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Abstract: Abstract Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) consist of transition metal ions (Zinc or Cobalt) and imidazolate (Im) linkers in tetrahedral coordination surrounded by nitrogen atoms from the five-membered imidazole ring serving as a bridging linker, i.e. a link connecting the metal centres in the three-dimensional framework. The crystal structures of ZIFs share the same topologies as those that can be found in aluminosilicate zeolites. ZIFs have advantages over zeolites such that the hybrid framework structures are expected to have more flexibility in surface modification. Due to their interesting properties such as high porosity, high surface area, exceptional thermal and chemical stability, ZIFs are very attractive materials with potential applications including gas sorption, gas separation, and catalysis. Over a decade tremendous work has been carried out to develop ZIFs in synthesis and its various applications. In this review, we have briefly composed the different methods for the synthesis of ZIFs such as solvent-based and solvent-free methods. In addition, its thermal and chemical properties and potential applications in the field of adsorption, separation, catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery have been summarized. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Two different Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs), OH⋅Mg–Al LDH and CO3⋅Mg–Al LDH, are prepared and utilized for the efficient removal of acidic gases. The former contains OH− anions intercalated between the Mg–Al layers, whereas the latter contains CO32−. The synthesized Mg–Al LDHs were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and tested for their ability to remove three important acidic gases, HCl, NO2, and SO2 via chemical reaction with the intercalated OH− and CO32− anions (for HCl and NO2) and surface adsorption (in case of SO2). Both OH⋅Mg–Al LDH and CO3⋅Mg–Al LDH showed appreciable gas removal abilities with respect to HCl and NO2. However, in case of OH⋅Mg–Al LDH, a higher gas removal efficiency was observed due to the facile reaction between the acidic gases and the intercalated OH− anions between the LDH layers. Briefly, the HCl removal amount was 0.53 mmol for OH⋅Mg–Al LDH and 0.49 mmol for CO3⋅Mg–Al LDH in 90 min. The NO2 removal amount was 0.09 mmol for OH⋅Mg–Al LDH and 0.07 mmol for CO3⋅Mg–Al LDH in 90 min. The SO2 removal amounts by the LDHs were comparable since the gas was adsorbed on the surface of the LDHs. The SO2 removal amount was 0.04 mmol for OH⋅Mg–Al LDH and 0.04 mmol for CO3⋅Mg–Al LDH in 90 min. The XRD results indicated that the LDHs retained their structures after gas removal, despite attenuation of the XRD peak intensities. Thus, two easily synthesized LDHs with efficient acidic gas removal characteristics have been developed via judicious utilization of the reactions that dictate gas removal by LDHs. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Calcined silica SiO2 hollow spheres (SHS), with a specific surface area of 523 m2 g−1, were used as porous scaffolds of ammonia borane (AB). AB is used as precursor of boron nitride BN. By capillary effect, AB was infiltrated into the porosity of the SHS, and the as-obtained composite AB@SHS was pyrolyzed. Up to 160 °C, AB transforms into polyborazylene (PB); as a result, the composite PB@SHS was produced. Up to 600 °C, BN forms, and the composite BN@SHS was produced. Both composites are porous, with a specific surface area of 360 and 296 m2 g−1 respectively. Results from MAS NMR and XPS analyses showed that PB@SHS and BN@SHS contain B–O bonds, with more B–O bonds and possibly Si–O–B bonds for the latter. In other words, PB@SHS is made of PB, B–O bonds, and SiO2, while BN@SHS is made of BN, B–O bonds, possibly a Si–O–B interface, and SiO2. Based on first attempts, BN@SHS appeared to have a potential for improving the CO2 adsorption properties of the calcined SHS. Expressed in cm3(CO2) g−1, the CO2 uptakes are 6.7 for BN@SHS and 6.3 for the calcined SHS, at 30 °C under 1.5 bar CO2; but expressed in mm3(CO2) m−2, the respective CO2 uptakes are 22.6 and 12. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract 316L stainless steel hollow fiber membranes (HFs) are alternatives for polymer and ceramic based membranes. Chemical and waste treatment industries are application areas of HFs and they are used as particle filter of liquid and gas separations. Hollow fiber membranes were produced by dry–wet spinning technique which is one of the production methods of HFs. The aim of the study is to produce metal matrix composite (316L+SiC) hollow fiber membranes using different particle sizes (coarse, fine and their mixture) and sintering them by different sintering atmospheres (argon and nitrogen/hydrogen), and to examine the chemical compositions, electrical resistivity, pore amount, average pore size and pore shape and distribution. The hollow fibers are then subjected to a 3-point bending test to determine their mechanical properties. Gas permeation tests were also used to characterize the hollow fiber membranes. HFs produced from coarse particles show lower densification. On the other hand, the finest particle size gives the highest bending strength and bending deflection. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Carbonaceous nanomaterials have exhibited huge practical prospects as conductive sensitizers for the modification of electrodes. In this work, the nanocomposite of graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes@Super P Li carbon nanoparticles (GCNTs@SP-Li) was designed via a simple ultrasonication-assisted strategy, and then the GCNTs@SP-Li/GCE sensor based on the synthesized GCNTs@SP-Li nanocomposite decorating glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was successfully applied in the sensitive detection of isoproturon (ISO). For the GCNTs@SP-Li nanocomposite, GCNTs with porous structure presented excellent adsorption property, which contributed to the preconcentration of ISO and facilitated the electrolyte penetration. Additionally, GCNTs possessed good electrical conductivity owing its higher graphitization degree. More importantly, the interconnected dot-line-like structure of GCNTs@SP-Li nanocomposite acted as conductive “highways” to remarkably reduce the electron transport distance, which could significantly accelerate the process of redox reaction. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of GCNTs and SP-Li, the optimized GCNTs@SP-Li/GCE sensor showed a low detection limit of 0.1653 μM in the linear concentration of 0.7–30 μM. Additionally, the proposed sensor exhibited satisfactory recoveries from 97.2 to 101.6% towards the determination of ISO in river water and tap water. This work offers a feasible and cost-effective idea in developing the high-performance ISO electrochemical sensor. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogels through freeze-drying (FD) and supercritical CO2 drying (SC) were functionalized using aminosilane via vapor-phase reaction, and then they were characterized with a few different techniques. It was shown that the distinct microstructures in both pristine CNC aerogels generated no difference in their amine loading, being about 7.2 mmol g−1. The grafting reaction took place only on the CNC surfaces, and more amorphous phase from the aminosilane was formed in the CNC-FD aerogel than in the CNC-SC one during the modification. As a result, the modified CNC-FD (m-CNC-FD) aerogel exhibited a lower crystallinity and thermal stability than the modified CNC-SC (m-CNC-SC) one. The dual Langmuir isotherm model gave a good description of CO2 adsorption on both modified CNC aerogels. The m-CNC-FD aerogel gave a greater chemical affinity to CO2 than the m-CNC-SC one, but the latter exhibited a greater chemisorption capacity for CO2 than the former. The two modified aerogel exhibited a different adsorption–desorption profiles for CO2. However, the total CO2 uptakes for the m-CNC-FD and the m-CNC-SC aerogels were up to 2.5 mmol g−1 at 25 ℃ and 100 kPa, and the temperature for its complete removal was 108 ℃. Therefore, the similarity in the CO2 adsorption performance illustrated that both the CNC aerogels were all good porous materials of aminosilane for CO2 capture. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Combination of multiple components with hollow architectures and complex multi-shelled structures may result in synergistically enhancing the performance and application of composite materials. Herein, we have demonstrated a metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derived approach toward the large-scale and facile synthesis of hierarchical double-shelled Fe(OH)3@NiCo-layered double hydroxides (NiCo-LDH) hollow cubes with the inner Fe(OH)3 and outer NiCo-LDH layers. The synthetic procedures involved the oriented deposition of NiCo-LDH shell on the surface of Prussian blue (PB) cubes in the refluxing process and a subsequent chemical etching of PB template with NaOH solution at room temperature. The obtained samples have been systematically characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, XPS and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. Benefiting from the structural merits including high specific surface area, abundant diffusion passage and unique hierarchical hollow structures, the derived double-shelled Fe(OH)3@NiCo-LDH hollow cubes exhibited significant adsorption capacity toward Congo red and the maximum adsorption capacity can reach up to 658.52 mg/g at 25 °C. Langmuir isotherm model provided a better description for the adsorption isotherms, and pseudo-second-order kinetic model can well represent the adsorption kinetics. Moreover, the removal efficiency of Fe(OH)3@NiCo-LDH hollow cubes can still reach 73.1% for Congo red after recycling five times, indicating a good recovery efficiency. Furthermore, the possible adsorption mechanism of the Fe(OH)3/NiCo-LDH composite involved ions exchange, hydrogen bonding interaction and electrostatic attraction. Therefore, the double-shelled Fe(OH)3@NiCo-LDH hollow cubes have the potential application to absorb and remove anionic organic dye from wastewater solution in view of their facile synthesis method and excellent adsorption performance. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract According to the idea of the circular economy, various wastes should be reasonably managed and recycled for the achievement of the carbon peak and carbon neutralization (double carbon targets). For this purpose, Mn2+ in the waste graphene production effluent was firstly extracted in the form of Mn2O3 powder by the chemical precipitation and the subsequent calcination in air for the different times of 0.5 h, 2 h and 4 h, and the resultant samples were marked as Mn2O3-0.5 h, Mn2O3-2 h, Mn2O3-4 h, respectively. The removal rate and recovery rate of Mn2+ was calculated as about 99.9% and 92.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of the calcination time on the morphology, structure and Li-storage performance of Mn2O3 powder was also further investigated. The results showed that the crystallinity of Mn2O3 increased with the increase of the calcination time, while the walnut-like morphology underwent a process from the integrity to the collapse. Resultantly, 2 h was an optimal calcination time, and Mn2O3-2 h powder exhibited a porous walnut-like morphology with the mean particle size of about 1.0 μm and the largest surface area. Furthermore, Mn2O3-2 h anode delivered the best electrochemical Li-storage performances. For example, the reversible discharge capacity of Mn2O3-2 h anode was about 466 mAh/g for 100 cycles at 1.0 A/g, higher than those of Mn2O3-0.5 h anode and Mn2O3-4 h anode. Obviously, such efforts provide a new strategy for the recovery of graphene production effluent, which may promote the development of the circular economy and the achievement of the double carbon targets. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract A series of MCM-41 and corn stalk (SC) composites (SC-MCM-41) were prepared via hydrothermal method. When measured for a SC-MCM-41 with SC/MCM-41 mass ratio of 1:2, the adsorption time of H2S and CH3SH can reach 90 min and 80 min, respectively. Whereas, Cu–SC-MCM-41 with copper content of 12.3% exhibited a longer adsorption time, which was 125 min and 90 min for H2S and CH3SH, respectively. Both SC-MCM-41 and Cu–SC-MCM-41 showed a rough surface with multi-level pore structure dominated by mesopores. Within the composite, the SC and MCM-41 is chemically connected by the C–Si bonds and nitrogen-containing functional groups on the surface. The copper in the Cu–SC-MCM-41 composite mainly exists in the form of CuO and Cu2O. Following H2S and CH3SH adsorption, solid-phase products were deposited on the surface and inside of the Cu–SC-MCM-41 composite, leading to pores blockage with consequent reduction of the adsorption performance. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract A new molecular anion receptor, HL, was synthesized via condensation reaction of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-((2,4-dichlorophenyl)diazenyl)benzaldehyde, L, with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane in EtOH. Moreover, a novel hybrid organic–inorganic chromogenic material (HL/MCM-41) was also prepared by covalently anchoring of HL onto MCM-41 scaffold. The prepared chromogenic probe was proved using various characterization techniques such as XRD, FE-SEM, BET, TGA, and FT-IR. Remarkably, HL/MCM-41 act as a solid chromogenic probe and shows unique and rapid sensitivity towards CN−, over other interfering anions such as H2PO4−, AcO−, F−, Cl−, and Br−, in water and could it easily visualized through naked eye detection even at 5 × 10–3 molL−1 without any spectroscopic instrumentation. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract It is very important to produce carbonaceous porous material from sustainable biomass resource and to investigate its different application areas. In this study, it was aimed to use fir wood sawdust as catalyst support material in precious metal catalysts and to evaluate this catalyst in pyrolysis reactions of Brassica napus subsp. napus cake. Fir wood sawdust, which have high carbon and volatile matter content, was a suitable raw material for the production of bio-char by carbonization of biomass. 1%, 3% and 5% platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) metal loading was applied to fir wood sawdust biochar (FB) and the obtained catalysts were characterized. Among the different metal-loaded catalysts, the catalysts with the highest BET surface area are 5%Pd-FB and 1%Pd-FB catalysts. TEM images showed that as the amount of metal was increased, the particle size of Pd metal was also increased. ICP-OES results verified that the used impregnation method was more efficient and the standard deviation proportion was lower at low metal ratios. Pyrolysis experiments of B. napus subsp. napus were carried out in analytical pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) system with and without catalyst. Pyrolysis products was mixture of organic compounds in the range of C7–C29 carbons. With the application of catalytic pyrolysis, while the amount of alcohol, which was the desired product, was increased in the pyrolysis product, the amount of acid, which was the undesired product, was decreased. However, the amount of PAH, which was an undesirable product, increased with some catalyst applications, showed that bi-metallic catalyst applications can also be applied in future studies. Experimental results and discussions showed that the synthesis of carbon support material from biomass, which is a cheap and renewable resource, is a promising study. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit the prominent advantages in the efficient removal of organic dyes owing to their diverse topology structure, adjustable pore parameters, high specific surface area and special affinity brought by the metal node and polydentate organic linkers. Herein, a mesoporous Co-HDIPT is synthesized successfully and employed in the adsorption tests of eight synthetic dyes for the first time involving congo red, methyl orange, reactive blue 19, basic fuchsin, malachite green, acid fuchsin, rhodamine B and acid yellow 23. These dyes are featured in different ionic nature (cationic or anionic) and functional groups. The adsorption conditions were optimized, and the adsorption kinetics and the adsorption isotherms were simulated to investigate the adsorption mechanism. Interestingly, the resulting Co-HDIPT exhibits a rapid adsorption rate toward eight organic dyes, and an extraordinary adsorption efficiency of 14,723.7 mg/g toward MG, which value is higher than the previously reported results by other MOFs-based adsorbents. To the best of our knowledge, it’s the first time to study the adsorption activities of the mesoporous Co-HDIPT, and the satisfied results would enrich the applications of mesoporous MOFs in the efficient removal of synthetic organics from the waste water. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Sound absorption mechanism, material modification and structural design of various synthetic fiber materials for industrial noise reduction are reviewed in this paper for the problems of low sound absorption coefficient (SAC) and narrow frequency band of porous materials. Delany-Bazley model and Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model are widely used to predict the SAC, but they are slightly different. The air viscous effect plays an important role in Delany-Bazley model and its modified forms, while JCA model and its modified forms consider the effect of thermal conduction in addition to air viscosity. In addition, synthetic fiber materials such as polymers, metal fibers and inorganic fibers are widely used in noise reduction fields of various industries due to their unique acoustic and mechanical performance. Acoustic properties of polymers are usually improved by adding fillers, using perforated structures, gradient porous structures, and multilayer composite structures. And improving preparation method, increasing thickness of back cavity, combining different pore sizes, developing new composite materials, and adopting perforation technology can greatly promote the engineering application of metal fibers in extreme environments. Common methods to improve the sound absorption performance of inorganic fibers are to modify preparation method, increase thickness of materials and research composite materials. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Linear alkylbenzenes (LAB) are semi-products in the manufacture of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants that are active ingredients of various detergents. The use of traditional soluble acids (e.g. hydrofluoric acid or aluminum chloride) as catalysts for production of LAB results in the formation of large amounts of acidic toxic wastes. In this work, an efficient heterogeneous catalyst containing immobilized phosphotungstic acid (PTA) was synthesized and tested in the alkylation of benzene by higher alkenes. Sol–gel synthesis of silica gel from tetraethyl orthosilicate and PTA, as precursors, produced a mesoporous material containing covalently embedded PTA clusters. Obtained superacidic catalyst demonstrated high catalytic activity in liquid-phase alkylation of benzene by higher alkenes. Conversion of alkenes to corresponding phenylalkanes on this catalyst was significantly higher than on pure PTA. Covalent embedding of catalytically active HPA clusters prevented their leaching from the catalyst surface, which enabled its excellent catalytic properties. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The modification process of biochars enables different advantages including enhanced adsorption properties for different pollutants. Herein, porous magnetic biochars (PMB) were successfully produced from softwood biomass through a two-step pyrolysis process together with FeCl3 modification. The effect of production temperature on adsorption was studied at 200 or 300 °C, followed by iron salt modification and subsequent pyrolysis at 600 or 800 °C. Biochars were characterized before and after phosphate adsorption via various characterization methods to acquire structural, elemental, and morphological properties of the adsorbent. The effects of phosphate concentration, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption process were examined in the batch mode. The characterization showed embedded iron oxide crystals