JournalTOCs

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
Journal Prestige (SJR): 1.02

Citation Impact (citeScore): 4
Number of Followers: 57

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 0093-9994
Published by IEEE

[228 journals]

IEEE Industry Applications Society
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  Abstract: Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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  Abstract: Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Information for Authors
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  Abstract: These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Advanced Technology and Application for
Hydrogen-Integrated Transportation and Power Systems
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  Authors: Jianxiao Wang;Zhaohao Ding;Guannan He;Qifang Chen;
  Pages: 2602 - 2606
  Abstract: Hydrogen has been advocated as a promising energy carrier to achieve a low-carbon integration of transportation and power systems. Due to the advantage of zero-carbon and a wide industry application, hydrogen supply chain is developing into an important nexus, closely linking transportation and energy networks. Green hydrogen can be generated from surplus renewable energy via water electrolysis, and the hydrogen can be stored for future combined heating and power or be transported to refueling stations for fuel cell vehicles.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Carbon Emission Flow Oriented Tri-Level Planning of Integrated
Electricity–Hydrogen–Gas System with Hydrogen Vehicles
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  Authors: Xiang Wei;Xian Zhang;Yuxin Sun;Jing Qiu;
  Pages: 2607 - 2618
  Abstract: A planning of integrated electricity–hydrogen–gas system to supply hydrogen for hydrogen vehicles (HVs) with the consideration of carbon emission flow (CEF) is proposed in this article. From the perspective of energy consumption, hydrogen production will inevitably produce carbon dioxide. This article innovatively presents the CEF model to quantify the distribution of carbon emission in each energy hub by tracing the energy flow in the coupled network. After solving the CEF model, a novel tri-level planning method is utilized to coordinate the plan of electricity–hydrogen–gas integrated network to highlight the role of hydrogen in reducing carbon emission of HVs. Moreover, two major hydrogen production methods, seawater electrolysis and steam methane reforming, are considered and analyzed simultaneously to provide hydrogen for HVs. Therefore, the proposed approach will satisfy the growing requirement of carbon reduction by installing new clean energy equipment in electricity–hydrogen–gas integrated network. A coupling system of 24-node power system, 9-node hydrogen energy network, and 7-node natural gas network is utilized in the case study. Simulation results show that the proposed model plays an effective role in reducing carbon emission of the coupled system with growing number of HVs.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Day-Ahead Optimal Economic Dispatching of Integrated Port Energy Systems
Considering Hydrogen
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  Authors: Xiaobo Wang;Wentao Huang;Wei Wei;Nengling Tai;Ran Li;Yiwen Huang;
  Pages: 2619 - 2629
  Abstract: Ports are major energy consumers and carbon emission producers. Developing integrated port energy systems (IPES) is the key to solve this problem. The energy forms in an IPES include electricity, hydrogen, heat and natural gas. Hydrogen can be generated from surplus renewable energies via water electrolysis, and thus power the previously oil-fueled equipment. Meanwhile, the remaining hydrogen can be converted to natural gas by the methanation reaction. By using fuel cells, gas turbine, hydrogen boiler and gas boiler, hydrogen and natural gas can supply the electrical and heat loads in the port area, forming a closed-loop of energy flow. Based on the above energy coupling structure, a day-ahead optimal economic dispatching model for IPES is established. The model takes the energy conversion loss and carbon dioxide emissions into account. The second-order conic relaxation is used to deal with the nonlinear part of power flow calculation. The linearization model for connecting heat source and heat load is built. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed economic dispatching model effectively reduces the total energy cost and carbon dioxide emissions of IPES.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Cooperative Operation of Power and Hydrogen Energy Systems With HFCV
Demand Response
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  Authors: Wenjing Dong;Chengcheng Shao;Chenjia Feng;Qian Zhou;Zhaohong Bie;Xifan Wang;
  Pages: 2630 - 2639
  Abstract: Hydrogen has shown great potential in the renewable power integration and urban mobility decarbonization like hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). The HFCV refueling as an essential hydrogen load is of great flexibility. Considering the HFCV demand response (DR), this article studies the integrated electric power and hydrogen system (IPHS) operation. First, the HFCV refueling load model is formulated with its routing on the transportation network considered. Second, the optimal IPHS operation model is developed in which the electric power operation, tube-trailer based hydrogen delivery and HFCV refueling are coordinated. Third, a Lagrangian relaxation based method is developed to solve the proposed model efficiently, which corresponds to a price-based DR mechanism for HFCVs. Compared with existing works on IPHS, the influence of transportation networks is delicately analyzed on both HFCV refueling and hydrogen delivery. The case studies have proven the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrated that the overall operation cost is decreased via the proper guidance of HFCV refueling. The HFCV DR shows great potential in exploring the synergy of energy and transportation systems.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Demand Response-Enabled
