Authors:Mayra Fernanda Martínez-López, José Francisco López-Gil First page: 2574 Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between social jetlag (SJL) and obesity-related outcomes among adolescents from Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia, Spain). We explored the relationship between SJL and body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, and body fat percentage, as well as the odds of having excess weight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) project, which included 847 Spanish adolescents aged 12–17 years. SJL was assessed based on the differences in sleep patterns between weekdays and weekends. Obesity-related indicators such as BMI z-score, waist circumference, body fat percentage, excess weight, obesity, and abdominal obesity were measured. Generalized linear models with a Gaussian or binomial distribution were used to analyze the associations between SJL and obesity-related outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The analysis revealed significant associations between SJL and BMI z-score (unstandardized beta coefficient [B] = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.25, p = 0.003), waist circumference (B = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.67, p = 0.002), and body fat percentage (B = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.43, p = 0.008). Additionally, the odds ratios (ORs) for excess weight (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.57; p < 0.001), obesity (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.00; p < 0.001), and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.72; p < 0.001) increased significantly with each 60 min increment in SJL. Conclusions: This study pointed out that the misalignment of sleeping times during weekdays and weekends (SJL) is significantly associated with higher BMI z-scores, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and higher odds of excess weight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among adolescents, being more significant in boys than in girls. These findings highlight the importance of addressing circadian misalignment in the prevention and management of obesity and its related metabolic disorders in this population. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162574 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ondrej Cesak, Jitka Vostalova, Ales Vidlar, Petra Bastlova, Vladimir Student First page: 2575 Abstract: Thank you very much for your comment [...] Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162575 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:José Francisco López-Gil, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Mayra Fernanda Martínez-López First page: 2576 Abstract: Background: Evidence assessing the relationship between chronotype and disordered eating in adolescents is scarce. The current study tried to evaluate the association between chronotype and disordered eating in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Methods: This secondary cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) study. The sample consisted of 703 adolescents (56.3% girls) aged between 12 and 17 years from the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia, Spain). Chronotype was assessed using the Morningness/Eveningness Scale in Children (MESC). Disordered eating was evaluated by two psychologists using the Sick, Control, One, Fat, and Food (SCOFF) questionnaire. Results: Adolescents with an eveningness chronotype showed a higher SCOFF score (estimated marginal mean [M] = 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7 to 1.5) in comparison with adolescents with a morningness chronotype (M = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5 to 0.8) (p = 0.010), as well as with those with an intermediate chronotype (M = 0.6; 95% CI 0.5 to 0.8) (p = 0.032). A higher predictive probability of having disordered eating was identified in adolescents with an eveningness chronotype (39.5%; 95% CI 22.8% to 59.1%), compared to adolescents with an intermediate chronotype (14.9%; 95% CI 10.8% to 20.1%) (p = 0.008) and with their counterparts with a morningness chronotype (16.9%; 95% CI 11.6% to 24.0%) (p = 0.021). Conclusions: This study reveals that adolescents with an eveningness chronotype are more likely to exhibit disordered eating behaviors compared to those with morningness or intermediate chronotypes. These findings highlight the importance of considering chronotype in adolescent health, particularly in developing targeted interventions to prevent eating disorders. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162576 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Durreajam Khokhar, Kristy Ann Bolton First page: 2577 Abstract: South Asian infants and children have a higher predisposition to central adiposity, increasing their risk of metabolic diseases in childhood. Infant feeding practices are a key factor in reducing the risk of obesity in children. The current study aimed to compare infant feeding practices of South Asian-born mothers to Australin-born mothers. The 2010 Australian National Infant Feeding Survey data were used to compare infant feeding practices between South Asian-born mothers and Australian-born mothers with children aged up to 2 years. Chi-square and t-tests were conducted, as well as regression models, with adjustment for covariates, to assess individual infant feeding practices between the two groups. A total of 298 South Asian-born mothers and 294 Australian-born mothers were included. The age at which a child stopped receiving breast milk was lower among Australian-born mothers (3 months) compared with South Asian-born mothers (5 months, p < 0.001). A greater proportion of South Asian-born mothers reported that solids were introduced at or after 6 months of age compared to Australian-born mothers (86% vs. 69%, p < 0.001, respectively). South Asian-born mothers were engaging in some health-promoting infant feeding practices compared to Australian-born mothers; however, they were not meeting the infant feeding guidelines for exclusive breastfeeding and the introduction of solids. Further research is needed to better understand factors influencing infant feeding practices in South Asian-born immigrant mothers in Australia to determine whether culturally tailored interventions are needed to help these women achieve optimal feeding practices for their infants. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162577 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Mariane Lutz, Pablo R. Moya, Sofía Gallorio, Ulises Ríos, Marcelo Arancibia First page: 2578 Abstract: Scientific evidence shows that dietary patterns are a key environmental determinant of mental health. Dietary constituents can modify epigenetic patterns and thus the gene expression of relevant genetic variants in various mental health conditions. In the present work, we describe some nutrigenomic effects of dietary fiber, phenolic compounds (plant secondary metabolites), and fatty acids on mental health outcomes, with emphasis on their possible interactions with genetic and epigenetic aspects. Prebiotics, through their effects on the gut microbiota, have been associated with modulation in the neuroendocrine response to stress and the facilitation of the processing of positive emotions. Some of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms include the serotonin neurotransmitter system (TPH1 gene) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (inhibition of histone deacetylases). The consumption of phenolic compounds exerts a positive role in neurocognitive domains. The evidence showing the involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors comes mainly from animal models, highlighting the role of epigenetic mechanisms through miRNAs and methyltransferases as well as the effect on the expression of apoptotic-related genes. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have been mainly related to psychotic and mood disorders, but the genetic and epigenetic evidence is scarce. Studies on the genetic and epigenetic basis of these interactions need to be promoted to move towards a precision and personalized approach to medicine. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162578 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Olga I. Parfenteva, Nikolay A. Kulemin, Elvira A. Bondareva, Ildus I. Ahmetov First page: 2579 Abstract: The present study aimed to (a) assess normal-weight obesity (NWO) and general obesity prevalence among women of different ages residing in urban areas, (b) evaluate subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) in women with NWO, (c) establish SFT cutoff points for distinguishing NWO, and (d) explore eating habits linked to NWO. This cross-sectional study with 184 women aged 18–65 with NWO, normal weight without obesity (NWNO), overweight and general obesity included evaluation of body composition, SFT assessment using 2.5 MHz A-mode ultrasound (ISAK protocol, 7 sites) and lifestyle inquiries. The curvilinear relationship between body fat and BMI rendered BMI an unreliable indicator of adiposity in women with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Almost 30% of women with a high body fat percentage (BFP ≥ 30%) were misclassified when BMI was used to measure adiposity. The overall obesity prevalence defined by BFP was almost four times higher than that defined by BMI (56.0 vs. 18.0%, p = 1 × 10−4). Women with NWO, overweight and general obesity shared a similar SFT profile and eating habits, setting them apart from those with NWNO. The mean SFT was the most reliable NWO predictor, with a threshold set at 12 mm equal to the 66th percentile. Mean SFT accurately classified 85% of women with NWO. While age did not significantly affect subcutaneous fat accumulation, total fat levels increased with age (R2 = 0.07 and R2 = 0.19, padj = 0.1 and padj = 9 × 10−4). Higher NWO prevalence in middle-aged women was linked to age-related increase in fat mass and decrease in fat-free mass. Engaging in regular physical activity and reducing snack consumption effectively countered age-related changes in body composition (padj < 0.05). Women under 45 years who consumed sweet bakery items, fast food, and snacks more frequently showed higher BFP and NWO status (padj < 0.05). Prevention strategies should focus on monitoring body composition and promoting healthy behaviors, particularly among young women transitioning into adulthood and women over 45 years. