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Authors:Brigitte Poirier, Étienne Charbonneau, Rémi Boivin Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Police body-worn cameras (BWC) have been lauded for their potential to increase transparency and accountability by documenting officers’ actions and interactions with citizens. However, despite their widespread use in recent years, several law enforcement agencies have been hesitant to adopt this technology because of privacy concerns. This article explores the views of police officers and citizens from the Canadian province of Quebec towards the use of BWCs. Specifically, it seeks to: (a) understand how officers feel about being monitored by BWCs and (b) assess citizens’ privacy concerns towards police BWCs. A mixed-method research design was used, including interviews and focus groups with 78 police officers, including 46 officers from four pilot sites, and a telephone survey of 1609 residents from the same sites. The results show that officers are concerned about the potential effects of BWCs on their privacy and the privacy of the public. One major area of concern is the impact it may have on their work performance and the use of adaptative measures that support them in carrying out challenging duties. By contrast, most citizens have no reservations about being recorded by a BWC. Certain individual characteristics—such as age and perceptions of the police—however, were associated with heightened privacy concerns. Without neglecting citizens’ privacy, this study provides insights into the development of BWC policies that preserve officers’ right to privacy and ability to fulfill their duty. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-11-22T07:00:52Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231214383
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Authors:Philip N. Ndubueze Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Police personnel experience stress in the course of their routine duties. Although this stress is considered normal, given the risky nature of the job, it is exacerbated by increasing demands for law and order during pandemic-induced lockdowns. This study was designed to examine the sources/nature and effects of stress among police personnel during the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) pandemic lockdown and how police officers treated and managed it. The qualitative study used a phenomenological design to collect data from 30 purposively selected police personnel of Kano State Police Command, Nigeria, through in-depth interviews. Results showed that most of the participants experienced stress during lockdown. The stress emanated from a lack of cooperation by defiant members of the public who flouted the restrictions of movement order, the increased work schedule/workload, fear of being infected with the virus and a lack of understanding from families/friends. In addition, some participants reported that they experienced depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal thoughts as a result of the stress they faced. Nonetheless, most participants reported that the availability of support from family members, peer support and trust, physical exercise, talking about occupational stress with peers/superiors, making time for their hobbies, eating well, taking a deep breath, meditation and prayers helped them relieve the occupational stress. These findings provide useful insights into the dynamics of police personnel stress and its management in the era of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in a state in Africa's most populous country, Nigeria. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-11-08T07:14:11Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231209834
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Authors:Norziaton Ismail Khan, Aida Hazlin Ismail, Ratijah Musatin Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. The intention to report misconduct is the inclination of police officers to disclose wrongdoing perpetrated by other officers, whereas the code of silence is an unwritten policy prohibiting officers from reporting the misbehaviour of their colleagues. Hence, officers have the choice either to remain silent or to report any misconduct by their colleagues. This article investigates the determinants of the intention to report misconduct by Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) officers from the commercial crime investigation department. Organizational theory is used to form the framework and develop the hypotheses. Three hypotheses are developed concerning the intention to report RMP officer misconduct using three elements: perceived offence seriousness, perceived disciplinary fairness and perceived legitimacy. Face-to-face and online survey questionnaires were used as data collection methods. In total, 170 questionnaires were distributed, and 151 completed questionnaires were useable. The questionnaire contained four scenarios illustrating various forms of misconduct; each contained seven questions measuring police officers’ perception and assessment of their intention to report, perceived seriousness of the offence, perceived disciplinary fairness and other intentions to report. Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that perceived offence seriousness and perceived legitimacy had a strong positive relationship with officer intentions to report misconduct. This study has important implications for national and international policymakers to find out how well officers understand their agency's rules on misconduct as well as their opinions about the seriousness of the different types of misconduct, the appropriate discipline for the misconduct and their willingness to report the behaviour. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-10-31T06:42:28Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231205988
