Authors:Rajendra Prasad Koirala, Sunil Pradhan, Shesh Kanta Aryal Pages: 49 - 53 Abstract: Ultrasonography (USG) is a major modality to determine the dimension of internal body parts and foreign materials that enters into the tissue. This modality can measure the accurate value of the size of organs because it has no magnification property. This measurement based on the sound pulse to travel to the object and the echo to return back. In the present study, the ultrasonographic kidney length is determined in individuals without known renal disease. The experiment is done 504 patients (214 males and 290 females) who came to Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) from May 2001 to August 2001. The average kidney size of Nepalese people was found (9.48 0.96) cm. The kidney length was found maximum in the age range around 40 years and observed approximately not changing significantly up to the age of 60 and decreasing from the age range 60 years. Moreover, average kidney size of male is found to be greater than the female of same age group.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 49-53 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17336 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:Ram P. Regmi, Sangeeta Maharjan Pages: 54 - 59 Abstract: Wind power potential prevailing over the world’s deepest river gorge, the Kali Gandaki River Valley, located in the western trans-Himalaya region of Nepal, has been assessed and mapped at 1 km × 1 km horizontal grid resolution with the application of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. The wind power potential maps cover 70 km × 70 km area, which encloses the very first and failed wind power project in the country and the Jomsom Airport at the center. The simulated wind characteristics compare well with the available observed wind characteristic. The wind power potential appears to vary from good to outstanding over 200 km2 area along the axis of Kali Gandaki River Valley. However, a detail long-term observation, numerical simulation as well as engineering examinations are desired to address abnormal valley wind characteristics for sustainable power production over the area.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page : 54-59 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17337 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:Prakash Sharma, Gopi Chandra Kaphle Pages: 60 - 66 Abstract: Heusler alloys have been of great interest because of their application in the field of modern technological applications. Electronic and magnetic properties of Co, Mn, Si and the Heusler alloy Co2MnSi have been studied using Density functional theory based Tight Binding Linear Muffin Tin Orbital with Atomic Sphere Approximation (TB-LMTO-ASA) approach. From the calculation lattice parameter of optimized structure of Co, Mn, Si and Co2MnSi are found to be 2.52Å, 3.49Å, 5.50Å, 5.53Å respectively. Band structure calculations show that Co and Mn are metallic, Si as semi-conducting while the Heusler alloy Co2MnSi as half-metallic in nature with band gap 0.29eV. The charge density plot indicates major bonds in Co2MnSi are ionic in nature. Magnetic property has been studied using the density of states (DOS), indicating that Co and Co2MnSi are magnetic with magnetic moments 2.85μB and 4.91μB respectively. The contribution of orbital in band structure, DOS and magnetic moments are due to d-orbital of Co and Mn and little from s and p-orbital of Si in Co2MnSi alloy.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 60-66 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17338 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:Arjun Kumar Gautam, Binil Aryal Pages: 67 - 77 Abstract: We have studied about the evolution of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars, mass losses from them and a systematic search of AGB stars in J2000 coordinate system provided by K. W. Shu & Y. J. Kwon (2011) of dust structure in the far infrared range (100 μm and 60 μm). For dust structure IRAS survey was performed using Sky View virtual Observatory. The FITS images downloaded from sky view was processed using software Aladin v 2.5. A cavity like structure (major diameter∼1.93 pc & minor diameter∼ 0.89 pc) lies in the coordinate of R. A. (J2000) 04h 15m 03s and DEC (J2000) 54d 41m 00s was found at the distance∼ 240 pc. We studied the flux density variation and the temperature variation about major diameter, minor diameter and the distance between minimum temperature and minimum flux within the structure. We observed the variation of the temperature is 20.53 K to 21.09 K, with the offset of about 0.56 K, which show the cavity is independently evolved. The mass profile of each pixel of the structure was also calculated using this temperature.