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162579 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Hong-Li Gao, Yu Yang, Hua Tian, Shen-Liang Xu, Bo-Wen Li, Li-Yan Fu, Kai-Li Liu, Xiao-Lian Shi, Yu-Ming Kang, Xiao-Jing Yu First page: 2580 Abstract: Background: Puerarin is an isoflavone compound isolated from the roots of a leguminous plant, the wild kudzu. Various functional activities of this compound in multiple diseases have been reported. However, the effect and mechanism of puerarin in improving blood pressure remain non-elucidated. Purpose: The current study was designed to assess the preventive effects of puerarin on the onset and progression of hypertension and to verify the hypothesis that puerarin alleviates blood pressure by inhibiting the ROS/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of salt-induced prehypertensive rats. Methods: Male Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed low NaCl salt (3% in drinking water) for the control (NS) group or 8% (HS) to induce prehypertension. Each batch was divided into two group and treated by bilateral PVN microinjection with either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or puerarin through a micro-osmotic pump for 6 weeks. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded, and samples were collected and analyzed. Results: We concluded that puerarin significantly prevented the elevation of blood pressure and effectively alleviated the increase in heart rate caused by high salt. Norepinephrine (NE) in the plasma of salt-induced prehypertensive rats also decreased upon puerarin chronic infusion. Additionally, analysis of the PVN sample revealed that puerarin pretreatment decreased the positive cells and gene level of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4), NLRP3, Caspase-1 p10, NOX2, MyD88, NOX4, and proinflammatory cytokines in the PVN. Puerarin pretreatment also decreased NF-κBp65 activity, inhibited oxidative stress, and alleviated inflammatory responses in the PVN. Conclusion: We conclude that puerarin alleviated blood pressure via inhibition of the ROS/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in the PVN, suggesting the therapeutic potential of puerarin in the prevention of hypertension. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162580 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Georgia A. Parshuram, Lori Tuira, Frances Dazo, Noura El Hariri, Jessie M. Hulst, Haifa Mtaweh First page: 2581 Abstract: Background: Total energy expenditure (TEE) is the total energy expended by an individual to sustain life, activities, and growth. TEE is formed by four components: resting energy expenditure (REE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), growth-related energy expenditure (GEE), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Some energy expenditure (EE) components may change throughout childhood and cannot be reliably estimated using prediction formulae. Objective: To summarize measured TEE components as reported in the literature in healthy and critically ill children. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for studies published between 1946 and 7 September 2023. The primary outcome was energy expenditure. Included studies were published in English and measured one or more of TEE, AEE, GEE, and TEF with Indirect Calorimetry or Doubly Labeled Water in participants between 1 month and 18 years of age. We excluded studies reporting only REE or using predictive equations. Following abstraction, reported values were converted into kcal/kg/day or kcal/day as possible. Weighted mean values were calculated using median or means of EE measurements. Results: We found 138 studies, 8163 patients, and 16,636 eligible measurements. The median (IQR) study sample size was 20 (12, 35) patients. TEE was the most evaluated component. The median (IQR) TEE in infants was 73.1 (67.0, 76.5), in children 78.0 (66.0, 81.3), and in adolescents was 44.2 (41.8, 51.9) kcal/kg/day. Very few studies reported on GEE and TEF. Conclusions: This is one of the first studies that summarizes components of total energy expenditure in different pediatric age groups in healthy and critically ill children. Growth- and feeding-associated energy expenditure are poorly reported in healthy children, while all components of TEE (except REE) are poorly reported in critically ill children. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162581 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Erica Rosati, Giulia Condello, Chiara Tacente, Ilaria Mariani, Valeria Tommolini, Luca Calvaruso, Pierluigi Fulignati, Giuseppe Grandaliano, Francesco Pesce First page: 2582 Abstract: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited cause of renal failure. The pathogenesis of the disease encompasses several pathways and metabolic alterations, including the hyperactivation of mTOR and suppression of AMPK signaling pathways, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. This metabolic reprogramming makes epithelial cyst-lining cells highly dependent on glucose for energy and unable to oxidize fatty acids. Evidence suggests that high-carbohydrate diets may worsen the progression of ADPKD, providing the rationale for treating ADPKD patients with calorie restriction and, in particular, with ketogenic dietary interventions, already used for other purposes such as in overweight/obese patients or in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that calorie restriction may prevent and/or slow disease progression by inducing ketosis, particularly through increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels, which may modulate the metabolic signaling pathways altered in ADKPK. In these patients, although limited, ketogenic intervention studies have shown promising beneficial effects. However, larger and longer randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm their tolerability and safety in long-term maintenance and their additive role in the therapy of polycystic kidney disease. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162582 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Sinyoung Cho, Minseon Park First page: 2583 Abstract: The effect of dietary fiber intake on mental health is controversial. This study aimed to examine the association of fiber intake with mental health in Korean adults. This cross-sectional study included 11,288 participants aged ≥40 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (2004–2013). Fiber intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and categorized into sex-specific quintiles. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between the lowest quintile of fiber intake and poor mental health. Mental health was assessed using acute stress perception, the Psychosocial Well-Being Index-Short Form, self-rated health, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale in Korea. Compared to those with higher fiber intake, having the lowest quintile of fiber intake was associated with higher odds of poor mental health risk, a higher risk of high-stress perception, poor psychosocial distress in males, poor psychosocial distress, and depression in females. Low fiber intake had profound negative mental health effects on males with high total energy intake and females with low total energy intake. In conclusion, there is a gender difference in the impact of total energy intake on the deleterious effect of low fiber intake on mental health. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162583 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Luise Bellach, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Kathrin Heneis, Michael Leutner, Alexander Kautzky First page: 2584 Abstract: Both mental and metabolic disorders are steadily becoming more prevalent, increasing interest in non-pharmacological lifestyle interventions targeting both types of disorders. However, the combined effect of diet and psychological interventions on the gut microbiome and mental health outcomes remains underexplored. Thus, in this study, we randomized 41 women into two caloric restriction (CR) dietary groups, namely very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) and F.X. Mayr diet (FXM). The patients were then further randomized to either receive clinical psychological intervention (CPI) or no CPI. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after two weeks of CR. Psychometric outcomes were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Brief Symptom Index (BSI), and Burnout Dimension Inventory (BODI). Stool samples underwent 16S-rRNA sequencing. Upon two weeks of CR, α-diversity decreased overall and longitudinal PERMANOVA models revealed significant shifts in β-diversity according to diet, CPI, age, and body-mass-index. Furthermore, Agathobacter, Fusicatenibacter, and Subdoligranulum decreased in abundance. However, the Oscillibacter genus was enriched solely in FXM. CPI had a negligible effect on the microbiome. Dimension reduction models revealed clusters of taxa which distinctly associated with psychometric outcomes. Members of the Oscillospiraceae family were linked to favorable psychometric outcomes after two weeks of CR. Despite α-diversity reductions after CR, enrichment of Oscillospiraceae spp., solely seen in FXM, correlated with improved psychometric outcomes. This study suggests a promising direction for future interventions targeting mental health through gut microbial modulation. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162584 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Rui Du, Li Sun, Jinze Liu, Fusheng Gao, Xiangjuan Guo, Meiling Shi, Pengli Guo, Weijia Chen, Ying Zong, Jianan Geng, Yan Zhao, Zhongmei He First page: 2585 Abstract: The by-product of deer skin, which has mostly been used as a decorative material, is rich in collagen and amino acids that could bind to Ca2+. Therefore, the preparation process, stability, antioxidant activity and calcium transport capacity of deer skin collagen peptide calcium chelate (Ca-DSCP) were investigated. In addition, the structure of the new chelate was characterized. The preparation process of Ca-DSCP was optimized using one-way experiments and response surface methodology. The ideal conditions were pH 9, 48 °C, and a peptide-to-calcium mass ratio of 5:1. The chelation rate was (60.73 ± 1.54)%. Zeta potential, XRD, UV–vis and FTIR analyses yielded that deer skin collagen peptides (DSCP) underwent a chelating reaction with calcium ions to form new structures. The stability of Ca-DSCP and the fraction of bioavailability of calcium ions were determined using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The results showed that fraction of bioavailability and stability of DSCP were improved by influencing the structural characterization. The antioxidant activities of DSCP and Ca-DSCP were evaluated by measuring relevant oxidative stress indicators, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Finally, bioinformatics and molecular docking techniques were utilized to screen and study the antioxidant mechanism of DSCP. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162585 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Seung-Guk Park, Hyoeun Kim First page: 2586 Abstract: Frailty is a complex condition that intensifies with age and is marked by decreased physiological function. We rigorously investigated the effects of lower vitamin intake on frailty using data from 665 adults aged over 65 years who consumed sufficient recommended daily energy and protein intakes from the Korean Nutrition and Health Survey, 2016–2019. The definition of frailty was modified based on Fried et al.’s definition of weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low energy expenditure. Based on daily intake, we analyzed vitamins such as vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and vitamin C. Our results of logistic regression showed that increasing multiple deficiencies in several kinds of vitamins (mild to moderate to severe) is not associated with frailty (odds ratio: 1, 1.24 (0.24–3.10), 0.82 (0.28–2.39), p for trend = 0.626) in older adults who consumed sufficient calories and proteins. A subgroup analysis of age and sex, which may interfere with the relationship between vitamin intake and frailty, showed that vitamin intake was not associated with frailty when sufficient energy and proteins were consumed. Furthermore, there was no difference in the prevalence of frailty between the groups with sufficient and insufficient intakes of individual vitamins. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162586 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ewelina Młynarska, Joanna Hajdys, Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Klaudia Leszto, Gabriela Majchrowicz, Wiktoria Lisińska, Jacek Rysz, Beata Franczyk First page: 2587 Abstract: Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even small inorganic compounds. The overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of disease, not only markedly diminishing the quality of life but also representing the most common cause of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effect of selected antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), flavonoids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, as well as to introduce new antioxidant therapies utilizing miRNA and nanoparticles, in reducing the incidence and progression of CVD. In addition, new antioxidant therapies in the context of the aforementioned diseases will be considered. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects and benefits stemming from the presence of the mentioned substances in the organism, leading to an overall reduction in cardiovascular risk, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162587 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Jan Walczak, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa, Mateusz Grajek, Agata Kiciak, Agnieszka Bielaszka, Marek Kardas First page: 2588 Abstract: Mountain running, distinct from traditional road running, involves natural trails with significant elevation changes. This study aims to analyze dietary and supplementation practices among advanced and elite Polish mountain runners. Conducted from May to October 2023, this study included 36 participants (13 women, 23 men) aged 21–43 years. A custom questionnaire assessed nutrition two days before and during a competition, focusing on macronutrient intake, hydration, and supplementation. Statistical analyses were performed to compare advanced and elite athletes. Participants consumed an average of 3164.14 kcal two days before and 3176.97 kcal the day before the competition. Carbohydrate intake averaged 7.69 g/kg two days before and 7.64 g/kg the day before the race, potentially insufficient for optimal glycogen stores. Protein intake was adequate, averaging 1.63 g/kg two days before and 1.73 g/kg the day before the race. Fluid intake averaged 2811.25 mL two days before and 2891.80 mL the day before the race. During races, carbohydrate intake averaged 58.56 g/h, with variations based on race duration. Most participants used isotonic drinks and water for hydration. Mountain runners generally adhere to proper nutrition guidelines, with adequate protein and fluid intake. However, their carbohydrate intake may be insufficient for longer races. Higher carbohydrate intake during exercise could provide additional benefits. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162588 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Qingyuan Li, Shipeng Gao, Youxian Zhang, Zhanpeng Xie, Lu Wang, Yu Li, Qiang Niu, Haiyan Li, Heng Guo, Rulin Ma, Jia He First page: 2589 Abstract: Background: There is growing evidence indicating that environmental endocrine disruptors may influence the development of prostate cancer. Despite this, the connection between BPA and PSA levels is still not fully understood and appears intricate. In this study, we aimed to assess the link between BPA exposure and PSA levels using data from the NHANES database. Methods: We conducted a weighted linear regression, logistic regression analysis, natural cubic spline (NCS), subgroup analysis, and interaction analysis on 2768 participants. Urinary BPA was considered the independent variable, while PSA was the dependent variable. Results: In the study, the average age of the participants selected was 62.70 years (±12.93). Age was negatively correlated with BPA, while PSA and BMI were positively correlated with BPA concentration (all of the p-value < 0.05). In the fully adjusted model, the weighted linear and logistic regression results showed that BPA was positively correlated with PSA and prostate cancer. NCS analysis results show that BPA and PSA have a non-linear relationship. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses showed similar results. In addition, there were interactions between BPA and age, PIR, education, HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein, smoking status, and Diabetes. Conclusions: There was a positive correlation between urinary BPA and PSA in older American males, especially when the BPA concentration was higher than 4.46 ng/mL. In future practical applications of prostate cancer screening, it is crucial to focus on individuals aged 75 years and older, as well as those with a PIR between 0 and 1, non-Hispanic black, and other risk groups to provide reference values for the primary and secondary prevention of prostate cancer. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162589 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Marvick Melendez, Ronelle Mitchell, Hannah Heredia, Jennifer Lloyd, Jill Taliaferro, Erin K. Beveridge, Stephen J. Ives First page: 2590 Abstract: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-sustaining method to provide adequate nutrients to patients unable to receive oral or enteral nutrition. PN typically contains a mixture of macro- and micro-nutrients, although the lipid composition has been identified as a concern for liver disease. Therefore, the study of the intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) prescribing practices in home-based PN (HPN) patients and whether differing lipid PN alters liver function tests (LFTs) is needed. Methods: A retrospective study of monthly LFTs from a random sample of 105 adult HPN patients in the U.S. over a 6-month period was conducted. Patients were receiving olive oil/soy oil (n = 53, Clinolipid), mixed ILE (n = 39, SMOF Lipid), soy oil (SO; n = 4, Intralipid), or none (n = 7). LFTs monitored were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bilirubin (T Bili). Results: No differences were observed in baseline LFTs across groups (all, p > 0.25, η2 < 0.04), nor were there differences in age, body mass index, days of PN, or mean PN volume (all, p > 0.36, η2 < 0.05). There were no significant interactions between ILE type and time (all p > 0.64, ηp2 < 0.03), no effect of ILE type (all p > 0.60, ηp2 < 0.03), and no effect of time (all p > 0.69, ηp2 < 0.01) in terms of LFTs. Average LFTs over six months were also not different between ILE types (all p > 0.30, η2 < 0.04). Conclusion: These findings suggested that patients were mostly prescribed mixed or ILE PN containing more than one lipid source and that differing ILEs in long-term HPN patients did not alter LFTs over a six-month period. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162590 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Carolien Verheij, Nadja Alexandrov, Erica I. Lubetkin, Gouke J. Bonsel, John N. Yfantopoulos, Mathieu F. Janssen, Stephanie C. E. Schuit, Suzanne Polinder, Pleunie P. M. Rood, Juanita A. Haagsma First page: 2591 Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had multiple health and behavioral effects in the general population worldwide, including effects on nutritional and lifestyle behavior such as alcohol consumption. This study aimed to determine the frequency of and predictors for change in alcohol consumption two years after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic among participants from the general population of six countries. Methods: Longitudinal study design with 4999 participants (47% male; aged 18–75 years) from a general population cohort from six countries: Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (US). Measurements: Three web-based surveys at different time waves: T1 = 22 April–1 June 2020; T2 = 2 May–29 June 2021 and T3 = 29 April–25 June 2022. The surveys included questions on self-reported retrospective alcohol consumption, demographics, health, anxiety and depression symptoms and recent life events. Results: Of 4999 respondents, most (82.3%) reported no change in drinking habits during the pandemic, whereas 12.5% reported drinking less and 5.1% drinking more. Predictive factors for increased alcohol consumption include age 35–54 years, male gender, high educational level, moderate-severe depression symptoms, excessive drinking before the COVID-19 pandemic, no change in general health status and job loss. Predictive factors for decreased alcohol consumption were age 18–34 years, male gender, having chronic disease(s), moderate-severe depression symptoms, excessive drinking before the pandemic and job loss. Conclusion: The proportion of participants who reported a decrease in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher compared to those who reported an increase. Excessive drinking before the pandemic, depression symptoms and job loss were predictors for both drinking more and drinking less alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic with an stronger association for an increase in alcohol consumption. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162591 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ana G. Abril, Mónica Carrera, Manuel Pazos First page: 2592 Abstract: Food allergy, referred to as the atypical physiological overreaction of the immune system after exposure to specific food components, is considered one of the major concerns in food safety. The prevalence of this emerging worldwide problem has been increasing during the last decades, especially in industrialized countries, being estimated to affect 6–8% of young children and about 2–4% of adults. Marine organisms are an important source of bioactive substances with the potential to functionally improve the immune system, reduce food allergy sensitization and development, and even have an anti-allergic action in food allergy. The present investigation aims to be a comprehensive report of marine bioactive compounds with verified actions to improve food allergy and identified mechanisms of actions rather than be an exhaustive compilation of all investigations searching beneficial effects of marine compounds in FA. Particularly, this research highlights the capacity of bioactive components extracted from marine microbial, animal, algae, and microalgae sources, such as n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), polysaccharide, oligosaccharide, chondroitin, vitamin D, peptides, pigments, and polyphenols, to regulate the immune system, epigenetic regulation, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis that are essential factors in the sensitization and effector phases of food allergy. In conclusion, the marine ecosystem is an excellent source to provide foods with the capacity to improve the hypersensitivity induced against specific food allergens and also bioactive compounds with a potential pharmacological aptitude to be applied as anti-allergenic in food allergy. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162592 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ailin Zhou, Zhourong Li, Tiankun Wang, Rongxin Wu, Shuang Yang, Zumin Shi, Huan Zeng, Yong Zhao First page: 2593 Abstract: Background: Clinical nutritionists are responsible for nutritional therapy in clinical practice, which significantly enhances patients’ nutritional status. This study aims to develop and validate a competency evaluation scale to effectively assess the abilities of clinical nutritionists. Methods: The competency evaluation scale for clinical nutritionists was developed based on the iceberg model, utilizing literature review, semi-structured interviews, and the Delphi method. The weights of each indicator were calculated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed through questionnaire surveys. Results: The competency evaluation scale of clinical nutritionists comprised five primary indicators, twelve secondary indicators, and sixty-six tertiary indicators. The primary indicators, including professional theoretical knowledge, professional practical skills, humanistic practice ability, interpersonal communication ability, and professional development capability, have respective weights of 0.2168, 0.2120, 0.2042, 0.2022, and 0.1649. The Cronbach’s α coefficients of the five dimensions of the scale were 0.970, 0.978, 0.969, 0.962, and 0.947, respectively. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that the prerequisites for factor analysis were satisfied. Additionally, Bartlett’s test of sphericity yielded a significance level of p < 0.001, confirming the scale’s reliability and validity. Conclusions: The competency evaluation scale for clinical nutritionists developed in this study is of high scientific reliability and validity, which provides assessment criteria for the training and assessment of clinical nutritionists. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162593 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Mónica Sánchez-Tapia, Sandra Tobón-Cornejo, Lilia G. Noriega, Natalia Vázquez-Manjarrez, Diana Coutiño-Hernández, Omar Granados-Portillo, Berenice M. Román-Calleja, Astrid Ruíz-Margáin, Ricardo U. Macías-Rodríguez, Armando R. Tovar, Nimbe Torres First page: 2594 Abstract: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a serious health problem, and recent evidence indicates that gut microbiota plays a key role in its development. It is known that 2-oleoyl glycerol (2-OG) produced by the gut microbiota is associated with hepatic fibrosis, but it is not known whether this metabolite is involved in the development of hepatic steatosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate how a high-fat–sucrose diet (HFS) increases 2-OG production through gut microbiota dysbiosis and to identify whether this metabolite modifies hepatic lipogenesis and mitochondrial activity for the development of hepatic steatosis as well as whether a combination of functional foods can reverse this process. Wistar rats were fed the HFS diet for 7 months. At the end of the study, body composition, biochemical parameters, gut microbiota, protein abundance, lipogenic and antioxidant enzymes, hepatic 2-OG measurement, and mitochondrial function of the rats were evaluated. Also, the effect of the consumption of functional food with an HFS diet was assessed. In humans with MASLD, we analyzed gut microbiota and serum 2-OG. Consumption of the HFS diet in Wistar rats caused oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, decreasing α-diversity and increased Blautia producta abundance, which increased 2-OG. This metabolite increased de novo lipogenesis through ChREBP and SREBP-1. 