Community-Integrated Energy Systems in Uncertain Environments
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  Authors: Yang Li;Bin Wang;Zhen Yang;Jiazheng Li;Guoqing Li;
  Pages: 2640 - 2651
  Abstract: The community-integrated energy system (CIES) is an essential energy internet carrier that has recently been the focus of much attention. A scheduling model based on chance-constrained programming is proposed for integrated demand response (IDR) enabled CIES in uncertain environments to minimize the system operating costs, where an IDR program is used to explore the potential interaction ability of electricity–gas–heat flexible loads and electric vehicles. Moreover, power to gas (P2G) and microgas turbine (MT), as the links of multienergy carriers, are adopted to strengthen the coupling of different energy subsystems. Sequence operation theory and linearization methods are employed to transform the original model into a solvable mixed-integer linear programming model. The simulation results on a practical CIES in North China demonstrate an improvement in the CIES operational economy via the coordination of IDR and renewable uncertainties, with P2G and MT enhancing the system operational flexibility and user comprehensive satisfaction. The CIES operation is able to achieve a tradeoff between the economy and system reliability by setting a suitable confidence level for the spinning reserve constraints. Besides, the proposed solution method outperforms the hybrid intelligent algorithm in terms of both optimization results and calculation efficiency.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Coordinated Operation of Hydrogen-Integrated Urban Transportation and
Power Distribution Networks Considering Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
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  Authors: Guangzeng Sun;Gengyin Li;Panpan Li;Shiwei Xia;Ziqing Zhu;Mohammad Shahidehpour;
  Pages: 2652 - 2665
  Abstract: Under the pressure of climate change, hydrogen has been advocated as a promising energy carrier to achieve low-carbon integration of urban transportation network (UTN) and power distribution network (PDN). In this article, the control strategy based on hydrogen refueling service fee (HRSF) is proposed for the smart city department to guide hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) in selecting the hydrogen refueling stations. Correspondingly, the HRSF-based coordinated operation model is established to minimize the total of UTN travel cost, PDN operation cost, and the environmental cost, while the nodal carbon intensity restriction, the uncertainties of renewable distributed generators output, and origin-destination traffic demand are also taken into account. Afterward, the proposed model is solved by the decentralized alternative direction method of multipliers algorithm, and verified on the hydrogen-integrated UTN and PDN in Sioux Falls. Numerical results demonstrate that popularizing HFCEVs contributes to emission reduction, and the HRSF-based coordinated operation strategy is effective in reducing the overall emissions, promoting renewable energy accommodation, and improving the holistic operation efficiency of the hydrogen-integrated UTN and PDN.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimal Scheduling for Integrated Energy-Mobility Systems Based on
Renewable-to-Hydrogen Stations and Tank Truck Fleets
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  Authors: Mingfei Ban;Wenchao Bai;Wenlong Song;Liangkuan Zhu;Shiwei Xia;Ziqing Zhu;Ting Wu;
  Pages: 2666 - 2676
  Abstract: As an emerging energy carrier, hydrogen presents a potential opportunity to increase the flexibility and resiliency of the integrated power and transportation system having ultrahigh penetration of renewable generation. This article studies a conceptual integrated energy-mobility system (IEMS) based on renewable-to-hydrogen stations (RHSs) and tank truck fleets. In an RHS, the renewables power the grid while also charge a hydrogen energy storage unit that can perform power-to-hydrogen (P2H) and hydrogen-to-power (H2P) operations. Besides, using tank truck fleets, the RHS will distribute its surplus hydrogen products to local consumers, e.g., refueling stations serving hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The operation framework of the IEMS is analyzed. And some preprocessing technologies are developed to reduce modeling complexity. Then, a joint optimal scheduling model, involving renewable generationcontract, P2H, and H2P of the RHS, hydrogen product demands of the local consumers, and vehicle routing problem (VRP) of the truck fleets, is established. Afterwards, the formulated problem is solved by a heuristic method based on the exhaustive search and genetic algorithm. Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the joint optimal scheduling model and illustrate that the IEMS has the potentials to promote hydrogen-integrated transportation and power systems.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Modeling Integrated Power and Transportation Systems: Impacts of
Power-to-Gas on the Deep Decarbonization
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  Authors: Bo Li;Minyou Chen;Ziming Ma;Gang He;Wei Dai;Dongran Liu;Chi Zhang;Haiwang Zhong;
  Pages: 2677 - 2693
  Abstract: The deployment of renewable energy sources, power-to-gas (P2G) systems, and zero-emission vehicles provide a synergistic opportunity to accelerate the decarbonization of both power and transportation system. This article investigates the prospects of implementing hydrogen P2G technology in coupling the power system and the transportation system. A novel coordinated long-term planning model of integrated power and transportation system (IPTS) at the regional scale is proposed to simulate the power system balance and travel demand balance simultaneously, while subject to a series of constraints, such as CO2 emission constraints. IPTS of Texas was investigated considering various CO2 emission cap scenarios. Results show unique decarbonization trajectories of the proposed coordinated planning model, in which IPTS prefers to decarbonizing the power sector firstly. When the power system reaches ultralow carbon intensity, the IPTS then focuses on the road transportation system decarbonization. The results show that with the P2G system, IPTS of Texas could achieve 100% CO2 emission reductions (relative 2018 emissions level) by adding a combination of approximately 143.5 GW of wind, 50 GW of solar PV, and 40 GW of P2G systems with 2.5% renewables curtailment. The integration of the P2G system can produce hydrogen by use of surplus RES generation to meet hydrogen demand of Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and to meet multiday electricity supply imbalances.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Multi-Period Restoration Model for Integrated Power-Hydrogen Systems
