First page: fyae028 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesAnxiety, depression symptoms, and cognitive decline related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are recognized to have an impact on patients’ health. The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is important in somatic disease-related psychiatric and cognitive disorders; however, few treatments show efficacy. The objective of this research was to determine the protective effect of Chinese bayberry extract on IBD-related brain comorbidities.Materials and MethodsC57BL/6J mice were induced with dextran sulfate sodium solution to establish an experimental model, followed by the administration of Chinese bayberry extract. Oxidative stress indexes, immunofluorescence of choroid plexus, and BCSFB permeability were further investigated.ResultsChinese bayberry extract improved behavioral markers and reduced the level of oxidative stress in the brain. In addition, the administration of the bayberry extract increased the tight junction proteins in the choroid plexus and significantly decreased in the permeability of the BCSFB.ConclusionsChinese bayberry extract has a potential therapeutic effect on relieving inflammatory bowel disease-related brain comorbidities. The underlying mechanism is associated with a decrease in oxidative stress in the brain and a decrease in the permeability of the BCSFB. PubDate: Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae028 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae027 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesTerpenes are important volatile organic compounds that impact fruit aroma and flavor quality. Terpene synthases (TPSs) are the key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of basic backbone structure of terpenes. The identification and characterization of TPSs are critical for comprehending the biosynthesis of terpenes in fruit.Materials and MethodsThe present study utilized cultivated peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) as materials. RNA-sequencing was employed to investigate the expression profiles of PpTPSs during fruit ripening and in response to hormone and temperature treatments. Enzyme activities of PpTPSs were assessed using different substrates.ResultsHere, we show that peach contains 38 TPS genes, with 24 members in the TPS-a cluster. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of PpTPSs in peach fruits was regulated by environmental factors such as UV-B light and low temperature, as well as by phytohormones such as ethylene and methyl jasmonate. After analyzing the expression of 38 PpTPSs in peach fruit developmental stages and different tissues, we screened and cloned six new highly expressed TPS genes. Subcellular localization showed that PpTPS13 and PpTPS23 were localized in the plastid, whereas PpTPS12, PpTPS22, PpTPS25, and PpTPS28 were localized in the cytoplasm. Heterologous expression of PpTPSs in Escherichia coli followed by the enzymatic assays revealed that only four TPSs (PpTPS12, PpTPS22, PpTPS25, and PpTPS28) were active in vitro. Using GPP and FPP as substrates, these PpTPSs were able to synthesize an array of volatile terpenes, including 15 monoterpenes such as geraniol, camphene, pinene, borneol and phellandrene, and 14 sesquiterpenes such as farnesene, nerolidol and α-bergamotene.ConclusionsOur results identify target genes for engineering to increase the production of volatile terpenes and thereby improve fruit quality. PubDate: Mon, 06 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae027 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae026 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThis study delves into the alterations in lipids and major flavor compounds occurring throughout various drying stages (raw fish, dry-cured for 4, 8, and 12 d) of dry-cured Spanish mackerel (DCSM) and elucidates the mechanism underlying their formation.Materials and MethodsIn this paper, we used Thin Layer Chromatography and Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry to determine the changes in lipid and volatile substances during the drying process of Spanish mackerel.ResultsThe phospholipid, triacylglycerol, heptanal, t-2-hexenal, and dimethyl disulfide contents were notably lower in the samples collected 4 d before processing. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances significantly increased after 4–8 d, concomitant with the generation of numerous volatile compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Substantial quantities of 2-methylbutyraldehyde, thiazole, butyl acetate, and trimethylpyrazine emerged during the 8–12 d processing phase. Furthermore, C18:1n-9, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 demonstrated noteworthy correlations with the development of 21 compounds. Principal component analysis, grounded in lipid and volatile compound content, adeptly classified the DCSM drying process into lipolysis and flavor preparation (0–4 d), lipid oxidation and flavor formation (4–8 d), and maturation (8–12 d). The ripening stage played a crucial role in shaping the comprehensive flavor profile.ConclusionThis study offers valuable insights to enhance traditional DCSM flavor processing and regulation. PubDate: Mon, 29 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae026 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae020 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesOsmanthus black tea (OBT) is produced by reprocessing black tea while it absorbs the fragrance of Osmanthus fragrans and this scenting process is crucial for forming the unique aroma of OBT. This work intended to reveal the effects of scenting parameters, the types of base tea, and scenting technologies on the aroma quality of OBT.Materials and MethodsIn this study, volatile compounds of OBTs with different scenting parameters, types of base tea, and scenting technologies were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to identify the key volatile compounds of OBT.ResultsMore than 80 volatile compounds of OBT were found, and six compounds, α-ionone, β-ionone, γ-decalactone, dihydro-β-ionone, dihydro-β-ionol, and 6-pentyl-2-pyrone, were identified as the key volatiles of OBT. As scenting time (ST) increased, the key volatile compounds in OBT showed an upward trend or increased initially and then decreased. Meanwhile, the contents of key volatile compounds increased as the ratio of flowers to tea (RFT) increased. In addition, base teas with a high proportion of pekoes produced higher-quality OBT by absorbing more key volatile compounds from O. fragrans. Comparing OBTs made from the fast-scenting process and the traditional scenting process (TS), showed that higher aroma quality was obtained through repeated scenting rounds of TS.ConclusionsAppropriate long ST and high RFT, as well as base tea with a high proportion of pekoes and TS with repeated scenting rounds are beneficial for the accumulation of odorants and the improvement of aroma quality in OBT. PubDate: Mon, 15 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae020 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae021 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesTo deveop on-pack visual indicators for the real-time monitoring of raw beef steaks in a modified atmospheric packaging (MAP).Materials and MethodsThree indicators were prepared by spray deposition of a nanocellulose suspension (1.5%, in mass) with the desired concentration of the pH-sensitive indicators, either red cabbage (RC) extract, black carrot (BC) extract, or chlorophenol red (CPR). The responsiveness of the colorimetric pH indicators, assessed visually and by CIE-Lab quantitative analysis, to the freshness of raw beef steaks stored under MAP conditions at 4 °C or 20 °C, was analysed over 7 d.ResultsAll the indicators showed a colour change for beef steak stored at 4 °C for 7 d that was noticeable with the naked eye and had a ΔE value>12. The sensitivity of the RC pH indicator was superior to that of the BC and CPR pH indicators. A study linking total microbial count (aerobic+Escherichia coli+coliform) and the quantitative colorimetric response of the indicators (ΔE) revealed a strong linear correlation.ConclusionsThe developed colorimetric pH indicators could be used to monitor the freshness of raw beef and as an alternative to the best-before date commonly used in pre-packaged meat. PubDate: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae021 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae013 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the impact of different dietary lipid levels on the physiological metabolism and odor quality of adult female Eriocheir sinensis during the fattening phase.Materials and MethodsFive dietary schemes, each containing different total lipid levels (4%, 7%, 10%, 13%, and 16%), were administered over a 60-d fattening period for adult female crab (approximately 50 g, n=60). Chromatography and spectroscopy techniques were used for the detection of aroma and key aroma precursors.ResultsDietary lipids had no significant effect on growth performance and hepatopancreas index (P<0.05). The carotenoid content showed an increasing and then decreasing trend, with a significant increase to 1312.51 mg/kg (P<0.05) at 7% lipid content of the diet. In contrast, a diet with a 13% lipid level led to a significant increase in total unsaturated fatty acids (115.3 mg/g, P<0.05), which maximized the contents of major fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic, among others), and presented a fluctuating trend. A diet with higher lipid levels (16%) inhibited fatty acid accumulation. Moreover, a 13% dietary lipid level enhanced characteristic aroma compounds (for example, nonanal, octanal, hexanal, 3-methylbutanal, and 2-heptanone) in E. sinensis cooked hepatopancreas. Through an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis model, it becomes evident that lipids and carotenoids together promote aroma formation in hepatopancreas.ConclusionsBased on the current findings, the optimal dietary lipid level for enhancing the odor quality of hepatopancreas in adult female E. sinensis during the fattening phase was 13%. This study provides more precise options for the high-quality cultivation of E. sinensis. PubDate: Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae013 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae019 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThis study investigated the effects of different thinning treatments on yield, fruit quality, and leaf photosynthesis of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch).Materials and MethodsThe suitable thinning period and loading capacity of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach were explored in production and a theoretical basis for efficient and high-yield cultivation of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach was provided, including blossom-thinning+fruit-thinning at 20 d after full bloom (DAFB)+fruit thinning at 40 DAFB, blossom-thinning+fruit-thinning at 40 DAFB, fruit-thinning at 20 DAFB+fruit-thinning at 40 DAFB, and fruit-thinning at 40 DAFB, with neither blossom-thinning nor fruit-thinning as control. The yield, fruit quality, and leaf photosynthesis were detected. The thinning treatments were carried out between April and May 2012 in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. The intensity of thinning with spacing was approximately 20 cm between fruits.ResultsThinning fruit twice (20 DAFB+40 DAFB) saved labour (260.4 h/ha) and improved the weight (186.45 g) of individual fruit, the yield (980.55 kg/ha), and the internal and external fruit quality (red saturation, the ratio between red and yellow saturation), as well as enhancing the water-use efficiency (8.19 mmol/mol) and apparent CO2-use efficiency (140.58 mmol/mol) values of leaves. The effect of thinning fruit twice was better than blossom thinning+fruit thinning, or fruit thinning only once.ConclusionsCollectively, thinning blossoms and fruit is a blossom- and fruit-management method suitable for peach production areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. In addition, thinning fruit twice (20 DAFB+40 DAFB) during the young fruit period and before entering the core-hardening period is suitable for achieving a reasonable load of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach. Flower thinning was not the recommended strategy for ‘Xiahui 5’ peach in terms of a reasonable load. PubDate: Fri, 29 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae019 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae018 Abstract: AbstractThe incidence of food allergy has increased in recent decades, posing drastic risks to sensitive individuals, leading to mild to severe allergic symptoms. There is still no effective immune therapeutic strategy for food allergy that addresses