Abstract: Background and Objective: Alternative production systems have been welcomed and supported by consumers and egg producers. However, the classic free-range layer farming is a profitable business and suitable to produce egg and meat. The production performance of a layer is determined during the rearing phase. Thus, proper management is essential in order to achieve adequate weight and body composition at the beginning of the production phase so that the birds may reach the fullness of their genetic potential. In this sense, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the management on maintaining the weight uniformity of birds during rearing phase and on the production performance of laying hens. Materials and Methods: This study used the database of the Laboratory of Poultry Science, referring to Hy Line Brown® chickens of the AVIUFSC Lot 018, raised during the period from March 28, 2019 to January 22, 2021. The obtained data were used to determine the growth curves until the end of the rearing phase. The data were also used for exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Mean and variance of body weight per week per group in the rearing phase before and after the relocation was calculated. Results: Raising semi-heavy chickens without controlling weight uniformity during rearing phase produced lighter and more heterogeneous pullets. During rearing, grouping of pullets according to their weight produced more uniform and heavier pullets at transfer age. Heavier pullets become hens with higher egg production per week up to 49 weeks of age. Conclusion: Grouping of pullets according to weight during rearing phase produced more uniform and heavier pullets at transfer age. PubDate: 31 March, 2023
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate feeding strategies to increase broiler growth rate, reduce heat stress and improve welfare. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 Cobb 500 day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (3×2) forming 3 treatments: T1 (control-ad libitum feeding), T2 (feed withdrawn between 11 am to 4 pm daily) and T3 (ad libitum feed +1% palm oil) and (2 levels of water treatments: P1 (plain portable water) and P2 (Tetrapluera tetraptera powder dissolved in water, as organic anti-heat stressor). Data on growth rate, carcass analysis and blood biochemical parameters were collected. Data were analyzed using the generalized linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS. The level of statistical significance was set at p PubDate: 30 July, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: The effectiveness of mineral use is an essential topic in modern poultry feeding. The trend of using organic minerals over inorganic sources in poultry is increasing rapidly as they are supposed to be more bioavailable and efficient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the total replacement of zinc, copper, manganese, iron and selenium mineral supplementation in inorganic form by organic minerals, in the form of chelates - amino acids, on productive performance and pododermatitis score in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 480 Cobb broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replications, as follows: T1 (control, with the inclusion of inorganic minerals) and T2 (total replacement of inorganic mineral sources by the blend of organic minerals, in the inclusion of 1.0 kg t–46443D1, meeting the nutritional requirements of the strain). During 42 experimental days, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, viability, productive efficiency index and pododermatitis score were measured. Results: The birds fed with 1 kg t–46443D1 of the organic blend showed lower feed intake (p = 0.0091), better feed conversion rates (p = 0.043), productive efficiency (p = 0.0065) and viability (p = 0.0465) in relation to the control group. The other variables did not differ statistically, although the group fed with organic minerals had a smaller number of animals with pododermatitis in the most severe scores of the disease. Conclusion: It is concluded that the blend of organic minerals met the nutritional requirements of the strain, by providing better rates of productive performance and can be an efficient substitute for inorganic sources of minerals. PubDate: 27 January, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Commercial broilers are raised for quick growth and enhanced feed efficiency. However, weight gain does not correlate with slower development of the skeletal system. The weight load causes skeletal problems in birds, forcing them to spend most of their time lying down and unable to express normal behavior. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of free-range production system (FRPS) on broilers' bone strength. Materials and Methods: The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (A, B, C and D) and 3 replications. Three birds were selected randomly from each replication, weighed and then euthanized fortnightly. Increase in skeletal load was estimated for each bird, right tibia de-fleshed, weighed and severed at the midpoint of its length. The inner and outer tibia midway diameters were measured, diameter ratios were (inner to outer) computed and expressed as percentages (IO). Tibia ash (%) and IO ratio were used to determine bone strength. Results: FRPS increased bone ash (%) and decreased skeletal load. Tibia ash (%) of the control treatment (D) and treatments A and B were significantly different (p PubDate: 26 June, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: To address the increasing pressure on the environment and feed costs in livestock, a sustainable production system with non-conventional feedstuff is an urgent priority. This study aimed to investigate the recycling potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on hatchery waste and the effect of larval biomass to serve as a protein ingredient in the diet of Brahma chicken. Materials and Methods: BSFL (4 day-old) were randomly distributed into three formulated diets D1 (66.33% of mango waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste), D2 (66.33% of kitchen waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste), D3 (chicken waste plus 33.33% of hatchery waste) in a completely randomized design. Larvae obtained from these substrates were further tested as protein sources in Brahma chicken feed. In a 12 week feeding trial, 54 chicks (21 days old) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments containing 0, 2.5 and 5% of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for fish meal. Results: Formulated diet significantly (p PubDate: 24 July, 2023
