 Subjects -> NUTRITION AND DIETETICS (Total: 201 journals)
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- Nutritional and exercise interventions in individuals with sarcopenic
obesity around retirement age: a systematic review and meta-analysis-
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Pages: 1077 - 1090
Abstract: AbstractContextRetirement is an opportune time for people to establish new healthy routines. Exercise and nutritional interventions are promising in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity.ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of nutritional and exercise interventions for the treatment of sarcopenic obesity in persons of retirement age.Data SourcesPubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases were searched in September 2021 for randomized controlled trials; a manual search was also conducted. The search yielded 261 studies, of which 11 were eligible for inclusion.Data ExtractionStudies of community-dwelling individuals with sarcopenic obesity receiving any nutritional or exercise intervention ≥ 8 weeks with the mean age ± standard deviation between 50 and 70 years were included. Primary endpoint was body composition, and secondary endpoints were body mass index, muscle strength, and physical function. The literature review, study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment were performed by two reviewers independently. Data were pooled for meta-analysis when possible.ResultsMeta-analysis was only possible for the exposure “resistance training” and the exposure “training (resistance or aerobic)” in combination with the exposure “added protein” as compared with “no intervention” or “training alone.” Resistance training led to a significant body fat reduction of −1.53% (95%CI, −2.91 to −0.15), an increase in muscle mass of 2.72% (95%CI, 1.23–4.22), an increase in muscle strength of 4.42 kg (95%CI, 2.44–6.04), and a slight improvement in gait speed of 0.17 m/s (95%CI, 0.01–0.34). Protein combined with an exercise intervention significantly reduces fat mass (−0.80 kg; 95%CI, −1.32 to −0.28). Some individual studies of dietary or food supplement interventions for which data could not be pooled showed positive effects on body composition.ConclusionResistance training is an effective treatment for persons of retirement age with sarcopenic obesity. Increased protein intake combined with exercise may increase reductions in fat mass.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42021276461.
PubDate: Tue, 07 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad007
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Probiotic supplements are effective in people with cognitive impairment: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials-
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Pages: 1091 - 1104
Abstract: AbstractContextCognitive function is a significant concern among the elderly and has a major negative effect on their quality of life. Probiotics have a positive effect on improving cognition, but the exact nature of the association between probiotic supplements and cognitive function is poorly understood.ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate how probiotic supplements improve cognitive function.Data sourcesA systematic search was conducted of the PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for all relevant studies published in English, with no date restrictions.Data extractionThe estimated, pooled results were analyzed with a standardized mean difference (SMD) and a corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Publication bias was analyzed by the Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Funnel plots were also constructed to assess the probability of publication bias. The robustness of the results was tested using the method of sequential removal and cumulation of each trial.Data analysisOverall, the pooled SMD showed significant differences between the probiotic and placebo groups (SMD = 0.64; 95%CI, 0.15–1.12), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 92%). Subgroup analyses showed a significant effect of probiotics on cognition in the studies involving populations with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment (SMD = 1.34; 95%CI, 0.51–2.16; P < 0.01). In addition, subgroup analysis showed that single probiotic strains, receiving probiotic supplements over 12 weeks, and doses >1 × 109 CFU/g were more beneficial for improving cognitive impairment.ConclusionsAccording to this meta-analysis, probiotic supplementation had a highly significant effect on cognitive function in people with cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease. For people without cognitive impairment, probiotic supplementation may be ineffective.
PubDate: Wed, 11 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac113
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Association between non-nutritive sweetener consumption and liver enzyme
levels in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
clinical trials-
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Pages: 1105 - 1117
Abstract: AbstractContextThe use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) is dramatically increasing in food commodities, and their effects on biochemical parameters have been the subject of great controversy. Liver enzymes as markers of liver injury may be helpful measures of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the outcomes of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest their associations with NNSs are contentious.ObjectiveThe current study was designed to provide a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs studying the consequences of NNS consumption on ALT, AST, and GGT concentrations (ie, the 3 main liver enzymes in adults).Data SourcesScopus, PubMed, and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies up to April 2021, with no time and language limitations.Data ExtractionTwo independent researchers extracted information from qualified studies, and a third researcher rechecked it.Data AnalysisOf 3212 studies, 10 studies that enrolled a total of 854 volunteers were included. A random-effects or fixed-effects model was utilized to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test and quantified using the I2 statistic. The pooled results demonstrated that, compared with control groups, NNS intake led to nonsignificant reductions in ALT (WMD: −.78, 95% CI: –2.14, .57, P = .25) and GGT (WMD: –.21, 95% CI: –1.46, 1.04, P = .74). Also, a small nonsignificant increasing effect on AST level was found (WMD: .02, 95% CI: –1.26, 1.30, P = .97). NNS significantly reduced AST levels in type 2 diabetes patients when subgroup analyses were performed. Also, in trials with ≥24-week intervention or studies that utilized stevioside for intervention, a significant reducing effect on ALT level was observed.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that NNS intake has no significant effect on liver enzyme levels in adults.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42021250067.
