 Subjects -> VETERINARY SCIENCE (Total: 220 journals)
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- The Morphometrical and Histological Studies on The Pituitary Gland in
Different Age Groups of goats (Capra hircus)-
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Authors: N.C. Nandeshwar, S.B. Banubakode, R.Y. Charjan, U.P. Mainde, Anand Singh, P.D. Bhole, Ayesha Boddupalli
Pages: 83 - 87
Abstract: Present work was conducted on, 36 healthy non-descript male and female goats, divided equally into 3 age groups as Group I (1-8 months), Group II (8-18 months), and Group III (18 months and above). Each group comprised 6 males and 6 females. The age of the animal was ascertained on the basis of dentition and then the animals were slaughtered. The pituitary gland of each animal was collected after the slaughter and brought to the laboratory for further processing.Morphologically there was a significant increase in weight, length, width, and thickness of the pituitary gland and histomorphologically there was a significant increase in the diameter of the cells of pars distaliswith the advancement of age in both males and females in all age groups.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Age Related Histochemical Status of Spleen in Japanese quail (Coturnix
coturnix japonica)-
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Authors: SD Kadam, JY Waghaye, PN Thakur
Pages: 88 - 90
Abstract: Histochemical study was conducted on spleen of 48 normal Japanese quail birds irrespective of sex at different age groups. Sections were processed with various staining methods to study the histochemical details. Capsule and trabeculae showed increasing PAS positive activity with the advancement of the age. PAS positive activity was also observed to be increased in tunica intima and tunica adventitia of trabecular arteries and trabecular veins. Moderate to strong AB-PAS activity was observed in the tunica intima and tunica adventitia of trabecular arteries and veins in first two age groups. The AB-PAS activity was found absent in the tissue of white pulp in first week age ofbirds.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Morphology of Stomach of Indian Spotted Chevrotain (Moschiola indica)
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Authors: C. V. Rajani, K. P. Surjith, H. S. Patki, Simanta, P. Raghu, N. K., Indu V Raj, M. Pradeep, S. Maya
Pages: 91 - 94
Abstract: Chevrotain, an even-toed ungulate belonging to the genus Tragulus, is classified under the family Tragulidae and the suborder Ruminantia. Indian spotted Chevrotain has a narrow head, pointed muzzle, and olive brown hair coat with pale or white spots or stripes on the dorsum. The present study was done to study the typical morphological features of the stomach in Indian spotted Chevrotain. The material for the work was collected from four numbers of adult Indian spotted Chevrotain when the animals were presented for post-mortem examination. The large compound stomach presented clearly demarcated, well-developed rumen, reticulum, abomasum, and a primitive, less clearly demarcated omasum. Rumen was the largest compartment and the grooves demarcated it in to a dorsal sac, a ventral sac, and a caudo-ventral blind sac. Left dorsal accessory groove and caudodorsal blind sacs were absent. Rumen morphologically resembled "three quarter- S shape."The interior of the rumen showed typical pillars corresponding to the groves. Ruminal papillae were evenly distributed in the various compartments including the pillars. The second largest compartment, reticulum, was much larger than omasum and larger than abomasum. The ruminal and reticular portion of the rumino-reticular pillar presented fine ruminal papillae. The "honey-comb" cells were shallow and were not subdivided. Omasum constituted the smallest compartment. It was like a small dorsal dilatation cranial to the abomasum. Though it was not clearly distinct externally, internally it presented prominent omasal folds. The elongated abomasum had a fundus, a body, and a pyloric part. Its fundus contacted the abdominal floor; and following an acute angle at the body, the pyloric part coursed caudo-dorsally.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Postnatal Morphometrical and Micrometrical development of liver gall
bladder and Pancreas in Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)-
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Authors: S. Rajathi, Geetah Ramesh, T.A. Kannan, K. Raja, S. Paramasivan
Pages: 95 - 100
Abstract: The present research work was carried out to study the morphometry and micrometry of the liver, gall bladder and pancreas in postnatal age groups of guinea pig. Guinea pigs were procured from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Madhavaram Milk Colony, TANUVAS. After careful dissection of the animals, hepatopancreatic organ namely liver, gall bladder and pancreas were dissected out and morphometrical measurements namely length, width, thickness, weight and volume of the liver, gall bladder and pancreas were recorded in all the postnatal age groups. After routine histological procedures, micrometrical parameters of the liver, gall bladder and pancreas were also recorded.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Age Related Microanatomical Changes in the Femoral Head Articular
Cartilage of Buffalo (Bubalusbubalis)-
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Authors: Ranjith Kumar Sundari, Pramod Kumar Damaraju, Purushotham Gudepu, Lakshman Mekala, E.L. Chandrashekhar