Considering Transportation States
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  Authors: Zekai Wang;Tao Ding;Wenhao Jia;Chenggang Mu;Can Huang;João P. S. Catalão;
  Pages: 2694 - 2706
  Abstract: This article proposes an innovative integrated power and hydrogen distribution system (IPHDS) restoration model in response to multiple outages caused by natural disasters. During the restoration, repair crews and mobile battery-carried vehicles are considered to repair faulted lines and support critical power loads. Also, the network reconfiguration is taken into consideration in the restoration model to pick up loads. Besides, to address the different response time of hydrogen and power systems, the aerodynamic law-based dynamic hydrogen flow model is applied in the hydrogen system. The proposed model is presented as a mixed-integer linear program, which is verified on a 33-bus-48-node IPHDS with multiple outages. The present results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Coordinated Optimization of Emergency Power Vehicles and Distribution
Network Reconfiguration Considering the Uncertain Restoration Capability
of E-Taxis
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  Authors: Lu Zhang;Shujun Jiang;Bo Zhang;Gen Li;Zhaoqi Wang;Wei Tang;
  Pages: 2707 - 2717
  Abstract: Network reconfiguration and emergency power vehicles (EPVs) dispatching are widely used in distribution networks for load restoration. However, their capabilities are limited by the allocated amounts of circuit breakers and EPVs. E-taxis can also participate in the restoration as a kind of mobile energy storage using the vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. However, the uncertainty of E-taxis should be considered in the restoration. To achieve better effectiveness of the restoration and fully utilize the capability of network reconfiguration, EPVs and E-taxis, this article proposes a coordinated restoration optimization method considering the uncertain restoration capabilities of discharging stations with E-taxis. A joint probability distribution function is established based on Gaussian mixture model to describe the uncertainty of station discharging capabilities considering the correlation of user rationality, taxi state-of-charge, and transportation status. Then, a bilevel programming model embedded with the chance constraint programming is developed to optimize the coordinated dynamic restoration scheme of the network reconfiguration and EPV dispatching, with the consideration of the mobility of EPVs during the restoration. Simulations studies are performed to verify the proposed method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Hydrogen Energy Storage System for Demand Forecast Error Mitigation and
Voltage Stabilization in a Fast-Charging Station
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  Authors: Ting Wu;Xinyu Ji;Guibin Wang;Yun Liu;Qiang Yang;Zhejing Bao;Jianchun Peng;
  Pages: 2718 - 2727
  Abstract: Hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) has attracted tremendous interest due to its low emissions and high storage efficiency. In this article, the HESS is considered as an essential tool in hydrogen-integrated transportation and power systems to alleviate EV charging demand forecast error in a fast-charging station (FCS) and to solve voltage deviation problem due to the huge uptake of fast chargers on the utility grid. First, the wavelet transform (WT) method and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network are combined to precisely predict the nonstationary traffic flow (TF). Then, a queueing theory-based model is developed to convert the predicted TF to the expected EV charging demand in FCS by considering charging service limitations and driver behaviors. Third, the charging demand prediction error is used to schedule the components in a HESS by considering their inherent properties and operational limits. As a result, the HESS configuration can be determined by analyzing the tradeoff between the investment cost and the monetary penalty due to charging demand forecast error and voltage deviation. The proposed solution is validated through a case study with mathematical justifications and simulation results.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimal Coordinated Control of Multi-Renewable-to-Hydrogen Production
System for Hydrogen Fueling Stations
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  Authors: Kuan Zhang;Bin Zhou;Siu Wing Or;Canbing Li;Chi Yung Chung;Nikolai Voropai;
  Pages: 2728 - 2739
  Abstract: Under the pressure of climate change, the demands for alternative green hydrogen (H2) production methods have been on the rise to conform to the global trend of transition to a H2 society. This article proposes a multirenewable-to-hydrogen production method to enhance the green H2 production efficiency for renewable-dominated hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs). In this method, the aqueous electrolysis of native biomass can be powered by wind and solar generations based on electrochemical effects, and both electrolysis current and temperature are taken into account for facilitating on-site H2 production and reducing the electricity consumption. Moreover, a capsule network based H2 demand forecasting model is formulated to estimate the gas load for HFS by extracting the underlying spatial features and temporal dependencies of traffic flows in the transportation network. Furthermore, a hierarchical coordinated control strategy is developed to suppress high fluctuations in electrolysis current caused by volatility of wind and solar outputs based on model predictive control framework. Comparative studies validate the superior performance of the proposed methodology over the power-to-gas scheme on electrolysis efficiency and economic benefits.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Probabilistic Multi-Energy Flow Calculation of Electricity–Gas