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to determine the appropriate ratio of energy and protein to maintain optimal growth of pullet chicks that will lead to optimum layer performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 270 day-old chicks (Isa Brown), were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement forming 9 treatments with 30 birds per treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times. The chicks were fed diets containing 3 energy (2500, 2700 and 2900 ME (kcal kg–1) and 3 crude protein (CP) levels (18, 20 and 22%) from 2-7 weeks of age. Results: Feed intake of chicks increased with increase in E:P-ratio (from 124.97-139.60 g bird–1 week–1) while at 20 and 22% CP, feed intake of chicks decreased with increase in E:P-ratio. Body weight gain increased with increase in protein levels at the three energy levels. Birds fed on 2500, 2700 and 2900 ME kcal kg–1 showed increased body weight gain (281.17-524.17 g, 282.50-325.83 g and 362.00-492.33 g, respectively) with increment in CP levels from 18, 20 and 22%. Similarly, lower feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed 18, 20 and 22% CP. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that starter chicks fed low energy-high protein diet (2500 ME (kcal kg–1) at 22% CP level grew significantly faster and had lower cost kg–1 gain (₦ 194.25) as compared to other combinations (₦ 204.15 to ₦ 234.57), therefore it is recommended that, starter chicks could be fed on 2500 ME (kcal kg–1) diet at 22% crude protein. PubDate: 22 September, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Guinea fowl originates from Africa where it has a cultural significance and its raising is considered as an important traditional activity and food source. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of guinea fowls and guinea fowl eggs in the Western Tandjilé Department. Materials and Methods: Four sub-prefectures were chosen for the potential production of guinea fowl. A total of 320 guinea fowl farmers were the subject of this cross-sectional and retrospective survey. Results: The average number of laying females was 18 heads per backyard. Guinea fowl with dark gray plumage were dominant. Puberty occurs at 7 months (28 weeks) in males and at 8 months (32 weeks) in females. The hen was the most solicited (93%) for the brooding of 17 eggs on average. The hatching rate was 90% and the survival rate of guinea fowl at weaning at 2 months was 81.1%. Almost all farms (98%) were individual. Cereals alone or mixed with oilseeds have been the main feeds of guinea fowl, produced or purchased by producers. An average of 110 eggs laid per female during the five months of laying was observed. Diseases, losses due to predation, theft and lack of supervision were the constraints mentioned. Conclusion: The production of guinea fowl and guinea fowl eggs in the Western Tandjile Department requires special attention and adequate supervision to get rid of the constraints related to this breed and improve its productivity. PubDate: 21 January, 2023
Abstract: Objective: A study was carried out to determine the effect of graded levels of moringa leaf meal and season on spermatozoa characteristics of the Pearl Guinea fowl cock in Ghana. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two (32) cocks and one hundred and twenty-eight (128) hens aged one-day-old were used for the study after been reared to attain sexual maturity. A completely randomized design with a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement was used for the experiment. Data collected were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS for Windows, version 7) and means were separated by the probability of difference (PDIFF) procedure. Results: Result from this study revealed that, the highest sperm motility occurred in birds fed with the control diet (77.12%) while birds fed with 15% Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) had the lowest sperm motility (55.83%). Semen pH, sperm count and normal spermatozoa increased with increasing dietary moringa leaf meal. Semen pH was higher in birds fed with 15% MOLM (8.00) and lowest in birds fed with the control diet (7.70). Sperm count was higher in birds fed with 15% MOLM (4.63×109 mL) and lowest in birds fed with 9% MOLM (2.33×109 mL). Normal spermatozoa was higher (p0.05) but significantly lower values for normal sperm. Season had no significant (p>0.05) effect on spermatozoa characteristics except motility and sperm count. Sperm motility was higher (p0.05) but significantly lower values for sperm motility. Sperm count was higher (p0.05) effect of moringa leaf meal×season interaction on spermatozoa characteristics. Conclusion: This study concluded that spermatozoa quality and quantity increased with increasing levels of MOLM in the diet of Guinea fowl cocks. PubDate: 21 January, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Avian Infectious Anemia is widely distributed around the world causing problems for both breeders and broilers. The transmission of this virus can be vertical or horizontal and is characterized by a clinical and subclinical presentation respectively. In order to prevent avian infectious anemia, specific titers are given to the breeder and then passed on to the chick. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of double vaccination in achieving higher and more uniform titers as well as decreasing the number of negative birds. Materials and Methods: The present study compared a traditional single-vaccine versus two other vaccination protocols using two doses in different combinations in three different flocks of Cobb×Cobb breeders. In this research serological evaluation was performed using the Idexx Avian Infectious Anemia Ab Test Laboratory kit. The breeder and the chick at birth was evaluated at different stages. Then they were compared utilizing various statistical methods according to the nature of the data. Results: Significant difference was found in the breeders at 20 weeks in favor of the protocols that used two doses and at 24 weeks in favor of the protocols that used one dose, however no difference was found in one-day-old chick. Conclusion: An additional vaccination against chicken anemia virus does not appear to be beneficial. PubDate: 21 April, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Slow-growing broilers are well adapted to tropical climate but have poor growth performance and feed efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy on production efficiency and welfare behavior of slow-growing broilers in the tropics. Materials and Methods: A total of 390 Sasso broiler chickens of 14 days old were divided into three groups of five replicates with 26 chicken per replicate: birds in group A (as control) fed complete diet, birds in group B fed diets with variation in energy content and in group C birds fed diet with energy and protein contents. Feeding behavior at 10 weeks of age and carcass evaluation, abdominal fat and meat pH at 11 weeks of age were evaluated. Results: Results showed that feed intake, energy intake, growth rate and body weight were higher (p0.05). However, birds fed sequentially showed lower abdominal fat, feed conversion ratio and higher economic feed efficiency (p PubDate: 20 June, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: The profitability of a poultry farm mainly depends on the quality of the feed offered to birds and its cost. This quality of feed is closely linked to feed raw materials. The objective of this study was to inventory the local feed resources that can be used in formulating the diets of poultry in the western plateau region of Togo. Materials and Methods: Thus, a survey was carried out in the seven prefectures of the region among 210 farmers chosen on the basis of the importance of their poultry farm and distributed in 35 villages. Direct questions made it possible to collect information on the number of hens reared, the feedstuffs used, their availability during the year, the mixtures of feed made and the frequency of distribution of feed to chickens. Results: The results showed that the average number of hens was 121 birds per farmer. Thirty-three local feedstuffs, made up of agricultural products (corn, soybeans, sorghum etc.) and their by-products (corn bran, spent grain from Tchouk, termites etc.) and unconventional resources (Taro leaf, cassava etc.) were identified. The most feedstuffs used were white corn (95.71%), small smoked fish debris (77.14%) and roasted soybeans (70.95%). The majority (87.62%) of farmers mix these feed resources before feeding on average 3 times a day to chicks (67.62%) and 2 times a day to adult chickens (63.81%). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the western plateau region of Togo is rich in local feed resources that can be used in traditional poultry feed to reduce feed costs. PubDate: 20 June, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: In Burkina Faso, poultry producers are suffering from the rising feed costs, especially for protein sources such as fishmeal, groundnut cake and soybean meal. The present study aimed to determine the nutritional value of Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya seeds as an alternative feed ingredient for local chickens. Materials and Methods: The dry matter, humidity, crude protein, nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lipids, energy and minerals of Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya seeds were determined. The ash contents and fatty acids profile was investigated. Results: This study revealed that Cirina butyrospermi (50.2% dry basis) and Acacia macrostachya seeds (40.3% dry basis) were high in protein. Concentrations of NDF (32.8±8.35 and 19.7±0.17) and ADF (29.4±1.57 and 18.8±5.05) were found in Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya samples, respectively. Palmitic, Stearic, Linoleic, Oleic and α-Linolenic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in the two plant samples. Both samples contain some minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc) and are rich in energy. Conclusion: Due to their potent source of protein, Cirina butyrospermi and Acacia macrostachya could be an alternative feed ingredient to reduce the high cost of fishmeal in the local chickens farming system. PubDate: 19 March, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Moulting of older breeders is a procedure to obtain or to increase reproductive performance of breeders by restoration of egg quality. A 15-week study was carried out to examine the effect of induced molting of Sasso broiler breeders by feed withdrawal for a period of 9 days on the production performance, egg quality, hatching traits and 1-week post-hatch chick performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 Sasso broiler breeders (72 weeks old) were randomly allotted to two treatment groups (non-molt and molt) of 120 hens each. Each group was further divided into six