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 67-77 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17339 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:Kishori Yadav, Jeevan Jyoti Nakarmi, Sanam Maharjan Pages: 78 - 87 Abstract: In the present study, we have investigated scattering of an electron by hydrogen atoms in the presence of the Circularly Polarized (CP) laser field. We have discussed the polarization effect of laser field on hydrogen atom and effect of the resulted polarized potential on differential scattering cross section is studied. We assumed the scattered electrons having kinetic energy 100 eV because it permitted to treat the scattering process in first order Born Approximation. The scattering electron was described by Volkov wave function. We found the differential scattering cross section decreases with the increase in scattering angle, for a fixed value of a laser parameters and kinetic energy of an incident electron. From this study we found that, the differential scattering cross section for the electric field perpendicular to the direction of momentum transfer depends on the elastic scattering amplitude. Finally, we concluded that the differential scattering cross section greatly depends upon the polarization of the laser field.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 78-87 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17340 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:Num Prasad Acharya, Tika Ram Lamichhane, Bidyapati Jha Pages: 88 - 92 Abstract: It is essential to know the standard dose rate, output of Co-60 source in the radiation treatment periodically. It is because the over dosage may cause radiation hazards where as under dosage may lead to unsatisfactory treatment of cancer. Present study focused on the radiation standards and dosimetry for the assurance of the quality and verify that the output of the ionizing radiation emitting medical instruments such as Teletherapy Unit (TTU) which should be within ±2% of the stated one. Present study was done as a part of the regularity of quality assurance (QA) of telecobalt radiotherapy unit that includes the dosimetric measurements of Co-60 TTU at Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital (BCH), Bhaktapur per each month from 29 March 2012 to 29 December 2014. The radionuclide source is Co-60 which has been incorporated in TTU, BCH for the purpose of therapeutic treatment of cancer. The Co-60 source decays continuously to Ni-60 (half-life of 5.27 years) with the decrease in its activity and hence the output dose rate. The calculations of actual dose rate of Co-60 TTU were done by the source to surface distance (SSD) technique. It has been concluded that there is a quality assurance management in Co-60 TTU, BCH with the consistency in the average output dose rate obtained by the actual dosimetry values and the expected output values obtained by decay method. The values obtained by actual dosimetry are within ±2% of the expected values so that the deviation of the actual output dose rate from the expected output data lies within the permissible limit as prescribed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (ICRUM). In conclusion, our study shows a trend towards uniform and better dose delivery from Co-60 TTU, BCH, NepalJournal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 88-92 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17341 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:Surendra Shrestha Pages: 96 - 96 Abstract: In the recent days, Visible Light Communication (VLC), a novel technology that enables standard Light-Emitting-Diodes (LEDs) to transmit data, is gaining significant attention. However, to date, there is very little research on its deployment. The enormous and growing user demand for wireless data is placing huge pressure on existing Wi-Fi technology, which uses the radio and microwave frequency spectrum. Also the radio and microwave frequency spectrum is heavily used and overcrowded. On the other hand, visible light spectrum has huge, unused and unregulated capacity for communications (about 10,000 times greater bandwidth compared to radio spectrum). Li-Fi, the wireless technology based on VLC, is successfully tested with very high speed in lab and also implemented commercially. In the near future, this technology could enable devices containing LEDs, such as car lights, city lights, screens and home appliances, to form their own networks for high speed, secure communication. In this paper the performance analysis of Hadamard Coded Modulation (HCM) for Visible Light Communication (VLC) is carried out. Its performance is compared with that of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Also wide overview of need of VLC, applications of VLC and design challenges for VLC are observed. The potential application areas of VLC that are identified include smart lighting of buildings, vehicular communication, defense & security, indoor positioning, road safety, hospitals & healthcare, aviation etc. Aside from the high bandwidth availability of VLC, it has the advantages of very high speed, enhanced security of local networks, less susceptible to interference, less expensive due to co-existence with illumination devices and obviously no fear of health hazards due to radiation.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 93-96 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17342 Issue No:Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)