Pages: 101 - 105
Abstract: Present study was conducted on femoral head articular cartilages of hip joint in buffaloes by allocating them into 4 groups i.e., Group-I (prenatal), Group-II (0-3 years), Group-III (3-6years) and group-IV (6yrs and above). Microscopic features of articular surface of femoral head in prenatal stage was smooth and showed increased cellularity with slight eosinophila of matrix towards the surface. Superficial zone showed tangentially oriented flat and elongated, oval chondrocytes with dense nuclei randomly arranged in close proximity. Cartilage canals of different shapes were seen in deeper zone. In post-natal specimens from Group-II onwards cartilage matrix comprised of four zones viz.,superficial zone accounting to 5 - 10 % of total articular cartilage thickness, second zone was almost 50 % to 60% of total articular cartilage thickness followed by third zone, which was 20 to 30 % of total articular cartilage thickness. Innermost calcified zone accounted to 10% of total articular cartilage thickness. A clear tide mark separated deeper and calcified zones in femoral head articular cartilage in post natal specimens. Cellular profile of femoral head articular cartilage in post natal groups showed spindle shaped chondrocytes arranged tangentially to surface in first zone followed by a wide second zone with polymorphic chondrocytes in isogenous groups. Deeper third zone had cell nests oriented perpendicular to surface. Calcified zone was adjacent to irregularly outlined clear tidemark separating it from deeper zone. It consisted of atrophied chondrocytes in moderate inter cellular matrix. Age related changes were seen in femoral head articular cartilage, such as in Group-IV there was decrease in number of chondrocytes within mid zone and large single chondrocytes adjacent to sub-chondral zone in pyknotic state.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- External Morphogenesis of Heart in Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep (Ovis
aries)-
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Authors: S.K. Sahu, U.K. Mishra, S. Sathapathy, S.K. Panda, I. Nath, S. K. Joshi
Pages: 106 - 109
Abstract: The external gross morphogenesis of heart was recorded in sheep foeti divided into three age groups, i.e. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) having four animals in each group. The shape of the heart was triangular in 33 and 38 days of gestation, tubular in 72 days of gestation and became conical in 59 days, 96 days, 105 days, 120 days and 149 days of gestation.The convexity of the cranial border of the heart increased with advancement of age, whereas the caudal border remained straight in all the age groups. The coronary grooves appeared as faint line in foeti of 38 days of gestation, apparently distinct in foeti aged 59 days to 96 days of gestation and quite prominent in 105 days to 149 days foeti. The longitudinal groves appeared as narrow lines in foeti aged 43 days and 49 days, as broad lines in foeti aged 59 days and 96 days, shallow depression in foeti aged 105 days and deep depression in foeti aged 120 days and onwards. The right and left auricles were half-moon shaped in sheep foeti from 59 days to 96 days of gestation. The ventricle was triangular in shape in 33 days to 96 days foeti and became elongated and conical in 105 days to149 days foeti. The outline ofbase of the heart was oval in 33 days to 96 days foeti that became elliptical in 105 days to 149 days foeti. The apex of the heart was pointed in 33 days of gestation, blunt in 38 days of gestation and conical in shape in 43 days to149 days of gestation. The present study provided a detailed baseline data on the age wise external morphological development of heart in prenatal non-descript sheep of Odisha that can be utilised for studying various congenital anomalies in different breeds of sheep and comparisons can be made with other domestic animals.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Computed Tomographic Anatomy of Pancreas in Rajapalayam and Chippiparai
Breeds of Dogs-
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Authors: S. Senthilkumar, T.A. Kannan, A. Velavan, S.Usha Kumary, C. Ramani, Geetha Ramesh
Pages: 110 - 112
Abstract: Computed tomographic observations of pancreas in adult Rajapalayam and Chippiparai dog breeds was carried out in Madras Veterinary College and Teaching Hospital. The features evaluated include location, size, topographical correlations, boundaries and enhancement pattern and Hounsfield units (HU). Pancreas of Rajapalayam and Chippiparai breeds was located between twelth thoracic vertebra to first lumbar vertebra. In both the breeds pancreas consisted of body, right and left lobes in right side of abdominal cavity. Normal pancreas in CT imaging was thin, triangular in cross section and hypoattenuating to the spleen and showed uniformly contrast enhancement. The body of the pancreas was located adjacent to the cranial part of the duodenum. The right lobe of the pancreas was easily identified than the left lobe. Hounsfield units in pre and post contrast computed tomographic images were ranged between 52 - 70 HU.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Seasonal Variations in the Age-Related Biometrical Studies on the Ovary of
Local Sheep (Ovis aries) under Temperate Agro-climatic Conditions of
Kashmir Valley-
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Authors: Mir Shabir Ahmad, Massarat Khan, A. R. Choudhury, Z.A Pampori, F. A. Dar, M.A. John, R. Andleeeb, S.A. Shah, S. H. Dar