accurate analytical methods to indicate the presence of allergens to prevent exposure of sensitive individuals. Currently, the most commonly applied detection method is immunoassay developed with food allergen-specific antibodies, especially the conventional formats of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs), which serve as dominant detection reagents for food allergen analysis, although with the disadvantages of being labor-intensive, costly, batch differences, and significant cross-reaction, etc. Camelid-derived nanobodies (Nbs) have attracted tremendous attention to explore their application in food hazard analysis because of robust characteristics like unique paratopes, high stability and affinity that strongly contribute to the beneficial effect. However, extensive analysis is needed to validate the potential use of Nbs as detection reagents and the advantages for food allergen surveillance. Previous reports have demonstrated the potential of Nbs for immunoassay development against food allergens, such as macadamia allergen Mac i 1, peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 3, lupin allergen Lup an 1, milk allergen β-lactoglobulin, etc. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the structural and biochemical properties of Nbs that benefit the application of Nb-based immunoassay, as well as the representative detection strategies, to provide research data for newly developed Nb formats for food allergen analysis, and investigate the future establishment of Nb-based surveillance against major food allergens. PubDate: Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae018 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae011 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesLees are the major by-product of Huangjiu brewing and are prone to decomposition due to abundant protein residues. This study aims to convert the lees into high-value peptides with umami and antioxidant difunctionals.Materials and MethodsHerein, a one-step hydrolysis method combined with flavorzyme followed by amylase pretreatment was developed and optimized. The target peptide fraction was collected and evaluated after ultrafiltration and ethanol precipitation, and then identified by nano-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The target peptides were filtered through virtual screening, sensory, and radical scavenging verification.ResultsThe results show that 80 U/g amylase and 3500 U/g flavorzyme synergistic hydrolysis at 50 °C for 3 h performed best for umami intensity and antioxidant activity. A total of 5266 peptides was identified from the 80% ethanol precipitation fraction, finally secreened 7 umami peptides. The umami recognition threshold of the 7 peptides ranged from 0.38 to 0.66 mmol/L in water. Among them, DPDGW and DNPNW exhibited good DPPH antioxidant ability with IC50 values of 0.6982 mg/mL and 0.4315 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, molecular docking studies indicated that all umami peptides tend to interact with the T1R3 receptor through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, involving key residues such as ASN68, SER104, HIS145, SER276, VAL277, GLU301, ALA302, THR305, and HIS387.ConclusionThis study shows that Huangjiu lees is a potential resource for flavor and bioactive peptide development, which provides a reference for other waste protein recycling. PubDate: Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae011 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae017 Abstract: AbstractDespite its high demand, the seafood processing industry grapples with a substantial challenge: generating significant waste, encompassing edible and inedible by-products. This leads to considerable financial losses and raises socioecological concerns regarding managing and disposing of such waste. Urgently addressing this issue, implementing sustainable seafood preservation methods becomes crucial. This study provides a comprehensive summary of chemical and physical approaches proposed in the literature to prevent seafood loss and diminish waste. A literature search from 2000 to January 2023 yielded 49 publications meeting the inclusion criteria, revealing a fragmented landscape of studies conducted on various fish products under diverse conditions. Chemical methods include organic acids and bio-derived preservatives; physical approaches comprise cold plasma, high hydrostatic pressure, and UV-C irradiation. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique were considered and discussed. Using chitosans, derived from natural sources and Generally Recognized As Safe, has emerged as the most promising approach. However, the discourse on fish preservation methods remains an evolving topic, weaving between the complexities of food safety, consumer satisfaction, and economic and environmental impacts. Further research is needed to investigate spoilage during production and critically evaluate the waste generated at different stages of the industrial process. PubDate: Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae017 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae010 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesWith the increasing damage caused by foodborne pathogens to human health and the increasing attention given to healthy diets, novel food antimicrobial agents have been widely studied.Materials and MethodsIn this study, three different morphologies of citral-modified ZnO nanoparticle antimicrobial materials were prepared, and the citral-modified porous ZnO nanorod antimicrobial materials with the highest loading (60.35%) and the strongest inhibitory effect (MIC=0.2–0.1 mg/mL) were screened through a series of characterization and bacterial inhibition experiments. This novel antimicrobial material has excellent and long-lasting antimicrobial properties. It inhibited Escherichia coli by 100% when stowed at 25 °C and protected from light for 10 d and inhibited the growth of E. coli by 58.17% after being stowed under the same conditions for 60 d. Furthermore, we tested the pH change during 24 h of E. coli growth and the pH responsiveness of the materials.ResultsThe results demonstrated that under the acid-producing condition of E. coli growth, the pH-sensitive imine bond (–CH=N–) formed by the condensation of the amino of functionalized ZnO nanoparticles and citral was hydrolyzed to release the citral, which indicated that the release mechanism of citral in