replicates with 20 hens per replicate and 2 cocks each. The hens in the molt treatment group were subjected to molting by feed withdrawal for a period of 9 days. After the commencement of egg production, eggs were collected from the two experimental groups and incubated (from the 7th week after molting). Collection and incubation were repeated 5 times. The chicks hatched from these incubations were reared for 1-week. Results: The eggs from the molted hens had a higher albumen height and haugh unit. The eggs from the molted hens had an improvement in fertility while the hatchability of the fertile eggs was not different in the 2 groups. The incubation duration, chick weight and quality at hatch showed no difference between the treatments. At the end of the 7 days post-hatch, there was no difference in chick performance. Conclusion: It was concluded that although induced molting procedure with feed withdrawal improved the production, quality and fertility of eggs of Sasso broiler breeders, it did not influence chick quality and 1-week performance. PubDate: 17 February, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Clostridium perfringens is a major enteric pathogen of poultry causing necrotic enteritis (NE). Both clinical and subclinical forms of NE are associated with a huge economic loss, so it is very important to detect and study the correlation between environmental and intestinal C. perfringens isolated from different origins in poultry farms. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 intestinal samples were collected from 20 different commercially diseased poultry flock in Egypt, as well as 10 environmental samples from 10 of the 20 farms that had clinical NE. Statistical package for the social sciences was used for cluster analysis and dendrogram construction. Similarity index between all samples was calculated using the online tool. Results: The bacterial susceptibility patterns of both environmental and intestinal isolates showed high resistance index of 100% against streptomycin sulphate, sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim, tetracycline and spectinomycin. The resistance reached 70 and 100% to ampicillin and cefotaxime: 50 and 80% to amoxicillin: 65 and 70% to bacitracin for intestinal and environmental C. perfringens isolates, respectively, while the lowest resistance (27%) was to penicillin V. Using cPCR, all isolates carried α toxin gene, while 60 and 25% of intestinal C. perfringens harbored netβ and β-lactamase (bla), meanwhile, 40 and 60% of environmental C. perfringens were positive for netβ and bla genes, respectively. Conclusion: The results of RAPD analysis, similarity index and dendrograms for 4 environmental and intestinal C. perfringens isolates (with bla gene) showed high similarity mainly with the same ancestor of environmental origin, which may explained that contamination with C. perfringens in the environment acts as a source of horizontal bla gene transfer between different C. perfringens strains within poultry farms. PubDate: 14 June, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: There is concern about the safety of food, especially grilled foods in Africa. This study aimed to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals content in grilled chicken meat and health risk for consumers in Benin. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 samples of grilled chicken meat were collected from Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi following various grilling processes and devices. PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and mercury by spectrophotometer coupled with VP100 hydride generator. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were used to evaluate the risk of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, lead and cadmium. Results: Whole grilled chicken meat (2.761-4.062 μg kg–1) did not meet the maximum limit of 2 μg kg–1 for benzo(a)pyrene set by European Union except whole pre-cooked grilled chicken meat (0.333±0.033 μg kg–1) and whole grilled chicken meats with wood-device (1.493±0.055 μg kg–1). Regardless of the device, grilled chicken meat skewers contained a tolerable level of benzo(a)pyrene (1.216-1.892 μg kg–1). Lead level in whole (223.3±36 μg kg–1) and skewers (153.3±18 μg kg–1) chicken grilled on cabinet type charcoal-device exceeded the tolerated limit (100 μg kg–1). However, levels of cadmium, mercury and arsenic were in accordance with the regulation in all analyzed samples. Only HQ of benzo(a)pyrene was above 1 (HQ>1) for whole grilled chicken meats consumed daily. Regardless of consumption frequency, HQ of lead and cadmium were less than 1 (HQ PubDate: 11 August, 2023
Abstract: Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens fed fresh and dry ginger. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six pullets at 16 weeks of age were allocated to three treatment groups with 4 replicates of 8 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Hens in treatments 1 and 2 received diets containing 0.00 and 0.50% dried ginger. In treatment 3, fresh ginger equivalent to diet 2 was administered through the drinking water. Quality of eggs laid were assessed at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of the laying periods. Results: Performance was not affected by either ginger treatment (p>0.05) and egg quality parameters were not affected until 10th weeks of the laying period. At 10th weeks of lay, egg shape index was significantly higher (p PubDate: 09 January, 2023
Abstract: Background and Objective: Demand for high energy poultry feed ingredients has increased with increased competition. Hence in this study we aimed to examine the effect of high oleic peanuts (HOPN) and sweet potato by-products (SWP) on hen production and egg quality. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred twenty hens were fed one of 5 treatments for 6 weeks, a conventional control (C1), a soy protein-isolate control (C2), 4% SWP diet, an 8% HOPN diet and a 4% HOPN+4% SWP diet. Eggs, body and feed weights were collected bi-weekly. Eggs were analyzed for quality and chemistry. All data were analyzed using an ANOVA at p PubDate: 05 April, 2023