Integrated Energy Systems With Hydrogen Injection
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  Authors: Shenxi Zhang;Shuping Wang;Zhenyuan Zhang;Jiawei Lyu;Haozhong Cheng;Mingyu Huang;Qingping Zhang;
  Pages: 2740 - 2750
  Abstract: Probabilistic multienergy flow (PMEF) analysis is the fundamental of planning and operation of integrated energy systems (IES) considering uncertainties. The injection of hydrogen will make the PMEF calculation more complex and can deeply affect the distribution of energy flows. This article studies an efficient PMEF calculation method which can obtain the probabilistic information of electricity–gas IES with hydrogen injection. First, the steady-state model of electricity–gas IES with hydrogen injection is established, in which the gas network with hydrogen injection is formulated in compact matrix form. Second, the Jacobian matrix for the steady-state model of electricity–gas IES with hydrogen injection is derived. Third, the cumulant method and Nataf transformation are applied to calculate the PMEF considering the correlations. Finally, case studies are carried out on a coupled IES, which consists of modified IEEE 33-bus electricity system and 11-node gas system. The results demonstrate that the proposed PMEF method can reduce computational time greatly while keeping high computational accuracy when compared with the Monte–Carlo simulation method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimal Power-Hydrogen Networked Flow Scheduling for Residential Carpark
With Convex Approximation
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  Authors: Sidun Fang;Shenxi Zhang;Tianyang Zhao;Ruijin Liao;
  Pages: 2751 - 2759
  Abstract: The replacement of hydrogen with conventional fossil fuel has been viewed as a feasible route to the ZERO emission transportation. Nowadays, the water electrolysis method has become mature and efficient enough to produce large scale of hydrogen, and the condensation and reliquefaction technologies also greatly reduce the hydrogen loss via pipeline transmission, which both motivate the applications of hydrogen as a fuel. In this study, a combined power-hydrogen network is planned to supply the power demand of residential blocks and the charging/fueling demand for electrical vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, respectively. However, the joint scheduling of power-hydrogen network is challenging due to the nonlinearity and nonconvexity inherited from the hydraulic dynamics of hydrogen transmission. To resolve this problem, a convex–concave-based sequential convex approximation method is proposed. A revised 37-bus system is used to demonstrate the validity of proposed method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimal Dispatching of Combined Heat and Power System Considering the
Power Demand Elasticity of Hydrogen Storage Active Load
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  Authors: Li Lin;Xinyao Zheng;Jia Gu;
  Pages: 2760 - 2770
  Abstract: With the wide application of hydrogen storage technology in the integrated energy system, the advantages of multienergy complementation on the load side are becoming obvious. In order to fully explore the elasticity of multienergy complementation to optimize system operation, this article incorporates hydrogen storage active load (HS-AL) into the combined heat and power system (CHPS) and analyzes its optimal operation mechanism. By analyzing the operating characteristics of hydrogen storage and the integrated demand response of terminal electric and thermal loads, the external demand elastic space of HS-AL is extracted. Then, the optimal dispatching model considering the power demand elasticity of HS-AL is established. Finally, the simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results also show that the elasticity of HS-AL can be fully utilized to promote wind power accommodation and effectively reduce the deep regulation pressure of coal-fired power units at night. This research will provide a theoretical reference for the bidirectional coordinated optimization between HS-AL and CHPS.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
An Integration Scheme of Renewable Energies, Hydrogen Plant, and Logistics
Center in the Suburban Power Grid
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  Authors: Kaiqi Sun;Ke-Jun Li;Zhengfa Zhang;Yongliang Liang;Zhijie Liu;Wei-Jen Lee;
  Pages: 2771 - 2779
  Abstract: This article introduces a new scheme for suburban renewable energies, hydrogen plant, and logistics (SRE-HP-LC) integration scheme and dispatching. The objective of the proposed SRE-HP-LC integration scheme aims at coordinating the operation of renewable energies, hydrogen production, and storage and logistic transportation. In order to take advantages of various energy conversion techniques to enhance the energy utilization rate and improves the financial revenue of the integration scheme, a completed dispatching and operating scheme for the proposed SRE-HP-LC integration scheme is introduced in the scheme stage. A multiple-demand response objective function is developed in the operation stage to coordinate the hydrogen energy usage in the SRE-HP-LC integration scheme. The proposed SRE-HP-LC integration scheme considers the uncertainties of renewable energy output and truck demand so that it improves the revenue of every component in the integration scheme. Case studies on a general integration system verify the effectiveness and economic value of the proposed SRE-HP-LC integration scheme.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Modeling Hydrogen Supply Chain in Renewable Electric Energy System