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Authors:Nurzhan Akhmedov, Irina Shalkarova, Andrey Egorov, Igor Egorov Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. This study systematizes and analyzes the legal aspects of changes in the deployment of international peacekeeping forces over the past 50 years. The article deals with topical political and legal problems facing the peacekeeping activities of the United Nations (UN) and regional international organizations. These problems emanate from both natural institutional and artificially created factors. Overcoming the challenges ahead is possible only through the development of multilateral diplomacy, the aim of which is to achieve long-term and realizable agreements to resolve conflicts and establish lasting and sustainable peace. The study analyzes the role, effect, and potential of peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN and other regional international organizations to ensure international security as a timely response to legal and institutional challenges related to the interests of certain players in the world arena, where Russia and some countries in Europe and Asia have been affected. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-10-30T07:35:24Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231206706
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Authors:Stephanie Dragon, Elizabeth Monk-Turner Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. The concept of “defunding the police” calls for municipalities to divert monetary resources away from police departments toward other social services to limit the scope of police response. Although this approach has gained traction, current research fails to gauge how police officers perceive “defunding arguments” and the feasibility of diverting calls to other social service providers. This study utilized 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews to investigate police perceptions of the defund the police movement. Using thematic analysis, we identified three emergent themes across the interviews. These themes included distrust of the police, extended scope of the police, and caution toward redirecting mental health calls away from police departments. This study offers insight into the complexity of diverting mental health calls away from police departments. It also sheds light on the recurring nature of domestic violence responses within their respective communities. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-10-17T04:40:22Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231203837
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Authors:Kai Li Chung, Yi Shan Wong, Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Ray Bull Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. The interviewing of suspects is a key component in the investigation process. Although a great deal of research on interrogation and interviewing techniques has been conducted in the past, much of this work has been undertaken outside South East Asia. This new study examined Malaysian police officers’ reported rate of use of a large variety of investigative interviewing techniques categorised into six domains: rapport and relationship building, context manipulation, emotion provocation, confrontation/competition, collaboration and presentation of evidence. Eighty-eight police officers primarily from the criminal investigation department, narcotics crime investigation department, commercial crime investigation department, and traffic enforcement and investigation department participated in a pen-and-paper survey. Findings revealed that many police officers in the current study report adopting investigative interviewing techniques that are largely in line with ethical, non-coercive guidelines. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-10-17T04:39:23Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231205785
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Authors:Suzanne Ost, Alisdair A. Gillespie Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. This article explores the situation in which a victim who has been identified during a criminal justice investigation is unaware of the crime committed against them. We argue that unknowing victims possess a unique vulnerability because discovering their victim status is highly likely to have harmful effects. Where law enforcement officers (LEOs) remain unaware of the victim's knowledge of the crime, this should be perceived as a clue to potential vulnerability. Any subsequent disclosure of the crime to an unknowing victim is an external intervention that exposes them to the risk of harm, thereby raising significant ethical questions. Yet the ethical ramifications of disclosure are not considered in the policing literature and there is no specific professional guidance in England and Wales (and beyond) on this situation. Focusing on two of the primary crime contexts in which a victim can be unknowing (sexual offences and fraud), we scrutinise the ethical issues surrounding LEOs disclosing to an unknowing victim, aligning our analysis with the College of Policing's Code of Ethics and vulnerability-related risks guidelines, and a therapeutic jurisprudence approach to policing. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-10-13T06:58:34Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231200989
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Authors:Carole McCartney, Louise Shorter Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. The seizure, safe handling and secure storage of evidence during criminal investigations is pivotal to the successful detection and prosecution of offences. The safe retention of materials after an investigation closes, even post-conviction, is also critical both to the ability of the appellate system to function and for ‘cold cases’ to be reviewed. Yet despite periodic high-profile instances in which failures to ensure the integrity and retention of evidence have occurred, there is a reticence to admit to evidence being lost; in particular, to consider the issue on an aggregate rather than a case-by-case basis. This lack of transparency is compounded by an accountability deficit, in which the issue falls through regulatory gaps. Provoked to locate proof of lost evidence, this article examines police retention of investigative materials, and details the results of surveys undertaken with lawyers and miscarriage of justice campaigners (n = 65) and police (n = 87), and 21 interviews with serving and retired police officers. We identify ‘weak links’ in the evidence chain that need strengthening, including the enhancement of training, improved physical packaging and storage facilities, sufficient training of police staff and the creation of specialised ‘exhibits’ roles. Further to practical resource demands, the issue requires accessible data so that the problem can be acknowledged, and accountability and oversight mechanisms created to assure processes. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-10-11T06:56:32Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231203493