of 23 nm within the biochar structure with a magnetic strength of 38.9 emu/g, which can assist the separation process of the powdered adsorbent from the aqueous medium. The surface area of the PMB was measured as 93 m2/g and 0.002 cm3/g pore volume. PMB showed complete removal (100%) of phosphate at the lower concentration (5 mg/l P). At higher concentration (25 mg/l P), the biochar prepared under 200/800 °C showed the highest removal (30%). The adsorption was enhanced with time (optimal 3 h) and temperature, which shows endothermic chemisorption following Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetic models. The desorption study suggested the slow release of phosphate from the spent adsorbent and potential reuse for soil enhancement. These results point towards the sustainable use of PMB as an effective and magnetically recyclable adsorbent for phosphate removal and reclaim. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract A facile approach of introducing ultrasound for the large-scale rapid synthesis of core-shell C@MnO2 nano particles was suggested for practical application in supercapacitors. Results showed that the mesoporous C@MnO2 particles possess a high specific surface area of 62.8 m2 g−1. With the use of stable gel electrolyte, the C@MnO2 electrode delivers a specific capacitance of 177 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 under a high mass loading of 6 mg cm−2. When the current density increases to 10 A g−1, the specific capacitance reaches up to 128 F g−1. Long-term test confirms only 8.3% decline in initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, thus implying the practical application of MnO2 for energy storage devices. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract In this study, a low cost and high efficient porous high-entropy V2Snx(FeCoNi)1.2−xC (x = 0.4 ~ 0.8) MAX electrode (PHEM) has been fabricated through powder metallurgy method. The phase constitutes, morphology, and elements distribution are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The hydrogen evolution performance of the materials was investigated by cyclic voltammetry curves, linear polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectrum. The electrochemical results reveal that the porous high-entropy MAX electrode exhibits excellent performance on hydrogen evolution. In 6 M KOH solution, the optimized electrode of V2Sn0.6(FeCoNi)0.6C provides overpotentials of 284 mV at 20 mA cm−2, and onset potential and Tafel slope are − 0.26 V (vs RHE) and 37.9 mV dec−1 at room temperature, respectively. Furthermore, porous high-entropy V2Sn0.6(FeCoNi)0.6C MAX electrode exhibits excellent chemical stability in alkaline solution for 13 h. This work is expected to be applied in the fabrication of other porous high-entropy MAX and offers a new route to high performance electrocatalyst for a low cost and simple method. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract A new ordered mesoporous carbon material, characterized by 300–400 nm long nano-channels, 10 nm big pore size and a specific area at 651 m2/g was successfully synthesized for the first time using a novel mesoporous silica material as template agent. The carbon nano-channels in this new OCNB material are highly hexagonally ordered. In the removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution, due to its shortened channels and big pore size, this OCNB material exhibits 7 times faster adsorption rate and 3.2 times higher adsorption capacity comparing to a commercial activated carbon material. The channel structure of this OCNB material was found to be a crucial role in the removal of metal ions in aqueous solution to achieve high removal rate and high equilibrium adsorbing quantity due to the reduction of mass transfer resistance inside the short and straight nano-channels of the OCNB material. This work presents a successful demonstration to meet the demand of highly efficient mass transfer in some processes like the removal of metal ions in aqueous solution by tuning the channel structure of ordered mesoporous carbon materials. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Three micro-mesoporous HZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized using three different mesoporous templates and studied for the conversion of a model municipal waste plastic mixture to produce liquid fuels of high value. For the comparison, the conversion of an actual waste plastic mixture and HDPE was also studied. The experiments were performed in a batch stirred reactor at three reaction temperatures (350, 375, and 400 °C) and at fixed cold H2 pressure (20 bar), reaction time (60 min), and plastic to catalyst ratio (20:1 by wt.). The micro-mesoporous catalysts produced better activity and selectivity than their parent HZSM-5 catalyst. The catalyst, prepared by combining two different templates, was found to be the most favorable catalyst offering 67.1% liquid yield at 400 °C with actual waste plastic. The best performing catalyst has shown the prospects for commercial applications. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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