMA ScR method review which included database research and an evaluation of the selected studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select all relevant studies, resulting in 81 studies after initial review based on titles and abstracts. Subsequently, the criteria were again applied to read the full text, resulting in 58 final studies. The document distinguishes between standardized and non-standardized validating questionnaires, emphasizing that standardized validating questionnaires have undergone rigorous statistical processes to ensure their validity, reliability and consistency. The information compiled in the tables provides a solid basis for identifying and evaluating validation questionnaires in the above-mentioned context. This resource constitutes an accurate and reliable reference for selecting the most appropriate instruments for future research and comparisons with similar work. This article is a valuable resource for those interested in the validation of questionnaires used in the field of lower limb rehabilitation systems/devices/exergames. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010004 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl, Mireille N. M. van Poppel First page: 5 Abstract: Balance is a relevant indicator of physical fitness and correlates with intellectual abilities. Due to limited resources, however, balance tests are underrepresented in fitness checks. To develop an effective field test to assess static balance with minimal cost, little spatial requirement and short testing time, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in three different school types (primary school, secondary school, and high school) and the reliability, objectivity and validity of the novel Austrian Balance Check (ABC) were assessed, with the generation of age- and gender-specific reference values. Tests were carried out with participants from regular school classes (RSC) and elite sports school classes (ESC). A total of 1005 participants were included (age range: 6.2 to 19.8 years). Participants in RSC (ICC2.1 = 0.92, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.93) showed excellent values, and those in ESC (ICC2.1 = 0.89, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.93) had good to excellent values in the reliability test. Objectivity was excellent in both groups (RSC (ICC2.1 = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.99); ESC (ICC2.1 = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 0.99)). A gold standard comparison using an electronic force plate showed a strong negative correlation: participants with high overall ABC scores showed less movement on the force plate (parameters of the center of pressure: surface area (ρ = −0.61), mean velocity (ρ = −0.65) and path length (ρ = −0.65). The test duration of ABC was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter compared with an established balance test. ABC offers potential benefits by allowing field-based static balance testing in large groups with low cost, minimal time and spatial requirements as well as high reliability, objectivity and validity. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010005 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Cristian Romagnoli, Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Giorgio Gatta First page: 6 Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to determine the propulsive force and effective arm area contributed by the propulsion through the dynamic balance (power balance) between drag and propulsive power in swimming crawl performance. Methods: Ten male swimmers participated in the study. The athletes conducted the crawl trials at a constant velocity using only the upper limbs. Data were collected using a Spectro instrument to measure the drag and 3D video analysis for kinematic of upper limbs movement. Results: The power balance was confirmed through the Bland–Altman estimation (estimated bias 8.5) and was also demonstrated by a one-way analysis of variance that does not show statistical differences. Subsequently, by applying the power balance, the effective propulsive area could be estimated. The result shows an increase of ~8.5% over the value at the hand area used to verify the power balance. This value appears to be attributable to a percentage of the forearm area to propulsive action. Conclusions: This information will allow athletes and coaches to constantly monitor the propulsive force and power, providing useful data on arm movement and swimming technique. Indeed, deeper knowledge about the athlete’s swimming technique can reduce the possibility of suffering micro-traumas in the elbows and shoulders. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010006 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Héctor Gadea-Uribarri, Elena Mainer-Pardos, Ainhoa Bores-Arce, Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella, Sergio López-García, Carlos Lago-Fuentes First page: 7 Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the external load of each session along competitive microcycles on an elite futsal team, considering the positions and relationships of the players. The external load of 10 elite players from a First Division team in the Spanish Futsal League (age 27.5 ± 7 years, height 1.73 ± 0.05 m, weight 70.1 ± 3.8 kg) were recorded across 30 microcycles. The players’ external loads were monitored using OLIVER devices. To analyse the external load, Levene’s test was conducted to assess the homogeneity of variances, followed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify differences in dependent variables across the different microcycle days and player positions. Regarding external load during the microcycle, the day with the lowest external load was MD-1, and the days with the highest external load were MD-3 and MD-4. In addition, considering playing positions, pivots exhibited the lowest loads throughout the microcycle, whereas wingers and defenders exhibited the highest loads, depending on the variables analysed. By providing reference values from elite contexts, this study offers practical insights for S&C coaches to optimize microcycles. Furthermore, it contributes to workload management strategies within sport science and public health frameworks, promoting sustainable performance and athlete wellness in futsal. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010007 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Zhenyue Liu, Shuji Sawada, Pengyu Deng, Hisashi Naito, Shuichi Machida First page: 8 Abstract: Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week body-weight-based resistance training program on balance ability and fear of falling in community-dwelling older women. Methods: Twenty-three older women were assigned to either an intervention group that performed the low-load resistance training with slow movement using the body weight (LRT group; n = 12) or a control group (CON group; n = 11). The LRT group participated in the exercise session twice weekly for 12 weeks, while the CON group maintained their daily routine. The 30 s chair stand test (CS-30) was applied to measure lower-extremity muscle strength, balance ability was evaluated using one-leg standing tests with eyes open (OLST-O) and closed (OLST-C), and fear of falling among all participants was assessed using the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) before (pre) and after (post) the intervention. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures [group (LRT and CON) × time (pre and post)] was carried out to evaluate the intervention effects. Results: Significant interactions were observed in the CS-30 (F = 9.503, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.312), OLST-O (F = 5.211, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.199), and OLST-C (F = 5.257, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.200), though significant simple main effects from pre to post were observed only in the LRT group. The CS-30 scores (pre: 19.8 ± 3.8 times, post: 25.5 ± 5.6 times; p < 0.001), OLST-O time (pre: 78.8 ± 35.8 s, post: 96.2 ± 29.9 s; p < 0.01), and OLST-C time (pre: 10.2 ± 5.9 s, post: 17.4 ± 12.2 s; p < 0.01) were improved before and after the intervention. However, a significant interaction was not observed in FES-I (F = 1.335, p = 0.261, ηp2 = 0.06). Conclusions: The 12-week body-weight-based resistance training program enhanced lower-extremity muscle strength and balance ability but did not lessen the fear of falling in community-dwelling older women. The study findings offer relevant information for fall prevention in older adults. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010008 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Stella Kritikou, Andreas Zafeiridis, Georgia Pitsiou, Ioannis Gkalgkouranas, Leonidas Kastritseas, Afroditi Boutou, Konstantina Dipla First page: 9 Abstract: Chronic lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) are characterized by progressive symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and muscle weakness, often leading to physical inactivity, and reduced quality of life. Many patients also experience significantly impaired exercise tolerance. While pulmonary, cardiovascular, respiratory, and peripheral muscle dysfunction contribute to exercise limitations, recent evidence suggests that hypoxia and impairments in cerebral oxygenation may also play a role in exercise intolerance. This narrative review (i) summarizes studies investigating cerebral oxygenation responses during exercise in patients with different types of chronic lung diseases and (ii) discusses possible mechanisms behind the blunted cerebral oxygenation during exercise reported in many of these conditions; however, the extent of cerebral desaturation and the intensity at which it occurs can vary. These differences depend on the specific pathophysiology of the lung disease and the presence of comorbidities. Notably, reduced cerebral oxygenation during exercise in fibrotic-ILD has been linked with the development of dyspnea and early exercise termination. Understanding the effects of chronic lung disease on cerebral oxygenation during exercise may improve our understanding of exercise intolerance mechanisms and help identify therapeutic strategies to enhance brain health and exercise capacity in these patients. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010009 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Alberto Gascón, Álvaro Marco, David Buldain, Javier Alfaro-Santafé, Jose Victor Alfaro-Santafé, Antonio Gómez-Bernal, Roberto Casas First page: 10 Abstract: This study presents a novel system for diagnosing and evaluating soccer performance using wearable inertial sensors integrated into players’ insoles. Designed to meet the needs of professional podiatrists and sports practitioners, the system focuses on three key soccer-related movements: passing, shooting, and changes of direction (CoDs). The system leverages low-power IMU sensors, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, and a cloud-based architecture to enable real-time data analysis and performance feedback. Data were collected from nine professional players from the SD Huesca women’s team during controlled tests, and bespoke algorithms were developed to process kinematic data for precise event detection. Results indicate high accuracy rates for detecting ball-striking events and CoDs, with improvements in algorithm performance achieved through adaptive thresholds and ensemble neural network models. Compared to existing systems, this approach significantly reduces costs and enhances practicality by minimizing the number of sensors required while ensuring real-time evaluation capabilities. However, the study is limited by a small sample size, which restricts generalizability. Future research will aim to expand the dataset, include diverse sports, and integrate additional sensors for broader applications. This system offers a valuable tool for injury prevention, player rehabilitation, and performance optimization in professional soccer, bridging technical advancements with practical applications in sports science. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010010 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Ligia Rusu, Denisa Piele, Eva Ilie, Gheorghe Ionescu, Mihnea Ion Marin, Mihai Robert Rusu, Mirela Lucia Calina First page: 11 Abstract: The elements of body composition and their correlation with physical activity, body image, and self-esteem are aspects that require in-depth studies. This link should be seen in the context of the percentage of adipose tissue, which can be modeled via physical activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships between the parameters that define body composition, self-esteem, body image, and physical activity according to gender. This study included 100 females and 100 males with an average age of 22 years. The evaluation included anthropometric parameters, body composition, self-esteem, physical activity index, and body image perception assessment. The results show that the males exhibited a higher percentage of exceeding the upper limit of normal and average weight; in contrast, there were two times more females exhibiting normal weight than those exceeding the upper limit. Therefore, obesity was higher among males. The average fitness score values were 69.07 for females and 76.53 for males, and the mean fitness was within normal limits. Regarding body image, according to the BSQ, we observed that both groups were not satisfied with and were concerned about their body shape. With respect to the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the average score for females was 20.27, and for males, it was 19.60; the mean self-esteem value was 66% of the maximum value. In terms of the perceived ideal body size assessed with the Silhouette scale, most of the females were placed at level 3, and the males were placed at level 4. Regarding the physical activity index, females carried out on average 1.5 days of intense physical activity over 7 days, and males were involved in intense physical activity for 2 days. Conclusions: The degree of obesity and therefore the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome were higher in males than in females. Although males have a higher degree of obesity, self-esteem is quantified at a higher level of confidence. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010011 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Manuel Pinto, João Crisóstomo, Gil Silva, Luís Monteiro First page: 12 Abstract: Objective: This review examined the influence of anthropometric characteristics, such as body height (BH) and body mass (BM), on the impact of punches in striking-combat sports. Despite their perceived importance for combat strategy, the relationship between these characteristics and punch impact remains unclear. Methods: We included experimental, quasi-experimental and cross-sectional studies. The search was conducted on 30 August 2024, in three databases. The review analyzed 23 studies involving 381 participants (304 men, 30 women, 47 participants of unknown gender). Various instruments were used in the included studies, including ten instruments used to measure impact force and two instruments used to measure impact power. Results: Impact force ranged from 989 ± 116.76 to 5008.6 ± 76.3 N, with rear-hand straight punches and rear-hand hooks producing the greatest force. The PowerKube, a device specifically designed to measure punch impact power, revealed that the rear-hand straight punch generated the highest power, ranging from 15,183.27 ± 4368.90 to 22,014 ± 1336 W. While higher BM categories were associated with stronger punches, BM alone was not the only predictor. Other factors, such as technique, gender, and sport type, also played roles. The relationship between BH and punch impact showed mixed results. Conclusions: The data suggest that while higher BM categories are associated with greater punch impact, BM is not the only determining factor. The relationship between BH and impact also showed mixed results, with no clear association found. The review highlights the lack of a “gold standard” instrument for evaluating punch impact. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010012 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Frank Imbach, Stéphane Perrey, Thomas Brioche, Robin Candau First page: 13 Abstract: Background: Objective training load (TL) indexes used in resistance training lack physiological significance. This study was aimed to provide a muscle physiology-based approach for quantifying TL in resistance exercises (REs). Methods: Following individual torque–velocity profiling, fifteen participants (11 healthy males, stature: 178.36 ± 3.95 cm, and body mass (BM): 77.48 ± 7.74 kg; 4 healthy females, stature: 169.25 ± 5.03 cm, and body mass: 60.62 ± 3.91 kg) performed isokinetic leg extension exercise sessions at low, moderate, and high intensities (LI, MI, and HI, respectively). Systemic and local physiological responses were measured, and sessions were volume-equated according to the “volume-load” (VL) method. Results: Significant differences were found between sessions in terms of mechanical work (p<0.05 and p<0.001, for LI-MI and MI-HI, respectively), averaged normalised torque (p<0.001), mechanical impulse (p<0.001), and rate of force development (RFD, p<0.001 for LI-MI). RFD was mainly impacted by the accumulation of repetitions. Muscle function impairments mainly occurred at low intensities–long series, and high intensities, supported by greater RFD rate decay and changes in electromyographic activity. Therefore, accounting for muscle fatigue kinetics within objective TL indexes and using dimension reduction methods better described physiological responses to RE. Conclusions: A generic equation of muscle fatigue rise could add value to TL quantification in RE. Considering other training-related information and TL indexes stands essential, applicable to field situations and supports the multidimensional facet of physiological responses to RE. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010013 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Gaston Descamps, Alain Massart, Terry Rizzo, Viktorija Pečnikar Oblak, Maria João Campos First page: 14 Abstract: This study developed and refined the Judo Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Including Participants with Intellectual Developmental Disorders (J-TAID) survey, addressing the need to assess attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention regarding inclusion, and grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior. The survey, translated into English, Portuguese, French, and Slovenian, was administered to 163 participants in order to assess its reliability and validity using Cronbach’s alpha, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Internal consistency regarding attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral Constructs ranged from 0,79 to 0.80, with test–retest reliability improving, demonstrating moderate to strong temporal stability (α = 0.679–0.813). The PCA and CFA identified a robust three-factor structure explaining 74% of the variance, with good model fit (RMSEA = 0.048, CFI = 0.978). Pearson correlations supported the TPB constructs. The refined J-TAID demonstrates validity and reliability for its intended purpose, although the results are still preliminary, and the limitations that were observed suggest a need for further validation. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010014 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Dawid Koźlenia, Katarzyna Kochan-Jacheć, Jarosław Domaradzki First page: 15 Abstract: Schools provide an ideal setting for enhancing adolescents’ health and fitness. Short-term intensive interventions are particularly relevant, but the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in jointly improving aerobic and anaerobic performance remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plyometric-based training, in the form of interval workouts during physical education lessons, on power and endurance in adolescents. A total of 87 boys and 95 girls (aged 14–15 years) participated in an 8-week intervention, performing plyometric exercises twice weekly during physical education classes. The analyzed parameters were jump height (JH) measured by countermovement jump (CMJ) and distance covered during multistage fitness test (MFT). The results showed significant improvements among boys participating in the JH experiment and the distance covered in the MFT (p < 0.05); thus, the effect sizes were relatively small (ES < 0.3). Also, the prevalence of positive responders was more common for boys than girls; however, the difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.09). These findings suggest that plyometric training has the potential for improving physical fitness, even in the context of developing opposing physical abilities, particularly in boys. However, the effects varied across individuals and were generally small, highlighting the need to optimize the intervention to achieve more pronounced results tailored to individual characteristics. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010015 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Gabriel Roberto Marconi, Brigitte Osser, Gyongyi Osser, Caius Calin Miuța, Csongor Toth, Viorel Petru Ardelean, Anca Dicu, Corina Dalia Toderescu, Laura Ioana Bondar First page: 16 Abstract: Background: Football players require optimal nutrition and physical fitness to enhance their performance and maintain their health. Understanding the relationships among nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, physical health, and substance use in athletes is essential for developing effective strategies. This study investigates these factors in male football players aged 16–33 years. Methods: The study involved 60 male football players from three teams in Liga4Arad. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating a self-developed pilot questionnaire and internationally validated instruments. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Guttman’s λ2. The questionnaire assessed nutritional knowledge, eating habits, substance use, and physical health parameters, including body fat percentage and training frequency. Spearman’s correlation was used to analyze the data and explore the interrelationships between these factors. It is important to note that the pilot questionnaire used in this study was self-developed and not previously validated in this specific context. Results: Nutritional knowledge was positively correlated with healthier eating habits (ρ = 0.675, p < 0.001). Intensive training and higher physical activity levels were both associated with improved body composition and lower body fat (ρ = 0.341, p = 0.006). Supplement use was moderately correlated with alcohol consumption (ρ = 0.548, p < 0.001) and weakly correlated with smoking (ρ = 0.348, p = 0.007). Conclusions: The study highlights a strong relationship between nutritional knowledge and healthier eating habits among football players, as well as the significant role of frequent intense training in reducing body fat percentages and enhancing physical fitness. Additionally, the findings suggest a moderate association between dietary supplement use and alcohol consumption, underscoring the need for tailored interventions to address substance use and its impact on players’ health behaviors and performance. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010016 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Eduardo Teixeira, Carlos Silva, Félix Romero, Mauro Miguel, António Vicente First page: 17 Abstract: Background/Objectives: Football players have a high injury risk due to the physical demands of their profession, which can negatively affect their quality of life (QoL) in the long term. The aim of this study is to characterize the severe injuries that former Portuguese football players suffered throughout their professional careers and investigate the resulting impacts on the physical domain of QoL after retirement. Methods: This study includes 84 former Portuguese football players (48.8 ± 8.2 years) who underwent reform between 1988 and 2018 and played in professional leagues (15.2 ± 3.2 years of career duration), namely, first division leagues (n= 43) and secondary division leagues (n = 41). Quantitative and qualitative interview data are used by a validated interview guide and from results of the physical domain obtained by the application of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-Bref). Results: Former players had 2.1 ± 1.5 severe injuries throughout their careers. The most common injuries involve the knee (47.5%) and foot/ankle (17.2%), with the anatomical area of the knee as the most likely to require surgical intervention (60%). The association between tactical-positional status and the incidence of severe injuries is significant, with defenders sustaining less severe injuries throughout their careers. This study found a statistically significant linear model (F(1.82) = 8.089, p < 0.006) that explains 7.9% of the variation in the physical domain of QoL (R2ajuste = 0.079). For each severe injury sustained throughout a career, there is an estimated decrease of 2.7 values in QoL perception in the physical domain. Conclusions: The higher the number of severe injuries sustained during a career, the lower the perception of QoL in the physical domain of former players in their post-career. These findings highlight the need to optimize training programs and injury prevention and recovery protocols for long-term QoL improvement in the physical domain of football players. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010017 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Charles Cotteret, Ángel González-de-la-Flor, Jaime Prieto Bermejo, Jaime Almazán Polo, Sergio L. Jiménez Saiz First page: 18 Abstract: To enhance athletic performance and reduce the risk of injury, load quantification has allowed for a better understanding of the individual characteristics of the physical demands on soccer players during training or competition. In this regard, it appears crucial to summarize scientific evidence to provide useful information and future directions related to the speed and acceleration profiles of male soccer players. This review aims to evaluate the findings reflected in the available literature on both profiles in football, synthesizing and discussing data from scientific articles, while providing insights into quantification methods, employed thresholds, tracking systems, terminology, playing position, and microcycle day. Therefore, it is hoped that this narrative review can support objective decision-making in practice for coaches, sports scientists, and medical teams regarding individualized load management and the appropriate selection of metrics, to explore current trends in soccer player profiles. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010018 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:José Manuel Delfa-de-la-Morena, Pedro Pinheiro Paes, Frederico Camarotti Júnior, Débora Priscila Lima de Oliveira, Rubem Cordeiro Feitosa, Byanka Santos Cavalcante de Oliveira, Juan-José Mijarra-Murillo, Aranzazu Martínez Moya, Miriam García-González, Francisco De Asís-Fernández First page: 19 Abstract: Background: Nowadays, not only is a high, long life expectancy desired, but also longevity with quality. Quality of life in adulthood is a multidimensional construct related to the perception of one’s own health, psychological and socio-emotional factors, functionality for daily activities, and body composition. Objective: This study evaluates the effects of physical activity level (PAL), strength, balance, and body composition on perceived health in healthy adults. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study with consecutive, non-probabilistic inclusion of cases was conducted. Body fat percentage (BFP) was measured by DXA. Physical activity level was assessed using accelerometry. The strength index (S_Index) was estimated using dynamometry. Postural control was assessed through posturography. The composite equilibrium score from the Sensory Organization Test (SOT_CES) was conducted to measure postural stability under various sensory conditions using dynamic posturography. Perceived health was calculated using the SF36 questionnaire, which detects health states, both positive and negative. A linear regression model was generated between each domain of SF36 with SOT_CES, BFP, PAL, and S_Index. Results: A total of 64 males with a mean age of 55 ± 5 years and a mean body mass index of 27 ± 4 kg/m2 were recruited. Results showed a negative correlation between physical function (ß = −0.7; t = −3.163; p = 0.003; R2 = 23.7%) and general health (ß = −0.227; t = −3.425; p = 0.001; R2 = 17.4%) with BFP. Also, it showed a negative correlation between physical function (ß = 0.047; t = −2.643; p = 0.011; R2 = 17.5%) and general health (ß = 0.016; t = −3.044; p = 0.004; R2 = 14.6%) with S_Index. On the other hand, no relation was observed between SF36 and SOT_CES. Finally, only the emotional role showed a positive correlation (ß = −0.02; t = −2.629; p = 0.011; R2 = 23.1%) with PAL. Conclusion: A lower BFP and higher S_Index are associated with increased physical function and general health. Also, the higher the PAL, the greater the emotional health. On the other hand, no relation was observed between SF36 and the balance detected from SOT_CES. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010019 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Thomas Fallon, Rory Nolan, John Peters, Neil Heron First page: 20 Abstract: Introduction: Injury and illness rates within cycling are a growing concern for riders, medical personnel, and event organisers. This study is the first to document injury and illness rates in professional cyclists throughout one competitive season including training and racing. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with 47 professional cyclists (30 males and 17 females) over the 2024 season (1 November 2023–31 October 2024). Injuries and illnesses were defined and recorded following the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus guidelines for injury reporting in sports and its cycling-specific extension. Data collection utilised a centralised online hub, integrating exposure metrics (e.g., training hours and kilometres) and medical records. All data were processed on a Macintosh computer using the Microsoft Office and R statistics packages epi tools, binom.test function, and ggplot. (V.4.3.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Ethical approval was obtained from Queens University Belfast, number MHLS 23_175. Results: Fifty-five injury events were logged, with 1.15 (±0.359) locations injured per incidence and 1.57 (±1.06) injury types per incident. The overall combined injury rate for racing was 4.14 (95% CI: 2.65–5.79) per 1000 h of exposure, with the overall combined rate for training being 1.23 (95% CI: 0.8–1.7) per 1000 h. The injury risk ratio (RR) for injury during racing and training for females was 11.10 (95% CI: 2.69–37.60), and the RR for males was 10.24 (95% CI: 3.84–43.06), both indicating there is a significantly higher risk of injury during racing compared to training. Abrasions were the most common injury type, with fractures being the most burdensome injury. The most common illness was upper respiratory, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.27–0.99) per year for males and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.64–1.59) per year for females. Saddle sores were the second most common at 0.20 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.36) per year for males and 0.08 (95% CI: 0–0.18) per year for females. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive, season-long surveillance data for injuries and illnesses in male and female professional road cycling, highlighting the significant differences in injury profiles between racing and training. These results underscore the need for targeted injury prevention strategies and the establishment of a standardised injury and illness framework for professional cycling. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010020 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Tsai-Chieh Chien, Chao-Chien Chen First page: 21 Abstract: Background: Schizophrenia is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten diseases contributing to the global medical economic burden. Some studies have pointed out that exercise is effective for physical and mental health, as well as cognition. We hypothesized that participation in pickleball intervention would lead to improved self-esteem and reduced psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Method: We recruited participants with schizophrenia from a long-term care facility and a regional hospital, dividing them into two groups based on the institutions. The experimental group underwent a nine-week pickleball exercise intervention, with sessions three times a week, each lasting 90 min, and a Dink ball test was conducted weekly. Questionnaires on self-esteem and the short-form health survey were collected both before and after the intervention. Result: This trial included 30 patients, divided equally into the experimental group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). After the nine-week pickleball intervention, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (p = 0.153) or the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) (p = 0.289). However, the Dink test scores in the experimental group showed significant improvements in physical activity capabilities and attention over time, with average hit counts increasing from 5.3 ± 1.5 to 10.7 ± 2.3 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although the pickleball intervention did not yield significant differences in self-esteem and symptom measures between groups, the improvements observed in physical performance and attention in the experimental group suggest that exercise remains a feasible complementary approach for managing schizophrenia symptoms. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010021 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Ryushi Kumamoto, Ping Yeap Loh, Yuqi He, Enrico Ferlinghetti, Matteo Lancini, Tadashi Uno First page: 22 Abstract: Physical inactivity is a major global public health concern, and table tennis offers a low-impact, engaging way to promote physical activity across various age groups. However, many beginners struggle to maintain effective participation due to their lower skill levels. Therefore, the development and reinforcement of stable grip techniques is crucial because it will help beginners achieve sustainable improvements in performance. This will provide additional opportunities to increase physical activity, and therefore overall health, across all age groups. Thus, in this study, we investigate the effects of a prototype table tennis handle on the racket angle and performance of beginners. The prototype handle features a 20° tilt to assist the player in maintaining a stable topspin forehand grip during play. The participants were randomized into three groups, Groups A, B, and C, which used the prototype handle, standard handle, and practiced with the prototype but performed tests with the standard handle, respectively. The participants executed topspin forehand strokes in approximately 30 min of practice, and data on racket angles, swing mechanics, success rates, and ball landing positions were collected. The results showed that Group A exhibited a larger racket open angle and a smaller racket face Angle than the other groups. However, the groups showed no significant differences in hit positions or overall success rates. Our results suggest that although the prototype handle can influence racket angles and some performance aspects, individual differences and swing mechanics should be considered. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010022 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Daniel Koska, Robert Zetzsche, Tobias A. Mayer, Christian Maiwald First page: 23 Abstract: Trauma-induced shoulder dislocations and sprains rank among the most common upper extremity injuries, with contact sports accounting for the majority of cases. These injuries often lead to substantial impairments in joint function and long recovery times, requiring targeted therapeutic interventions to restore mobility and prevent recurrent injuries. Given the pivotal role of exercise therapy in restoring shoulder function, this study systematically reviews the literature on the comparative effectiveness of supervised versus self-managed exercise therapy following acute shoulder trauma. PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched up to 13 December 2024. Conservative and post-surgical treatment modes were analyzed separately. Five studies with a total 689 participants were included (conservative: n = 538 across two studies; post-surgical: n = 151 across three studies). Both treatment modes showed similar pooled effects (standardized mean difference, SMDconservative: −0.35, 95% CI [−1.39, 0.69]; SMDpost-surgical: −0.23, 95% CI [−1.21, 0.75]), with a marginal improvement in shoulder function favoring supervised therapy. Four studies had some risk of bias, and one had serious risk; GRADE certainty was low. Supervised exercise therapy may offer slightly greater functional improvements over self-managed training, but evidence is limited by heterogeneity and low certainty. Further high-quality trials with standardized protocols and improved adherence tracking are needed to establish more definitive conclusions and guide clinical decision-making. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010023 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Francisco DeAsís-Fernández, Álvaro Reina-Varona, Evangelos Papotsidakis, Juan Lafuente, José Fierro-Marrero First page: 24 Abstract: To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called “hook breathing” (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a −40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs. Thirteen BHDs performed two dives to −40 m at different days, one followed by HB after a dive and the other using usual breathing (UB). To detect signs of lung edema, ultrasound B-line measurements were conducted before, 10 min after the dive, and within 1 h after the dive. To detect oxygen saturation recovery, pulse oximetry was recorded before and immediately after surfacing. Both groups exhibited significant increases in SpO2 over time (UB: F (2.25, 24.7) = 22.1, p < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.612; HB: F (2.11, 23.2) = 29.0, p < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.688). Significant differences in SpO2 were observed between the HB and UB groups at 30–45 s post-apnea, with higher SpO2 values in the HB group; between 1.64 and 5.08% of SpO2 in favor of the HB intervention. Four participants showed ultrasound B-lines within ten minutes post-dive. After a 40 m apnea dive, the results revealed significant SpO2 recovery from 30 s to 45 s, with the HB recovering more rapidly. No differences were found at earlier (10–25 s) or later time points (50–60 s). Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010024 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Mike Climstein, Kenneth S. Graham, Michael Stapelberg, Joe Walsh, Mark DeBeliso, Kent Adams, Trish Sevene, Chad Harris First page: 25 Abstract: Background: High-intensity endurance training induces specific cardiac adaptations, often observed through electrocardiographic (ECG) changes. This study investigated the prevalence of ECG abnormalities in national-level Australian triathletes compared to sedentary controls. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 22 triathletes and 7 sedentary controls. Standard 12-lead ECGs assessed resting heart rate, ECG intervals, and axis deviation. Peak oxygen consumption was evaluated in triathletes to correlate with ECG indices and left ventricular mass, derived via echocardiography. Results: Triathletes exhibited significantly lower resting heart rates (53.8 vs. 72.1 bpm, −34%, p = 0.04), shorter QRS durations (0.088 vs. 0.107 ms, −21.6%, p = 0.01), and longer QT intervals (0.429 vs. 0.358 ms, +16.6%, p = 0.01) compared to controls. Sinus bradycardia was present in 68.2% of triathletes, with varying severity. First-degree atrioventricular block was identified in 13.6% of athletes, and left ventricular hypertrophy was confirmed in 18 triathletes via echocardiography. A significant positive relationship was identified between VO2peak and left ventricular mass (r = 0.68, p = 0.003). Conclusions: National-level triathletes exhibited ECG and structural cardiac adaptations consistent with high-intensity endurance training. Echocardiography is recommended for the accurate identification of LVH. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive cardiac evaluation in athletes to distinguish between physiological and pathological adaptations. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010025 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Felipe Hermosilla-Palma, Juan Francisco Loro-Ferrer, Pablo Merino-Muñoz, Nicolás Gómez-Álvarez, Rodrigo Zacca, Hugo Cerda-Kohler, Ciro Brito, Jorge Pérez-Contreras, Moacyr Portes-Junior, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz First page: 26 Abstract: Background: Speed training with resisted sprints has been shown to positively affect neuromuscular performance in soccer players. Various loads, ranging from 10% to 120% of body mass, have demonstrated performance improvements across the spectrum. However, the impact of sprint distance with optimal load on these adaptive responses has yet to be thoroughly described. Objective. To analyze the influence of sprint distance in resisted sprints on muscle performance in young soccer players. Methods. This quantitative study utilized a pre-post experimental design. The sample consisted of 24 young soccer players (15.3 ± 0.68 years; 61.4 ± 7.08 kg; 1.60 ± 0.06 m) randomized into three groups (10, 20, and 30 m) and subjected to 12 sessions of resisted sprint training over six weeks. The volume was homogenized across groups, with a total distance of 120 m for each. The intervention’s effect was analyzed through performance in the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), modified 505 agility test (505 m), and linear sprint tests. Differences were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA, incorporating a between-subjects factor (training group) and a within-subjects factor (pre- and post-intervention). Results. Time-dependent differences were observed in all groups for peak force (PF) (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.62), time to PF (TPF) (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.53), impulse at 50 (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.57), 100 (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.60), and 200 ms (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.67) in IMTP; jump height by impulse-momentum (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.64), rate of force development (p = 0.04; η2p = 0.14), yielding impulse (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.49), and concentric impulse (p = 0.01; η2p = 0.19) in CMJ; time (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.46) in 505 m; and average speed in linear sprint (p = 0.003; η2p = 0.36), with moderate to large effect sizes, regardless of the distance covered. No differences were observed for the interaction between the time* and group or between groups. Conclusion. Performance improvements were independent of the sprint distance, with no differences between training groups. Distances between 10 and 30 m may enhance muscle performance in young soccer players. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010026 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2025)