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Authors:Luís Malheiro, Fernando Bessa, João Reis, Luís Saraiva, Sofia Menezes, Paulo Machado, Paulo Gomes, Diogo Silva Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. This investigation aims to study implementation of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda in the interventions of gendarmeries under the aegis of the European Gendarmerie Force (EGF), because two decades after its creation, there is evidence that the WPS is falling behind on its initial promise. Using a mixed strategy with a case study design, data were collected in 14 countries using structured interviews with 24 organisations linked to security in the European Union, including 6 linked to the EGF. After densifying the evolution of conflict, the window of opportunity that led to creation of the EGF and the implications of EGF’s current organisation not having structures dedicated exclusively to gender, suggestions obtained from the primary information were dissected. Integration of ideas in the literature with the results of this study suggest that the main obstacles to innovation for implementation of the WGS result from: (a) existing limitations in the institutions that make up the EGF; (b) lack of a plan to implement the WGS agenda; (c) lack of resources (materials and/or structures dedicated to gender); and (d) failure to incorporate a gender perspective into all planning dimensions. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-09-25T05:45:58Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231199329
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Authors:Raquel Rego, Cristina Nunes, Tatiana Pita Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. In many countries, the right of police to unionise has still not been achieved or has only recently taken place. After decades of pressure, Portuguese police gained the right to unionise in the 21st century. Following legislation in 2002, several national police unions appeared and, in 2019, they had reached a disproportionate total of 19 unions, while working conditions were deteriorating and a Facebook-organised protest started gaining relevance. Through interviews with every police union and the police administration, complemented by secondary data, we first demonstrate how the 2002 law was a structure of opportunity enabling the proliferation of unions driven by individual motivations. Second, we portray how fragmentation of unions contributed to deadlocked negotiations leading older unions and mass media to demand new legislation. We conclude with the relevance of organisational and institutional processes into the provision of objective, predictable and proportional criteria for union representativeness. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-09-21T06:45:29Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231198445
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Authors:Ukasha Ismail, Ahmad Salisu Abdullahi Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. The application of digital technologies in police practices can engender a number of benefits, which include round-the-clock surveillance, intelligence collection (in real time), community policing (through regular online briefings and trust-building by policing agencies) and disruption of crimes, among others. This study used situational crime prevention theory and examined the use, benefits and challenges of digital policing in Jigawa State Police Command, Nigeria. A sample of 230 respondents was utilized in the study. From the sample, 215 police personnel were administered questionnaires, and 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with 5 police personnel, 5 information technology professionals and 5 policing scholars. The study revealed that use of digital technologies in police practice is low in Jigawa State, because the study discovered insufficient digital technologies in the police command. Furthermore, the majority of police personnel sampled were not skilled in information and communications technologies. No doubt, poor use of digital technologies may pose a serious setback to crime prevention in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Therefore, it is recommended that the police should acquire and leverage on emerging policing technologies. Police personnel should be given adequate training and retraining on the use of digital technologies. Collaboration and information sharing with relevant agencies should also be improved. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-09-14T11:24:27Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231198701
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Authors:Coen Visser, Arjan Markus, Christianne de Poot, Nicolien Kop, Mathieu Weggeman Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Producing evidence that can be used in court is a central goal of criminal investigations. Forensic science focuses with considerable success on the production of pieces of evidence from specific sources. However, less is known about how a team of investigating police officers progressively produces a body of evidence during the course of a criminal investigation. This literature review uses Weickian sensemaking to analyse what is known about this process in criminal investigations into organised crime. Focusing on the criminal investigation team, collective sensemaking is used as a lens through which to place the reasoning processes used in constructing evidence in a social context. In addition to describing three constituent parts of collective sensemaking relevant for criminal investigations, six factors are identified that influence the quality of collective sensemaking. Building on these results, nine focal points are presented for analysing the sensemaking processes in a criminal investigation team, aimed at advancing knowledge about the production of evidence in criminal investigations of organised crime. Furthermore, a definition of evidence is developed that is suitable for studying sensemaking in the context of an ongoing criminal investigation. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-09-04T06:44:06Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231196377