the antibacterial material was pH-sensitive.ConclusionsThe antibacterial materials in this study have broad application prospects in the field of food production and packaging in the future. Moreover, this study provides a theoretical basis for guaranteeing food quality and safety. PubDate: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae010 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae016 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesMyeloblastosis (MYB) proteins, recognized as crucial transcriptional regulators, play an integral role in orchestrating the range of plant colors.Materials and MethodsPitaya (Hylocereus spp.), a distinctive commercially cultivated fruit, stands apart due to its unique betalains, water-soluble nitrogen-enriched pigments that confer its vibrant hues. Although betalain biosynthesis has been extensively explored, the potential influence of co-activators that might disrupt pigment production remains relatively unexplored.ResultsIn this study, we found that HuMYB9, an R2R3-MYB repressor, exhibited a remarkable decreasing during pitaya maturation. Sequence alignment analyses showed conserved R2 and R3 domains within the C-terminal of HuMYB9. HuMYB9’s regulatory activities were found to be nuclear localized and it interacted with specific elements within the promoters of HuDODA1, HuADH1, and HuCYP76AD1-1, thus influencing the transcriptional activities in vitro. HuMYB9 transiently downregulated the expression of key betalain biosynthetic genes with a corresponding effect on the levels of pitaya pulp betalains.ConclusionsOur results suggest that HuMYB9 operates as a suppressor, specifically downregulating the expression of HuCYP76AD1-1, HuDODA1, and HuADH, thereby modulating betalain biosynthesis in pitaya. Collectively, our findings provide invaluable insights into the regulation of betalain accumulation in pitaya. PubDate: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae016 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae015 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesIn recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the global consumption of honey, driven by the high demand for natural products that offer health benefits. Consequently, consumers show a preference for honey, recognised for its superior quality, namely honey with a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or honey produced in protected areas, as it is associated with superior attributes and characteristics. Portugal is one of the leading countries in the production of PDO honey, with Montesinho Natural Park (MNP) being an excellent example of high-quality Portuguese honey, known for its distinctive attributes. However, environmental threats pose a double challenge, leading to a decline in honey production and compromising its overall quality. This study aimed to assess the specific physicochemical parameters and nutritional characteristics of MNP honey and investigate their correlation with the different locations of apiaries.Materials and MethodsMNP honey samples (n=13) were obtained from local producers or purchased at supermarkets. Standard physicochemical parameters, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase activity, moisture and ash content, free acidity, electrical conductivity and pH, were determined according to honey legislation. Additionally, colour parameters, protein, low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides), and mineral content were determined.ResultsThe results obtained were consistent with the requirements outlined in the legislation and those described in the literature. The results suggest that geographical factors within the park and boundaries do not contribute to variations in the analysed parameters.ConclusionsA significant level of homogeneity was evident in all parameters evaluated among the MNP honey samples. This is the first comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of honey from various apiaries within the MNP. PubDate: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae015 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae014 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThe basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) regulate fruit growth in many plants. However, there is no available study on the bHLH gene family in the haplotype-resolved genome of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).Materials and MethodsThe 131 FabHLH genes identified in the strawberry cultivar ‘Yanli’ haplotype-resolved genome were classified into 24 subfamilies according to their phylogenetic relationships. Gene structure, conserved motifs, and chromosomal locations were investigated using bioinformatics.ResultsIn total, 15 FabHLH genes potentially involved in fruit development were screened based on transcriptome analysis of different stages of fruit development. We also identified the cis-regulatory elements of these 15 FabHLH genes, predicted upstream transcription factors, and identified protein–protein interactions.ConclusionsThe findings of this study improve our understanding of the regulation mediated by bHLH TFs during strawberry fruit growth and maturation. PubDate: Sat, 09 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae014 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae012 Abstract: AbstractObjectiveThe overexploitation of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus stock, as a consequence of the growing market demand for roe, has boosted the research for echinoderm rearing. The chemical, physical, and microbiological characteristics of land-based facilities are crucial for sea urchins’ health and human consumption of their products. In Italy, health–hygienic regulations for P. lividus rearing are still to be perfected by the authorities. In this context, we characterized the microbiological quality of a pilot land-based facility for sea urchin production at the University of Cagliari (Italy) to support the development of technical production regulations.Materials and MethodsThe accredited Hygiene Laboratory of Cagliari University collected and analyzed the samples in June 2023. Mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, and molds were searched for in air and on surfaces. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Pseudomonadaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, sulfite-reducing Clostridia, and Vibrio spp. were identified in water samples. We searched forVibrio spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in the gonads and coelomic fluid of sea urchins.ResultsAlthough air, surfaces, and water quality were satisfactory overall, some critical points should be monitored more strictly. Enterococci concentration was 250 CFU/100 mL in the water reserve, suggesting animal contamination (other than humans). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant to filtration processes, with a residual concentration of 6 CFU/250 mL after the second filtration. No colonies of Vibrio spp. or Pseudomonas spp. were isolated in sea urchins’ gonads or coelomic fluid.ConclusionsStarting from the results, we provided targeted advice for developing technical production regulations, system monitoring, and facility routine maintenance in accordance with the ‘best practice’ approach. This analysis could be considered a first step toward the elaboration of common regulations about the minimal standards for the breeding environment of P. lividus by national and regional authorities. PubDate: Sat, 09 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae012 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae008 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesVibrio parahaemolyticus is the primary species that causes vibriosis. In this study, a point-of-care detection method was developed for V. parahaemolyticus.Materials and MethodsThe detection platform targeted the thermolabile haemolysin (tlh) gene of V. parahaemolyticus based on recombinant polymerase amplification (RPA) and clustered regularly spaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas) systems. The platform was combined with an immunochromatographic test strip (ICS) that enables low-cost, simple, visual detection of V. parahaemolyticus.ResultsThe detection limit was 2.5×102 fg/µL for plasmids and 1.4×102 CFU/mL for V. parahaemolyticus. In addition, V. parahaemolyticus in salmon sashimi could be detected at a concentration of 154 CFU/g without enrichment, and the entire detection time was around 30 min. After enrichment for 6 h, 2 CFU/g V. parahaemolyticus could be detected.ConclusionsConsequently, the proposed RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-ICS platform could detect V. parahaemolyticus in seafood intuitively, quickly, and sensitively, leading to high practical application value. PubDate: Wed, 14 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae008 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae009 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the survival ability and risk of Salmonella isolated from traditional blood-based food, using both phtnotypic and genotypic analysis.Materials and MethodsWe characterized and identified seventeen Salmonella isolates using 16s rRNA sequencing, real-time PCR and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Cell counts were recorded to monitor growth ability and temperature tolerance. Virulence genes and whole genome phylogenies were confirmed by WGS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of corresponding strains to different antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes predicted by WGS were evaluated.ResultsIn this study, we characterized 17 Salmonella isolates obtained from contaminated traditional blood-based food in China. Compared to laboratory strain S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, these Salmonella isolates generally grew more rapidly and developed less biofilm, but their tolerance to food processing-associated cold and heat stresses was distinct. Whole-genome phylogenies pointed out the potential for cross-contamination during food practices. In addition, 21 antibiotic-resistance genes were found among blood-based food isolates, including high-prevalent resistance genes gyrA (including associated mutations D87G and S83F), blaTEM, and aadA1. Antibiotic susceptibility test confirmed the in-silico prediction and revealed a 41.18% (7/17) multidrug resistance (MDR) rate. Resistance to ceftiofur, kanamycin, and nalidixic acid was observed without corresponding resistance genes, suggesting overlooked resistance mechanisms.ConclusionsThis study revisited microbial safety concerns associated with traditional blood-based food and underlined the emergence of high-risk MDR Salmonella strains. It also underscores the importance of implementing better hygiene practices in the production and handling of traditional food products. PubDate: Wed, 14 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae009 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyad055 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesWhite spots, mainly consisting of tyrosine, refer to small white particles that exist on the surface of mature Chinese fermented soybean curd or in the fermentation broth and have affected the appearance of Chinese fermented soybean curd.Materials and MethodsThe study determined the composition of the white spots throughout mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography and investigated the relationship between tyrosine content, amino acid nitrogen content, depth of the proteolysis index and protease activity to interpret the mechanism of white spot formation during fermentation.ResultsIn this study, the results confirm that tyrosine accounts for 78.22% of the white spots. Excessive tyrosine content can promote the formation of white spots during fermentation. Free tyrosine content, amino acid nitrogen content, depth of the proteolysis index and protease activity during the fermentation process increased during fermentation. Correlation analysis results show that free tyrosine content was positively correlated with amino acid nitrogen content, depth of the proteolysis index and protease activity, which showed that the production of tyrosine is related to the degree of proteolysis. Solubility studies show that high concentrations of NaCl and ethanol affect the production of tyrosine and reduce its solubility, while the increase in temperature increases the solubility of tyrosine. Taking NaCl, ethanol and temperature as influencing factors, a mathematical model of tyrosine solubility was established.ConclusionThis study lays the groundwork for understanding the mechanism of white spot formation during Chinese fermented soybean curd fermentation and provides solutions for controlling white spot formation. PubDate: Fri, 09 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad055 