Authors:D. K. Chaudhari, B. R. Ghimire First page: 42 Abstract: Twenty first century is the age of Information Technology and we always look for faster information transport and processing capabilities. Data can be moved by transistors and optical fibers. Transistors carry small amount of data and are small in size while optical fibers can carry huge amount of data but are much bigger in size. Metal nanostructures may possess right combination of electric and optical properties to tackle the issues outlined above and realized the dream of significantly faster processing speeds. In this work, dispersion relation in Plasmon modes in linear chain and alternated chain of nanoparticles like silver-gold, silver-copper and gold-copper were studied. Expressions of angular frequency of Plasmon modes, group-velocity and extinction-coefficient were derived by solving equation of motion of Plasmon oscillation on the single kind of nanoparticle and that on different alternated chain of nanoparticles. Expressions of angular frequency of Plasmon modes, group velocity and extinction coefficient were tested for specific linear chain of nanoparticles. Extinction coefficients for the linear chain of Copper, gold and silver nanoparticles were found to be less and group velocities higher than that of alternated silver-gold and alternated gold-copper at their respective resonance frequencies.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 42-48 PubDate: 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.3126/jnphyssoc.v4i1.17335
Authors:Niranjan Devkota, Ram Kumar Phuyal Pages: 1 - 22 Abstract: This study examines the climatic impact on wheat production in Terai of Nepal. This paper employs a Ricardian cross-sectional approach to estimates the relationship between wheat production and net revenue associated with wheat production in the plain area of Nepal (i.e. Terai) with different temperatures (average, maximum and minimum), precipitation and other traditional inputs like population density, seed, fertilizer, human labour, bullock labour and tractor. By using district level secondary data of 25 years, this study finds significant positive impact of the average and maximum temperature and significant negative impact of the minimum temperature on net revenue and wheat yield of the Terai region. Similarly, precipitation has mixed impacts. With the maximum temperature, increase in precipitation reduces net revenue and wheat yield whereas with average and minimum temperature, precipitation increases wheat yields as well as revenue. Other traditional inputs like population density, seed, manure, human labour and tractor used are positively associated with climatic change and increase net revenue as well as wheat yield whereas fertilizer and bullock used are negatively associated with climatic change and reduce net revenue and wheat yield.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS), Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 1-22 PubDate: 2016-08-11 DOI: 10.3126/jodas.v23i1-2.15445 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1-2 (2016)
Authors:Uma Shankar Prasad Pages: 23 - 32 Abstract: Nepal has a very long historical, political, cultural and economic cooperation with China. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), China is the country having the world's largest economy in 2014 for purchasing power parity with 17.632 trillion US dollar and second largest economy for nominal GDP. Being one of the rising Asian powers, China wants to achieve the status of global power. In this perspective, it is needed for China to win the trust of neighboring countries. China has already announced that it will pay more attention and reinforce its cooperation with its neighbors. Being a China's good neighbor, Nepal naturally wants to see China as a global power in coming years. This article analyzes some facets of Nepal's long economic relation with China. The paper concludes that although the political and economic relation between Nepal and China has very long history, the relation has not been able to enhance various economic indicators like trade, investment, tourism etc. and therefore it is needed to focus on economic endeavors between these two countries in coming days.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS) Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 23-32 PubDate: 2016-08-11 DOI: 10.3126/jodas.v23i1-2.15446 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1-2 (2016)
