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Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals have established universally agreed objectives among which are zero hunger (Goal-2), gender equality and women empowerment (Goal-5) to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030 (United Nations Development Program, 2015). The integration of women empowerment in the SDGs has become the focus on the contemporary discourse of development, with indication that women empowerment is one of the main components in achieving all the other 17 SDGs (Yila & Sylla, 2019). Within the context of household food security, women characterize an essential human resource. This indispensable factor is imperative when viewed within the domain of the feminization of food crop production ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Food insecurity is one of the major concerns in low-income countries (Islam, Maitra, Pakrashi & Smyth 2016). Access to a quality diet is a necessary but not sufficient condition for good health (von Braun, Bouis, Kumar & Pandya-Lorch 1992). Food insecurity is not only a consequence of food scarcity, but also of institutional failures that lead to suboptimal distribution of food products (Sen 1981). As a result, both supply and demand factors can explain food insecurity status of the population (Sen 1981; Feleke, Kilmer & Gladwin 2005). Despite the conception of Sen (1981) - emphasizing that food insecurity is much more of a problem of demand than of supply - a lot of controversies, including the relative importance ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Nigeria, African biggest economy and an oil rich nation, which accounts for about half of West Africa's population with approximately 202 million people (World Bank 2019) is one of the world's poorest countries. Using the 2016/2017 survey data for multidimensional poverty index (MPI), the estimations shows that 51.4 percent of the population in Nigeria are multidimensionally poor while a further 16.8 percent were classified as being vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (United Nations Development Programme–UNDP 2019). Poverty remains a critical challenge as the poverty rate in over half of Nigeria`s 36 states exceed the national average of 69% (African Development Bank – AfDB 2020). The per capita income of the ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: There is clear evidence to suggest that in countries with low levels of economic development, girls are less likely to be enrolled in school compared to boys. Several factors such as economic opportunities, government policies, cultural and religious characteristics, low initial conditions in girl-child education, etc. have been attributed to this disparity (Grigoli and Sbrana, 2013; Novella, 2019). Indeed, while since the turn of the century, progress has been made regarding girl-child education in developing countries, several hurdles such as political instability, conflict and civil wars remain (Amin and Ntembe, 2021). Of particular interest to this study is the impact of sexual violence on girl-child education ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Understanding the relationship between a country's macroeconomic condition and stock market movement is crucial since stock indices' change is likely to respond to macroeconomic fundamentals shifts (Khan & Zaman 2012). The relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock returns based on the US stock market is first drawn by Ross (1976) through proposing Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). After that, many studies based on the APT endeavor to find a link between the same. For instance, Jaffe and Mandelker (1976), Fama and Schwert (1977), Fama (1981) confirm that stock returns are significantly associated with macroeconomic factors in the US market. Following them, the studies such as Chen (1991), Clare and Thomas ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The debt crisis in the 1980s enabled economists and policy makers to better understand the impact of capital flight on the economies of developing countries. African countries face the problem of capital flight. Several reasons justify studies on capital flight from sub-Saharan Africa (Ndikumana and Boyce, 2008). Capital flight reinforces the scarcity of financial resources that penalizes domestic investment and other productive activities. Collier et al. (2004) showed that the scarcity of financial resources is more acute in Africa compared with other regions of the world. They estimate that, in Africa, capital flight leads to a loss of 16% in the GDP per capita and this negatively affects human capital. Capital ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Maize has been one of the most important agricultural crops for centuries (FAO, 2009). More than 1.2 billion people in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America rely on maize as a staple food. In developing countries, especially those in Africa, many smallholder farmers depend on maize as a subsistence and cash crop. In Kenya, maize is estimated to contribute to 20% of total agricultural production and 25% of agricultural employment (Muasya, 2001). The introduction of hybrid crop varieties is one of the most significant technology breakthroughs in developing countries' agricultural sectors (Schroeder, 2013). Although local seeds can be improved by purposely selecting the better ones, pollination is very hard to control. ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: In his seminal 1954 paper, for which he was awarded the 1979 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Sir Arthur Lewis (1938) wrote that for developing economies, the key to capital accumulation was to increase savings and investment from 12% to 13% and government expenditure growth from 5% to 7%. The basis for this strategy stemmed from Lewis' experience in Caribbean labor markets, in which colonial powers had formulated economic policies generally along mercantilist principles, and from his work at the Fabian Society at the London School of Economics. During this period, development policy focused on capital accumulation; in neoclassical growth models, this "[was] broadened to include education, experience, and ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Bangladesh is a small, open economy. It is exposed to both domestic and foreign shocks. Hence, any general shock to the global economy (e.g. an oil price shock) is expected to be transmitted to the Bangladesh economy through trade and financial channels. Currently, Bangladesh's major trading partners are the United States, the Eurozone, China, India and the Gulf countries. Any shocks to these economies, individually or collectively, can affect the Bangladesh economy through trade and financial channels. However, it is uncertain that a positive or negative shock to the global economy or any major national economy would have any predictable impact on the Bangladesh economy. There are both positive and negative ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Female entrepreneurship can positively impact employment, innovation and welfare, (Acs, Desai and Hessels, 2008; Baumol, 2002; Audretsch, Thurik, Verheul and Wennekers, 2002; Acs and Audretsch, 1988). While the gap between male and female entrepreneurship has narrowed and female entrepreneurship is encouraged more than before, as stated in the Harvard Business Review, the rate of women's entrepreneurship still lags behind men's. As we can see in Figure 1, in some regions of the world like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), this gap is striking, (VanderBrug, 2018).MALE AND FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACROSS REGIONSFactors that affect female entrepreneurship can range from motherhood, health, family