PubDate: Mon, 09 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac107
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Association between β-carotene supplementation and risk of cancer: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials-
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Pages: 1118 - 1130
Abstract: AbstractContextβ-Carotene, which is derived from most fruits and vegetables, is the most common type of carotenes. Existing studies have demonstrated that β-carotene is associated with some positive health outcomes. However, results about the effects of supplemental β-carotene on cancer are inconsistent.ObjectiveTo determine the association between supplemental β-carotene intake and the risk of cancers.Data sourcesEight databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wangfang, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database) were systematically searched until September 2022.Data extractionOnly reports from randomized controlled trials in which an association between supplemental β-carotene intake and the risk of cancer was found were included in the meta-analysis.Data analysisA total of 18 eligible studies based on 8 different randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis, with varying sample sizes from 391 to 39 876 participants. There was no significant association between supplemental β-carotene intake and overall cancer incidence rate after synthesizing all the results (risk ratio [RR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.05). Results from subgroup analysis indicated that intake of supplemental β-carotene significantly increased the risk of lung cancer (RR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.08–1.32), whereas no significant associations were observed for other site-specific cancers. In addition, smokers and the subgroup of participants with only low-dose β-carotene intake had a risk increment of cancer if they took supplemental β-carotene (RR: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.05–1.29).Conclusionβ-Carotene supplementation has no beneficial or harmful effect on cancer incidence; moreover, it might have potentially harmful effects on lung cancer, especially for people who smoke. On the basis of the evidence from this study, supplemental intake of β-carotene is not recommended for preventing cancer, and the establishment of a tolerable upper intake level of β-carotene should be considered.
PubDate: Sat, 28 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac110
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative
diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis-
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Pages: 1131 - 1143
Abstract: AbstractContextCurrent findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory.ObjectiveThe current meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between intake of dietary animal protein sources and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.Data SourcesPubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically until October 2021.Data ExtractionProspective cohort studies exploring the association between consumption of animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases in the general population were included. Among 10 571 identified studies, 33 prospective cohort studies met the eligibility criteria.Data AnalysisDietary fish consumption was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease (RR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.57–0.97), dementia (RR = 0.84; 95%CI, 0.75–0.93), and cognitive impairment (RR = 0.85; 95%CI, 0.81–0.95). The risk of developing Parkinson’s disease was significantly higher among those in the highest vs the lowest intake categories of total dairy (RR = 1.49; 95%CI, 1.06–2.10) and milk (RR = 1.40; 95%CI, 1.13–1.73). Moreover, dietary intake of total dairy (RR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.80–0.99), total meat (RR = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.57–0.90), and poultry (RR = 0.82; 95%CI, 0.68–0.99) was significantly associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment. A linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200-g increase in total daily dairy intake was associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson’s disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, there was a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia.ConclusionDairy consumption is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, but a higher intake of fish may be associated with lower risk of neurodegenerative disease. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42021281887.