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae007 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesFood quality assessment is critical for indicating the shelf-life and ensuring food safety or value. Due to high environmental sensitivity, the post-harvest quality of fresh fruit will undergo complex changes in the supply chain, with various dynamic quality-related features. It is difficult to efficiently and accurately extract comprehensive quality feature of post-harvest fruits from high-dimensional monitoring data with heterogeneous characteristics (numerical and categorical). Therefore, we proposed a dynamic comprehensive quality assessment method based on self-adaptive analytic hierarchy process (SAHP) integrated with the CatBoost model.Materials and MethodsBy adaptive weight optimization, the SAHP was utilized to analyze the multi-source quality information and obtain the quantized fusion value, as an output sample of CatBoost machine learning. Then, using heterogeneous monitoring data as input, the CatBoost model was directly trained through unbiased boosting with categorical features for dynamic assessment of overall quality status.ResultsThree quality index monitoring data sets for ‘Jufeng’ grape in different transportation chains (normal temperature, cold insulation, and cold chain) were individually constructed as the research samples. Furthermore, compared to other machine learning methods, the SAHP–CatBoost had more accurate results in comprehensive quality feature extraction. In actual transportation chains, the mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, and root mean squared error of dynamic comprehensive assessment were limited to 0.0044, 1.012%, and 0.0078, respectively.ConclusionsThe proposed method is efficient in handling heterogeneous monitoring data and extracting comprehensive quality information of post-harvest grape as a robust shelf-life indicator. It can reasonably guide post-harvest quality management to reduce food loss and improve economic benefits. PubDate: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae007 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae005 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesCronobacter sakazakii, formerly Enterobacter sakazakii, is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate. It has been implicated in cases of meningitis, septicaemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis among infants worldwide in association with powdered infant formula (PIF). This study was an insilico designed peptide base kit framework, using immunoinformatic techniques for quick detection of C. sakazakii in PIF.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, a peptide-based kit was designed with a bioinformatic technique to rapidly identify C. sakazakii in PIF using flhE, secY, and bcsC, which are genes responsible for its biofilm formation, as target genes. The antigenicity, membrane topology, and the presence of signal peptides of the target genes were analysed using VaxiJen, DeepTMHMM, and SignalP servers. To provide stability and flexibility to the multiple-epitope construct, the linear B cells and helper T cells (IL-4 (interleukin 4) and IL-10 (interleukin 10) inducing epitopes) were linked with a GSGSG linker followed by the addition of protein disulphide bonds. To ascertain specificity, the multi-epitope construct was molecularly docked against genes from sources other than PIF, like alfalfa, and the environment, with PIF being the highest: –328.48. Finally, the codons were modified using the pET28a(+) vector, and the resultant multi-epitope construct was successfully cloned in silico.ResultsThe final construct had a length of 486 bp, an instability index of 23.26, a theoretical pI of 9.34, a molecular weight of 16.5 kDa, and a Z-score of –3.41.ConclusionsThe multi-epitope peptide construct could be a conceptual framework for creating a C. sakazakii peptide-based detection kit, which has the potential to provide fast and efficient detection. However, there is a need for additional validation through the in vitro and in vivo techniques. PubDate: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae005 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae001 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThe effect of natural extracts on the oxidative quality of cold plasma (CP)-treated tilapia fillets during 9 d refrigerator storage was explored by adding mango and partridge tea extracts as natural antioxidants.Materials and MethodsThe effects of mango and partridge tea extracts on the fish during storage were evaluated using the total viable count (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), carbonyl values, and color.ResultsThe results showed that on the ninth day, the TVC of the mango extract (ME)-CP group was 3.52±0.08 log colony-forming units/g, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other groups, while the TBARS of ME-CP and partridge tea extract (MOE)-CP was similar. The TVB-N values in the ME-CP and MOE-CP groups were 10.21±0.7 mg/100 g and 14.27±0.31 mg/100 g, respectively, which were within the acceptable values. The sulfhydryl and carbonyl contents in ME-CP were lower than those in MOE-CP; however, no significant variation was detected in texture. No significant changes were observed in the L* values among the treatment groups, while the b* values in the MOE-CP group were significantly increased (P<0.05).ConclusionsTherefore, the addition of ME combined with CP treatment can inhibit microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and protein oxidation in tilapia fillets without significantly impacting their color. PubDate: Wed, 17 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae001 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae002 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesIn order to improve the prediction accuracy of forced-air pre-cooling for blueberries, a mathematical model of forced-air pre-cooling for blueberries based on the micro-cluster method was established.Materials and MethodsIn order to determine the optimal micro-cluster model parameters suitable for forced air pre-cooling of blueberries, three factors controlling the micro-cluster geometry parameters were evaluated by 7/8 pre-cooling time, uniformity, and convective heat transfer coefficient.ResultsIt was found that the optimal values of the number of micro-clusters (n3), the distance between individual