Planning
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  Authors: Haiyang Jiang;Buyang Qi;Ershun Du;Ning Zhang;Xiu Yang;Fang Yang;Zhaoyuan Wu;
  Pages: 2780 - 2791
  Abstract: High penetration of renewable energy brings seasonal electricity imbalance in the power system and results in considerable energy curtailment. Such large-scale curtailed electricity could be used to produce hydrogen via power-to-hydrogen (P2H) technology. The introduction of P2H would largely affect the configuration of both the power grid and hydrogen supply chain (HSC). This article proposes a coordinated planning model of power system generation and transmission (GT) as well as HSC with transportable seasonal hydrogen storage. A coplanning model is put forward to investigate the optimal configuration of infrastructures in the GT-HSC and their coupling during operation. The model is formulated as an LP model so that the year-round energy balance of seasonal hydrogen storage with daily resolution could be considered. Case studies on 5-bus PJM system and Northwest China HRP-38 system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Results of the case study also illustrate the benefits of incorporating GT with HSC to reduce the renewable energy curtailment and bring down the energy supply cost.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Toward the Resilient Design of Interdependencies Between Hydrogen
Refueling and Power Systems
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  Authors: Xiangyu Ma;Huijie Zhou;Zhiyi Li;
  Pages: 2792 - 2802
  Abstract: Hydrogen vehicles are expected to play a significant role in realizing zero-carbon transportation. Hydrogen vehicles will be serviced at hydrogen refueling stations, where electrolysis (i.e., the process of using electricity to split water) will be the primary means of local hydrogen production. In that regard, the transportation and power systems will be increasingly interdependent through hydrogen refueling stations, forming a coupled hydrogen-power system (H-P coupled system). In this article, we propose a graph-based approach for evaluating and enhancing the structural resilience of the H-P coupled system. On the one hand, a graph-based modeling method for the H-P coupled system is proposed based on multilayer network theory, and a resilience metric for the H-P coupled system is developed based on the Laplacian matrix. On the other hand, an optimization model is constructed for designing the coupling patterns of H-P coupled systems with the resilience goal. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted for validating the effectiveness of the proposed method. We look forward that this article will provide guidance for harmonizing the planning of hydrogen refueling and power systems, thereby contributing to the large-scale deployment of hydrogen refueling stations.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Carbon Value Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Connected to the Power Grid
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  Authors: Yaoyu Zhang;Yang Yu;
  Pages: 2803 - 2811
  Abstract: Hydrogen energy plays a fundamental role during the decarbonization transition of electricity systems. However, there is still a lack of a systematic framework analyzing the carbon-reduction capability of integrating a hydrogen-energy storage system (HESS) into a power grid. This research combines the grid dispatch model and storage-control model to define the metric and formulate a framework for assessing the HESS’s value of reducing carbon emissions in a power system. A dynamic programming algorithm is developed to estimate the maximal carbon-reduction value of HESS, which is a nonconvex optimization problem. We apply our model to assess the carbon value of HESS in the ERCOT market and discover the tradeoff between using HESS to reduce carbon and fuel costs. Using the HESS can even cause an increase in $CO_2$ emissions in ERCOT if the charging strategy is designed only to reduce the economic cost. We further identify the factors determining the carbon value of the HESS. The wind energy penetration level decisively determines how much carbon emissions the HESS can reduce. The technical characteristics of HESS also affect its carbon value.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Resilience Assessment of Hydrogen-Integrated Energy System for Airport
Electrification
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  Authors: Huangjiang Zhao;Yue Xiang;Yichen Shen;Yongtao Guo;Ping Xue;Wei Sun;Hanhu Cai;Chenghong Gu;Junyong Liu;
  Pages: 2812 - 2824
  Abstract: In recent years, the idea of green aviation and environmental protection has received increasing attention from the aviation industry. Hydrogen energy has an important role in the transition to low-carbon energy systems. To address that, this article conducts the technoeconomic analysis for the hydrogen energy system, photovoltaic energy, battery storage system, electric auxiliary power unit (APU) of aircraft, and electric vehicles (EVs) into the electrified airport energy system. Specifically, the model quantifies aircraft electrical load based on passenger’ travel behavior, establishes a corresponding APU load characteristic model, and establishes an EV charging load profile based on the flight schedule and sequencing algorithm. A mixed-integer linear programming optimization method based on life cycle theory was proposed to minimize the total costs of hydrogen-integrated energy systems for airports (HIES). However, the resilience advantages of hydrogen energy concerning power failure are little explored in existing academic research. Thus, a resilience assessment method and improvement measure were proposed for HIES. Case studies have been conducted under different optimal hydrogen energy integration configurations and disaster times with resilience assessment by considering periods when the power supply capacity of the grid is insufficient. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Multisource Energy Storage System Optimal Dispatch Among Electricity
Hydrogen and Heat Networks From the Energy Storage Operator Prospect