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Authors:Weiwei Liu, Bruce Taylor, Elizabeth A Mumford Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. This study investigates the rates of law enforcement officers’ (LEOs) consistent use of body armor, seat belts and reflective vests, and the relationship between officer and agency characteristics and the likelihood of consistent use of safety equipment with data from a nationally representative sample of close to 3000 LEOs in the US. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess the national prevalence of officers’ consistent use of safety equipment. Three separate multivariable logistic regression models were fit to test relationships between the agency and officer characteristics and LEO use for the three types of safety equipment: body armor, seat belts, and reflective vests. Although most agencies had written policies mandating the on-duty use of safety equipment, only two-thirds of the officers reported consistent use of body armor and seat belts, and only one-third reported consistent use of reflective vests. Significant associations were observed between agency and officer characteristics and safety equipment use, illustrating the importance of targeted efforts to improve consistency in LEOs’ safety equipment use. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:09:54Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231189428
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Authors:Rosemary Ricciardelli, Marina Carbonell, Lorna Ferguson, Laura Huey Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Police officers are responsible for both proactive and reactive policing; however, every call for service, at a minimum, equates to an administrative process that is time-consuming and appears to distract from the ability of police officers to do their investigative and community-oriented police work. In this article, we explore the administrative processes that are paperwork as a source of organizational stress. Specifically, we draw on researcher observational field notes, focus groups, as well as interview data discussing the paperwork processes as a part of and contributing to the organizational and operational stressors experienced by, and the psychological burden and its effects on, police officers in a provincial policing agency in Canada. Results indicate not only the sheer volume of paperwork that police are responsible for, but also the extended time being spent “catching up” administratively and the psychological implications of such processes on their well-being, including, for example, decreased morale, frustration, and feeling overwhelmed. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:09:14Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231188578
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Authors:Scott W Phillips Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. After the active shooting incident in Columbine, Colorado, the police response to these events changed. Rather than have the first responding officers secure the perimeter and wait for a special weapons and tactics team, police officers have been trained to move quickly to engage and neutralize a shooter. The expectation is that an officer will prioritize the lives of victims over their own. This approach is contrary to the police culture of surviving dangerous encounters. This article presents a discussion of terror management theory as a possible explanation for why some officers may fail to perform according to contemporary expectations, and why some officers may willingly place themselves in positions in which their lives are threatened. This examination is followed by a discussion of policy and research implications. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-07-31T05:07:38Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231188577
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Authors:Peter Neyroud, Brigadier Khalfan AlMasoori, Amanda Davies, Faisal Ahmed Mohamed AlKaabi Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. The process of developing organisational excellence requires identifying benchmarks and a model or framework to guide the operationalisation of an organisation's aspirations. Developing evidence through application of strategies to meet benchmark criteria requires commitment at all levels of an organisation to demonstrate a sustained quality level of achievement through continuous improvement to standards of excellence. This article presents the process and outcomes for a police organisation (Abu Dhabi Police [ADP]) utilising the European Foundation for Quality Management (EfQM) criteria to guide development and measurement of organisational excellence. In 2021 ADP were awarded a 6 Star Global Award from the EfQM. This case study explores the extent to which EfQM is an effective framework for organisational excellence in policing. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-07-28T07:09:18Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231184694