Pages: 113 - 117
Abstract: The ovaries from 78 non-descript ewes of Kashmiri region of prepubertal, pubertal and adult groups were collected in different seasons. As the age increases the length, breadth, thickness and weight of the ovary increased significantly and was found to be maximum in adult groups and least in prepubertal groups. The values oflength were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during Autumn among the different seasons. The average breadth and thickness was found to be non-significantly higher (p > 0.05) in Autumn and Winter season respectively. Most of the parameters observed were higher on right ovary yet difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The weight of right ovary was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Autumn whereas it was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in spring season for the left ovary. Ovaries of both sides showed seasonal variation in their gross morphology. They were highly active during autumn season as demonstrated by their increased overall size and number of mature/maturing follicles on the surface. Conversely during summer season the length, breadth and thickness measured the least. The right ovary was generally larger and presented more follicles than the left ovary. The average follicles recorded on left ovary was 9.02 and 11.27 on right ovary.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Histo-architectural Variation in the Teat of Sheep and She Goat
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Authors: Shilpa S. Modekar, P.L. Dhande
Pages: 118 - 121
Abstract: The present study was carried out to compare histoarchitecturalvariation if any, present in the teats of the sheep and she goat in their lactating and non-lactating stage. The study revealed that in both the small ruminants, teat wall comprised of skin, fibro-musculo vascular layer and teat mucosa from outside to inside. Skin was made of layers of epidermis and dermis. Epidermal layer comprised of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium whereas dermal layer comprised of hair follicles, nerve endings, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The first layer which is the most outer layer is the normal skin formed from epidermis and dermis has few number of fine hairs usually associated with clusters of sebaceous glands surrounding the hair follicles. The hair were completely absent at the middle and tip of the teat. The third layer (most inner layer) was the epithelial lining of the teat sinus and teat orifice. The teat sinus was lined by two layer of cuboidal cells which got converted in to stratified squamous keratinize at the teat orifice. Teat cistern and Furstenberg's rosette was lined by a bilayered cuboidal epithelium. There was remarkable variation in the thickness of teat skin epidermis, epithelial height of teat canal, and keratin and pre-keratin layers thickness in lactating and non-lactating ewes and she-goats.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Histomorphological changes in the Heart of Sheep (Ovies Aries) during
early gestation-
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Authors: PG Veeresh, M Santhi lakshmi, P Jagapathi Ramayya, S Bharathi
Pages: 122 - 126
Abstract: The study was conducted on 10 hearts of prenatal sheep (embryos and fetuses) ranging from 22 days to 50 days. Histologically, cardiac loop, endocardial cushions, spiral septum were noticed at 22 days. Septum primum and septum secundum were noticed at 24 and 36 days respectively. The primitive heart showed four chambers with incomplete septation in the atrium at 31 days. Foramen ovale was observed at 36 days, three distinct layers in the wall of atria and ventricles were observed at38 days andPurkinje fibers were seen at47 to 50 days.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Histomorphological Changes in the Heart of Sheep (Ovies Aries) during Mid
and Late Gestation-
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Authors: PG Veeresh, M Santhi Lakshmi, P Jagapathi Ramayya, S Bharathi
Pages: 127 - 131
Abstract: The present study was conducted on 20 sheep heart ranging from 53 days to 146 days of prenatal life Histologically, Sinoatrial node formation was noticed at the base of the interatrial septum at 53 and 56 days of prenatal life. A piece of hyaline cartilage (cartilagocordis) was observed at the base of interatrial septum on the right side of aortic orifice at 98 days. Fonnation of atrioventricular node was observed at 120 days in the proximal part of the interventricular septum.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct of sheep during
follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle-
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Authors: Devendra Pathak, S K Nagpal, Gurdial Singh
Pages: 132 - 136
