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Authors:Amrita Pramanik, Ravindranadh Palika, Raghu Pullakhandam, K. Kalaivani, Prema Ramachandran Pages: 1 - 16 Abstract: In India, calcium intake is low and the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women is high. The National Guidelines envisage elemental calcium 500 mg (as calcium carbonate salt) and 250 IU vitamin D supplements should be provided to pregnant and lactating women. In Delhi, iron folic acid tablets are given twice a day after meals in anaemic women and one tablet of calcium and vitamin D daily after a meal in all pregnant women. A study was taken up to assess the availability and compliance with calcium and vitamin D supplementation in primary health care institutions under research (Group 1 - 387 women) and service conditions (Group 2 - 400 women) and in urban community setting (Group 3 - 448 women). Women in Group 1 received Ca and Vitamin D tablets regularly from the research staff. In Group 2 and Group 3 tablets, were provided as and when government supplies were available and prescriptions were given when they were not available. Ca and Vitamin D tablets were expensive; families bought the tablets as and when they had the funds. As a result, the number of tablets available for consumption was lower in Group 2 and 3. In all three groups, side effects were rare and nearly all available tablets were consumed. In Group 1, Vitamin D estimation was done at enrolment and after supplementation for three months; 83% of women at enrolment and 68% of women after three months of supplementation had serum vitamin D levels below 20 ng/ml. These data suggest that one tablet of Ca and Vit D per day is insufficient for correcting maternal vitamin D deficiency. It is essential to carry out studies to assess the impact of supplementation with two tablets of Ca and Vit D on maternal vitamin D levels. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.31364
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Authors:H. Sai Gayathri, A. Thirumani Devi Pages: 17 - 31 Abstract: The Triple Burden of Malnutrition is one of the most alarming issues of the current world. The current study focuses on the occurrence of triple burden of malnutrition in young adult women and impact of personalized nutrition education on the nutritional status of young adult women in the age group of 18- 21 years. The subjects were provided with questionnaire to collect the demographic and dietary data and also to screen the subjects for nutritional deficiencies. The study was conducted on 200 students and were assessed their nutritional status using ABCD technique such as Anthropometric Measurements (height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist and hip ratio), Biochemical Estimation, Clinical Examination and Dietary pattern (24 hour recall method, Food frequency table).The subjects were categorised into under nutrition, over nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. They were provided with personalised nutrition education on the basis of their nutritional status and requirements. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.32726
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Authors:M. Sindhuja, Lalita Verma, Lovely Gupta, Priti R. Lal Pages: 32 - 48 Abstract: Globally, availability and usage of supplements by recreational young people in gymnasia is on the rise. Although certain aspects related to nutritional ergogenic aids and supplements prescribed in traditional Indian medicine, have been reported, no comprehensive global review is yet available. This Scoping Review was, therefore conducted in view of the gaps in research, needs for capacity building of concerned professionals, strengthening of knowledge, attitudes of trainees and for policy / regulations. A total of 16 key words were framed and 5 search engines were explored for this review. Through this search procedure 278 research papers were scrutinized (from 2000-to date) of which 31 were included, highlights higher prevalence of supplement use amongst males v/s females attending gymnasia. The most used supplements were nutrients and pharmacy (multivitamins, creatine), proteins (whey, amino acids), rationale of intake, dietary adequacy with respect to nutrients were not reported in the study. Main reason for use was a quest for increased immunity, weight gain and increased strength. The main sources of influence were gym coaches, medical supervisors and family-friends. Most common places of purchase were stores, gym / fitness centres and the internet. The review concludes that there is further scope of researching all age groups, gender differences in supplement use, basis of goal setting, efficacy of supplements in meeting the desired goals, KAP of influencing professional, mapping constructs for capacity building and potential suggestions for policy and regulations within fitness centres, especially in the Indian context. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.30613