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Authors:Jennifer R Rineer, Travis A Taniguchi, Brian Aagaard, Julia Brinton, Sarah E Duhart-Clarke, Paige Presler-Jur, Sean Wire Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Law enforcement agencies across the country are struggling to recruit qualified candidates and this problem is pronounced when recruiting demographically diverse officers. Women demonstrate competencies important for effective policing: restoring trust in police, obtaining high case clearance rates, and using less force. The goal of this study was to understand how agencies use online recruiting materials to recruit women officers. We assessed the frequency of text, images, and videos depicting women and racially and ethnically diverse individuals, and content related to hiring and the job itself. We conducted thematic analysis to understand how policing, the agency, and diversity were portrayed. Characteristics known to discourage women applicants were highlighted prominently in materials. Agencies did not provide consistent messaging about diversity, resources for women, or support for work–life balance. We found differences between agencies with higher and lower percentages of women, but they were inconsistent and often in unexpected directions. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-07-24T09:02:58Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231185661
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Authors:Konstantinos G. Papaioannou, Panagiotis K. Serdaris Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. This article examines the implementation of succession human resources (HR) planning in law enforcement agencies. Α quantitative–descriptive survey was carried out, and questionnaires were completed by 302 executives from Greek law enforcement agencies (Hellenic Police and Hellenic Coastguard), through random sampling. The survey highlighted severe concerns, reflecting a lack of implementation of succession HR planning in both agencies. Succession HR planning, defined as the timely handling of personnel needs (qualitative–quantitative) required for the organization to maintain its performance at high levels, is applied to a minimum extent in the Hellenic Police and Hellenic Coastguard. It seems that these organizations do not follow a specific plan to cover their needs in personnel or other operational matters. The study makes a significant contribution on a theoretical and practical level. The research exposes the problem of the non-implementation of succession HR planning in law enforcement agencies. Using the data highlighted by this study, these agencies will be able to implement HR planning to maximize personnel performance and respond to the crucial role they play in society. Future research in law enforcement agencies over the wider area of Greece or other countries should be conducted to draw more representative conclusions. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-07-03T05:12:08Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231183607
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Authors:Ella Waldspurger, Anthony G Vito Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Previous studies show racial or ethnic bias in police decision-making for consent search requests. Yet, few studies apply the social conditioning model and illusory correlation to explain an officer's decision-making for requesting consent to search the driver's vehicle. Furthermore, a potential consideration when using this theory has not considered the possible explanation that the officer may also conduct such a request because the officer views the citizen as “out-of-place”. This study uses Illinois traffic stop data from 2016 to 2018 for municipal agencies with a minority representation of less than one (i.e., less-diverse police department and a greater chance that the officer involved in the stop is White) and includes one measure from the 2016 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics. Utilizing propensity score matching to match the drivers based on race/ethnicity and gender, the current findings show that non-White drivers and non-White male drivers, who are stopped by police serving predominately White areas and who serve in a less-diverse police department, are more likely to have an officer request consent to search their vehicle. These findings are consistent with racial profiling and support the social conditioning model and illusory correlation as an appropriate theoretical explanation for police officers. Moreover, the officer's decision-making could be based on an individual driver stopped by an officer serving a predominately White community and interacting with a less-diverse police department. The officer may view the minority driver as being “out-of-place”, which is an additional reason for the officer to request consent to search the minority driver's vehicle. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-27T06:34:02Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231182051
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Authors:Jessica Whibley, Geoff Newiss, Craig JR Collie Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Typically, fewer than 0.5% of missing incidents result in an individual being found deceased. Whereas previous research has examined the features of missing–homicide, missing–suicide and some aspects of missing–accident cases, this study sought to provide the first reliable estimates of the number and proportion of fatalities by all causes of death, specifically: suicide, accident, homicide and natural causes. Using data obtained on 615 fatal disappearances via Freedom of Information returns from 22 English and Welsh police forces covering a two-year period, this article presents data on the relative probability of fatality by cause of death for adults and children and for males and females. Overall, fatal outcomes are, thankfully, rare, occurring once in every 358 missing incidents. Some 98% of fatalities involved adults; just over 80% involved males. The findings affirm suicide as the largest single cause of death accounting for three-quarters of female fatalities and four in every five male fatalities. Although homicide was the least probable cause of death among male missing persons, females faced a roughly similar chance of dying as a result of an accident or homicide. The research indicates that estimates of probability can be used to inform investigative decision-making and scenario development, offering important context to the overall likelihood of an individual facing a fatal outcome. Further research is needed to replicate these findings. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-27T06:33:03Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231182049
