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Authors:Junghwa Choi, Scott Robinson Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. A long research tradition has argued that representative public servants regularly advocate for the interests of clients like themselves—whether similarity is based on race, ethnicity, or gender. This article broadens the representative bureaucracy literature to explore a different basis for advocacy (marriage-based immigrant status) using unique qualitative data. To explore the experience of representation from the perspective of public servants, we conducted semi-structured interviews with marriage-based immigrant public servants in South Korea in 2017. Our results indicate that while marriage-based immigrant public servants actively attempt to address the needs of the marriage-based immigrant population, advocacy is often a learned behavior rather than the reason public servants sought their positions. It is also observed that their efforts to represent the marriage-based immigrant population are heavily limited by institutional factors of South Korea such as insecure job status and the lack of a critical mass of marriage-based immigrant public servants. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-09-14T11:13:46Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231201674
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Authors:Tzuhao Chen, Mila Gascó-Hernandez, Marc Esteve Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Although the use of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in public organizations has increased in recent years, three crucial gaps remain unresolved. First, little empirical evidence has been produced to examine the deployment of chatbots in government contexts. Second, existing research does not distinguish clearly between the drivers of adoption and the determinants of success and, therefore, between the stages of adoption and implementation. Third, most current research does not use a multidimensional perspective to understand the adoption and implementation of AI in government organizations. Our study addresses these gaps by exploring the following question: what determinants facilitate or impede the adoption and implementation of chatbots in the public sector' We answer this question by analyzing 22 state agencies across the U.S.A. that use chatbots. Our analysis identifies ease of use and relative advantage of chatbots, leadership and innovative culture, external shock, and individual past experiences as the main drivers of the decisions to adopt chatbots. Further, it shows that different types of determinants (such as knowledge-base creation and maintenance, technology skills and system crashes, human and financial resources, cross-agency interaction and communication, confidentiality and safety rules and regulations, and citizens’ expectations, and the COVID-19 crisis) impact differently the adoption and implementation processes and, therefore, determine the success of chatbots in a different manner. Future research could focus on the interaction among different types of determinants for both adoption and implementation, as well as on the role of specific stakeholders, such as IT vendors. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-09-12T06:01:17Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231200522
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Authors:Nissim Cohen, Gabriela Lotta, Rafael Alcadipani, Teddy Lazebnik Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Trust has proven to be a predictor of organizational outcomes. In some cases, such as law enforcement, achieving organizational goals requires workers to be willing to risk their lives. Is there a link between street-level bureaucrats’ (SLBs) willingness to endanger their own lives for the public and their trust in their peers, managers, and the institution to which they belong' Using a national survey of 2,733 police officers in Brazil and machine-learning-based methods, we found that there is a significant link between their willingness to risk their lives for others and their trust in their peers, managers, and the institution to which they belong. Our findings indicate that while these SLBs were very willing to risk their lives for certain groups, their willingness declined sharply for others such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ)+ people and the homeless. In addition, police officers’ perceptions about discrimination, police professionalism, and organizational commitment and support are linearly linked to their willingness to risk their lives. Our findings demonstrate the important role of trust in understanding public servants’ practices in the extreme context of risking their lives for others. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-09-12T06:00:37Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231200468
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Authors:Colt Jensen, Jaclyn Piatak Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. In the United States, trust in government across the federal, state, and local levels has been on the decline for decades. With increasing polarization and politicization, the work of public administrators is frequently made more difficult by challenges that stem from low levels of public trust—responding to these challenges as well as recent calls that encourage public administrators to regain the trust of the public they serve. Could public service motivation (PSM) promote trust in government' We examine the association between PSM and trust in government across the federal, state, and local levels of government in the United States. We find that the association between PSM and governmental trust varies by level of government. At the state and local levels, PSM is positively associated with trust in government. However, we find no significant relationship between PSM and trust at the federal level. Thus, there exists the potential for state and local administrators to use PSM to build trust in the government and to facilitate improved policy implementation. Our findings also provide insight into how key predictors of public trust in government vary at the federal, state, and local levels of the U.S. government. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-09-12T05:54:18Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231200449