Abstract: The present study explored the histology and histochemistry of the oviduct of sheep in the follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle. Histological studies of the oviduct of sheep revealed extensive primary and secondary branching of the mucosa! folds in the infundibulum and ampulla which reduced towards the isthmus and utero tubal junction. The epithelial lining of different segments of the oviduct was mainly pseudostratified columnar type. Cells were of the ciliated type, secretory type, basal cells and migratory cells. Cyclic changes in the tubal epithelium were more pronounced in the upper part of the oviduct than in the isthmus and utero-tubal junction. The propria submucosa was made up ofloose connective tissue comprising collagen and reticulum. The cellular components of propria submucosa comprised fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages. The tunica muscularis was circularly arranged. Tunica serosa was comprised of loose connective tissue. It was vascular and moderately cellular. The epithelium of the oviduct showed a strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue (at pH 2.5) and PAS-Alcian Blue (pH 2.5).It exhibited moderate reaction for bound acidic and neutral lipids. RNA was localized in the apical region while DNA was localized towards the basement membrane. Propria submucosa was weak for polysaccharides, glycogen and lipids. Tunica muscularis and tunica serosa were weak to moderately reactive for carbohydrates and lipids. RNA and DNA were localized homogeneously.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Localization and Micromorphological Structure of the Lingual Tonsil in
Goat (Capra hircus)-
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Authors: Devendra Saran, Opinder Singh, Devendra Pathak
Pages: 137 - 140
Abstract: The present study was undertaken on (n = 24) adult unidentified breed of goat to elucidate the gross anatomical and micromorphological structure of the lingual tonsil. The lingual tonsils were not observed grossly. The largest lymphoid aggregations were seen in the connective tissue core of the circumvallate papilla. The aggregated lymphocytes within the connective tissue core of the circumvallate papilla were not encapsulated. The circumvallate papilla was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with taste buds. The epithelium was made up of three layers: basale, spinosum with some cells having keratohyaline granules in upper layer, and comeum. The average height of the epithelium of circumvallate papilla was observed at 81.441±2.642µm. The collagen and reticular fibers formed a connective tissue framework around lymphocytes. Elastic fibers were observed in the layer oftunica intima ofblood vessels.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Gross Morphology and Biometry of the Lungs of Indian Fruit Bat (Pteropus
medius)-
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Authors: Kamal Sarma, Jasvinder Singh Sasan, Shalini Sud
Pages: 141 - 143
Abstract: The present study was conducted on the lungs of Indian fruit bat. The lungs were paired organs occupying major portion of the thoracic cavity. Both the lungs were divided into lobes by deep fissures. Right lung presented four lobes namely apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic and accessory lobe. Diaphragmatic lobe was the largest. Apical lobe was undivided. The cardiac lobe was divided into two unequal halves by a shallow fissure. The accessory lobe was closely attached to the diaphragmatic lobe and was triangular in outline. The left lung was made ofundivided apical lobe and diaphragmatic lobe. Apex was rounded with broad base. The costal or lateral surface was convex with no distinct impression of ribs. The diaphragmatic surface of right lung was larger than that of the left lung. The medial or mediastinal surface was irregular in both the lungs. The dorsal border was thick and rounded and the ventral border was thin and irregular. The cardiac notch was deeper on right lung but wider on left lung. Cardiac notch of right lung was V shaped whereas the cardiac notch ofleft lung was L shaped. Two deep interlobar fissures, cranial and caudal, were seen on the costal surface of right lung.The left lung had single fissure between apical and diaphragmatic lobes.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Comparative Morphological Studies on the Harderian Gland in Pratapdhan and
Kadaknath (Gallus gallus domesticus) Birds-
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Authors: Mamta Kumari, Balwant Meshram, Hemant Joshi, Gajendra Singh
Pages: 144 - 147
Abstract: Avians Harderian Gland (HG) plays an important role in accomplish the local and systemic immunity and also to have immuno-defence responses against pathogens. The harderian gland, also known as the orbital gland, was located ventromedially around the posterior part of the eyeball and extended dorsal to it. It was observed near the inter-orbital septum of the orbit, between the medial straight muscle, pyramidal third eyelid muscle and ventral oblique muscle. Shape of HG in both Pratapdhan and Kadaknath birds was bi-lobed and resembling with a dumbbell or hour glass shape but the anterior end of gland was convex. No bifurcation was noticed in Pratapdhan bird, however, bifurcation was observed in Kadaknath birds. After removing the thin layer of fat, the glands in Pratapdhan birds showed pale pink colour whereas, the Kadaknath birds the gland was dark black coloured. The excretory duct of the HG was passing around the eyes. It was opened into the anterior lower portion of the conjunctiva! sac under the nictitating membrane.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Histological Study of Skin in Adult Black Bengal Goat
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Authors: Manish Kumar, Nirmal Kumar Tudu, Kumar Mandal, Partha Das, Avnish Kumar Gautam, Nayanika Ray
Pages: 148 - 151
