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Authors:Adam Lankford, Jason R. Silva Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Although several mass killings by incels have received much attention, the overall phenomenon of sexually frustrated offenders seems even larger. This study drew from a recently developed sexual frustration theory to closely examine public mass shooters in the United States from 1966 to 2021 (n = 178). Results showed that some sexually frustrated perpetrators just wanted sex, while others lusted after unavailable partners or had illegal urges that were difficult to satisfy. Quantitative analyses indicated that compared to other mass shooters, sexually frustrated perpetrators were more frequently young, male, unmarried, childless, and unemployed. They were also more likely to be misogynistic, sex offenders, and fame-seekers, and their attacks killed significantly more female victims. Concerted efforts to reduce toxic masculinity and provide better guidance to young men could help reduce this threat. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-08-04T11:51:22Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221106975
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Authors:Peter A. Hanink, Matthew Renner, Christopher J. Bates Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Studies of police shootings have typically focused upon demographic characteristics, police departmental characteristics, or more traditionally criminological characteristics such as crime rate. We use police shooting incidents to examine what role a less examined factor—proximity to a trauma center—has on whether the injured civilian dies or survives. We improve on previous work by estimating both distances and drive times along road networks. Findings from this study underscore the importance of prevention of police shootings, compared to after the fact responses, for reducing the numbers of homicides by police. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-08-03T07:00:11Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221116546
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Authors:William Terrill, Logan J. Somers Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Despite danger being an integral part of officer decision-making during potentially lethal encounters (see Graham v. Connor), the study of officers’ perceptions of danger is scarce. Using a survey of over 800 police officers located in a large metropolitan police department, this study assesses officers’ perceptions of danger in different types of armed citizen situations involving various levels of citizen resistance. It also identifies various contextual factors and officer characteristics in relation to danger. The findings are used to inform future research, departmental policy, officer training, and the “objective reasonableness” standard put in place by the Supreme Court. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-29T11:32:22Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221108329
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Authors:Christina Witt, Jonathan W. Hak, Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, Graham Abela Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. In 2020, a research study was conducted surveying homicide investigators and managers within the province of Alberta (Canada). This study provided investigator insight and knowledge of current issues impacting investigations, focusing on issues related to the law and prosecutions. Specifically, two key Supreme Court of Canada decisions were identified as having significant impact on homicide investigations. Limiting factors regarding the law and prosecutions included case law developments impacting privacy issues, warrant requirements, disclosure, and prosecution timelines, which continue to challenge homicide investigators. Recommendations are made to assist investigators and managers in navigating these legal changes. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-21T10:45:23Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221113512
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Authors:Jill T. Messing, Millan A. AbiNader Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print.
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Authors:Lorie A. Fridell, Christopher J. Marier Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. The contrast between many community members’ views about the extent to which force used by police is excessive and the criminal justice system’s determination of same suggests a “reasonableness divide.” Using survey data from 3,600 nationally representative adults, this study assessed one possible reason for this divide—that community members evaluate the reasonableness of deadly force using factors that are not considered in legal assessments. The results affirmed this divide—finding that community members’ evaluations of deadly force incidents are impacted by the race of the subject and by the precipitating event. Policy and research implications are presented. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-21T10:44:57Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221112601
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Authors:Jordan C. Pickering, David Klinger Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. How police officers exercise their unique power to use deadly force continues to be a topic of interest among academics and has recently become arguably the most visible public policy issue related to the criminal justice system in the United States. Academic interest in officers’ use of deadly force includes attention to how officers make the decision to discharge their firearms during encounters with citizens. Binder and Scharf posited that actions and decisions made by officers early in a high-risk police-citizen encounter can impact their decision to use deadly force at the conclusion of the encounter. This decision-making model, however, has been subject to very little empirical scrutiny in the decades since it was proposed (see Fridell & Binder; Scharf & Binder for notable exceptions). To bring their comprehensive framework back to the forefront and provide additional empirical assessment, the authors used the Binder and Scharf model as a framework to examine 82 officers’ decisions to shoot or hold fire in incidents that involved multiple officers who ultimately made different decisions regarding lethal force. Results from the qualitative analysis suggest that the presence and actions of other officers on scene can have a notable impact on officers’ decision-making during a high-risk police-citizen encounter. Furthermore, findings from this study extend the Binder-Scharf model by highlighting the role of conscious and unconscious decision-making and the impact of social roles on officers’ choices during an officer-involved shooting. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-19T01:45:31Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221111723