Authors:Maite Terré, Juliette Tlaiye, Monica Solana-Tramunt First page: 1 Abstract: (1) Background: Glenohumeral internal and external rotational range-of-movement deficits (GIRDs and GERDs) are some of the primary outcomes used to determine the risk of injury in overhead athletes, such as tennis players. Nevertheless, the current testing position does not consider the fact that most tennis actions are repeated at 45° of abduction, and actively. The aim of this study was to establish normative values of pathological GIRDs and GERDs in tennis players and to provide normative values for both the passive and active rotational range of motion of the glenohumeral joint at 90° and 45° of abduction. (2) Methods: Forty-three tennis players voluntarily participated in this study (19.1 ± 2.75 years). The dominant and non-dominant total glenohumeral rotational range of motion (TRROM), external rotation (ER), and internal rotation (IR) at 90° and 45° under active and passive conditions were evaluated. The GIRD and GERD were calculated in both positions and under both conditions. (3) Results: There were significant differences in all of the passive measurements between the 45° and 90° testing positions. The ER and TRROM at 90° and 45° showed significant differences under both passive and active conditions and on the dominant and non-dominant sides. Actively, there were no significant differences in the IR or TRROM for either the dominant or non-dominant side at 90° or 45°. (4) Conclusions: It is necessary to evaluate ER under the same conditions at 90° or 45°. Practitioners should consider assessing the ER for the angle at which most actions are repeated in tennis (45°) as a method to monitor GERDs. Evaluating GERDs in asymptomatic tennis players could help avoid future biomechanical and GIRD problems. Both GIRDs and GERDs should be considered as a percentage of the athlete’s own deficit in IR or ER, instead of referencing specific degrees that have been observed in baseball pitchers. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010001 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Carmen M. Salvador-Ferrer, Pedro A. Diaz-Fúnez, Álvaro Carrera-Ruiz, Montserrat Monserrat-Hernández, Enrique G. Artero, Miguel A. Mañas-Rodríguez First page: 2 Abstract: Public employees face a growing array of professional challenges, and psychological capital (PC) has emerged as a valuable resource to address them. Workplace supervised exercise (WSE) programs can improve physical fitness and personal resources, though their adoption in organizations is limited. This study examines the impact of a long-term WSE program on the psychological capital of public administration employees. Fifty-five participants completed PC questionnaires and attended at least 40% of the sessions; 49.1% were women, and 40% were over 50 years old (age range: 24–73 years). A quasi-experimental design without a control group was used with a longitudinal design, and a nine-month WSE program (from October to June) was implemented. The data show gender-specific variations in PC patterns. Among men, incremental increases were observed over the three measurement intervals, with statistical significance achieved only in self-efficacy and hope. Among women, an upward trend was observed between October and February without statistical significance, followed by a slight decline. The results suggest that the WSE program may enhance personal resources, particularly hope and self-efficacy, highlighting the importance of tailoring WSE programs to the specific characteristics of the target group. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010002 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Wagner K. A. Santos, Lucas D. M. Forte, Alexandre S. Silva, Hallisson V. de O. Rufino, Lucas de F. Vieira, João M. F. Lima Silva, Mabliny Thuany, Reginaldo Gonçalves, Ytalo M. Soares First page: 3 Abstract: Despite strength training (ST) being well characterized by professional runners, little is known about the inclusion of ST models for recreational runners. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of ST in the training practices of recreational runners, with a focus on understanding its characteristics and the motivations of recreational athletes for including ST in their routines. To this end, 801 recreational runners (493 male and 308 female) completed a structured questionnaire regarding their training habits, the inclusion of ST, and its characteristics, concerning the type of ST, training volume, and the reasons for including ST in their training programs. To assess the possible associations between categorical variables, data were analyzed using the chi-square test for independent samples. Approximately 625 runners (78.1%) reported that they included ST in their training routine, with a statistically significant difference between the sexes (men: 73.5% vs. women: 85.4%; X2 = 14.09; p = 0.01). Traditional strength training (TST) was the predominant type of ST included (78.5%), with most participants performing 2–4 sets and 8–12 repetitions per set at a frequency of 3–4 sessions per week. The importance of ST was primarily attributed to performance improvement (85%). The results suggest that recreational runners incorporate different types of ST into their training routines, with TST being the predominant type perceived by runners as a valuable asset for improving running performance. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-25 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010003 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
Authors:Eduard Bezuglov, Evgeniy Achkasov, Timur Vakhidov, Georgiy Malyakin, Elizaveta Kapralova, Vyacheslav Kolesnichenko, Mikhail Vinogradov, Tatiana Zharikova, Anton Emanov First page: 347 Abstract: This research aimed to examine the dynamics of changes in sprint and long jump performance and the age of gender divergence in well-trained young athletes specialising in athletics. Data were collected from 1249 male and 1497 female athletes aged 10 to 15 years who participated in the final round of the annual national athletics tournament “Shipovka Yunykh” from 2017 to 2019. The top 50 results in each age group for the 60-metre sprint and long jump were analysed. Boys showed significantly higher performance than girls in both events from ages 11 and 12. Significant performance improvements were noted between ages 12 and 13 for boys in the long jump and 10–11 in the sprint. Girls showed significant improvements between ages 12 and 13 in the long jump and 11–12 in the sprint. Gender divergence in sprint and long jump performance occurs around age 11. The dynamics of performance changes are influenced by the timing of the growth spurt, highlighting the need for age-specific competition categories in athletics. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120347 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Valentina Focaroli, Marina Chiaro, Maria Vittoria Battaglia, Laura Guidetti, Andrea Velardi First page: 348 Abstract: Doping prevention transcends elite sports, highlighting a broader societal challenge where performance enhancement is driven by pressures to increase strength, beauty, and status. This issue extends to adolescents and non-competitive sports participants, where self-optimization pressures are increasingly normalized. Research underscores the need for tailored educational interventions that go beyond punitive measures, fostering ethical decision-making and personal responsibility. The recent literature emphasizes that addressing psychological protective factors, such as self-efficacy and emotional regulation, can effectively mitigate substance use risks. The project “Sport Informa” involved the educational community and adolescents between the ages of 16 and 19, with the goal of providing knowledge about the phenomenon of doping and acquiring tools useful for enhancing self-esteem and self-management skills, in order to prevent the risk of doping by promoting a balanced psychophysical development in young people. A 16 h online training program was delivered to high school teachers. The training provided knowledge about doping, its psychological and social implications, and practical tools for promoting protective factors in students. A longitudinal design was employed, with data collected before and after the intervention using validated psychometric tools, including the Self-Efficacy Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Results showed significant improvements in teachers’ psychological dimensions, particularly in self-efficacy and emotional regulation, which they subsequently applied in their interactions with students. Finally, a survey was conducted with young participants who took part in the project activities to assess their self-evaluation of key factors relevant to designing future educational interventions and events aimed at preventing doping use. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120348 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Emma Cavanaugh, Atenas Arcot Santillan, Kyosuke Hoshikawa, Hugo Giambini First page: 349 Abstract: Shoulder and elbow injuries are prevalent among baseball players, particularly pitchers, who experience repetitive eccentric loading of the shoulder, leading to muscle damage and increased injury risk. Nearly 40% of shoulder injuries in baseball occur in pitchers, with many facing low rates of return to sport. The rotator cuff (RC) muscles—supraspinatus (SSP), infraspinatus (ISP), subscapularis (SSC), and teres minor (TMin)—are crucial for shoulder stability, movement, and force generation, particularly in overhead sports. Each RC muscle comprises subregions with distinct biomechanical properties, such as strength, moment arm behavior, and activation patterns. These differences allow for a finely tuned balance between joint stability and mobility. For example, the superior subregion of the ISP significantly contributes to external rotation, a function critical in sports like baseball that require precision and power. During pitching, the SSP, ISP, and SSC stabilize the glenohumeral joint through high activation during explosive phases, such as stride, arm cocking, and arm acceleration. Understanding these functional subregional differences is vital for diagnosing and managing shoulder pathologies like RC tears. Despite advancements, clinicians face challenges in predicting re-injury risks and determining return-to-play readiness for athletes with shoulder injuries. Integrating insights into subregional biomechanics with patient care could enhance outcomes. Tailored interventions—whether surgical or rehabilitative—targeting specific subregions could improve recovery times, reduce re-injury risks, and enable more personalized treatment plans. Such approaches are especially beneficial for athletes, older individuals, and those prone to RC injuries, promoting better long-term shoulder health and performance. The present work aims to highlight some of the research on these subregions and their differences, providing insights to enhance treatment approaches for shoulder injuries. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120349 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Maria V. Lopes, Andreas Ihle, Élvio Rúbio Gouveia, Adilson Marques, Cíntia França First page: 350 Abstract: Parental involvement in youth sports is increasingly relevant in scientific research since parents have gradually developed awareness regarding youngsters’ sports experiences. This study aimed to (1) examine potential differences in athletes’ and parents’ perceptions of parental involvement practices in youth basketball, (2) verify whether these perceptions differ by sex, and (3) analyze the relationship between the different perceptions dimensions recorded. The analysis included a large sample of 423 Portuguese participants (151 youth basketball athletes and 272 parents) who completed the Parental Behaviors in Sports (PBSP) questionnaire. The PBSP comprises a version for parents and a version for athletes, composed of five dimensions: (1) sports support, (2) competition attendance, (3) technical influence, (4) performance pressure, and (5) sports expectations. No significant statistical differences regarding PBSP dimensions were observed between boys and girls in the athletes’ group. However, in the parents’ group, fathers scored significantly lower than mothers in sports expectations (p = 0.001). Differences between athletes’ and parents’ perceptions were evident in competition attendance (p = 0.023), technical influence (p ≤ 0.001), and sports expectations (p = 0.023). When analyzing the dyads of boys–fathers and girls–mothers, significant differences were found for technical influence (p = 0.035), performance pressure (p = 0.020), and sports expectations (p < 0.001) between boys and fathers. Among girls and mothers, differences were perceived exclusively for technical influence (p = 0.005). Finally, technical influence correlated significantly with performance pressure (r = 0.351, p < 0.001) and sports expectations (r = 0.367, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the crucial importance for sports researchers and practitioners to consider differences in perceptions based on sex and role (athlete or parent) when designing and implementing parental educational programs. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120350 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Kinga Rębiś, Tomasz Kowalski, Kamil Michalik, Andrzej Klusiewicz First page: 351 Abstract: Frequent changes in altitude and oxygen levels limit the practical application of traditionally derived exercise thresholds or training zones based on heart rate (HR) or blood lactate concentration (bLa). We investigated the transferability of a muscle oxygenation (SmO2)-based intensity prescription between different hypoxic conditions to assess the suitability of real-time SmO2 measurements for ski-mountaineering (SKIMO) athletes during submaximal endurance exercise. A group of 15 well-trained male SKIMO athletes performed a graded-intensity run test in normoxia (87 m ASL, FiO2 = 20.8%) to determine the anaerobic threshold (AnT) with the mod-Dmax method, and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) assessments in acute normobaric hypoxia (3000 m ASL, FiO2 = 14.4%) with the intensity aligned to 90–105% of SmO2 at the normoxia-determined AnT. SmO2, HR, and bLa were monitored during both tests. The number of MLSS assessments without a bLa increase over 1 mmol·L−1 was reported. Paired t-tests with Cohen’s d effect sizes and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were computed to compare the bLa and HR at the AnT in normoxia and MLSS averages in hypoxia, as both corresponded to equivalent SmO2. Out of the 15 MLSS assessments, 11 (73.3%) were performed without a bLa increase over 1 mmol·L−1. Significant differences at equivalent SmO2 in normoxia and hypoxia were found for HR (175 ± 11.7 vs. 160 ± 14.2 bpm, p = 0.005, d = 1.02), but not for bLa (4.9 ± 1.2 vs. 5.1 ± 2.4 mmol·L−1, p = 0.845, d = −0.05). ICC(2,k) for HR and bLa were 0.56 (95% CI: −0.24, 0.85) and 0.40 (95% CI: −0.75, 0.80), respectively. The results indicate a fair transferability of a SmO2-based intensity prescription between different hypoxic conditions in well-trained SKIMO athletes during submaximal endurance exercise. The practical significance of the observations depends on the required accuracy of the exercise intensity determination. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120351 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Nemanja Stanković, Dušan Stupar, Aleksandar Ignjatović, Nikola Milošević, Nebojša Trajković First page: 352 Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training on stable versus unstable surfaces on strength performance in young judokas. Methods: The study included 18 young judokas (age: 13.2 ± 1.2 years) with 4.7 years of training experience assigned to either the URT (unstable resistance training) group or the STG (stable resistance training) group. Both groups performed the bench press and squat exercise for 12 weeks (3 sessions/week, 30–40 min each), with one group performing on the stable surface and the other on the unstable surface. The tests included the 1RM bench press and squat, maximal power output during bench press and squat (Pmax), abdominal strength test (AB60), and the standing long jump (SLJ). Results: Statistical analyses revealed a group × time interaction for AB60 (p < 0.02) in favor of the URT group. Significant main effects of time (p < 0.01) for the 1RM bench press, 1RM squat, bench press power, AB60, and SLJ were found. There were no significant effects for squat maximal power in both groups (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusions: Both unstable and stable resistance training effectively improved maximal strength and performance in adolescent judokas, with unstable training offering additional benefits in abdominal strength. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120352 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Grigoris Papagiannis, Konstantina Karatrantou, Christos Batatolis, Panagiotis Ioakimidis, Vassilis Gerodimos First page: 353 Abstract: Pre-game warm-up is integral to athletes’ preparation before a basketball game. The main objectives of this study were to compare specific performance indicators before and immediately after a basketball pre-game warm-up, and examine the individualized players’ responses. The impact of rest intervals after warm-up (9–23 min) was also examined. A total of 20 male basketball players (age: 21.15 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 82.23 ± 10.78 kg; body height: 184.18 ± 7.9 cm) performed a pre-game warm-up and were assessed in selected indicators such as heart rate (HR), flexibility, running speed, and countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJAS) before, immediately after, 9 min and 23 min after warm-up. Immediately after warm-up, HR increased to all players (mean change: 69.78%), while flexibility (mean change: 20.14%) and CMJAS (mean change: 4.95%) increased to the majority of players (except one and two players, respectively). The individualized results regarding speed were conflicting, showing a decrease or increase. However, 9 and 23 min after warm-up, there was a decrease in HR, speed, and CMJAS (p < 0.5), while flexibility remained stable (p > 0.5) in the total sample, with great change variations among players. In conclusion, it seems that each player’s individuality may affect the warm-up’s efficiency. Thus, it is important to carefully design the pre-game warm-up so that all players will be in the most suitable condition to meet the demands of their competition. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120353 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Wiesław Błach, Dawid Gaweł, Wojciech J. Cynarski, Łukasz Rydzik, Zbigniew Borysiuk, Maciej Kostrzewa First page: 354 Abstract: Background: The specificity of the technical actions that are performed in judo may be dependent on and vary during particular phases of the combat, thus possibly impacting injury prevalence. Therefore, towards the betterment of athletes’ safety and considering the importance of the issue of injury prevention in judo, the main goal of this study was to identify the injury occurrence during respective combat phases, i.e., the (a) first half, (b) second half, (c) last minute, and (d) golden score. Methods: A total of 26,862 elite judo athletes, including 15,571 men and 11,291 women, participated in the study. The subjects competed in 128 international tournaments of the European Judo Union (EJU) in 2005–2020. The EJU medical questionnaire was utilized to gather information from each injured athlete according to the aforementioned inclusion criteria. Results: Several statistically significant relationships were found between the differences in the number of injuries between particular combat phases and the athlete’s sex. Conclusions: A significantly higher number of injuries occurred during the combined second half and the last minute of the judo combat. Males suffered more injuries during the first and second half of the combat compared to females, however, during the last minute of the combat, the number of injuries was greater among women. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120354 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Carlota Rico Duarte, Armando Raimundo, João Paulo Sousa, Orlando Fernandes, Rute Santos First page: 355 Abstract: This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) in equestrian athletes (EAs) and identify associated risk factors. Following the PRISMA guidelines, observational studies published between 2004 and 2024 in English, Portuguese, Spanish, and German were included. The review identified relevant studies through the Web of Science, EBSCO, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS (last search performed on 30 October 2024), yielding 14 studies with a total of 4527 participants. The question format for the included studies specified the population as equestrian athletes, the exposure as equestrian sports, and the outcome as lower back pain. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Observation Study Quality Evaluation tool, and six studies were deemed high-quality. LBP prevalence in EAs was higher than in the general and athlete population, with point prevalence ranging from 27.9% to 87.9%. Sport-specific factors, including workload and stable duties, were significant risk factors. Methodological inconsistencies, such as varying definitions of LBP and a lack of standardized exposure assessment, and the overall low quality of studies limited the comparability of findings. This review underscores the need for more high-quality research and tailored interventions addressing both riding and off-horse activities in EAs. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120355 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Matteo Bonato, Federica Marmondi, Emanuela Luisa Faelli, Chiara Pedrinelli, Luigi Ferraris, Luca Filipas First page: 356 Abstract: Background: Advanced footwear technology (AFT) has gained popularity among non-elite runners due to its potential benefits in training and competition. This study investigated the training practices and reported outcomes in non-elite runners using AFT. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 61 non-elite runners competing in distances ranging from 5 km to marathons. The survey collected data on demographics, training parameters, footwear usage, perceived changes in running mechanics, and self-reported injuries. Results: The results revealed a significant positive correlation (R = 0.6, p < 0.0001) between years of AFT use and weekly training volume, indicating that more experienced runners are likely to incorporate AFT consistently into their routines. Conversely, a significant negative correlation (R = −0.5, p < 0.0001) was found between training volume and the number of weekly sessions using AFT, suggesting a selective approach to footwear use. Participants reported biomechanical changes, such as increased forefoot support (49%) and higher calf muscle activation (44%), alongside a 16% self-reported injury rate, predominantly affecting the calves. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of proper guidance and gradual adaptation to maximize the benefits of AFT while minimizing injury risks. Future research should explore the long-term impact of AFT on performance and injury prevention through longitudinal studies. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120356 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
Authors:Ivan Curovic, David Grecic, David Rhodes, Jill Alexander, Damian J. Harper First page: 357 Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the influence of upper body (UB) strength qualities and UB strength training on the performance of high-intensity running and jumping actions and to identify gaps and recommendations for future research. Methods: A systematic search using the PRISMA Scoping Review protocol was conducted in February 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, and ICTRP. Studies eligible for inclusion were those that reported associations between UB or trunk maximal strength qualities (e.g., absolute strength, forces, power) and high-intensity running or jumping actions or investigated the influence of an isolated UB strength training intervention on high-intensity running or jumping performances. Results: Of the 4730 articles, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting correlations for 16 high-intensity running or jumping tests. No intervention studies were identified. Preliminary findings of the limited number of studies highlight that greater UB maximal strength-generating capacity may positively influence repeated sprint ability. While a significant moderate correlation between greater absolute UB strength and faster “flying” sprint was also reported, mixed results were found for sprint acceleration. There is also evidence that change-of-direction performance may greatly benefit from high maximal isometric strength of all trunk muscles and that strong trunk extensors may enhance drop jumps. Conclusions: This review identifies the potential of UB strength to contribute to high-intensity running and jumping actions. Future research is warranted to investigate this link via various UB strength tests and UB strength training protocols aimed at maximising neuromuscular adaptations. Citation: Sports PubDate: 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.3390/sports12120357 Issue No:Vol. 12, No. 12 (2024)
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