position, and ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Lack of aspirations and their impact on gender disparity is now an established theory. In developing countries like India, this lack of aspiration translates to a high proportion of girls getting married between the ages of sixteen to twenty and dropping out of higher education. They view marriage as the ultimate goal for women and only 6.32 percent of the married women enter the workforce eventually (NSSO 68th Round). Where the constraint is on the demand side, simply easing supply side limitations by increasing number of schools, teachers and school infrastructure or even offering maternity leave from work are not enough. Policies designed to improve the demand for education among girls and also help them dream ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Since June 2014, the international oil price has been falling (see Figure 1). If for some countries, the decrease represents tremendous benefits, for others, namely the oil-producing countries, it is a huge loss which is susceptible to cause budget deficit. In fact, many oil-producing countries plan their budget based on the oil revenue which represents a substantial part of their income. This is particularly important for African countries such as Nigeria that are more dependent on income from oil and which, given their state of underdevelopment, do not have sufficient resources from other sectors, such as services or technology, to compensate for the loss induced by the price drop.OIL PRICE (ANNUAL CUSHING, OK ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Despite the outstanding changes experienced in MENA region in the last ten years, there are still issues of operational stability of banks in the region. Most bank capital are controlled by government officials and political parties who are characterised by high level of corruption. Hence, for banks to survive, they involve in corruption to avert inefficient rules and abide less by capital regulations as political power and bribery can be used to avoid such rules. Corruption has led banks to increase their risk-taking behavior as against the regulation set. Notwithstanding, banks operating in developed countries that are characterised with higher political stability, higher economic freedom, higher financial ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Among the dominant sources for improving agricultural output; agricultural input use, climate conditions, and other location-specific constituents; technologies of farms and best agronomic practices are determinants. As acknowledged by Antwi David (2020), the classical definition of productivity is a measure of how efficiently inputs are combined to produce maximum outputs. However, productivity growth is sub-optimal in Africa compared with performances in Asia, America, and Europe. Thus, agricultural productivity growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains slowly moving up, albeit some studies had predicted some degree of recovery in productivity growth after the mid-eighties (Pisulewski, 2019). Though the ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The role of financial flows in the development process cannot be overemphasized because growth models were developed around the assumption of adequate and frequent flow of resources (Barro & Sala-i-Martin, 1995) and accumulated savings. Economies grow faster when resources are sourced locally at lower cost. However, the fragile and weak financial system in most developing countries make domestic resource constraints operative, and as such, the only alternative is to source capital abroad (Gnangnon, 2018).The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have adopted programs to attract international flows for development purposes as a solution to dwindling finance. Globalisation exposes developing economies to ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: According to the theory of compensating wage differentials (CWD), workers should receive wage premiums for both job-related risks and other types of job disamenities (Rosen 1986). The literature mostly supports the theory of CWD. However, several studies find a negative or inconclusive relationship between wages and workplace risk (Hersch 1998, Black and Kniesner 2003). The mixed empirical evidence on the link between workplace risks and wages are due to several types of measurement error in risk data1. Ideally, employers are required to pay wage premium to workers for them to accept jobs with the risk of workplace-related fatal and non-fatal injuries. But workers may not be fully compensated for workplace injuries ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: This study is motivated by the need for sustainability reporting as it enhances the quality of financial reporting by meeting the needs of diverse users of corporate information organizations. This has become a major challenge across the globe because of the difficulty involved in meeting today's needs without compromising the future needs. Balancing profit motive with sustainable development motive is a herculean task for companies around the world. The interconnectivity and interdependence of economies in the globe has placed the responsibility on companies to follow sustainable path in the design and implementation of their policies and strategies (Mudiyanselage & Swanarpali, 2018). Also, the world has become a ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The notion that the real exchange rates of oil-exporting countries adjust to changes in the real oil price in the world market has attracted a number of empirical researches. Many studies have established empirical evidence on the long-run relationship between the real exchange rate and the real price of oil (Turhan et al., 2014; Douvin 2014; Algieri 2013; Bodart et al., 2012; Coudert et al., 2011; Jahan-Parvar and Mohammadi 2011; Korhonen and Juurikkla 2009). However, these studies have in their analysis assumed the relationship to be linear with symmetric adjustment by using traditional residual-based Engle and Granger (1987) and VAR-based Johansen (1988) cointegration tests. They have failed to account for any ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: The number of farm suicides in India is alarming. While the official data on farm suicides released by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) shows a rising trend till 2015, the figure went slightly down from 12,590 in 2015 to 10,338 in 2018. Any increase in the farm suicide cases in India is worrisome because of majority of population's dependence on agriculture. The report also mentions about the various reasons for farmers committing suicide with bankruptcy being a major cause of suicide among farmers. Moreover, the share of bankruptcy in farm suicides (22.8 percent) is significantly higher than its share in all suicides (1.8 percent). A more recent data on farmer suicides in the year 2018 reveals that the maximum ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Food insecurity remains a fact, challenge, health, and policy issue in the global community but most especially in the sub-Saran African region and the South-Eastern and Western Asia respectively. Food security according to FAO (1996) is defined as a state or condition of having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary need and food preferences for an active and healthy life, always. Achieving food security and improving nutrition was identified and prioritized by the United Nations, governments, and development partners as the second and a key goal that should be achieved by the year 2030. It can be inferred from the position number two of this goal that ... Read More PubDate: 2021-11-23T00:00:00-05:00
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