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Authors:Kelly Dunne, Cherra M. Mathis Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. The global pandemic has changed how frontline service providers respond to domestic violence (DV). Advocates see an increase in the severity and complexity of DV cases, with COVID-19 complicating decisions of DV survivors to seek help. Domestic Violence High Risk Teams (DVHRT) include police, probation and parole officers, prosecutors, medical professionals, and DV advocates uniquely poised to respond collaboratively to increased DV case numbers and escalating risk of lethality for DV survivors. Adapting intervention and advocacy to the online sphere carries challenges but also opportunities to help DV survivors and their communities find safety. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-18T05:17:11Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221112037
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Authors:Carson Swisher, Millan A. AbiNader Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. COVID-19 affected every aspect of our society, including homicide incidence, investigation, and prosecution. This case study examines the impact of COVID-19 on homicide investigation in one large metropolitan police department. Two homicide investigators were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. A thematic analytic approach was used to identify two overarching themes: fear and changes to investigative procedure. Detectives feared getting COVID-19 and possibly transmitting it to their loved ones, particularly in the early day of the pandemic when little was known about transmission. Homicide investigators faced several changes to how they conducted interviews, met with families, and sought warrants. While this case study only offers a glimpse into the challenges faced by law enforcement departments due to COVID-19, it is clear that homicide investigations were greatly affected and may continue to be so. More research is needed to unpack the relationship between COVID-19 and policies that were implemented in response to it. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-15T12:26:52Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221111165
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Authors:Gregg R. Murray, Kim Davies Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Most U.S. states issued stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) to limit the spread of COVID-19 in 2020. These orders required people to remain in their residences except when undertaking essential activities. While SAHOs are a powerful public health tool against infectious diseases, they can have significant social and economic consequences. Grounded in general strain and routine activities theories and using interrupted time series analyses, this study assesses the effects of SAHOs on homicide rates in 10 U.S. cities. Substantive results suggest SAHOs were associated with changes in homicide rates in theoretically identifiable ways. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-15T08:03:19Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221108875
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Authors:Millan A. AbiNader, Jill T. Messing, Jesenia Pizarro, Jacquelyn Campbell Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. COVID-19 transformed society, affecting how every sector conducted work. Researchers, law enforcement, and social service agencies had to adapt procedures to a virtual space—moving participant recruitment, warrant requests, and protection orders online. Researcher-practitioner partnerships also altered, halting in-person data collection and agencies having limited time to support guests, regardless of interest. While some COVID-19-related challenges will likely subside, the future of these partnerships seems to have permanently shifted. In this research note, we reflect on these shifts using an example of an intimate partner homicide study to discuss research adaptions to COVID-19 and the future of community-engaged homicide research. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-09T05:40:20Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221110814
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Authors:Jennifer K. Wesely, Susan Dewey Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Those who lose a loved one to homicide are considered crime victims, and accordingly may be eligible for state services and compensation. Yet institutionalized constructs about good/innocent and bad/guilty victims can trigger law enforcement agents’ presumptions of how deserving a homicide loss survivor is of resources, responsiveness and support. These attitudes can impact discretionary decision-making about assistance for survivors. Using qualitative in-depth interviews with Homicide Unit and Victim Services Unit personnel at one agency, this study explores these perceptions and their impacts on advocacy for homicide loss survivors. Ultimately, there are justice implications for this population. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-07T09:17:00Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221108327