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Authors:Vernise Estorcien Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Police-led organizations provide officers with the ability to mentor youth in a nurturing environment that empowers them to succeed academically, behaviorally, and socially. This article focuses on how police officers mentor youths in a major urban area in the southeast. A case study was presented of a police-led organization, which included in-depth interviews with program leaders and mentors, participant observations, and a review of secondary sources over 2 years. The main findings from the study are as follows: (1) program leaders emphasize that caring mentors need to be empathetic toward youth exposed to gun violence, (2) officers’ previous experiences matter for their motivation to become mentors, and (3) officers stimulate students by taking them out of their usual social environments. This research expands the theoretical understanding of how police-led organizations influence the lives of youth exposed to gun violence. The characteristics of police officers who serve as mentors are crucial and can impact program outcomes. Practical implications for program leaders are discussed. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-08-30T07:22:44Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231192962
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Authors:Christa L. Remington, Kaila Witkowski, N. Emel Ganapati, Andrea M. Headley, Santina L. Contreras Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Workforce retention is a current challenge for public administration, and there are continued questions about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the public safety workforce and their willingness to serve. Past studies have shown there are limits to what first responders will endure during complex and uncertain emergencies, leading them to potentially leave their position. Using a nationwide survey (n = 3,582), in-depth interviews (n = 91), and a visual methodology called PhotoVoice, this study examines the factors impacting threats to workforce retention (i.e., role abandonment and turnover intentions) among first responders and the ways public organizations can mitigate this negative impact. The results show personal or family risk may contribute to first responders’ decisions to quit, while an understanding of public risk may promote retention. We identify several organizational strategies (e.g., emotional safety, sufficient protective equipment, standard operating procedures) that may reduce retention threats. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-08-16T05:45:04Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231192968
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Authors:Jiahuan Lu, Yiying Chen, Wan-Ju Hung Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Within the large body of literature on government contracting, the effect of public sector unionization on contracting out is still unsettled even after decades of research. Previous literature proposes that unionization may both inhibit and motivate contracting out, making the net effect difficult to predict. Through a meta-analysis of 232 effects drawn from 49 existing studies spanning over four decades, we find that jurisdictions with higher levels of public sector unionization generally contract out more in public service delivery. Further metaregression analysis suggests that unionization has a weaker effect when governments engage in intergovernmental contracting but a stronger effect when governments contract out for technical services. Unionization also has a stronger effect on how much a government contracts out than on whether a government contracts out. Overall, unionization is a relevant, but not necessarily robust, factor in driving contracting out, and its exact effect may vary slightly by context. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-08-07T06:44:55Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231193177
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Authors:Manita Rao, Juliet Ann Musso, Matthew M. Young Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. The cyclicality of economic recessions worsens fiscal stability and increases vulnerability to future shocks. This article argues that the concept of resilience provides an important frame for understanding the dynamic character of public financial management. The study introduces a theoretical framework that decomposes fiscal resilience into precrisis fiscal resistance, postcrisis fiscal recovery, and long-term fiscal renewal. It empirically tests the model employing a Cox proportional hazard model and over three decades of data (1991–2018) covering two previous recessions—the dotcom recession and the Great Recession. The findings indicate that although strategic decisions associated with revenue diversification and countercyclical capacity facilitate fiscal resilience, specific features of local government finances such as the revenue structure and service structure are critical to fiscal recovery and renewal. In addition, the underlying characteristics of each recession affect whether institutional and economic conditions facilitate fiscal resilience. The article discusses implications for financial management and emphasizes embedding resiliency-based frameworks in local government strategic planning. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-08-07T06:43:45Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231186424
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Authors:Ulrich Thy Jensen, Mette Kjærgaard Thomsen Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Despite the clear benefits volunteers can bring to public service organizations, their involvement may also create or exacerbate challenges for managers in ensuring clear roles for professionals staffing such organizations. We argue that simple, strategic communication messages can clarify the relative roles of volunteers and professionals. We test this assertion with a low-cost experimental communication experiment embedded in a survey of 240 professionals employed at nursing homes in Denmark. Our results show that strategic communication to clarify volunteer roles reduces professionals’ perceived ambiguity about volunteer roles and the relative roles of volunteers and professional staff. These results are encouraging as many public service organizations seek to involve more volunteers, and managers can implement the kind of strategic communication studied in this article straightforwardly without high costs. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-08-03T06:16:27Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231191286