Authors:Iswor Bajracharya, Nawraj Bhattarai Pages: 33 - 54 Abstract: A significant portion of the total electricity is consumed in the residential sector of Nepal, mainly for lighting purpose. In this study, a model has been developed using the concept of system dynamics to analyze the dynamics of the changes in the urban residential lighting electricity demand up to the year 2030. A system dynamics modeling tool, Venism, has been used for this purpose. This study is useful for the utilities of companies for the power capacity expansion planning. Altogether three different scenarios have been developed. They are Reference Scenario (Ref), LED Lamp (LL) Scenario and Incandescent Lamp Remove (ILR) Scenario. The study has shown that lighting electricity consumption has already been in the decreasing trend due to the increasing use of Clear Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and will be the minimum somewhere in the year between 2021 and 2022. Only a small portion of the total electricity will be consumed for lighting the household in the urban residential sector of Nepal in the coming decade. Therefore, government should focus the urban energy efficiency program for other uses of electricity such as cooking, water heating and water pumping etc. so that a significant amount of electricity can be saved in the urban households of Nepal. This study has also shown that there is no difference between the use of CFL and LED lamps from the energy saving point of view. Therefore, like the case of incandescent lamp and CFL, there is no need to encourage the people to buy LED lamp instead of CFL.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS)Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 33-54 PubDate: 2016-08-11 DOI: 10.3126/jodas.v23i1-2.15447 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1-2 (2016)
Authors:Prem Sagar Chapagain Pages: 69 - 83 Abstract: Langtang is one of the three major trekking destinations in Nepal. Tourism development in Langtang was started since after the establishment of Langtang National Park in 1976. Langtang is the nearest mountain trekking route from Kathmandu. About 12000 tourists visit annually in Langtang Valley. The Langtang valley from Syabrubesi to Kyanjing has rich physical, biological and cultural diversity which has been the center of tourism activities in Langtang region. This paper aims to trace out the tourism development trend and energy consumption pattern by hotels and lodges of the region. There are three major tourist destinations i.e. Lamahotel, Langtang, and Kyanjing in the Langtang valley where there are 49 hotels altogether. Initially, by 2000, hotels were concentrated at Lamahotel, then to Langtang village and finally to Kyanjing. Many tourist hubs in mountain including the Langtang valley use firewood as a major source of energy. The per bed/day firewood consumption is slightly varied in different altitude in the valley. The amount of firewood consumption decreases with increasing altitude and the distance from the source of firewood collection places. The annual firewood consumption is the highest in Lama hotel that is 457 kilogram/bed followed by Langtang with 460 kilogram and Kyanjing (400kg). It is important that the Bhattis consume more firewood. Hotels with less than 20 beds consume more firewood compared to big hotels suggests firewood energy threshold in the mountain tourism hub. LP gas and cow dung cake are other energy sources. The big hotels having more than 20 beds use more LG gas compared to smaller hotels.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS)Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 69-83 PubDate: 2016-08-11 DOI: 10.3126/jodas.v23i1-2.15449 Issue No:Vol. 23, No. 1-2 (2016)
Authors:Basanti Roshan Pradhan Shrestha Pages: 19 - 24 Abstract: This study is conducted on determinants of fertility among women of reproductive age in Nepal. The study takes into account some demographic, socio-cultural, economic and spatial variables. Fertility trends are estimated from the date obtained in the 1996, 2001, and 2006 NDHS with information gathered in the 2011 NDHS. Fertility declined from 4.6 births per woman in the 1996 NFHS to 2.6 births per woman in the 2011 NDHS—a drop of two births per woman in the past 15 years. The decline in fertility is most pronounced in the five years between 2001 and 2006 (a one-child decline). Fertility has declined in every age group over the past 15 years, with largest decline seen among women 25-34 years. But over t PubDate: 2016-08-11 DOI: 10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15433 Issue No:Vol. 2 (2016)
Abstract: A parallel port is an inexpensive and powerful tool for controlling the real world peripherals. It provides eight Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) outputs, fives inputs and four bidirectional input and output for Personal Computer (PC) interruption. By using the structure oriented programming language they are fused in circuit boards, microcontrollers etc. to carry out specified functions. The reason is the elegance and simplicity of the code used in visual basic.Journal of Nepal Physical Society Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 97-100
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