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- Epidemiological Assessment of Water and Foodborne Outbreaks Reported in
the United States and Europe from 2015 to 2020
Abstract: One of the major public health problems followed by one of the leading causes of death worldwide is a water-and foodborne illness which is on the rise around the world for a variety of reasons. so it is important to study the causes of the spread of water- and foodborne diseases and ways to prevent and control them. This study aimed to analyze and determine common contributory factors in food safety incidents based on the data reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) from 2015 to 2020. According to this study, 105 cases of water- and foodborne illnesses in the United States were reported by the CDC, and 152 cases of water- and foodborne illnesses in Europe were reported by ECDC during the years 2015-2020. According to our review Salmonella spp, Cyclospora, E. coli spp, and Listeria monocytogenes were the most reported causative agents in the US, and Salmonella, Norovirus, Calicivirus, Campylobacter, B. cereus, and C. perfringens were the most reported causative agents in the EU. According to the results of this study, 6 major pathogens in the US, as well as 36 pathogens in the EU, have caused illness, hospitalization, and death in consumers. The CDC and ECDC analysis can provide insights into the most important pathogens and food sources which can help the authorities to control foodborne illnesses.
- The Determining Factors Environmental the Children of Activity Physical: A
Narrative Review
Abstract: The levels of physical activity (PA) is an important for the health of children and environmental factors play a vital role in shaping children's attitudes, behavior and physical-mental development. Hence the identification of the environmental factors that may contribute to children`s health is important. The relevant literature between 2015-2020 was reviewed, and the factors classified according to three principal environments of home, neighborhood and school. Findings highlight the need for more studies, especially into contextual factors and design-related characteristics of the environments. Increasing child`s PA opportunities including active play and commute vs. sedentary behavior (SB) in all of the three environments were suggested through: 1) proper presence and availability of PA supportive places (either indoors or outdoors), routes (sidewalks, cycling routes) and equipment, 2) consideration of practical threshold for walking/cycling time and distance to schools and neighborhood destinations, 3) provision of neighborhood with more traffic/social safety, 4) limitation of child`s sedentary time (ST), SB supportive devices number and accessibility, 5) emphasizing the importance of teachers, child care providers and family role (role modeling, support, attitude, rules, socioeconomic status (SES), perceptions, concerns, priorities and physical-mental health). Implementation of policies and measures targeted at enhancement of the environments PA supportive qualities simultaneous with promotion of knowledge of planners, designers, teachers, child care providers and families about children`s PA importance is needed.
- A Qualitative Analysis of Health Care Providers' Perceptions on Vitamin D
Supplementation Program
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the health burden associated with vitamin D deficiency is increasing globally. Vitamin D supplementation appears to be a feasible strategy for improving vitamin D status within populations. Little information is available on the perception and barriers to the widespread application of vitamin D supplements in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the perception of health care providers regarding the implementation of vitamin D supplementation program in the Iranian cities of Mashhad, Qom and Zahedan. This qualitative conventional content analysis study was conducted at 3 medical universities in Iran: Mashhad (MUMS), Qom (QUMS) and Zahedan (ZAUMS) University of Medical Sciences. These universities, are within regions with differing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and were selected based on the results of National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012 (NIMS-II study). Individual semi-structured in-depth interviews were performed with 103 participants (consisting of health professionals and health providers) to understand the perceptions of health professionals and health care providers’. The data were collected from December 2018 to July 2019. Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis based on the approach of Graneheim and Lundman's. There were three categories of barriers to distribution and use of individual supplements, and the funding to implement the program; there were ten subcategories. Supplement distribution were affected by three subcategories of inadequate distribution of the supplement, irregular distribution of the supplement, and insufficient space to store the supplements. Individual barriers to the use of supplement comprised five subcategories: forgetting to take them, lack of knowledge about their benefits, accessing a health care center providing them, negative advertising for supplement use, and not taking them because of cost. Funding to implement the program contained the two subcategories of financial limitation in urban and rural area and financial limitation for all target groups. The findings showed that health care providers reported a variety of barriers to supplement use. Applying a multiple strategy requires: training, conducting advertising campaigns, financial support, sufficient and regular distribution of the supplement and perhaps the use of alternative methods of supplement delivery, such as food fortification can be helpful.
- Introducing A Novel Chitosan-Gum Arabic Polymer for Food Packaging
Abstract: Introduction: Safety and quality control of foods have attracted significant global attentions. Intelligent and active packaging materials are emerging areas of food technology, which is attracting a lot of attention in the food industry. The present study with the aims of incorporating Rosa damascena extract (RDE) into the chitosan-gum Arabic (CH-GA) through the casting method and investigating its antimicrobial property as potential application in the food packaging were conducted. Methods: Preparation of films based on CH-GA containing RDE was conducted via casting method. The antimicrobial activity of the designated films was investigated by the disk diffusion assay. The morphology of the fabricated films was determined under the field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results: The prepared films had antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus ranging from 5.50 mm to 9.33 mm inhibition zone diameter. The film containing the RDE has a rough surface and the pure film exhibited a smooth, dense surface, a uniform structure, and no cracks. Conclusion: This result showed that the CH-GA film containing RDE can be used as an active packaging material in the food industry for enhancing the freshness of the protein-rich foods.
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Open Access journal
