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- Phytochemical Constituents, Nutritional and Antibacterial Potentials of
Selected Medicinal Plants (Allium sativum, Chromolaena odorata, and
Talinum triangulare)
Authors: Adebisi Musefiu Tiamiyu, Reuben Chukwuma Okocha, Olayemi A Okunlade, Isaac Olufemi Olatoye, Olufemi Bolarinwa Adedeji
Abstract: Alternate medicine practices using natural plant extract may be of great importance in combating public health challenges. Medicinal plants are the bases for the development of modern drugs; accepted to treat infectious diseases globally. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents, proximate composition, and antibacterial activity of Allium sativum (garlic), Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), and Talinum triangulare (Waterleaf) due to their reported medicinal properties. The phytochemical constituents and proximate composition were analysed using standard protocols. Agar diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the plants. All three plants included innumerable quantities of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, phenol, and cardiac glycoside. Proximate analysis indicated that the moisture (9.88%), fiber (4.57%), crude fat (2.89%), crude protein (3.67%), ash (3.78%), and carbohydrate (75.21%) present in Allium sativum; moisture (9.26%), fiber (15.28%), crude fat (3.56%), crude protein (18.86%), ash (11.76%), and carbohydrate (41.28%) present in Chromolaena odorata; moisture (10.37%), fiber (16.43%), crude fat (2.23%), crude protein (11.88%), ash (13.29%), and carbohydrate (45.80%) present in Talinum triangulare. The crude extract of Chromolaena odorata had the highest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5mm). These bioactive substances, such as phenol, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, augment the therapeutic characteristics of these plants, making them a common component of traditional remedies. They may serve as primes to drug discovery and be integrated into the health care delivery system. The investigations proved these plants' medicinal potential and further demonstrated Chromolaena odorata and Talinum triangulare's nutritional potential. They are good sources of income for individuals and bioprospecting.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.78700
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Antioxidant Activity of Tempeh Ethanolic Extract on Male Swiss Mouse Brain
Authors: Yohanes Dwiatmaka, Nunung Yuniarti, Endang Lukitaningsih, Subagus Wahyuono
Abstract: Tempeh is an Indonesian food made of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by fermentation using Rhizopus spp mold. Soybean has a high content of protein, fatty acids, vitamins, and isoflavone glycosides. Isoflavone glycosides are poorly absorbed in the human intestine. Fermentation hydrolyzes isoflavone glycosides into isoflavone aglycones which are easily absorbed. Soybean has three main isoflavones, they are genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. They are good antioxidants and have estrogen-like activity. This research studies the antioxidant activity of tempeh ethanolic extract by determining the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the brain tissue of male Swiss mice. All test substances were diluted in 0.5% CMC-Na solution and administered orally once daily for 12 days. The 0.5 mL of 15% ethanol solution (16.67 mL/kg BW) was administered 1 hour before the other substances. Tempeh ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg BW) as the main treatment. Donepezil-HCl (1 mg/kg BW) and genistein (2.55 mg/kg BW) were used as the positive control groups. The mouse brain SOD and GPx concentration were determined on the 13th day. Results showed a significant depletion of SOD and GPx concentration by ethanol administration. Compared to the control group, mice with tempeh ethanolic extract showed no significant change in the GPx concentration but a little decrease in SOD. The SOD in the group of tempeh ethanolic extract was significantly higher than in the group of donepezil-HCl and genistein. Briefly concluded that tempeh ethanolic extract has better antioxidant activity than donepezil-HCl and genistein.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.79125
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Skin histopathology of Diabetes Mellitus Rat's that Treated Edible nest
swiftlets (Aerodhramus fuciphagus) Ointment
Authors: Dita Ayulia Dwi Sandi, Yaumi Musfirah
Abstract: The edible nest swiftlets are suspected to contain sialic acid that can increase the process of cell growth that can reduce the formation of scar tissue and accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to determine the effect and the optimal dosage of edible nest swiftlets ointment on skin histopathology of diabetes mellitus rats that suffered a scratch wound. This study used 25 male white rats, divided into 5 groups, all groups were treated with betadine and the intervention of group 1 was vaseline only (control group), group 2, 3, and 4 were edible nest swiftlets (ENS) ointment with 10%, 20%, and 30% concentration and group 5 were the sanoskin as control positive. The rats were injured in the back area and given the treatment according to the group once a day for 14 days. Skin tissue was taken to make histopathologic preparations for observation on the 0th, 7th, and 14th days. The parameters observed included the number of macrophages, neo-capillarization, and fibroblasts. The result on the 14th day showed that the number of macrophages in the control group, sanoskin group, and ENS 10%, 20%, and 30% group was 3.8±5.019; 3.2±2.489; 1.84±2.387; 1.8±2.049 and 1.2±1.095. The result of neocapillilization were 1.28±1.673; 1.4±1.673; 2.8±1.778; 5.4±4.159; and 15±30.773. The conclusion showed there was a significant difference and there was the effect of edible nest swiftlets ointment on the number of macrophages, the number of neocapillilization, and the density of fibroblasts on the rats with diabetes mellitus that suffered a scratch wound.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.79392