Abstract: To undertake the present investigations, fresh skin samples of seven adult Black Bengal goats were taken from healthy animals irrespective of sex from local slaughter house ofKolkata. The skin samples from different body regions, neck region (dorsal, lateral and ventral), thorax region (dorsal, lateral and ventral), abdomen region (dorsal, lateral and ventral) and thigh region of body of seven Black Bengal goats were collected immediately after slaughtering in ice box. Histologically, the skin of all body region of Black Bengal goat consisted of two layers, the epidermis layer followed by dermis layer. The skin epidermis of the Black Bengal goat was composed ofkeratinized stratified epithelium which consisted of five layers viz., stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum comeum. Beneath the epidermis, the dermis layer was observed in which the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pilli muscles and blood vessels were present. The dermis layer consisted of dense connective tissue and was divisible into superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Clinical Anatomy of Mesenteric Hemangiosarcoma in Labrador dog
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Authors: Lakshmishree K. T., Dhoolappa M., Malatesh D. S., Manjunatha S. S., Yuvaraj Chavan, Umesh Honnatti
Pages: 152 - 154
Abstract: The of locations and visualization of the abdominal organs are essential for veterinary practice. A thirteen year old female Labrador dog was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Shivamogga with history of inappatance. The dog was lethargic and a mass palpable in the abdominal region. Ultrasonographic examination of abdomen revealed calcified mass in left abdominal region. As the prognosis was graved, with the consent of owner, the dog was euthanized and embalmed in Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary College Shivamogga under willed-body program. On dissection, a mass of about 325gms attached with the mesentery was found in the abdominal cavity. Tissue samples were taken for histology and routine H&E and toluidine blue staining was performed to observe metastatic lesions. Based on clinical, ultrasonography and histological observations the present case was diagnosed as mesenteric hemangiosarcoma.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Posthatch morphometrical changes in the Spleen of Chabro Birds
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Authors: S.P. Singh, Abhinov Verma, Archana Pathak, Ajay Prakash, MM Farooqui
Pages: 155 - 157
Abstract: Gross morphometrical observations were made on developing spleen of thirty apparently healthy Chabro birds irrespective of the sex. For this purpose the birds of known age were procured from University poultry farm of U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Pashu Chikitasa Vigyan Vishwavidhyala evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan Mathura.All the birds for the study were selected at the time of hatching and were grown in a separate portion of the same poultry farm. These were sacrificed at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after hatching. The mean body weight, spleen weight and diameter during post hatch life were recorded. There were significant increase in the body weight, weight and diameter of the spleen with advancement of age in different group.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Confirmation of Sex of Domestic Ruminants by Using Duplex PCR
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Authors: P. D. Bhole, Rupali Charjan, S. B. Banubakode, N. C. Nandeshwar, U. P. Mainde, Anand Singh, Ayesha Boddupalli
Pages: 158 - 159
Abstract: The present work was carried out on blood samples collected from domestic ruminants viz. cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat. The DNA extracted from blood samples was subjected separately for PCR by using the SRY gene and GAPDH and also by duplex PCR by using SRY and GAPDH together as biological markers. The amplicon was loaded separately in three different 2% agarose gels and run under gel electrophoresis. The simplex PCR of the SRY gene showed a band at 122 bp only for male animals, while the simplex PCR of GAPDH exhibited a single band at 218 bp for males as well as females. The results obtained were cross-verified and confirmed by conducting duplex PCR, which showed a double band at 122bp & 218bp for males and a single band only at 2l 8bp for females.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
- Gross Anatomy of Humerus of Mudhol Hound Dog
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Authors: Mutturaj. R. P, Ganga Naik. S, Sri Sai Anusha. P, Lakshmishree. K. T, Dhoolappa. M
Pages: 160 - 162
Abstract: The gross morphological features of humerus of six Mudhol hound dogs were studied.The humerus was very long , slightly twisted, cylindrical with four surfaces. At proximal extremity the lateral tuberosity was prominent, having concavo- convexity surfaces placed above the level of head of the humerus. Several foramina were present between head and lateral tuberosity of humerus. The bicipital groove was undivided. A circular roughened area was present on the caudolateral aspect of lateral tuberosity gives attachment for the infraspinatus muscle. Deltoid tuberosity was prominent and ridge like. Radial fossa and olecranon fossa communicated by means of supratrochlear foramen. Medial epicondyle was prominent, larger than lateral epicondyle. The average mean length of humerus was 22.83±0.02 cm. The average mean breadth at proximal extremity of humerus was 13.54±0.04 cm. The average mean breadth at distal extremity of humerus was 11.82±0.02 cm. The proximal extremity ofhumerus was larger than distal extremity.
PubDate: 2023-06-09
Issue No: Vol. 34, No. 2 (2023)
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