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Authors:Shinwoo Lee, Gordon Abner, Taha Hameduddin Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Public administration scholars have extensively explored organizational scandals through two lenses: (1) inside stories of organizational scandals examining the main causes of scandals and (2) the effects of scandals on trust in government, trust in governmental officials, and public financing. Yet, we know little about how organizational scandals affect government employees’ work attitudes. Understanding how public employees react to organizational scandals deserves scholarly attention because public employees not only execute their agencies’ key functions and programs but are involved in actively addressing the organization's failures. To address this gap, we apply a quasi-experimental approach using the 2014 Department of Veterans Affairs waitlist scandal, with a specific focus on the effects of the scandal on employee job satisfaction and perceived organizational attractiveness. Empirical results using the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey from 2011 to 2017 show that the organizational scandal had a negative effect on both outcomes. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-08-01T07:33:44Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231191524
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Authors:Shihyun Noh, Ji Hyung Park Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Previous studies have reported a positive relationship between local government spending and health outcomes. However, there is limited scholarly research on how the different policy tools used for delivering public health services affect the health of local residents. This study adopted a comprehensive model, widely utilized in health policy and management research, to control for health behaviors, socioeconomic factors, physical environment, and clinical care. It provides evidence that a county with higher health spending through contracting has a higher health ranking among New York counties, indicating that service provision arrangements affect health outcomes. Thus, county efforts to improve health outcomes should consider the effects of differing service delivery arrangements. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-07-20T05:17:05Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231185844
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Authors:Aliza Forman-Rabinovici, Itai Beeri Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. While theories of local democracy mark political representation as highly important in determining the quality and perception of public services, little has been done to explore the empirical connection. This represents a lacuna in our understanding of how representation affects citizen wellbeing and how citizens determine their satisfaction with public services. We focus on descriptive and symbolic dimensions of representation to elucidate how representation influences citizens’, and minority citizens’ in particular, experience with public services. Utilizing a survey of residents of Haifa, Israel, our findings imply that beyond the descriptive makeup of municipal elected bodies, symbolic dimensions of representation might be even more important for understanding citizen satisfaction. Symbolic representation may impact satisfaction directly and through its contribution to other feelings about government. These findings expand understandings of the importance of diversity in political representation, determinants of satisfaction and how dynamics of good governance contribute to citizens’ experiences. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-07-17T03:00:31Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231187539
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Authors:Colleen Heflin, William Clay Fannin, Leonard Lopoo Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Department of Agriculture waived the certification interview for the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP), substantially reducing the administrative burden associated with SNAP application for both applicants and agencies. Using primary policy data collected from ten county-administered states, we find that only 27% of counties implemented the interview waiver. Further, models of local decision-making indicate that public health risk, demographic vulnerability and economic need, and political orientation in the county were not statistically significant predictors of waiver use. Finally, we find that the waiver choice did affect SNAP caseloads: using difference-in-difference models that make use of the natural experiment, we find that counties that adopted the SNAP interview waivers experienced a 5% increase in SNAP caseloads. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-07-17T02:53:04Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231186423
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Authors:Neomi Frisch Aviram, Catarina Correa, Roberto Oliviera Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Police units worldwide are going through a three-generational technological shift: from “street” to “screen” to “system” technologies. This paper focuses on how these digital shifts shape police officers’ perceptions. First, concerning the change from “street” to “screen” police, it focuses on how it changes police officers’ perceptions of discretion and burnout. The shift from “screen” to “system” policy focuses on how perceptions towards “screen” technologies shape the receptivity of “system” technologies. We address these questions using a mixed-method approach to analyze Brazilian police officers’ shift from the Military Police to the Environmental Military Police. Findings suggest that changing from “street” to “screen” police reduces burnout and limited discretion among police officers. Moreover, usefulness in achieving professional goals and perceptions of monitoring via “screen” technology predict receptivity to “system” technology. We conclude that street-level bureaucrats’ perceptions of technological shifts are essential to acknowledge when planning and implementing such changes. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-07-10T06:42:00Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231186791