PubDate: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac114
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Medium-chain fatty acids for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s
disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis-
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Pages: 1144 - 1162
Abstract: AbstractContextIn preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the brain gradually becomes insulin resistant. As a result, brain glucose utilization is compromised, causing a cellular energy deficit that leads to the accumulation of free radicals, which increases inflammation and damages neurons. When glucose utilization is impaired, ketone bodies offer an alternative energy source. Ketone bodies are synthesized from fats, obtained from either the diet or adipose tissue. Dietary medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which are preferentially metabolized into ketone bodies, have the potential to supply the insulin-resistant brain with energy.ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aims to review the effect of MCFA supplements on circulating ketone bodies and cognition in individuals with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and AD.Data SourcesA comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed on August 12, 2019, to retrieve all publications meeting the inclusion criteria. Alerts were then set to identify any publications after the search date up until January 31, 2021.Data ExtractionData were extracted by 2 authors and assessed by a third. In total, 410 publications were identified, of which 16 (n = 17 studies) met the inclusion criteria.Data AnalysisAll studies assessing change in levels of blood ketone bodies due to MCFA supplementation (n = 12) reported a significant increase. Cognition outcomes (measured in 13 studies), however, varied, ranging from no improvement (n = 4 studies) to improvement (n = 8 studies) or improvement only in apolipoprotein E allele 4 (APOE ε4) noncarriers (n = 2 studies). One study reported an increase in regional cerebral blood flow in APOE ε4 noncarriers and another reported an increase in energy metabolism in the brain.ConclusionMCFA supplementation increases circulating ketone body levels, resulting in increased brain energy metabolism. Further research is required to determine whether this MCFA-mediated increase in brain energy metabolism improves cognition.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42019146967.
PubDate: Thu, 12 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac104
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Physiological effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis): a
systematic review-
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Pages: 1163 - 1179
Abstract: AbstractContextClinical studies have found an association between yerba maté intake and beneficial physiological effects. Nevertheless, no systematic reviews have been conducted to shed light on the data supporting this association.ObjectiveThe present systematic review aimed to investigate the physiological effects of yerba maté.Data SourcesSearches were performed in 6 databases (Embase, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science) and 3 grey literature databases (OpenGrey, ProQuest, Google Scholar). Relevant publications were identified, and the reference lists of included studies were searched manually for randomized clinical trials, nonrandomized clinical trials, and observational studies investigating the physiological effects of yerba maté.Data ExtractionRisk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials and the Cochrane ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions) tool. Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used for cross-sectional, case series, cohort, and case-control studies. The overall certainty of the evidence was estimated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) working group summary of findings table.Data AnalysisOf 1096 studies identified, 32 were included. Studies showed consistent effects of yerba maté intake on metabolism improvement and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in different populations. Benefits for body weight and composition, exercise performance, mood, and appetite, in addition cardio- and neuroprotective effects, were also observed. Risk of bias was categorized as high in 22 studies, moderate in 9 studies, and low in 1 study. The certainty of evidence ranged from moderate to very low.ConclusionThe available literature indicates that yerba maté can be used within a balanced and healthy diet for prevention and adjuvant treatment of chronic diseases.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42020200196.
PubDate: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac109
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Nutritional interventions for the prevention and treatment of cancer
therapy-induced oral mucositis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews
and meta-analysis-
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Pages: 1200 - 1212
Abstract: AbstractContextTo date, the efficacy of nutritional interventions on oral mucositis (OM) in patients with cancer, and the quality of this evidence have not been explored.ObjectiveThe goal of this umbrella review was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of nutritional interventions for patients with cancer with OM, as well as to assess the quality of this evidence.Data sourcesMeta-analyses were searched for using PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases until December 2021, with no time restrictions.Data extractionMeta-analyses of randomized control trials that evaluated the effects of nutritional interventions on the incidence of OM in patients with cancer had inclusion criteria for this umbrella review. Data extraction, quality assessment of meta-analyses, and primary studies were done independently by 2 authors. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation technique was used to grade the certainty of evidence.Data analysisA total of 26 meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. The results showed that honey, glutamine, and propolis can reduce the incidence of severe OM, based on moderate evidence quality. In addition, zinc supplementation significantly reduced the incidence of OM, regardless of symptom severity; however, low certainty of the evidence was observed. The effects of vitamin E, curcumin, and probiotics on OM were not statistically significant.ConclusionThis umbrella review shows that honey, glutamine, and propolis can significantly reduce the incidence of severe OM. These findings need to be confirmed with well-designed, longitudinal randomized controlled trials.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42022301010.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Feb 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac105
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Therapeutic health effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale): updated
narrative review exploring the mechanisms of action-
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Pages: 1213 - 1224
Abstract: AbstractGinger (Zingiber officinale) has been investigated for its potentially therapeutic effect on a range of chronic conditions and symptoms in humans. However, a simplified and easily understandable examination of the mechanisms behind these effects is lacking and, in turn, hinders interpretation and translation to practice, and contributes to overall clinical heterogeneity confounding the results. Therefore, drawing on data from nonhuman trials, the objective for this narrative review was to comprehensively describe the current knowledge on the proposed mechanisms of action of ginger on conferring therapeutic health effects in humans. Mechanistic studies support the findings from human clinical trials that ginger may assist in improving symptoms and biomarkers of pain, metabolic chronic disease, and gastrointestinal conditions. Bioactive ginger compounds reduce inflammation, which contributes to pain; promote vasodilation, which lowers blood pressure; obstruct cholesterol production, which regulates blood lipid profile; translocate glucose transporter type 4 molecules to plasma membranes to assist in glycemic control; stimulate fatty acid breakdown to aid weight management; and inhibit serotonin, muscarinic, and histaminergic receptor activation to reduce nausea and vomiting. Additional human trials are required to confirm the antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antineoplastic, and liver- and kidney-protecting effects of ginger. Interpretation of the mechanisms of action will help clinicians and researchers better understand how and for whom ginger may render therapeutic effects and highlight priority areas for future research.