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  Authors: Hui Hou;Yue Chen;Peng Liu;Changjun Xie;Liang Huang;Ruiming Zhang;Qingyong Zhang;
  Pages: 2825 - 2835
  Abstract: A multisource energy storage system (MESS) among electricity, hydrogen and heat networks from the energy storage operator's prospect is proposed in this article. First, the framework and device model of MESS is established. On this basis, a multiobjective optimal dispatch strategy of MESS is proposed. Considering the influence of time-of-use price, our dispatch strategy can achieve the unified effect of economy, efficiency, and stationarity. Ultimately, the proposed dispatch strategy is applied to a MESS to study the characteristic of the economic benefits, the influence of energy loss, and power fluctuation, etc. The results show that the MESS can be profitable through our optimized dispatch strategy. And the sale of hydrogen and heat can become the main income of the MESS. Furthermore, we find energy loss is the main challenge for MESS development and application. Considering the economy and efficiency of the system, the proposed dispatch strategy can achieve the optimal comprehensive benefits from the energy storage operator's prospect and support the sustainable development of the MESS.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Multi-objective Optimal Operation of Combined Cascade Reservoir and
Hydrogen System
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  Authors: Jingsi Huang;Xiangyu Wu;Zhijie Zheng;Yuansheng Huang;Wei Li;
  Pages: 2836 - 2847
  Abstract: As a kind of zero-carbon and high-efficiency energy, hydrogen has attracted more attention with clean energy technology development. However, large-scale green hydrogen application is difficult to promote because of its high production cost. China is rich in water resources, but the utilization rate is low, which causes serious water abandonment problems. This article studies the optimal operation of combined cascade reservoir and hydrogen system to improve the utilization of water resources and the system's economic benefits. In this article, a multi-objective nonlinear model is established. An expanded progressive optimization algorithm is adopted to solve the problem more efficiently and accurately. The weights of objective functions are discussed with data from the Hongru River Basin in China. The rationality and effectiveness of combining cascade reservoir and hydrogen system are verified through the optimal operation of water resources and the optimal allocation of power and hydrogen. In addition, the overall economic benefits and reservoir operation efficiency are improved.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Coupled Multinetwork Constrained Planning of Energy Supplying Facilities
for Hybrid Hydrogen-Electric Vehicles
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  Authors: Yuanzheng Li;Zhixian Ni;Yun Liu;Xiaomeng Ai;Qingyong Zhang;Jiawei Yang;Xi Li;
  Pages: 2848 - 2862
  Abstract: Hybrid hydrogen-electric vehicles (H2EVs) are developing rapidly in recent years. Evidently, the planning of H2EVs energy-supplying facilities (HVESFs) is important. It involves the coupled power flow of power network (PN), mass flow of hydrogen network (HN), and traffic flow of traffic network (TN), simultaneously. These coupled flows would indeed challenge economic and secure performances of HVESFs planning, especially when uncertain renewable energy is introduced. Therefore, a multinetwork framework considering coupled flow constraints is proposed for the planning issue of HVESFs, involving all the PN, HN, and TN. Therein, we first propose a modified maximum covering location method, in order to satisfy the energy demand of H2EVs. On this basis, a many-objective optimization-based bi-level HVESFs planning model is developed. Then, we use a hybrid differential evolution-interior point algorithm to solve this model, and obtain the planning solutions. Simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed planning model, which has better performances compared to the existing approach.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Transmission Expansion Planning With Feasible Region of Hydrogen
Production From Water Electrolysis
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  Authors: Wei Lin;Zhifang Yang;Juan Yu;Wenyuan Li;
  Pages: 2863 - 2874
  Abstract: Hydrogen production has been advocated as a promising way for the decarbonization of power systems based on renewables. By using the renewable curtailments to produce the hydrogen gas that will be used for power supply when necessary, water electrolysis can work with transmission expansion planning (TEP) to improve renewable utilization. In this article, it is found that the nonlinear electrochemical characteristics of water electrolysis can be equivalently formulated as the feasible region that consists of two convex subregions, in the space of consumed renewable power and produced hydrogen gas. Regarding this finding and the typical application scenario where hydrogen gas is stored in gasholders and then used in hydrogen oxygen fuel cells, TEP with water electrolysis is further established as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. In our formulation, two linear relaxation technologies are presented to handle both the complementary constraints of the gasholders and the selection of which subregion of water electrolysis. Numerical results in the Garver 6-bus test system and a 661-bus utility system demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Multi-Network Coordinated Hydrogen Supply Infrastructure Planning for the
Integration of Hydrogen Vehicles and Renewable Energy
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  Authors: Wei Gan;Mingyu Yan;Wei Yao;Jianbo Guo;Jiakun Fang;Xiaomeng Ai;Jinyu Wen;
  Pages: 2875 - 2886