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Authors:Ciara Boyd, Danielle Sutton, Myrna Dawson, Angelika Zecha, Julie Poon, Anna-Lee Straatman, Peter Jaffe Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Familicide is rare; however, the high victim counts in each incident and context surrounding these killings underscore the need for further research. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the circumstances surrounding familicide in Canada. Using univariate statistics, this study analyzed 26 incidents of familicide that occurred in Canada between 2010 and 2019. The results show that familicide is a gendered crime involving primarily male accused who often target female victims, have a history of domestic violence, and commit the killings using firearms. This research highlights the importance of developing risk assessment, risk management, and safety planning strategies to address warning signs and prevent future familicides. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-07T06:01:29Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221097626
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Authors:Monica Solinas-Saunders Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. The study compares incidents of intimate femicide-suicide (IFS) to incidents of intimate femicide without suicide (IFWS) that occurred in Italy between 2015 and 2019 and examines the influence of situational, sociocultural, and individual characteristics. Findings from the multivariate analysis show that incidents of IFS are more likely than incidents of IFWS to involve the use of firearms and the death of multiple victims. Furthermore, incidents of IFS are less likely than incidents of IFWS to involve previous instances of domestic violence and less likely to involve a perpetrator who was unemployed at the time of the incident. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-02T07:00:18Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221103783
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Authors:Emylle T. M. dos Santos, Conceição M. de Oliveira, Betise M. A. S. M. Furtado, Heitor V. V. da Costa, Cristine V. do Bonfim Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the time series of female homicides in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil. Microdata on lethal violent crimes from the Department of Social Defense from 2015 to 2020 was used. The homicide rates were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. The results showed an upward trend in homicide rates in the Sertão mesoregion and within the 20 to 39 age group in 2020. It is concluded that confinement and social distancing aggravated the violence against women, showing the need for intersectoral planning and measures to prevent and reduce female homicides. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-07-02T06:58:20Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221108872
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Authors:Jaclyn Schildkraut, Jillian J. Turanovic Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has brought much of U.S. society to a grinding halt, its impact on the occurrence of mass shootings is largely unknown. Using data from the Gun Violence Archive and an interrupted time-series design, we analyzed weekly counts of mass shootings in the U.S. from 2019 through 2021. Results show that total, private, and public mass shootings increased following the declaration of COVID-19 as a national emergency in March of 2020. We consider these findings in the context of their broader implications for prevention efforts as well as how they pave the way for future research. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-06-15T10:46:18Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221101605
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Authors:Hava Dayan Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Homicide crime scene staging (HCSS) involves purposefully altering the death scene to obstruct the criminal justice process by concealing the true nature of a crime. It is one of the most perplexing and intriguing homicidal behaviors and one of the least systematically studied, particularly in non-Western societies. As the first systematic study of HCSS in a non-Western society, this paper contributes to the ethnocultural understanding of HCSS by analyzing nation-based data regarding 56 HCSS events in Israel (excluding the West Bank and Gaza) during a 40-year period (1980–2019). Descriptive statistics demonstrate HCSS in Israel differs from that reported by studies in Western societies regarding weapon of choice and the death scene scenario offenders tend to stage. Comparative analysis of the two main ethnic groups in Israel, Jewish and Arab, demonstrates ethnic diversity in HCSS frequency, killing motive, victim characteristics, and victim–offender relations. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-05-02T11:01:59Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221082910
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Authors:Cassandra Jones, Kelly Bracewell, Andrew Clegg, Nicky Stanley, Khatidja Chantler Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Domestic Violence Fatality Reviews/Domestic Homicide Reviews (DVFRs/DHRs) are multi-agency reviews aimed at reducing domestic homicides. This study systematically reviews research that examines DVFR/DHR recommendations, impact of these recommendations and proposals for improving DVFR/DHR processes. A narrative synthesis was adopted due to the diversity of the 11 studies reviewed. Themes identified from recommendations included: training and awareness; service provision and coordination; and recommendations for children. Regarding DVFR/DHR processes, standardization, diverse teams, and additional resources were highlighted. There was little evidence of whether DVFR/DHR recommendations were implemented. Findings can strengthen DVFR/DHR operationalization and impacts. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-04-08T07:14:53Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221081788