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Authors:Priyanka Dixit, Mayura Tonpe Pages: 49 - 71 Abstract: In spite of the implementation of several nutrition specifc initiatives in the country, India is still struggling to limit burden of malnutrition among preschool children. The aim of this study was to identify the correlates of the Double (DBM) and Triple (TBM) Burden of Malnutrition among children in India. Information about 1,99,534 children in the age group 6-59 months was obtained from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS - 4). For age stratifed analysis, age groups were created as 6-23 months, 24-35 months and 35+ months. The prevalence of DBM and TBM was found to be 40% and 16% respectively. All children who belonged to Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) and to poorest household and born at higher birth orders, etc were found to be signifcantly affected with DBM and TBM. The study recommends that government policies need to specifcally address nutritional needs of socially disadvantaged children. Also, policies should acknowledge the importance of women’s education and awareness about family planning practices to control its effect on child malnutrition. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.30173
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Authors:Divya James, T. K. S. Lakshmi Priya Pages: 72 - 84 Abstract: Drop in nutrition value during food logistics impacts the health of consumers. Vegetables, fruits, fish, milk lose nutrients during logistics if it is not properly monitored. Real-time tracking and monitoring, large data handling and secure business transactions are key to the effective operation of supply chains. The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us the need for handling unforeseen situations in various sectors. Limitations to logistic operations, inaccessible warehouses, shutdown of consumer outlets for an unexpected duration, have affected the supply chain drastically. This has laid emphasis on the need for technology-based solutions that can monitor, control and make quick decisions, that can reduce losses. With this scenario as a background, a system architecture has been proposed to detect the nutrient value of food by periodically monitoring temperature and humidity in real-time and alerting the cold chain entities in cold chain environments. This architecture is proposed as an integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with cloud-based storage, to provide real-time data collection at the end-user, seamless storage and computation in the cloud and secure transactions at the business layer. An experimental setup of the system architecture has been configured and the implementation has been tested at a preliminary level. The performance of the application is analyzed and the proposed web application is efficient for large scale supply chain applications, provided scaling of hardware resources. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.29955
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Authors:Sheetal Joshi, Veena Yardi Pages: 85 - 93 Abstract: For centuries, the Hijra enjoyed a special respect in the Hindu and Islamic cultures however, over the time, stigmatization took its toll and today the community is pushed to live on extreme societal margin. The present study was undertaken to assess the nutritional status of 304 transgender (Male to Female) residing in and around Mumbai using a mixed method approach. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique with the help of three Community Based Organisations (CBOs) working in close association with transgender. Data related to their nutritional status was collected before the pandemic using Food Frequency Questionnaire, 24-hr Recall and anthropometric measurements. Data related to impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food habits of transgender was collected from eight key informants working with CBOs using in-depth telephonic interviews. Results indicated that consumption of calorie dense junk foods was high and that of immunity building micronutrient dense foods such as fruits, vegetables and milk was notably low. Mean intake of macronutrients was adequate but that of micronutrients was lower for the majority. BMI assessment showed that 13 and 49% were underweight and overweight /obese respectively. COVID-19 pandemic further worsened nutritional status. The findings of the study may serve as basis for formulation of effective nutrition intervention programmes for transgender community. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.30315
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Authors:Challagundla Reddy Jyothsna, S. Kowsalya, J. Raghu Pages: 94 - 111 Abstract: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is one among the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) which might occur due to genetic, environmental, physiological and behavioural factors. MetS is increasing alarmingly in the population. Addressing the modifiable factors to reduce the risk is of prime importance. The current study is intended to observe the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome criteria with respect to its relation to lifestyle factors among subjects post pandemic situation and the MetS incidence to understand how the disease can be prevented and the means to improve the public health. Random sampling method was used to enrol 20–50 year old (male and female) urban adults of Bengaluru into the study. Type-I-diabetics, lactating and pregnant women, post-cardiac surgery/ pre-post-transplant/ covid-19 recovered patients were excluded. Height, weight, Waist-Circumference (WC) and hip-circumference were measured. BMI and Waist–Hip Ratio (WHR) were calculated. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS), Triglycerides (TG), HDL, Blood Pressure (BP) values were analysed and recorded. Diet recall was captured and calories consumed per day was estimated. The habits of exercise routine, smoking, tobacco chewing and alcohol were observed. IDF (International Diabetes Federation, 2006) criteria was used to categorise MetS. The data was analysed using relevant statistical tools. A total of 1211 adults (females 486 and males 725) were assessed. High WC indicating central obesity was observed in 55%. High FBS was observed in 29%. Hyper-triglyceridemia was more in males (36%) than females (19%). Low HDL was observed in 65% females against 43% males. High BP was observed among 10% in males and 8% in females. Lack of exercise was observed among 81% of the adults. Due to pandemic situation 10.7% stopped doing exercise. Moderate activity in 5.6% and vigorous activity in 2.8% was recorded; 68% of the subjects were consuming >2000 calories/day on an average; 18.6% were alcoholic. MetS was observed in 10.6% and MetS-2 criteria in 33.4% and MetS-1criteria in 24.5% before pandemic situation and post pandemic there was an increase. MetS was observed in 12.2% and MetS-2criteria in 49.7% and MetS-1criteria in 27.9% post pandemic. The lack of exercise and high-calorie consumption had a significant correlation with altered lipid values and central obesity. High WC had significant relation to High BMI. WHR had very significant correlation with high FBS and TG. Women had significantly high WC compared to men. The alcohol habit had a significant correlation with hypertriglyceridemia in males. Increased calorie consumption had a moderate correlation with raised FBS and WHR. MetS was significantly observed in those who had lack of exercise, high calorie consumption and alcohol habit. Findings suggest that MetS is in rise in 31-50 year age group. Central obesity, dyslipidemia and high FBS were predominant in 31-40 year group. High BP was observed in 45-50 years age group. Identifying and educating the young adults to correct their life style is the need of the hour to reduce increase of MetS in community. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.32733
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Authors:Anamika Singh, Amrita Poonia Pages: 112 - 127 Abstract: The present study aims to develop cookies with high nutritional quality and overcome the limitations of traditional cookies high in fat and sugars. Agro-industrial waste by-product, pea pods, was powdered to supplement the cookie preparation with soy four and inulin powder. The four blend was optimized by taking three factors affecting the fnal product’s processing parameters: Pea-Pod Powder (PPP), Soy Flour (SF) and inulin. The optimization data of PPP cookies shows that responses as color and appearance (P<0.012), favour (P<0.012), crispiness (P<0.013), OAA (P<0.011), hardness (P<0.002), and fracturability (P<0.001) were signifcantly related to the processing of cookies. PPP and SF affected the sensorial characteristics of the cookies, while inulin affected the textural characteristics to a greater extent. The optimised cookies were found to have signifcantly high levels of protein (9.39%), dietary fbre (7.86%), Ca (1.19%), Fe (0.12%), and low fat (17.18%) and total sugar (19.21%) than the control. The DPPH inhibition activity was higher in PPP cookies (0.082%) than control (0.072%). The traditional cookies are not preferred by diabetic and CVD affected persons and are not considered nutritious among the health concerned population. PPP cookies have better shelf life, higher in protein, functional compounds, fbres, minerals and low in sugar. Thus, the product targets such a huge segment of the population, offering various health implications. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.31002
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Authors:R. Muthu Vijayaragavan, E. Murugan Pages: 128 - 142 Abstract: The initial pot culture study at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai in rice was conducted to confirm the tolerance mechanism of the donor parents for salinity and submergence separately towards the physiological traits. The parents (ADT 43 and IWP) and donor (FL 478 for salinity and FR 13A for Submergence) were raised in a paper cup maintained separately for salinity and submergence then it was transplanted pots. In each pot, five seedlings were planted and totally fifteen plants were maintained in saline and non-saline condition with three replications. Observations were recorded for all the plants in both saline and non-saline conditions. Regarding for submergence screening, the mud pots along with 14 days old seedlings were drowned in concrete cement tank for 14 days of complete submergence. After 14 days of complete submergence, the samples were collected from each replication both in normal and submergence condition. Hence from the foregoing physiological factors the tolerant donor FL 478 had high level of stable chlorophyll content and also chlorophyll a/b ratio was found unwavering in tolerant donor. Besides the donor parent FR 13A had a ability to retain almost the same level of carbohydrate, starch, non-structural carbohydrate and soluble sugar content under submergence condition. Facts from the study can help rice breeders and other scientists screen and select salinity and submergence tolerant rice breeding lines for variety development and related research, and use the lines identified as tolerant in developing new cultivars. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.29731