PubDate: Mon, 23 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac115
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Effects of intermittent fasting on cognitive health and Alzheimer’s
disease-
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Pages: 1225 - 1233
Abstract: AbstractObjectiveCaloric restriction by intermittent fasting produces several metabolic changes, such as increased insulin sensitivity and use of ketone bodies as energy sources. In humans, intermittent fasting has been studied in hypertension, diabetes, and related conditions, but, to date, not as a strategy to reduce the risk of emergent dementia. In this scoping review, the relevance of intermittent fasting as a potential preventive intervention for Alzheimer’s dementia is explored.BackgroundThe beneficial effects of calorie restriction have been documented in animals and humans. Decreased oxidative stress damage and attenuated inflammatory responses are associated with intermittent fasting. These changes have a favorable impact on the vascular endothelium and stress-induced cellular adaptation.ResultsPhysiological alterations associated with fasting have profound implications for pathological mechanisms associated with dementias, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Compared with ad libitum feeding, caloric restriction in animals was associated with a reduction in β-amyloid accumulation, which is the cardinal pathological marker of Alzheimer’s disease. Animal studies have demonstrated synaptic adaptations in the hippocampus and enhanced cognitive function after fasting, consistent with these theoretical frameworks. Furthermore, vascular dysfunction plays a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease pathology, and intermittent fasting promotes vascular health.ConclusionsThese observations lead to a hypothesis that intermittent fasting over the years will potentially reverse or delay the pathological process in Alzheimer’s disease.
PubDate: Wed, 12 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad021
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2023)
- Umbrella review of time-restricted eating on weight loss, fasting blood
glucose, and lipid profile-
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Pages: 1180 - 1199
Abstract: AbstractContextA growing number of systematic reviews with meta-analyses have examined the effectiveness of time-restricted eating (TRE) in reducing weight and improving fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles. However, mixed results have been found, and its effectiveness remains uncertain.ObjectiveThis umbrella review aimed to summarize systematic reviews that (1) examine the effects of TRE on weight loss, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in individuals with overweight and obesity; and (2) compare the effect sizes on these outcomes between conventional TRE and Ramadan fasting.Data SourcesA total of 11 databases were searched from inception until March 11, 2022.Data ExtractionTwo independent reviewers performed article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment.Data AnalysisSeven systematic reviews with 30 unique meta-analyses involving 7231 participants from 184 primary studies were included. The quality of each review was evaluated as moderate (14.3%) or critically low (85.7%) according to the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2. The degree of overlap was rated as slight for all outcomes (corrected cover area = 1.04%–4.27%). Meta-analyses at the meta-data level suggest that TRE is beneficial for reducing weight (P = .006) and fasting blood glucose (P < .01). Meta-analyses at the primary study level suggest that the effect on LGL-C was significant (P = .03). Subgroup analyses revealed greater effects in lowering fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-C from Ramadan fasting than from conventional TRE. The credibility of evidence was rated as suggestive (3.3%), weak (36.7%) or nonsignificant (60%) using a classification method.ConclusionTRE may complement usual care and reduce body weight and fasting blood glucose. Rigorous randomized controlled trials with long-term assessments in a wide range of populations are warranted.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42022325657.
PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac103
Issue No: Vol. 81, No. 9 (2022)
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