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Bioassay Guided Fractionation of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) monitored
by Glucose Consumption Assay and Thin Layer Chromatography on Myoblast
Cells
Authors: Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, Ketut Shri Satya Wiwekananda, Aurelia Priscilla Regita Putri, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih, Mia Munawaroh Yuniyanti
Abstract: Ciplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) has been used by the community as an anti-diabetic drug. The antidiabetic effect is due to ingredients such as unsaturated fatty acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, steroids, triterpenoids, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. Part of the fruit of P. angulata contains many active substances of flavonoids with the proportion of fruit extract 300 μg/ml is 84%. Therefore the exploration for compounds responsible for antidiabetic activity in P. angulata needs to be done to ensure empirical evidence. The purpose of this study was to find the active fraction of P. angulata L. which has anti-hyperglycemic properties. This study used Myoblast cells as subjects and the Bioassay Guided Fractionation method for separating compound groups through three stages of the extraction, partitioning, and fractionation processes which were monitored using TLC and the Glucose Consumption Assay test. The results showed that the chloroform extract (CHCl3) was more active in lowering glucose levels compared to the methanol extract (MeOH) (4.86% vs -8.74%). MeOH insoluble extract was more active than MeOH soluble extract (5.14% vs -8.52). The fractionation results showed that Fraction I was the most active in lowering glucose levels compared to FII, III, and IV (26.47%; 13.18%; 0.15%; 13.76%). Therefore Fraction 1 which contains a class of flavonoid compounds is a potential candidate to be developed as an antidiabetic agent.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.79783
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Pandanus tectorius Leaves on Spatial
Memory Ability and GCMS Analysis of Potentially Therapeutic Compounds
Authors: Yohana Krisostoma Anduk Mbulang, Magi Melia Tanggu Rame, Cahyani Purnasari, Aloisius Masan Kopong
Abstract: Free radicals are known to damage the hippocampus and will decrease spatial memory. This condition will decrease cognitive function. This study focused on discovering the ability of the ethanolic extract of Pandanus tectorius leaves (EEPTL) to increase spatial memory and its active compounds using GC-MS. This study used twenty-five male mice (Mus musculus) divided into five groups. Three groups were given EEPTL orally using 100, 200, and 300mg/kg BW doses; one negative control (ethanol 10%) and one positive control (donepezil 0.65mg/kg BW). Each group was induced using ethanol 10% for three weeks (0.5mL/day) and tested for spatial memory using the Y-maze method. The result showed that EEPTL significantly increases mice's spatial memory ability (P<0.005). The most effective EEPTL dose is 300 mg/kg BW. GC-MS results showed that some active compounds in EEPTL are palmitic acid, stearic acid, coumarin, and 3-benzoyl-4-phenyl-ethyl linoleic. These results indicate that EEPTL increases spatial memory and contain several fatty acids, volatile oil, and phenols.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.79828
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Effect of Drying Method on Levels of Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonoid
Levels, and Total Phenol Levels in Ethanol Extract of Bawang Dayak
(Eleutherine americana) Leaves
Authors: Sri Wahdaningsih, Shoma Rizkifani, Eka Kartika Untari, William Rinaldi
Abstract: The drying process can affect the content of seconder metabolites such as flavonoids and phenols in plants. The content of flavonoids and phenols plays an important role in the antioxidant activity of a plant. This study aims to determine the effect of drying methods using sunlight and oven on antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and total phenols. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with vitamin C as a standard, total flavonoid levels using quercetin as a standard, and total phenol using gallic acid as a standard were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of antioxidant activity (IC50)by sun drying and oven respectively were 123 ppm and 152 ppm, total flavonoid content by sun drying and oven respectively were 22.5% and 20.698%, and total phenol content by sun drying and oven respectively amounted to 37.35% and 36.648%. The conclusion is that the sun-drying method has antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and total phenol levels which are greater than the oven-drying method.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.80085
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Antibacterial activity of cream, ointment, and emulgel of Ocimum basilicum
L. essential oil against Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Iramie Duma Kencana Irianto, Ismiyati Ismiyati, Enggar Witaningrum, Elly Nur Ayuningtyas, Meilana Maria Ulfah, Purwanto Purwanto
Abstract: Propionibacterium acnes is bacteria that is commonly found on healthy human skin. However, unbalanced hormonal conditions can lead to excessive growth of P. acnes, a bacteria causing acne. Previous research reported that Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil (BEO) has activity against P. acnes. Therefore, this study aims to make BEO into cream, ointment, and emulgel forms to determine its properties and antibacterial activity on those topical drug delivery systems. The preparations consisted of variations in BEO concentrations of 5%; 10%; and 15%. The three preparations were evaluated based on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH value, adhesion, and spreadability. The antibacterial activity test of the three preparations against P. acnes was carried out by the good diffusion method with the observation of the diameter of the inhibition zone (in mm). The produced cream, ointment, and cream had a typical BEO aroma, yellowish white color, and homogeneous. Based on organoleptic consistency, the texture of the thicker and longer adhesion was ointment > emulgel > cream, respectively. The pH value of the topical preparation was 5-6 and easily leveled. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes from the strongest was ointment > cream > emulgel, with a value of 14,30 + 0,30 mm; 10,54 + 0,01 mm; 3,90 + 0,04 mm, respectively.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.80909