  Abstract: The growing penetration of hydrogen vehicles and modern energy conversion technologies strengthen the coupling of transportation and energy networks. This article proposes a hydrogen supply infrastructure planning model for the integration of hydrogen vehicles and renewable energy. To flexibly meet the energy demand of hydrogen vehicles, the proposed model makes investment decisions for various facilities, including hydrogen pipelines, hydrogen refueling stations, power to gas devices, and renewable energy generators. Besides, with the pipeline transportation method applied, the hydrogen network is constructed and coordinated with the electricity and transportation networks. The multinetwork synergistic effect is thus fully utilized, bringing higher operational flexibility and investment economy. Furthermore, a two-stage stochastic planning model is provided to accommodate the variability of renewable energy and traffic loads. To reduce the computational complexity of the proposed stochastic planning model, both linearization techniques and Benders decomposition algorithm are applied. Simulation results of the 8-node system and the 24-node system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. Compared to the uncoordinated model, the proposed model saves by 11% of the total cost for the 24-node test system. Also, the computational performance of the Benders decomposition algorithm surpasses that of the basic algorithm by more than 24.6% in the two test systems.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Joint Planning of Electricity Transmission and Hydrogen Transportation
Networks
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  Authors: Siyuan Wang;Rui Bo;
  Pages: 2887 - 2897
  Abstract: The abundance and uneven distribution of renewable energy might cause congestion and curtailment in electric power systems. Transmission expansions can potentially alleviate transmission congestion and reduce renewable energy curtailment. On the other hand, with the substantial cost reduction of electrolyzer technology and the continuing rise of hydrogen demand, converting surplus renewable energy to hydrogen provides synergistic benefits to power and hydrogen systems, but consequently requires joint planning of the two systems. To this end, we propose a joint planning approach for power transmission and hydrogen transportation networks to coordinately optimize the investment and operation of power and hydrogen infrastructure. In our proposed model, detailed truck routing, pipeline, and hydrogen storage are formulated to quantify the flexibility of hydrogen transportation system. A robust joint planning approach is also proposed to address various uncertainties from renewable energy, electric load, and hydrogen demand. Our numerical simulations show that the proposed joint planning model can save the total system cost, reduce renewable energy curtailment, and increase the utilization level of transmission lines.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Planning of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Urban Setting While Considering
Hydrogen Redistribution
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  Authors: Jingqi Zhang;Chaojie Li;Guo Chen;Zhaoyang Dong;
  Pages: 2898 - 2908
  Abstract: Electrified transportation systems and renewable energy resources have been recognized as effective environmental-friendly technologies against global warming contributed by greenhouse gas (GHG). Remarkably, hydrogen fuel cell-powered electric vehicles can outperform battery-powered electric vehicles largely in the sense of the driving range and the refueling time. However, both of them require a better coordination of infrastructure system and renewable energy resources to achieve a significant reduction of GHG emissions. This article aims to maximize the long-term profitability for the planning model of hydrogen refueling stations, where the capacitated flow refueling location model is leveraged for maximal traffic flow coverage. Furthermore, we discuss various real-world constraints, such as traffic network constraints, distribution network constraints, hydrogen balance constraints, and energy constraints for electric vehicles, to make the planning model more practical. By considering the uncertainty of the short-term refueling demand across the city, an approach for geographically redistributing hydrogen among the stations is also presented where the minimal cost of redistribution is modeled by one-commodity pickup-and-delivery traveling salesman problem. A real-life case study of Western Sydney is adopted to testify the efficiency of the planning model under current and future cost levels. Finally, a numerical simulation is utilized to demonstrate the validity of the hydrogen redistribution method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
A Demand Response Trade Model Considering Cost and Benefit Allocation Game
and Hydrogen to Electricity Conversion
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  Authors: Yingjun Wu;Zhiwei Lin;Chengjun Liu;Yuyang Chen;Nesar Uddin;
  Pages: 2909 - 2920
  Abstract: With the widespread utilization of hydrogen in industry and the development of hydrogen-to-electricity (H2E) technology, how to design an efficient market-based demand response trade mechanism draws lots of attention for incentivizing industrial users to promote their demand response quantities and willingness with rational use of hydrogen. This article proposes an auction model of buyers and sellers considering the cost and benefit allocation game among electric transaction manager (ETM), electric response agents (ERAs), and electric-hydrogen industrial users (EHIUs) in demand response trade. First, a participant-led distributed trading framework of electricity demand response (EDR) with ETM, ERAs, and EHIUs is proposed. Second, in order to inspire ERAs to facilitate EDR trade and enhance EHIUs’ willingness to participate in the EDR, a bargain game of the cost and benefit allocation among ETM, ERAs, and EHIUs is established. Then, a co-optimization model with electricity and hydrogen considering production constraints is formed for promoting the ability and economy of EDR of EHIUs. Finally, a modified IEEE-69 node system is employed to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Virtual Power Plant With Power-to-Gas in
Dual Energy Markets
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  Authors: Tao Zhang;Zechun Hu;
