Authors:Daniel Brandão Kashiwagura, Emerson Franchini Pages: 1 - 18 Abstract: In judo combat, the grip (kumi-kata) helps to control and to dominate the opponent, and per the current rules is a prerequisite to executing a throwing technique. In this scoping review, articles and reviews published in scientific journals in English were searched in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases from inception until December 2020. The studies were classified into technical-tactical or time-motion analyses, grip or grip attempts, grip locations on uke´s (athlete receiving the attack) judogi (judo uniform) or hands that performed the grips, and one or two hands holding. Articles evaluating the physical and physiological capacities of grip dispute were excluded. From 286 articles identified, 41 were included in the final selection. Two reviewers screened the records independently for eligibility. One reviewer extracted all data and the other reviewed the data for accuracy. The main results showed that: i) more experienced athletes hold the judogi for less time before attacking and focus their vision on the face and collar; ii) male athletes, especially heavy ones, hold longer in the judogi and use more defensive grips (collar and collar); iii) the most used grip was collar and sleeve; iv) the most used position was kenka-yotsu (opposite sides). The result of this scoping review may assist coaches and athletes to develop training strategies according to the athletes’ technical-tactical objectives, as well as future investigations that can be conducted related to grip dispute in judo. PubDate: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18002/rama.v17i1.7030 Issue No:Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
Authors:Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto, Esteban Ariel Aedo-Muñoz, Dany Alexis Sorbazo Sotto, Bianca Miarka, Ciro José Brito Pages: 19 - 37 Abstract: This study aimed to describe and analyze the main changes in the official competitive rules of judo between 2010 and 2020, highlighting changes in combat time, scores and penalties. In this retrospective study, a search was performed for official documents which regulated judo rules between 2010 and 2020 on the websites of the International Judo Federation and the Brazilian Judo Confederation, as well as refereeing manuals of the Sergipe Judo Federation (Brazil) and on the Google platform. Over the years, regular combat time has been shortened (2015=5’->4’ for women; 2017=5’->4’ for men), as well as osaekomi time (2013=25”->20”). This change was intended to facilitate the public’s understanding of judo scores, as well as to devalue the use of penalties to achieve the victory (2010=koka’s exclusion; 2013=penalty was no longer worth scores; 2017=yuko’s exclusion, shido no longer decided the winner in regular time; 2018=shido no longer decided the golden score winner). Attack actions were encouraged (ban on actions to flee combat) and there was an intention to reduce the risk of injuries in competitive judo (prohibition of some types of actions and grips). In other words, there was an attempt by the International Judo Federation to encourage positive judo through the rules from 2010 to 2020. However, these constant rule changes made the competitive training context unstable. Judo coaches and athletes must be aware at the end of each Olympic cycle for new changes which will eventually be introduced and adapt to them quickly to achieve high performance. PubDate: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.18002/rama.v17i1.7122 Issue No:Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
Authors:Thabata Castelo Branco Telles, Bernard Andrieu, Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira Pages: 38 - 49 Abstract: This paper aims to present the galhofa, a traditional wrestling style practiced in Portugal, especially in Trás-os-Montes, in the northern region. Part of an oral and folk tradition, galhofa has survived with no systematic organization, either regarding its rules or even its techniques. Thus, this paper is focused on introducing and discussing the galhofa as an activity between tradition and sportization. Data was collected in Bragança in 2019 through interview and immersion activity, along with images and videos from field research conducted in Parada between 1997 and 2001. Both the visit to Bragança and the analytical process were conducted via phenomenology and inspired by esthesiology and emersiology. Overall, the experience of galhofa encompasses a free way of fighting with the main objective of keeping the opponent’s back and shoulders on the floor for a few seconds. It is historically related to a manly activity and it is often associated as a ritual of passage from adolescence to manhood. As the only traditional Portuguese wrestling modality surviving nowadays, the galhofa can be considered as a very unique fighting practice. However, there are some shared aspects with other martial arts and combat sports, especially more traditional ones, such as capoeira, loita or lucha leonesa. Under the risk of disappearing, it faces an ongoing sportization process, which includes a more gender equality agenda and a systematic organization of techniques and competition procedures. Relevant changes have also been made towards making this practice more popular and widely known, such as establishing it as part of the undergraduate curriculum on Sports degree at the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança. PubDate: 2022-02-12 DOI: 10.18002/rama.v17i1.7111 Issue No:Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
Authors:Sergio Raimondo, Laura Rea, Yong-shun Wang Pages: 50 - 72 Abstract: This essay analyses the key concepts enunciated by the international literature on martial arts tourism – and of the even broader category of cultural tourism. It combines notes produced by a participant observation and the images produced by the first author himself. The result is the illustration of a particular case of martial arts tourism included in the decade 2009-2018 and focused on Chenjiagou (Chen village), a village in inland China (Wen county, Henan province, People's Republic of China). Here tourists – attracted by the peculiar spirit of the place, genius loci, expressed in the landscape and in the local customs and reinforced by recurring or occasional celebrations – are contributing to the local economic development and urban improvement, by creating an informal planetary-scale network through the common interest in the martial art of taijiquan. PubDate: 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.18002/rama.v17i1.7029 Issue No:Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
Authors:Xavier Torrebadella, Carlos Gutiérrez-García Pages: 73 - 107 Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, the bourgeois class of Barcelona used sport to project the ideal of a modern, Europeanized and civilized city. In this context, physical combat activities such as boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling and jiu-jitsu appeared and were immersed in a process of sports institutionalization. This process began with the entry of these combat practices (“hand-to-hand”) in the gymnasium, a place of physical worship that was strategically institutionalized by the bourgeoisie as a device of civilization. Through primary and secondary documentary sources, this work analyzes how these combat practices were assimilated and normalized by the bourgeois class. In a critical analysis, the historical events are deconstructed and the presence of a civilizing social projection is sustained, the purpose of which was to mitigate urban violence in the streets. The use of capitalist logic projected in combat sports the commercialization of civilized violence. PubDate: 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.18002/rama.v17i1.7257 Issue No:Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
Authors:Eduardo Gonzalez de la Fuente Pages: 108 - 112 Abstract: This review considers the book Anko Itosu. The Man. The Master. The Myth. Biography of a Legend, published in 2021 by Thomas Feldmann. The volume is a thorough biographical study of Anko Itosu (1831–1915), Okinawan born and essential figure to interpret initial developments of karate history during the 20th century. Approximately two decades before this indigenous martial art was to be popularized in mainland Japan by Funakoshi Gichin (1868–1957) and Mabuni Kenwa (1889–1952), and officially recognized by the Dainippon Butokukai [Greater Japan Martial Arts Virtue Society] (1933), Itosu consolidated important technical and discursive changes for karate. This novel way to practice and describe karate, still molding the perception of the art today, had the intention, among others, to further support its inclusion in the school system of Okinawa. Using a huge amount of written and oral sources, historical documents, and scholarly studies on Okinawa, this text offers a vivid picture of Itosu's life. In a manner unusual among the publications on the topic, the text not only explores the early days of modern karate through the existential vicissitudes of the master, but even more importantly it does so against the background of how the cultural, social, and political life was articulated in Okinawa at the time. Such a remarkable effort bears a value that should not go unnoticed among martial arts researchers and the interested reader alike. PubDate: 2022-05-20 DOI: 10.18002/rama.v17i1.7279 Issue No:Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
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