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Authors:Samantha L.N. Tjaden, David A. Makin Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Prior research has associated Craigslist.com and Backpage.com as sources of victimization, which in part resulted in the closure of the erotic services of each respective website. However, research also claims the introduction of Craigslist was associated with a reduction in female homicide rates across 30 large cities. This research acts as a supplemental analysis to Cunningham et al. by analyzing if Backpage.com, considered to be Craigslist’s successor, has similar effects on female homicide rates. When including measures of interest in each respective website, we find that Backpage is associated with a decrease in homicide rates for women. The purpose of this study is to extend the study conducted by Cunningham et al. through supplemental analysis. To determine the effect of online clearinghouses on female homicide rates, interest measures in Backpage along with the female homicide rates from 120 single city metropolitan and micropolitan areas over 14 years (2004–2018) were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. The regression analyses show that there is a statistically significant relationship between interest in Backpage and homicide rates for women. We find that Backpage is associated with a decrease in homicide rates for women. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-04-06T10:09:11Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221078966
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Authors:Dae-Young Kim Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on gun violence in NYC and its interactive effects with neighborhood factors at the census tract level. Random effects negative binomial models are used to analyze monthly data from January 2017 to March 2021. There was a significant increase in gun violence during the pandemic. In addition, poverty, economic inequality, African Americans, Hispanics, residential mobility, and total population were significantly associated with increases in gun violence. However, there were no significant interaction effects between the pandemic and neighborhood characteristics. This study concludes with a discussion of study limitations and implications. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-03-11T06:20:33Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221077036
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Authors:Li Eriksson, Samara McPhedran, Paul Mazerolle, Richard Wortley Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. The study examined “gendered” and “general” factors associated with homicide using interviews with men convicted of murder or manslaughter in Australia. We compared men committing intimate partner femicide (IPF; n = 68) with men killing female non-intimate partners (MF; n = 44) and male non-intimate partners (MM; n = 135). They shared developmental and socio-economic characteristics. MM men reported extensive criminal histories and serious substance problems compared with IPF men. Many IPF men had perpetrated partner violence. Similarities existed across jealousy and marital role attitudes, though IPF men more likely condoned wife abuse and behaviorally controlled partners. Policies informed by complexity and diversity are important. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-03-09T09:59:36Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221079801
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Authors:Jaclyn Schildkraut, H. Jaymi Elsass, Mark C. Stafford, Jacob Sheingold Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. Mass public shootings have drawn considerable attention from the public, policymakers, and researchers, yet despite what is known about these events, assessments to date have failed to consider their timing as a function of the locations where they occur. Using data on 401 U.S. mass public shootings occurring between 1966 and 2020, we examine these events’ temporal patterns. The findings suggest that the occurrence of mass public shootings may not be as random as once assumed but instead mirror the routine activities of the perpetrators, their victims, and the shootings’ locations. Considerations for prevention and response policies also are offered. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-03-05T08:38:13Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679221083607
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Authors:Brett Bowman, Sherianne Kramer, Sulaiman Salau, Richard Matzopoulos Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. South Africa has amongst the highest rates of homicide in the world, yet little is known about the contexts that shape fatal violence. One frequently feared context is robbery. We examine 68,801 robberies reported between 2003 and 2014 to predict risk factors for cases resulting in victim death. Robbery-homicide is rare in South Africa and its risk factors differ from the country’s overall homicide profile. Significant correlates include day of the week, time of the day and the victim’s race. These findings demonstrate how context-sensitive understandings of violence are crucial to advancing research on homicide in low- and middle-income countries. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-01-31T11:25:18Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679211070230
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Authors:Jaclyn Schildkraut, Rebecca G. Cowan, Tessa M. Mosher Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print. The 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida reignited a discourse about safety and prevention that often follows such tragedies. Using a case study approach, we analyze the events leading up to the shooting (via official records from law enforcement and the shooting’s review commission) to identify missed opportunities for intervention, de-escalation, and ultimately prevention. The Path to Intended Violence model is employed to highlight the perpetrator’s escalating behaviors from grievance through the attack itself. The lessons learned then are utilized to offer recommendations for schools and communities seeking to prevent similar mass violence attacks. Citation: Homicide Studies PubDate: 2022-01-19T04:05:54Z DOI: 10.1177/10887679211062518
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First page: 324 Abstract: Homicide Studies, Ahead of Print.
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