Abstract: Reports on preventable animal diseases are rare, even though this occurs frequently in developing nations. This report highlighted the outbreak of suspected bacterial conjunctivitis in Boschveld chicken that had been transported by road from South Africa to Northern Province of Cabo Delgado. A total of 3694 chickens were used in this study and 672 mortalities occurred. Clinical signs and gross lesions of bacterial conjunctivitis were indicated in the affected birds. Streptococcus spp. was detected in the infected eyes by microbiological analysis. This succinct communication serves to: (a) Reinforce the need for strict measures to reduce chicken stress during long-distance transport, (b) Show that bacteria of the genus Streptococcus should be included in the differential diagnosis of infectious conjunctivitis in Boschveld chicken, (c) Depict the need to avoid chicken imports and depend on local production for the current and future chicken restocking projects and (d) Indicate unavoidable diseases of chickens at larger-scale. PubDate: 01 March, 2023
Abstract: Cholangiohepatitis in chickens causes economic losses by liver condemnations at the slaughterhouse, as well as, poor productive performance in commercial farms. The purpose of this study was to describe the histopathologic changes due to cholangiohepatitis in slaughtered broiler chickens from 39 to 45 days of age, referred by the veterinary inspector from a commercial abattoir of southern Uruguay. In all the studied livers, the epithelium of the intrahepatic duct showed degeneration and necrosis with various inflammatory cells and fibrosis. The bacterial culture of Clostridium perfringens from fresh samples of these livers was negative and Gram-positive bacteria and PAS-positive fungi were not detected in the affected bile ducts. PubDate: 27 October, 2022
Abstract: Background and Objective: In developing countries, indigenous chicken production is very important as the first source of animal protein supply for the rural populations and a good income source for the rural farmer, particularly for women. The purpose of this study was to characterize the local chickens in the city of Abéché based on their morphological and production traits. Materials and Methods: This survey study was conducted in Abéché areas by using a structured questionnaire. A total, 44 households participated in the interview and 424 indigenous chickens were inventoried. The data collection focused mainly on the demographic data of farmers, the management of the flock, farming objectives, egg incubation, brooding procedures, the characteristics of the plumages and the color of the eyes, the color and the shape of the beak barbel, the crest and the legs color. Results: Results indicated that chicken farming was practiced largely by men and illiterates. The first farming objective was for family consumption and sales (52.16%), the second objective was for family consumption (25.27%) whilst the third objective was for sale only (22.57%). The criteria used for selection of breed of indigenous chicken was mainly based on growth performance, plumage color and hardiness. The average age of the first egg of the local chickens was 6.4 months but the average egg number laid per hen per clutch was 11.48±0.32 with 40.91±1.23 eggs per year and 3.56 clutches per hen per year. The hatchability of eggs from an indigenous chicken was 77.27%. The native chicken of the Abéché area had a partridge plumage color, black-brown eye and gray beak and tarsi colors. But the barbel and crest were red. The form of the barbel was round and the ridge type was simple. Conclusion: Traditional poultry farming in the Abeche shows phenotypic diversity and requires molecular characterization to improve production. PubDate: 27 October, 2022
Abstract: Background and Objective: Poultry diets are often formulated with corn-derived distillers dried grains and cereal grains. These grains contain higher levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which are not digestible by broilers and can increase intestinal viscosity. β-glucan is partially water soluble which in turn causes a gel-like viscosity in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. This reduces the diffusion rates of substrates and enzymes which leads to reduced nutrient absorption. The addition of glucanase enzymes has been shown to degrade plant cell walls releasing nutrients from grain endosperm while providing a probiotic effect. As a result, glucanases can improve broiler performance by allowing NSPs to be digested and absorbed. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different inclusion rates of corn-expressed glucanase (AC1) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME). Materials and Methods: Broilers were fed a diet with corn-expressed glucanase enzyme (AC1) at different inclusion rates: Positive Control (PC, no enzyme balanced diet), Negative Control (NC, -100 kcal kg–1 ME reduction from PC diet) and NC diets with corn-expressed glucanase added at different inclusion rates, with AC1 added at either 0.18 kg t–1, 0.35 kg t–1, 0.50 kg t–1, 0.75 kg t–1, or 2.00 kg t–1. At day 28 and 42, intestinal contents were collected from the ileum of 48 birds/trt. On d28, samples were analyzed for ileal digestibility and on day 42 samples were analyzed for AME and AME corrected for nitrogen. Results: Ileal digestibility was improved or equal to the PC and better than the NC in broilers fed AC1 at rates 0.35 kg t–1 and higher for Ca and P digestibility (p PubDate: 08 December, 2022
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