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Eel Oil Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through
Inhibition of Oxidative Stress in Rats
Authors: Heru Sasongko, Renita Wahyu Nur Hidayati, Bayu Anggoro Saputro, Muhammad Fiqri Zulpadly Mahmud, Yeni Farida
Abstract: Health practitioners all over the world have studied liver injury caused by drug side effects. Excessive production of free radicals causes cell damage, which has implications for pathological conditions in both humans and animals. Omega-3 fatty acids are a component of fish that can work as hepatoprotective agents. Eel (Anguilla bicolor) is known to contain omega-3 including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of eel oil on rats via inhibiting oxidative stress. Methods: Acetaminophen-induced male Wistar rats were used as liver injury experimental models. Rats were divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (silymarin, 100 mg/kg), and two groups of eel oil dose (2000 mg/kg and 4000 mg/kg). The study was conducted for 14 days. The levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, albumin, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels of the liver organ were measured. The data were analyzed using statistics and analysis of variance. Results: The study showed that eel fish oil can reduce SGPT and total bilirubin levels of male Wistar rats induced by acetaminophen. Eel oil at a dose of 4000 mg/kg could significantly reduce SGPT and liver bilirubin levels in male Wistar rats (p<0.05). Eel oil is effective in reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion: Eel oil has hepatoprotective activity by inhibiting SGPT, total bilirubin, MDA, and increasing GSH levels in rats.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.81943
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Attenuates Hepatotoxicity Induced by Cigarette
Smoke in Rats
Authors: Lilis T., Saharnauli Janna verawaty Simorangkir, Okto P.E. Marpaung
Abstract: Researchers have connected the antioxidants in virgin coconut oil (VCO) to the growing health benefits; however, little is known about the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of VCO against oxidative stress and liver damage brought on by smoking cigarettes. The research examined the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of VCO against oxidative stress and liver damage. Male Wistar rats were split into 4 groups: Group 1 (the control group) was fed rat pellets; Group 2 (the control positive group) was fed the basic diet and exposed to cigarette smoke; Group 3 was fed the basic diet and 0,45 ml VCO; Group 4 was provided the basic diet and 0,9 ml VCO. Serum liver biomarker (SGPT and SGOT) assays were performed after 28 days of therapy. When compared to the control group, exposure to cigarette smoke caused a substantial increase in blood liver enzymes. Treatment with VCO significantly prevented an increase of SGPT and SGOT levels compared to control positive group P2. This study demonstrated that inhaling cigarette smoke damages the liver and established the hepatoprotective properties of VCO against cigarette smoke-induced liver damage via reducing oxidative stress.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.82659
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
- Physical Stability of Binahong Leaf Extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.)
Steenis) with Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
Gelling Agents
Authors: Siska Purnama Sari, Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
Abstract: Second-degree burns have the highest prevalence and often occur in the household environment. The healing process can be accelerated by traditional medicine. One of the many plants known to have wound-healing abilities is the Binahong plant (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis). The gel preparation is chosen because of the many benefits it can provide. The gelling agents used were Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose. The combination of these gelling agents was chosen because both agents are capable of producing gel preparations with good stability during storage. Therefore, the optimization was carried out to obtain the optimum formula that met the requirements. The observed responses were organoleptic, pH, spreadability, adhesion, viscosity, and homogeneity. The data obtained was optimized with the Simplex Lattice Design program in Design Expert software version 13.0.0. The results of the verification test were compared for their significance with the T-test with a 95% confidence level. The optimum gel stability of Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) was tested using one-way ANOVA and post hoc. The results showed that the optimum formula for Binahong leaf extract gel (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) was obtained with a composition ratio of 0.5% HPMC and 4.5% HEC. The verification results obtained valid values for pH response, viscosity, and spreadability according to SLD predictions. The optimum formula for Binahong leaf extract gel (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) was stable during the cycling test.
PubDate: 2023-04-11
DOI: 10.22146/mot.82983
Issue No: Vol. 28, No. 1 (2023)
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