units within a micro-cluster (a) and the distance between micro-clusters (c) were 3, 0.75, and 0.2, respectively. Under these optimal values, the temperature error of the micro-cluster method remained below 1 °C, achieving highly accurate temperature predictions during the blueberry pre-cooling process. The results showed that the micro-cluster method effectively solved the challenges of complex configuration, long simulation time, and low accuracy compared to the porous medium and equivalent sphere methods.ConclusionBased on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the micro-cluster method provids a theoretical basis for optimizing forced-air pre-cooling processes and making informed control decisions. PubDate: Wed, 17 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae002 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae006 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesThis paper aims to investigate the polyphenol metabolite variation and bioactivities of different-colored hawthorn berries (Crataegus pinnatifida).Materials and MethodsComparative metabolomics analysis between peel and flesh of yellow hawthorn 'Jinruyi' (JRY) and red-skinned ones was carried out by UPLC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibition capacity were also tested among different colored hawthorn samples.ResultsA total of 453 polyphenols was characterized, among which phenolic acids and flavonoids were abundant, and were closely relevant to the antioxidant capacity of hawthorn fruits. Polyphenol profile showed accession-specific accumulation in peel or flesh of different colored hawthorn. The unique yellow hawthorn was found to have few anthocyanins but showed enhanced flux to synthesize flavones and flavonols, especially flavone C-glycosides and acylated flavonol glycosides. The specific acylation decoration included acetylation, p-coumaroylation, and malonylation. In addition, yellow hawthorn showed excellent α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, which might be associated with the high concentration of 8 polyphenols including 5 phenolic acids, 2 flavone C-glycosides, and an acylated flavonol glycoside, namely, quercetin-7-O-(6ʹʹ-malonyl)glucoside. Such acylated flavonol showed the strongest correlation with the inhibition effect of hawthorn fruits on α-glucosidase, and was predicted to have the lowest binding energy with the enzyme according to molecular docking analysis, indicating its great potential as a strong α-glucosidase inhibitor and an important antidiabetic ingredient in yellow hawthorn.ConclusionsThe acylated flavonol glycosides and C-glycosyl flavones might be chemotaxonomic markers differentiating varieties and bioactivities of yellow hawthorn from the traditional red-skinned ones. These findings complement the existing knowledge on the metabolite composition and nutritional properties of hawthorn fruits. PubDate: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae006 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyad057 Abstract: AbstractBackgroundsTannic acid (TA), as a plant-derived phenolic substance, is involved in regulating the activity of starch digestive enzymes, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear.Methods and ResultsIn the present study, inhibition rate and inhibition kinetics assays were performed and confirmed that TA had a strong inhibitory effect on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.1585 mg/mL and 0.00542 mg/mL, respectively, through a mixed inhibition mode. The secondary structures of both enzymes were confirmed to be modified by TA through circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Fluorescence quenching analysis revealed that the interaction between TA and two enzymes was a static process of pontaneous complex formation. Finally, molecular docking revealed that non-covalent bonds were the main interaction forces between TA and both enzymes.ConclusionsThus, TA was a promising candidate for the inhibition of starch-digesting enzymes, and the present research provided insight into postprandial glucose regulation through polyphenols. PubDate: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad057 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae003 Abstract: AbstractPhytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a seed storage protein and a type of lectin originally discovered in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for its blood-agglutinating effect. Due to its interactions with gut epithelia and digestive enzymes and its potential to trigger allergic reactions, PHA can lead to various symptoms in the human body. As a result, it has been regarded as a significant antinutritional factor in beans and other legumes. While several published works have summarized its structural, biochemical, and toxicological features, there is a scarcity of literature that reviews the detection, quantification, and reduction of PHA in beans, which is fundamental for the development of safer bean varieties. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of traditional and innovative bio-sensing methods for measuring PHA, including the recently available ultrapure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and emerging aptamer sensor-based techniques, while discussing their respective advantages and disadvantages. We also revisit existing studies dedicated to creating PHA-depleted common bean varieties and explore the potential for reducing PHA content in beans without compromising their resistance to biotic stress. Additionally, we offer insights into the potential for controlling PHA content using the latest biotechnologies and breeding strategies. Overall, this review compiles rare and valuable information from studies that solely focuses on detection and depletion of PHA to shed light on and apply technological advancements in addressing potential food safety risks associated with the consumption of common beans. PubDate: Tue, 09 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae003 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyae004 Abstract: AbstractThe poultry industry is experiencing rapid growth worldwide. This accelerated growth has led to multiple food fraud incidents across the food supply chain, which consequently created a demand for precise determination of quality poultry production. This increase in demand for precise poultry production quality has necessitated advanced solutions. Metabolomics