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Authors:Jesse SG Wozniak, Norman Conti, Patrick Doreian Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Although who chooses to become a police officer and why they do so is pivotal for understanding policing, few studies explore recruit motivations. We help to fill this research void through analysis of open-ended narratives penned by police recruits during the academy in a large rust belt city explaining why they want to become police officers, supplemented with qualitative follow-up interviews conducted with randomly selected participants. Of the existing studies on police recruit motivation, nearly all use fixed-response surveys of researcher-selected answers. Despite our respondents being completely free to use their own words, their motivations demonstrate a striking similarity to the findings of previous literature. These stated motivations of altruism and community concern also stand in stark contrast to the public behaviors of police. We suggest this consistency in stated motivations and disconnect with public behavior evinces a publicly oriented vocabulary of motive in which police recruits are attempting to voice the “appropriate” reasons for joining the force. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-26T07:47:02Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231182055
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Authors:Zachary Towns, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Kevin Cyr Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. As Canadian police services rely on their emergency response teams (ERT) to respond to different calls for service, their reliance also requires police services to possess the equipment necessary to support their ERT. Since 2004, an ongoing trend remains that police services procure tactical armoured vehicles (TAVs) for their ERTs. In the current article, we explore trends in the procurement of TAVs by Canadian police services comparatively, drawing on two distinct data sets. The first is a content analysis derived from news media and the second is the result of a survey of ERTs across Canadian police services. Our purpose is to explore different trends in the procurement of TAVs by police services, looking comparatively at secondary sources and primary data to better understand the composition of ERTs, the positioning of TAVs within tactical policing and shed light on whether some TAVs are procured more often than others. Discussion centres on the relationship between TAVs and ERT –the need versus desire for TAVs – as well as how policing needs are interpreted and impacted by calls to defund the police. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-23T06:40:12Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231182298
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Authors:Adeola Samuel Adebusuyi Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Burnout has been investigated among different categories of human service professionals and students. However, it has not been investigated among police cadets simultaneously combining university education and police training. Hence, this study investigated the causes of burnout among the Nigeria Police Academy (POLAC) cadets in Nigeria. Specifically, using Frone et al.’s integrative model of the work–family interface, I investigated the antecedent influence of work overload (academic and police), role conflict (academic and police) and emotional distress (academic and police) on burnout among cadets [Frone MR, Yardley JK and Markel KS (1997) Developing and testing an integrative model of the work–family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior 50(2): 145–167]. The study is cross-sectional, with a sample size of 300, and the data were analysed using regression path analysis. The result showed that academic and police work overload led directly to burnout. In addition, academic work overload led indirectly to burnout through academic role conflict and emotional distress, whereas police work overload led to burnout through police-emotional distress. Furthermore, academic-to-police role conflict led indirectly to burnout through academic-emotional distress. This study extends extant literature on the antecedents of burnout in police organizations. It also suggests important implications such as revising the curricula to make them more manageable for the cadets and the need to be stringent with the admission process into the academy. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-12T10:46:36Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231178509
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Authors:Noreen Tehrani Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. This article examines the psychological impact of working in a multi-agency team managing registered sexual and violent offenders. A review of the nature of the role and data collected from psychological surveillance identifies personal and work-related hazard and resilience factors. The study found that much of the variance in anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and secondary trauma could be predicted by the psychological surveillance survey's resilience and hazard measures; each mental health condition had a different set of predictors with some common features. The findings are a first step towards increasing the resilience of multi-agency offender management teams with suggestions for reducing hazards and improving individual and team resilience. These findings can help reduce the mental health problems experienced by offender managers working with registered sexual and violent offenders in prisons, probation and policing. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-12T10:44:46Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231176367