  Pages: 2921 - 2929
  Abstract: The virtual power plant (VPP) is a cloud-based aggregator that combines heterogeneous distributed energy resources to give a reliable and friendly power supply. In this article, a VPP that consists of natural gas network, power to gas (P2G) equipment, flexible load, and other resources is introduced in the electricity market and natural gas market considering the uncertainties of renewable energy outputs and demand responses. Moreover, the optimal scheduling strategy of VPP includes power and gas dispatch considering bidirectional flows of power and gas, and the optimization model considering dual-energy markets is investigated by developing different scenarios to maximize the VPP's profit. Case studies have been carried out to analyze the economy and scheduling strategy of the VPP. Simulation results show that the VPP studied in this article can effectively reduce the proportion of renewable curtailment by selling electricity or P2G equipment. Besides, it is beneficial to maintain pressure stability and security operation of the natural gas network, and the VPP could decrease unbalanced penalty cost and reduce the impact from uncertainties in dual-energy markets.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Optimization Design of Nonstop Power Exchange System for Hydrogen Energy
Trains
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  Authors: Han Liu;Jing Ma;Limin Jia;Huifeng Cheng;Yixiong Gan;Qingjie Qi;
  Pages: 2930 - 2940
  Abstract: Hydrogen has been advocated as a promising energy carrier for railway systems, but its limited energy density may introduce mileage anxiety into the transportation system. Motivated by nonstop power exchange design, this article proposes a novel facility planning model under energy transfer conditions and natural endowments, such as photovoltaic resources in geographical locations, to optimize the overall system benefit. The supply, consumption, and replenishment mechanisms of multienergy forms (hydrogen energy, photovoltaic, electric energy) are designed on both vehicle and ground sides of the power exchange system. The optimal facility location and allocation of photovoltaic hydrogen plants, movable tank shifting devices, and train cars are collaboratively decided. A Lhasa–Xining railway case study is applied by conducting sensitivity analyses on significant parameters. Various insights hold the promise to promote policies and strategies for integrating transportation and power systems in a real-world application. It is demonstrated that energy cost reduction, solar power generation improvement, and energy-carrier capacity expansion help solve the mileage anxiety problem in nonstop power exchange systems.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Interaction Mechanism and Pricing Strategy of Hydrogen Fueling Station for
Hydrogen-Integrated Transportation and Power Systems
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  Authors: Xun Dou;Jun Wang;Donglou Fan;Ziang Li;Xuechun Liang;Jing Yang;
  Pages: 2941 - 2949
  Abstract: Hydrogen-integrated transportation and power systems (HTPS) will become an important way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. As an important coupling unit of HTPS, the business mechanism of hydrogen fueling stations (HFS) is an important starting point for improving system economy and promotion value. This article proposed an interaction mechanism between HFS and HTPS and hydrogen and fuel cell EVs (HFEVs) in smart cities for HFS pricing strategies. First, we construct the framework of the HTPS interaction mechanism based on the basic combination of HTPS. Then, the interactive model of HTPS is constructed, including the scheduling model of HTPS, the pricing model of HFS and the response model of HFEVs. Finally, an HTPS system is constructed based on the improved IEEE 33-node power distribution system for simulation and analysis. The results show that the interaction mechanism and pricing strategy can improve the economics of HTPS and HFS, the operating cost of HTPS has been reduced by approximately 5.57%, the operating income of HFS has increased by approximately 4.17%.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)
Research on the Market Diffusion of Fuel Cell Vehicles in China Based on
the Generalized Bass Model
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  Authors: Yiming Xian;Mingchao Xia;Su Su;Min Guo;Fangjian Chen;
  Pages: 2950 - 2960
  Abstract: As a new energy vehicle, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have the advantages of pollution-free and zero-emission, which have attracted wide attention from all over the world. By predicting the ownership of FCVs, decision-makers can grasp the future development potential of FCVs, so that the national government can adopt corresponding policies and measures. To this end, based on analyzing the development trend of FCVs, this article proposes an FCVs ownership prediction method based on the generalized Bass model. From the perspective of technology, application, and market conditions of FCVs, this article first analyzes the development trend of FCVs in the future, which provides the basis for the establishment of the ownership prediction method and the estimation of model parameters. Then, considering the influence of levelized cost of driving (LCD) reduction and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) constructions, a prediction method of FCVs ownership based on the generalized Bass model is proposed, and the model parameters are estimated by Grey Verhulst model, electric vehicles data, and liquefied natural gas vehicles data. Through the proposed method, the ownership of FCVs in China from 2021 to 2070 is predicted and the results show that the ownership of FCVs in China will reach about 1.43 million in 2030 and about 10.41 million in 2040. Finally, through sensitivity analysis, this article discusses the influence of external factors such as policy, LCD, and HRSs on the market diffusion of FCVs, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.
  PubDate: March-April 2022
  Issue No: Vol. 58, No. 2 (2022)