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Authors:K. Saranya, S. Dinesh kumar, M. Gokulraj, K. Iyyappan, V. Manivasagan Pages: 143 - 155 Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with characteristics of multiple aetiology of chronic hyperglycaemia. These effects include dysfunction and long-term degeneration of various organs. Characteristics of diabetes mellitus include polyuria, blurred vision, thirst, and weight loss. Many types of insulin are available, for example porcine insulin, beef insulin, and human insulin. Weight gain and hypoglycaemia are the most adverse effects of using insulin. Insulin binds to sulfonylurea receptors on β-cell plasma membranes. In this study, ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum root was used to study ATP-sensitive potassium channels, which lead to depolarized cell membranes. The ethanolic extract was also analysed for antioxidant activities by free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method. The different concentration of extracts exhibited varying result of radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The root of Solanum torvum exhibited significant α-amylase (79.56%) and α-glucosidase (80.58%) inhibitory activities at the concentration 100 μg/ml respectively when compared with standard acarbose drug. It also showed a good antioxidant activity with 65.47% when compared with standard ascorbic acid. The ethanolic extract of Solanum torvum root has a potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida tropicalis. Thus, Solanum torvum is a better source for natural antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial activities due to presence of natural compounds in it. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.30202
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Authors:Mehrukh zehravi, Mudasir Maqbool, Irfat Ara Pages: 156 - 168 Abstract: The most common and also the most overlooked dietary deficiency in the world is iron deficiency anaemia. It is not only a problem in developing countries or in countries with few resources, but it is also a problem in industrialised ones. The main goal of this article is to raise awareness about the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy, the aetiology of anaemia in pregnancy (not just during pregnancy but throughout adolescence) and the prevention of anaemia in pregnancy by extending the vision to the adolescent age group in order to reduce the risk of nutritional deficiency anaemia during pregnancy. Because of their increased iron requirements for rapid growth and menstrual blood loss, adolescent girls are particularly sensitive to this illness. Poor nutrition is the most common cause of anaemia, which is caused not only by socioeconomic reasons but also by cultural and other conditioning factors such as viral infections, which promote malnutrition in teenagers. Malaria, intestinal parasites, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis are among diseases that cause malnutrition. Anemia’s severity and length are crucial during pregnancy since it increases the risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal mortality, and other complications. Anemia is a worldwide health issue that affects about one-third of the world’s population and is one of the primary causes of disability. Anemia in pregnancy is associated with a high rate of morbidity and death due to a woman’s inability to respond to postpartum blood loss, which can have life-threatening effects. Iron deficiency anaemia has a direct link to hunger; according to the WHO, iron deficiency anaemia occurs in 50-80% of areas with chronic malnutrition. However, iron insufficiency is becoming more widespread in wealthy countries, with an increase of 20%. Iron insufficiency is quite common in women of reproductive age, with roughly 30% of them suffering from it. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.29899
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Authors:Vinita Tomer, Sonika Chaudhary Pages: 169 - 175 Abstract: The fast food industry in India became the fastest growing company in the last decade as many global companies entered the market to expand their market share and region of operations. Adolescents are an aggressive target of food marketing messages (primarily for unhealthy foods) and are susceptible to these messages due to their developmental vulnerabilities and the influence of peer groups. The negative impact on adolescent weight and insulin resistance was seen in all participants who ate frequently at fast food restaurants. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.21048/IJND.2023.60.1.30297
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