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Authors:Eric Halford Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Certain aspects of optimal forager theory (OFT), which is drawn from ecology, have shown positive results in predicting areas at risk of future domestic burglary offending. This led to police services developing analysis methods that embraced OFT to underpin their deployment of resources to prevent or reduce domestic burglary. There has been limited examination, using quantitative approaches, of how individual police services have implemented such crime reduction schemes. This study broadens this literature by qualitatively exploring OFT strategies within five police services. By interviewing participants involved in the programmes the study gathers views and perspectives of the implementations, identifying many positive by-products of the strategies. By contrast, factors affecting the implementation and application of the theoretical framework are also identified. Both good and bad are discussed in the context of their practical implications for police services globally looking to implement crime reduction plans that embrace OFT. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-06-06T04:43:20Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231178152
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Authors:Fay Sweeting, Terri Cole Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. Abuse of position for a sexual purpose (APSP) in police officers is a serious form of corruption that often re-victimises highly vulnerable people such as victims of domestic abuse and rape. It is thought to be underreported by victims because they fear disbelief and negative repercussions. As a consequence, such behaviour may go undetected for a long time. Using a content analysis of 10 completed APSP investigations conducted by an English police force, the research explored the characteristics and behaviour of both the police officers and victims involved. The results suggest that there may be differences in behaviours and victim selection within APSP perpetrators. Two perpetrator types are tentatively suggested: the shark and the fisherman. The shark is characterised by those who make rapid sexual contact with a specifically targeted highly vulnerable victim, often causing lasting harm. The fisherman uses a more tentative approach, casting a wide net to many potential victims (with similarities to grooming) but often failing to make sexual contact. The behaviour of both offending styles, and the implications for internal police investigations, is discussed. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-05-30T03:45:03Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231173509
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Authors:Dominic D Wells, Bryan K Robinson Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. As of 2018, thirty-one states granted collective bargaining rights to police officers that require local government management to recognize and collectively bargain in good faith with police unions. Although scholars have identified factors related to police fatalities, the influence of police unions has gone understudied. Research in other occupational areas shows that union strength is associated with fewer workplace injuries and fatalities. This research analyzes the influence of union strength and collective bargaining rights on police fatalities. Using state-level data from 1990 to 2018, a rare-event analysis of police fatalities indicates that states with strong public employee unions experience fewer accidental line-of-duty deaths of police officers. Further, this analysis shows that states which grant collective bargaining rights to police officers have fewer felonious line-of-duty deaths of police officers compared with those that do not grant police collective bargaining rights. This article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications and the role of collective bargaining in police safety. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-04-27T05:18:17Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231167678
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Authors:Michael Humann, Emily Alison, Laurence Alison, Frances Surmon-Böhr, Joshua Ratcliff, Paul Christiansen, Ricardo Tejeiro Abstract: International Journal of Police Science & Management, Ahead of Print. On average, more than 200 child sex offences were recorded by UK police every day in 2020, and investigations for offences including rape, online grooming and sexual assault against children in the United Kingdom (UK) increased by 57% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. The interview process is central to information gathering, but empirical research regarding the obtention of information through child sexual abuse (CSA) suspect interviewing is still limited. The current study analyses 45 hours of interviews with CSA suspects focusing on behaviours consistent (and inconsistent) with motivational interviewing (MI) using the Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques coding manual. In line with previous research demonstrating the efficacy of MI with terrorist suspects, this article focuses on the same four key interviewer skills identified in the therapeutic literature (reflective listening, summarising, rolling with resistance and developing discrepancies). It looks at their effects on information yield (information of intelligence value) and suspect engagement. Results revealed that the four MI-consistent behaviours increased information gain. Also, approaches antithetical to MI (including assumptive questioning, judgemental summaries, fighting resistance and accusatory challenges) had a significant negative impact on suspect engagement and, by extension, reduced yield – potentially by creating suspect reactance (where the individual is motivated to regain a freedom they feel is being threatened). Hence, MI approaches are efficacious for information-gathering efforts, and using an approach antithetical to the spirit of motivational interviewing (like pressuring, confronting and judging) with CSA suspects will always make things worse. Citation: International Journal of Police Science & Management PubDate: 2023-04-20T06:47:21Z DOI: 10.1177/14613557231167695
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