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Authors:Donna Sedgwick, Robin Hargroder Lemaire Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Collaboration is often touted as the ideal interorganizational relationship (IOR) to tackle many challenging social problems; however, collaboration is just one of many types of IORs that public managers can undertake. This article presents public managers’ decisions to cooperate, coordinate, or collaborate with program partners as strategic responses of avoiding, compromising, or acquiescing, respectively. We argue that perceptions of coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures influence the likelihood to undertake different IORs; specifically, as managers experience combined isomorphic pressures, they are more likely to acquiesce and collaborate with program partners. Findings from our qualitative study of federal and state preschool programs in Virginia, USA reveal that as managers perceive additional pressures they are more likely to pursue more involved IORs. Unexpectedly, we find that cooperators perceive few isomorphic pressures, and we also find that perceived deterrent isomorphic pressures distinguish coordinators from collaborators. These findings offer insight about how organizational field pressures can affect strategic IOR responses. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-07-10T06:41:00Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231186426
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Authors:Yiran Li, Shuo Chen, Yaohui Peng Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Decentralization is often regarded as a panacea for achieving good governance. Yet few studies have explored how devolution (to subnational governments) affects policy agendas. In this article, we investigate how devolution affects two aspects of public service provision—economic growth and environmental protection based on the experience of China. The results show that the devolution simultaneously promotes local economic development and damages the environment. These mixed effects can be attributed to the administrative mechanism of the interaction between devolution and the distribution of government attention, which is more concerned with outcomes that can be observed in the short run rather than the long run. Our results highlight the complexity of governance and demonstrate the architecture for an effective policy framework design. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-07-10T02:27:38Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231185849
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Authors:Tansu Demir, Christopher G. Reddick, Bruce J. Perlman Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. How to promote ethical conduct in the public sector has been discussed extensively in the public administration literature, yet empirical studies that employ comprehensive datasets are rare. This study proposes a hybrid model to explain ethical performance in local governments. Results of our study point to the importance of leadership in creating ethical organizations. Analysis of comprehensive survey data collected from local governments supports our hypothesis that organizational leadership not only promotes ethical behavior directly but also indirectly through reinforcing ethics culture in local governments. This paper discusses the practical implications of our findings and advances some recommendations to enhance ethical conduct in the public sector. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-05-17T06:37:06Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231175653
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Authors:Steven Blok, A. W. van Buuren, H. J. M. Fenger Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Active citizens who take initiative are generally regarded as desirable. However, the precise reasons why citizens’ initiatives are considered valuable and what their value consists of remain unclear, vague, and often unanswered. In this study, we used Q methodology to explore how civil servants, local politicians, and societal actors in a Dutch municipality view the public value of citizens’ initiatives. The analysis reveals four distinct views of the value of citizens’ initiatives: a view that values intangible results, a view that values a hands-on mentality, a view that values acting out of a sense of purpose, and a view that values citizens organizing and acting out of their own interests. Theoretically, we distinguish between material, immaterial, and process-oriented interpretations of values, and empirically this distinction shows that across the four value views, the process-oriented values are the most disagreed upon. Finally, we find common ground between the value views that we label “selfish collectivism.” This is the view that appreciates citizens’ initiatives for solving problems for the sake of the community, not for their altruism, but because they are self-serving. The strong differences in value views suggest that there is a risk that subsequent policy language and instruments based on these views could lead to conflict between the actors involved. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-05-17T06:35:46Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231175162
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Authors:Charles T. Goodsell Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. A little understood reason for the success of the Biden Presidency is the occupant's range of role diversity. His multiple forms of leadership allow him to present himself as the situation warrants at a moment's notice. This skill refers not just to varied speaking styles but wholly different personae. Eight of these roles are illustrated and evaluated: Mentor, Commander, Lawgiver, Warrior, Advocate, Visionary, Preacher, and Comforter. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-05-10T04:42:32Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231171686