has emerged as a viable solution by offering detailed differentiation of biochemical indicators throughout the poultry supply chain. Additionally, this study provides a means to address risk factors affecting the poultry industry without compromising animal welfare, which is a critical concern. This review focuses on important issues related to poultry product quality assessment. Food adulteration has escalated in recent years as it is driven by the increasing focus on consuming high-quality and nutritious food. However, there is no specific guideline for such determinations, especially when appearance, texture, and taste can be manipulated by substituting for food components. Metabolomics can pave the way for a deeper understanding of existing and novel biochemical indicators responsible for determining the quality of poultry meat and eggs. This approach holds the potential to enhance the overall quality of poultry meat and egg products while also preventing food fraud. PubDate: Sat, 06 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyae004 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyad072 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesRhizopus stolonifer, which causes soft rot of sweet potato, has resulted in substantial loss of economy postharvest.Materials and MethodsThe antifungal effect and mechanism of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) against R. stolonifer were explored by biochemical analysis and RNA-sequencing in this research, and the edible quality of CIN-treated sweet potato was evaluated.ResultsThe results showed that CIN inhibited the growth of R. stolonifer and reduced the incidence of soft rot in sweet potato at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1000 μL/L. The damage of the cell walls of R. stolonifer by CIN was associated with the upregulation of CHT1. Cytosolic leakage and malondialdehyde content increased following CIN-treatment, which was correlated with increased reactive oxygen species levels and decreased catalase activity. Upregulation of ERG genes and oxidative stress-related genes following CIN treatment was associated with impaired cell membrane integrity. The mitochondrial structure of R. stolonifer was damaged by CIN treatment resulting in decreased respiration rates and ATP production, which was correlated with lower expression levels of IDH1, COX4, and QCR7.ConclusionsOur research suggests that the inhibition of CIN on R. stolonifer was related to the disruption of its normal gene expression network, and CIN maintained the nutritional and edible quality of sweet potato. This study provides valuable insights into the antifungal mechanism of CIN on R. stolonifer and the maintenance of root quality, which contributes to the efficient use of CIN for controlling soft rot in sweet potato. PubDate: Sat, 06 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad072 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyad068 Abstract: AbstractObjectivesTo assess the variations in hypertonic tolerance among Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport) strains isolated from diverse sources and investigate the mechanism underlying the tolerance differences between the sensitive and tolerant strain.Materials and MethodsIn this work, various S. Newport strains were cultured in 5% and 10% NaCl solutions (hypertonic stress), and the most sensitive and tolerant strains were selected using a Weibull model. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the hypertonic tolerance differences of S. Newport were preliminarily investigated in the aspects of cell phenotype, intracellular solute concentration, and gene expression level.ResultsWith prolonged hypertonic stress time, the leakage of nucleic acids and proteins of S. Newport increased gradually, and the membrane potential of S. Newport declined after increasing. Compared with the sensitive strain, the tolerant counterpart exhibited the ability to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane and sustain a high membrane potential level. The expression levels of the upstream genes proV and otsB in the tolerant strain were significantly lower than those in the sensitive strain; but the Kdp and Trk systems and downstream genes proX, proW, and otsA were highly expressed in the tolerant strain compared with the sensitive strain, leading to higher concentrations of intracellular K+ and trehalose, enabling better survival in a hypertonic environment.ConclusionsThe findings of this work offer valuable insights into pathogen survival mechanisms under hypertonic stress and contribute to the development of strategies for mitigating microbiological risks during long-term processing and storage in the cured food industry. PubDate: Tue, 02 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad068 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)
First page: fyad070 Abstract: AbstractObjectiveAmphenicols (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol) can cause aplastic anaemia and other severe side effects to consumers; therefore, it is necessary to inspect their residues in foods of animal origin. However, there has been no report on the use of amphenicols receptor for the determination of their residues, and none of the previously reported immunoassays for amphenicols can differentiate the specific species.Materials and MethodsIn this study, the ribosomal protein L16 of Escherichia coli was first expressed, and its intermolecular interaction mechanisms with the three amphenicols was studied using the molecular docking technique. The protein was then combined with three enzyme-labelled conjugates to develop a direct competitive array on microplate for determination of the three drugs in egg.ResultsDue to the use of principal component analysis to analyse the data, this method could discriminate the three drugs in the range 0.1–10 ng/mL, and the limits of detection for the three drugs were in the range of 0.0002–0.0009 ng/mL. The analysis results for the unknown egg samples were consistent with a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method, and the method performances were superior to the previous immunoassays for amphenicols.ConclusionThis is the first paper reporting the use of ribosomal protein L16 to develop a competitive array for discriminative determination of amphenicols in food samples. PubDate: Tue, 02 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad070 Issue No:Vol. 8 (2024)