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Authors:Spencer T. Brien, Korey W. Letterle, Paul A. Kantner Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. This study measures the behavioral effects of continuing resolutions by examining their impact on federal procurement activities. The restrictions imposed by continuing resolutions are explored as an example of political control over a public organization. The analysis employs a dataset describing the timing of U.S. Marine Corps purchase orders for goods and services. Individual purchase orders were sampled over a four-year period (2016−2019) that endured continuing resolutions of different lengths. The analysis examines the impact of continuing resolutions on the number of purchase orders initiated, the duration of their review period, and the dollar amount per request. The results depict multiple impacts that appear to concentrate on requests for services rather than commodities. These findings help quantify the magnitude of the disruptions caused by federal budgetary dysfunction. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-03-29T06:34:24Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231165015
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Authors:Henry Flatt, Nhat-Dang Do Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. We argue that “analytic” bureaucratic agencies are essential actors in the policy process because of their role acting as both information processing organizations and policy design specialists. Analytic agencies can exert unique influence over lawmaking activities because legislators consider them expert informational sources in a multitude of areas. Rather than assume policy advice falls rigidly into either “political” or “technical” forms of information, we show that an analytic office can produce both types of content. Whereas previous policy process scholarship almost exclusively examines elected officials and federal agencies, this article tests our theory using a state agency, California's Department of Finance (DOF). Our findings demonstrate how the Governor delegates partisan legislative signaling duties and neutral expert budgetary advice to the same trusted analytic personnel. The data include every introduced bill in six recently completed legislative sessions and show how DOF recommendations are strongly associated with bill passage and the Governor's veto. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-03-21T07:09:14Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231164414
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Authors:Federica Fusi, Fengxiu Zhang, Eric W. Welch Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. This article develops and tests a set of hypotheses examining how contracting out of public services affects intra-organizational communication in public agencies (i.e., the principal organization). We draw from two competing perspectives: contracting scholarship argues that outsourcing reduces an organization's structural complexity and enhances intra-organizational communication, while organizational communication studies suggest that outsourcing might lead to fragmented communication pathways and a loss of information. In order to reconcile these perspectives, we examine how different characteristics of an organization's contracting network affect both the internal gathering and dissemination of information. Using survey and contractual relationship data from approximately 200 US transit agencies, we find that contracting out a large portion of services improves intra-organizational communication but this positive effect decreases as the number of contractors grows. Long and stable relationships with contractors negatively affect intra-organizational communication, especially when occurring with private—as compared to public—contractors. Our results suggest the need to further investigate intra-organizational communication in contracting networks and better understand how it may affect organizational performance and contract management. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-03-17T06:21:22Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231162346
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Authors:Yuan (Daniel) Cheng, Jeffrey L. Brudney, Lucas Meijs Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. Since the New Public Management Movement, privatization has become a popular approach for delivering public services. However, few studies empirically assess the relationship between privatization of public service delivery and citizen participation in coproduction. Taking advantage of a national survey of U.S. local government chief administrators, this study aims to contribute to the literature by exploring the link between these two important mechanisms of public service provision. Our findings indicate that local governments are more likely to involve citizens in coproduction when a larger proportion of service delivery is privatized. Regarding various types of coproduction, privatization in public service delivery is positively associated with the likelihood of citizen involvement in co-planning, co-design, and co-assessment, but not in co-delivery. Finally, compared to for-profit service providers, involving nonprofit organizations in public service delivery is likely to create more opportunities for citizens to be involved in the coproduction of public services. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-03-02T05:55:23Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231155410
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Authors:Erik-Jan Van Dorp Abstract: The American Review of Public Administration, Ahead of Print. The question of who is appointed to key administrative posts at the expense of whom lies at the heart of public administration research. In this paper, I study what career experiences have increased senior civil servants’ chances of being appointed to a secretary general position. The civil service politicization and core executive literatures suggest such appointments are impacted by loyalty, ability, and proximity to power. These hypotheses are investigated using a mixed methods research design combining quantitative analysis of the career paths of all active senior civil servants in the years 2000–2020 (n = 247) with 22 elite interviews with cabinet ministers and bureaucrats in the Netherlands. The main findings of this paper are that active affiliation with minister-delivering political parties and having worked in the prime minister's office significantly increased the odds of a candidate's appointment to an SG position, whereas managerial experience did not. These findings challenge the conventional theory of nonpoliticized appointments and unlock possibilities for comparative research on bureaucrats’ biographies. Citation: The American Review of Public Administration PubDate: 2023-02-17T06:04:25Z DOI: 10.1177/02750740231155408
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