2-OG significantly increased mitochondrial dysfunction. The addition of functional foods to the diet modified the gut microbiota, reducing Blautia producta and 2-OG levels, leading to a decrease in body weight gain, body fat mass, serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty liver formation, and increased mitochondrial function. To use 2-OG as a biomarker, this metabolite was measured in healthy subjects or with MASLD, and it was observed that subjects with hepatic steatosis II and III had significantly higher 2-OG than healthy subjects, suggesting that the abundance of this circulating metabolite could be a predictor marker of hepatic steatosis. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162594 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Annalisa Schiepatti, Stiliano Maimaris, Simona Randazzo, Daria Maniero, Roland Biti, Giacomo Caio, Lisa Lungaro, Antonio Carroccio, Aurelio Seidita, Davide Scalvini, Carolina Ciacci, Federico Biagi, Fabiana Zingone First page: 2595 Abstract: Background. Data on resilience, the ability to recover from adversity, in coeliac disease (CeD) are lacking. Aim. To assess the degree of resilience in patients with CeD on a gluten-free diet (GFD), and its association with clinical features, sociodemographic factors, psychological morbidity, and quality of life (QOL). Methods. A cross-sectional multicentre Italian study was conducted on adult CeD patients between May 2022 and April 2023. Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Coeliac Disease-specific Quality of Life Scale (CD-QOL), the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory scale (STAI-Y), and the Beck Depression Inventory scale (BDI) were used to evaluate resilience, QOL, anxiety, and depression, respectively. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify factors independently associated with the degree of resilience. Results. A total of 305 patients (221 F, mean age at CeD diagnosis 36 ± 16 years) on a long-term GFD (median 8 years, IQR 3–17) were enrolled. A total of 298/305 patients (98%) had a high level of resilience (CD-RISC ≥ 35). At univariate analysis, resilience was statistically associated with male gender (p = 0.03), age at enrolment (p = 0.02), marital status (p = 0.03), QOL (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), and depression (p < 0.001). On multivariate regression analysis, trait anxiety (STAI-Y2, p < 0.001) and depression (BDI, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of lower levels of resilience. Conclusions. Higher trait anxiety predicts lower levels of resilience. Targeted interventions in this subgroup of patients may be helpful for their management and follow-up. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162595 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ayelet Harari, Osnat Kaniel, Rom Keshet, Aviv Shaish, Yafit Kessler, Amir Szold, Peter Langer, Asnat Raziel, Nasser Sakran, David Goitein, Jacob Moran-Gilad, Shiri Sherf-Dagan First page: 2596 Abstract: Given the health benefits of carotenoids, it is crucial to evaluate their levels in patients undergoing malabsorptive procedures like one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study aimed to assess serum carotenoid levels before and 6 months following OAGB. Prospectively collected data from patients who underwent primary OAGB were analyzed. Data included anthropometrics, dietary intake assessments, and biochemical tests. Serum samples were analyzed for lipid profile and serum carotenoids, including lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and lycopene. Data from 27 patients (median age 47.0 years and 55.6% female) were available before and 6 months post-OAGB. The median pre-surgical BMI was 39.5 kg/m2, and the median excess weight loss at 6 months post-surgery was 63.9%. Significant decreases in all carotenoid levels were observed over time (p < 0.001 for all). A median relative decline of 65.1% in absolute total carotenoid levels and 12.7% in total cholesterol levels were found. No associations were observed between changes in clinical outcomes and carotenoid levels during the study period. This study reveals significant decreases in carotenoid levels within the first 6 months following OAGB. Nutritional intervention studies are needed to explore how incorporating carotenoid-rich foods affects post-surgery carotenoid levels and clinical outcomes. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162596 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Sara Sila, Iva Hojsak First page: 2597 Abstract: Diet has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and, more specifically, Crohn’s disease (CD), for a long time [...] Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162597 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Leila Luján-Barroso, Hernando J. Margara-Escudero, Marta Crous-Bou, José María Huerta, María-Dolores Chirlaque, Esther Molina-Montes, María José Sánchez, Marcela Guevara, Conchi Moreno-Iribas, Pilar Amiano, Olatz Mokoroa, Sonia González, Antonio Agudo, José Ramón Quirós, Paula Jakszyn First page: 2598 Abstract: Background: Previous studies have shown that meal timing, poor sleep quality, and chronotype may play a relevant role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its relationship with macronutrients by eating occasions has not been explored deeply. Objective: Our aim was to estimate the association between chrono-nutrition, sleep quality, chronotype, and the prevalence of T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a subset of 3465 middle-aged Caucasian adults (2068 women) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Spain cohort study. In the 2017–18 follow-up, we assessed chronotype, sleep quality, diet, and sociodemographic data using validated questionnaires. Further, we used blood samples to determine serum levels of glucose. We defined a case of T2DM when serum glucose concentration was ≥126 mg/dL or when participants self-reported diabetes. Results: A higher prevalence of T2DM was associated with poor sleep quality (ORpoorvsgood = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.30, 6.28). Carbohydrate intake at breakfast was inversely associated with the prevalence of T2DM (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.85). Finally, lipid intake at breakfast was associated with a 13% higher prevalence of T2DM (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.26) for each 1 standard deviation (1-SD) increase. Conclusions: This study concludes that a higher content of carbohydrates at breakfast is correlated with a reduced prevalence of T2DM, while higher lipids intake at breakfast is associated with a higher prevalence of T2DM. Furthermore, poor sleep quality is a potential factor associated with an elevated prevalence of T2DM. Our results emphasize the need for prospective studies to validate and strengthen these observed associations. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162598 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Mihaela Marinović Glavić, Lovorka Bilajac, Marta Bolješić, Marija Bubaš, Krunoslav Capak, Marija Domislović, Aleksandar Džakula, Mirjana Fuček, Lana Gellineo, Ana Jelaković, Josipa Josipović, Tomislav Jukić, Denis Juraga, Ivan Pećin, Vladimir Prelević, Danilo Radunović, Željko Reiner, Tomislav Rukavina, Petar Šušnjara, Vanja Vasiljev, Valentina Vidranski, Bojan Jelaković First page: 2599 Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Croatia, are linked to the high prevalence of hypertension. Both are associated with high salt intake, which was determined almost two decades ago when Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH) was launched. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate salt, potassium, and iodine intake using a single 24 h urine sample in a random sample of the adult Croatian population and to analyse trends in salt consumption after the CRASH was intensively started. Methods: In this study, we analysed data on 1067 adult participants (mean age 57.12 (SD 13.9), men 35%). Results: Mean salt and potassium intakes were 8.6 g/day (IQR 6.2–11.2) and 2.8 g/day (IQR 2.1–3.5), respectively, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 2.6 (IQR 1.8–3.3). We detected a decrease of 17.6% (2 g/day less) in salt consumption compared with our previous salt-mapping study. However, only 13.7% and 8.9% met the WHO salt and potassium recommended targets of 5 g/day and 3.5 g/day, respectively. Salt intake was higher, and potassium ingestion was lower, in rural vs. urban regions and in continental vs. Mediterranean parts of Croatia. Moderate to severe iodine insufficiency was determined in only 3% of the adult participants. Conclusion: In the last fifteen years, salt consumption has been significantly reduced in the Croatian adult population because of the intensive and broad CRASH program. However, salt intake is still too high, and potassium ingestion is too low. Salt reduction programs are the most cost-effective methods of cardiovascular disease prevention and merit greater consideration by the government and health policy makers. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162599 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Eun-Jung Park, Li-La Kim, Jie-Oh Lee, Hay-Young Lee, Yong-An Kim, Hi-Roe Go First page: 2600 Abstract: Sialyllactose (SL) is a functional human milk oligosaccharide essential for immune support, brain development, intestinal maturation, and antiviral defense. However, despite its established health benefits, the effect of SL on exercise performance and muscle mass in mice remains unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effects of 6′-SL on muscle functions. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were administered 100 mg/kg 6′-SL for 12 weeks, after which exhaustive treadmill performance was conducted. Moreover, muscle strength was examined by grip strength, and muscle phenotype characteristics such as muscle mass, muscle fiber size, and muscle protein expression were also examined. The administration of 6′-SL significantly improved exhaustive treadmill performance metrics, including distance and exhaustion time. Grip strength was also increased by 6′-SL administration. Additionally, 6′-SL increased muscle mass in both the gastrocnemius (GAS) and soleus. 6′-SL administration led to an increase in the minimum Feret’s diameter and the protein expression of total myosin heavy chain in the GAS muscle. In conclusion, 6′-SL administration in vivo led to increased running distance and time by increasing muscle mass and strength. These findings collectively indicate that 6′-SL is a potential agent for improving muscle health and exercise performance. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162600 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Dominique J. Monlezun, Keir MacKay First page: 2601 Abstract: Poor diet is the top modifiable mortality risk factor globally, accounting for 11 million deaths annually with half being from diet-linked atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Yet, most of the world cannot afford a healthy diet—as the hidden costs of the inadequate global food system total over USD 13 trillion annually—let alone the much more clinically, financially, and ecologically costly and resource-intensive medical interventions required to address the disease progression and acute complications of ASCVD. Yet, AI is increasingly understood as a force multiplying revolutionary technology which may catalyze multi-sector efforts in medicine and public health to better address these significant health challenges. This novel narrative review seeks to provide the first known overview of the state-of-the-art in clinical interventions and public health policies in healthy diets for ASCVD, accelerated by health equity-focused AI. It is written from the first-hand practitioner perspective to provide greater relevance and applicability for health professionals and data scientists. The review summarizes the emerging trends and leading use cases in population health risk stratification and precision public health, AI democratizing clinical diagnosis, digital twins in precision nutrition, and AI-enabled culinary medicine as medical education and treatment. This review may, therefore, help inform and advance the evidence-based foundation for more clinically effective, financially efficient, and societally equitable dietary and nutrition interventions for ASCVD. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162601 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Paola Pantanetti, Giovanni Cangelosi, Marco Sguanci, Sara Morales Palomares, Cuc Thi Thu Nguyen, Giulio Morresi, Stefano Mancin, Fabio Petrelli First page: 2602 Abstract: Background and Aim: In patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Enteral Nutrition (EN) is associated with less hyperglycemia and lower insulin requirements compared to Parenteral Nutrition (PN). The primary aim of this study was to assess changes in glycemic control (GC) in DM patients on EN therapy. The secondary objectives included evaluating the impact of the specialized formula on various clinical parameters and the tolerability of the nutritional formula by monitoring potential gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: We report a case series on the effects of a Diabetes-Specific Formula (DSF) on GC, lipid profile (LP), and renal and hepatic function in a DM cohort receiving EN support. Results: Twenty-two DM subjects with total dysphagia (thirteen men, nine women) on continuous EN were observed. The use of a DSF in EN was associated with an improvement in glycemic indices across all patients studied, leading to a reduction in average insulin demand. No hospitalizations were reported during the study period. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the use of DSFs in a multi-dimensional home care management setting can improve glycemic control, reduce glycemic variability and insulin need, and positively impact the lipid profile of the DM cohort. The metabolic improvements were supported by the clinical outcomes observed. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162602 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Yiwen Qiu, Diliyaer Ainiwan, Ye Huang, Libi Zhang, Haoyue Cheng, Xialidan Alifu, Haibo Zhou, Nuo Xv, Boya Wang, Shuhui Wang, Zexin Chen, Hui Liu, Danqing Chen, Yunxian Yu First page: 2603 Abstract: Background: Numerous studies have examined whether vitamin D is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Nevertheless, it is still challenging to determine the causality, due to a number of shortcomings in observational research and randomized controlled trials. Objective: Mendelian randomization (MR) with two samples was conducted to investigate the potential causative association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) and GDM risk. Methods: Publicly accessible summary data from independent cohorts were used for two-sample MR. For 25(OH)D, we obtained data from UK Biobank, IEU and EBI, then performed a meta-analysis to enhance the statistical power (via METAL); for VDBP, data were obtained from the INTERVAL study; for GDM, data were obtained from FinnGen. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach was performed as the main analysis, together with several sensitivity analyses, such as MR–Egger, maximum likelihood, weighted median, and weighted mode. Results: The IVW results revealed a weak negative causal connection between 25(OH)D and GDM risk [OR (95% CI) = 0.71 (0.50, 0.99), p = 0.046]. However, the causal association was unstable according to sensitivity analyses, and Cochran’s Q test revealed significant heterogeneity. After removing BMI-related IVs, the causal association between 25(OH)D and GDM disappeared [OR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.55, 1.06), p = 0.101]. In addition, our study found no proof to support the assumption that VDBP level was related to GDM risk causally [OR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.93, 1.03), p = 0.408]. Conclusions: According to this study, a weak negative causal association between 25(OH)D and GDM risk was found, while we had little proof to support the link between VDBP and GDM. To further explore whether total or free 25(OH)D levels and GDM are causally related, GWAS data with an emphasis on women of reproductive age and other ethnic groups are required. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162603 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ping Li, I-Kai Lin, Han-Shen Chen First page: 2604 Abstract: In the face of escalating climate change, environmental pollution, and global crises, plant-based eggs are a viable solution for environmental conservation and health promotion. This study uses an integrated framework combining value-belief-norm (VBN) theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explore the factors influencing Taiwanese consumers’ inclination towards plant-based eggs. Through convenience sampling, 417 questionnaires were issued and 387 valid responses were received, indicating a 92.8% valid response rate. The analysis indicates that consumers’ biospheric and altruistic values significantly enhance their awareness of outcomes, which, coupled with their sense of responsibility, strengthens personal norms. From the TPB perspective, perceived behavioral control is identified as a critical driver of the intention to purchase plant-based eggs, with attitudes and subjective norms playing significant roles. Subjective norms positively impact personal norms, thereby influencing consumers’ behavioral intentions. The findings confirm the integrated model’s theoretical and practical validity, and offer valuable insights for businesses. By developing adept marketing strategies that consider market dynamics, this study enhances the effectiveness and value of marketing efforts by boosting consumers’ engagement with plant-based eggs. These insights contribute to advancing environmental sustainability goals. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162604 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Serena Marchitelli, Cristina Mazza, Eleonora Ricci, Valentina Faia, Silvia Biondi, Marco Colasanti, Alessandra Cardinale, Paolo Roma, Renata Tambelli First page: 2605 Abstract: According to the main international guidelines, patients with obesity and psychiatric/psychological disorders who cannot be addressed to surgery are recommended to follow a nutritional approach and a psychological treatment. A total of 94 patients (T0) completed a battery of self-report measures: Symptom Checklist-90—Revised (SCL-90-R), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), Binge-Eating Scale (BES), Obesity-Related Well-Being Questionnaire-97 (ORWELL-97), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Then, twelve sessions of a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy were delivered, which was followed by the participants completing the follow-up evaluation (T1). Two groups of patients were identified: Group 1 (n = 65), who fully completed the assessment in both T0 and T1; and Group 2-dropout (n = 29), who fulfilled the assessment only at T0 and not at T1. Machine learning models were implemented to investigate which variables were most associated with treatment failure. The classification tree model identified patients who were dropping out of treatment with an accuracy of about 80% by considering two variables: the MMPI-2 Correction (K) scale and the SCL-90-R Phobic Anxiety (PHOB) scale. Given the limited number of studies on this topic, the present results highlight the importance of considering the patient’s level of adaptation and the social context in which they are integrated in treatment planning. Cautionary notes, implications, and future directions are discussed. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162605 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Osamu Ezaki First page: 2606 Abstract: In frail older adults (mean age 85 years old), a 3-month supplementation with a low dose (6 g/day) of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs; C8:0 and C10:0) given at a meal increased muscle mass and function, relative to supplementation with long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), but it decreased fat mass. The reduction in fat mass was partly due to increased postprandial energy expenditure by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, the extracellular signals to ameliorate sarcopenia are unclear. The following three potential extracellular signals to increase muscle mass and function after MCT supplementation are discussed: (1) Activating SNS—the hypothesis for this is based on evidence that a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist acutely (1–24 h) markedly upregulates isoforms of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) mRNAs, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, and chronically (~1 month) induces muscle hypertrophy. (2) An increased concentration of plasma acyl-ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion. (3) A nitrogen-sparing effect of ketone bodies, which fuel skeletal muscle, may promote muscle protein synthesis and prevent muscle protein breakdown. This review will help guide clinical trials of using MCTs to treat primary (age-related) sarcopenia. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162606 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:You-Lin Tain, Chih-Yao Hou, Wei-Ling Chen, Wei-Ting Liao, Chien-Ning Hsu First page: 2607 Abstract: Lactoferrin, a glycoprotein derived from breastmilk, is recognized for its health benefits in infants and children; however, its protective effects when administered during gestation and lactation against offspring hypertension remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal lactoferrin supplementation could prevent hypertension in offspring born to mothers with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a focus on nitric oxide (NO), renin–angiotensin system (RAS) regulation, and alterations in gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Prior to pregnancy, female rats were subjected to a 0.5% adenine diet for 3 weeks to induce CKD. During pregnancy and lactation, pregnant rats received one of four diets: normal chow, 0.5% adenine diet, 10% lactoferrin diet, or adenine diet supplemented with lactoferrin. Male offspring were euthanized at 12 weeks of age (n = 8 per group). Supplementation with lactoferrin during gestation and lactation prevented hypertension in adult offspring induced by a maternal adenine diet. The maternal adenine diet caused a decrease in the index of NO availability, which was restored by 67% with maternal LF supplementation. Additionally, LF was related to the regulation of the RAS, as evidenced by a reduced renal expression of renin and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Combined maternal adenine and LF diets altered beta diversity, shifted the offspring’s gut microbiota, decreased propionate levels, and reduced the renal expression of SCFA receptors. The beneficial effects of lactoferrin are likely mediated through enhanced NO availability, rebalancing the RAS, and alterations in gut microbiota composition and SCFAs. Our findings suggest that maternal lactoferrin supplementation improves hypertension in offspring in a model of adenine-induced CKD, bringing us closer to potentially translating lactoferrin supplementation clinically for children born to mothers with CKD. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162607 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Carla Wunderle, Luana Haller, Rahel Laager, Luca Bernasconi, Peter Neyer, Franziska Stumpf, Pascal Tribolet, Zeno Stanga, Beat Mueller, Philipp Schuetz First page: 2608 Abstract: Lysine, methionine, and threonine are essential amino acids with vital functions for muscle and connective tissue health, metabolic balance, and the immune system. During illness, the demand for these amino acids typically increases, which puts patients at risk for deficiencies with harmful clinical consequences. In a secondary analysis of the Effect of Early Nutritional Support on Frailty, Functional Outcomes, and Recovery of Malnourished Medical Inpatients Trial (EFFORT), which compared individualized nutritional support to usual care nutrition in patients at nutritional risk, we investigated the prognostic impact of the lysine, methionine, and threonine metabolism. We had complete clinical and amino acid data in 237 patients, 58 of whom reached the primary endpoint of death at 30 days. In a model adjusted for comorbidities, sex, nutritional risk, and trial intervention, low plasma methionine levels were associated with 30-day mortality (adjusted HR 1.98 [95% CI 1.16 to 3.36], p = 0.01) and with a decline in functional status (adjusted OR 2.06 [95% CI 1.06 to 4.01], p = 0.03). The results for lysine and threonine did not show statistically significant differences regarding clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that low levels of methionine may be critical during hospitalization among patients at nutritional risk. Further studies should investigate the effect of supplementation of methionine in this patient group to improve outcomes. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162608 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ruojin Fu, Xuechen Chen, Teresa Seum, Michael Hoffmeister, Hermann Brenner First page: 2609 Abstract: High red and processed meat intake and genetic predisposition are risk factors of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, evidence of their independent and joint associations on the risk of colorectal neoplasms is limited. We assessed these associations among 4774 men and women undergoing screening colonoscopy. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated based on 140 loci related to CRC. We used multiple logistic regression models to evaluate the associations of red and processed meat intake and PRS with the risk of colorectal neoplasms. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were translated to genetic risk equivalents (GREs) to compare the strength of the associations with colorectal neoplasm risk of both factors. Compared to ≤1 time/week, processed meat intake >1 time/week was associated with a significantly increased risk of colorectal neoplasm [aOR (95% CI): 1.28 (1.12–1.46)]. This risk increase was equivalent to the risk increase associated with a 19 percentile higher PRS. The association of red meat intake with colorectal neoplasm was weaker and did not reach statistical significance. High processed meat intake and PRS contribute to colorectal neoplasm risk independently. Limiting processed meat intake may offset a substantial proportion of the genetically increased risk of colorectal neoplasms. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162609 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Rosa M. García-Moreno, Laura Mola Reyes, Bricia López-Plaza, Samara Palma Milla First page: 2610 Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the role of the C-reactive protein-to-prealbumin (CP) ratio and the C-reactive protein-to-albumin (CA) ratio as nutritional and prognostic markers. A retrospective study was conducted on hospitalized patients who underwent a nutritional assessment and the measurement of C-reactive protein, prealbumin, and albumin (n = 274). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used. The area under the curve (AUC) of the CP ratio for predicting mortality was 0.644, 95%CI (0.571 to 0.717), and the CA ratio had an AUC of 0.593, 95%CI (0.518 to 0.669). The AUC of the CP ratio for the differential diagnosis between severe and moderate disease-related malnutrition (DRM) was 0.643, 95%CI (0.564 to 0.722), and the CA ratio had an AUC of 0.650, 95%CI (0.572 to 0.728). The CP and CA ratios showed greater accuracy in predicting mortality compared to C-reactive protein as an isolated marker (p = 0.011 and p = 0.006, respectively). Both ratios also improved the ability of prealbumin and albumin to identify severe DRM (p = 0.002 and p = 0.044, respectively). In conclusion, these results suggest that the CP and CA ratios may have a limited role in predicting mortality and identifying severe DRM by outperforming isolated protein markers. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162610 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Yeon-Soo Kim, Bo Kyung Lee, Cha Soon Kim, Young-Seob Lee, Yoon Ji Lee, Kwan-Woo Kim, Dae Young Lee, Yi-Sook Jung First page: 2611 Abstract: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder with significant societal and economic impacts. Current pharmacotherapies for insomnia are often accompanied by side effects, necessitating the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this study, the hypnotic effects and mechanisms of Sedum kamtschaticum 30% ethanol extract (ESK) and one of its active compounds, myricitrin, were investigated using pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments, immunohistochemistry (IHC), receptor binding assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pentobarbital-induced sleep experiments revealed that ESK and myricitrin reduced sleep latency and prolonged total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. Based on c-Fos immunostaining, ESK, and myricitrin enhanced the GABAergic neural activity in sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) GABAergic. By measuring the level of GABA released from VLPO GABAergic neurons, ESK and myricitrin were found to increase GABA release in the hypothalamus. These effects were significantly inhibited by SCH. Moreover, ESK exhibited a concentration-dependent binding affinity for the adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). In conclusion, ESK and myricitrin have hypnotic effects, and their underlying mechanisms may be related to the activation of A2AR. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162611 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Jina Seo, Hwa Jin Lee, Jihyeung Ju First page: 2612 Abstract: Teff (Eragrostis tef), a gluten-free cereal crop cultivated originally in Northeast Africa, is increasingly utilized due to its nutritional and health benefits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ethanol extract obtained from raw and thermally treated teff, referred to as RTE and TTE, respectively, on uncontrolled growth and activated metastasis using human cancer cell lines. Both RTE and TTE contained flavones, such as orientin (luteolin 8-C-glucoside) and vitexin (apigenin 8-C-glucoside), and phenolic acids, such as protocatechuic acid and p-coumaric acid. TTE showed higher total phenol, protocatechuic acid, and p-coumaric acid contents, but lower orientin content compared to RTE. RTE and TTE significantly suppressed cell growth of H1299 human lung cancer cells, with TTE exhibiting more pronounced effects than RTE, while both extracts had only minimal effects on the growth of non-malignant human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The growth-inhibitory activities of RTE and TTE in H1299 cells were associated with apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. TTE produced an additional effect on inducing cell cycle arrest at the S phase in H1299 cells, potentially contributing to its stronger growth-inhibitory effects. Moreover, both RTE and TTE effectively inhibited key events in metastasis, such as invasion, migration, and adhesion, in H1299 cells under non-cytotoxic conditions, with TTE showing stronger effects. In HCT116 human colon cancer cells, a similar pattern of inhibition was demonstrated against the metastatic events, accompanied by reduced levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9. Our results indicate that teff extracts exhibit in vitro anti-growth and anti-metastatic activities, which are enhanced by thermal treatment of teff. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162612 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Guangming Mao, Manman Chen, Lichun Huang, Zhe Mo, Danting Su, Simeng Gu, Fanjia Guo, Yuanyang Wang, Zhijian Chen, Ronghua Zhang, Xiaoming Lou, Xiaofeng Wang, Jie Hu, Fang Gu, Bin Dong First page: 2613 Abstract: Background: This study evaluates the association between vitamin A levels, AIP (the atherogenic index of plasma), and subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving a representative sample of 3530 Chinese adults. Linear and logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the associations between AIP and subclinical hypothyroidism, stratified by vitamin A levels. These analyses were further differentiated by sex and age groups to identify any demographic-specific associations. Results: In the vitamin A-sufficient group, an increase in AIP was associated with elevated total triiodothyronine (TT3) levels (β = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.41, p = 0.003). Conversely, in the group with severe vitamin A deficiency, higher AIP levels were linked to increased free triiodothyronine (fT3) and TT3 levels and decreased free thyroxine (fT4) levels (β = 0.12, 0.03, and −0.29, respectively). Additionally, severe vitamin A deficiency increased the risk associated with AIP and subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.07, 2.58, p = 0.025). This risk was notably more pronounced in women and older adults, with odds ratios of 2.44 (95%CI: 1.55, 3.86, p < 0.001) and 2.14 (95%CI: 1.36, 3.38, p = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Vitamin A deficiency may increase the risk of the association between AIP and subclinical hypothyroidism, particularly among women and the elderly. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162613 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Kent L. Thornburg, Amy M. Valent First page: 2614 Abstract: US populations have seen dramatic increases in the prevalence of chronic disease over the past three generations. Rapid increases in type 2 diabetes and obesity have occurred in all the states but have been particularly striking in the Deep South. These increases have contributed to decreases in life expectancy and to painful elevations in health care costs. The causes of worsening population health are complex and incompletely understood. However, there is strong evidence that vulnerability to chronic conditions is determined in early life. Most chronic diseases are developmentally driven. There are specific stressors experienced in early life that influence epigenetic and structural changes during development. These include malnutrition, severe levels of social stress, toxic chemicals, and low oxygen levels. Most US populations have experienced a decrease in the quality of the food they consume as industrial foods have replaced garden-grown foods. Thus, the consumption of too few nutrients before and during pregnancy and during lactation influences the growth of the placenta and fetal organs and their level of resilience when faced with stresses in postnatal life and particularly as adults. Animal studies have shown that the effects of poor nutrition can be passed on to future generations. The most powerful way that the current epidemics of obesity and insulin resistance can be reversed is by providing key nutrients to prospective mothers and those already pregnant. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162614 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Catherine Norton, Elaine Clarke, Pablo J. Marcos-Pardo, Audrey Tierney First page: 2615 Abstract: The Mediterranean diet (MD) shows the strongest evidence in support of healthy aging and prevention of age-related diseases. It is associated with a decreased risk of chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cognitive disease. Given the health-promoting aspects of this diet, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from the LifeAge study (“Promoting the shift: sedentary Lifestyle towards active Ageing-LifeAge” Project No 603121-EPP-1-2018-1-ES-SPO-SCP) with the primary aim to determine the proportion of older Irish adults adhering to the MD and to examine the association between adherence to the MD (assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) scoring tool) and anthropometric risk factors of non-communicable diseases. Of the 131 eligible participants (71.8% female, n = 94) (medically well, aged > 50 years and physically independent) (mean age = 66.2 ± 6.5 years), the mean cumulative MD score across the cohort was 5.8 ± 2.2, with 41% classified as moderate-to-high MD adherers (scoring > 7 MEDAS). Females had a significantly higher score compared to males (female 6.24 ± 1.98; male 4.86 ± 2.53; p = 0.002). Age (y), waist circumference (cm) and waist–hip ratio (WHR) each had a significant (p < 0.05) weak and negative correlation with MD score (r = −0.193, −0.240, −0.284, respectively). Visceral fat level had a significant (p < 0.05) moderate and negative correlation with MD score (r = −0.327). This analysis is the first to assess adherence to the MD in older Irish adults. MD adherence was lower in the Irish older cohort than that reported in older adults in Mediterranean regions and was adhered to more by females and those with a more favourable anthropometric profile. The health-promoting aspects of the diet are evident in non-Mediterranean regions as is demonstrated by the lesser incidence of some non-communicable diseases in moderate-to-high adherers. With the evidence of the protective effects of the MD, external to Mediterranean regions, it would be helpful to establish limitations to adherence, especially in aging populations living in non-Mediterranean regions. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162615 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Vincenzo Migliaccio, Ilaria Di Gregorio, Serena Penna, Giuliana Panico, Assunta Lombardi, Lillà Lionetti First page: 2616 Abstract: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) participates in thermogenesis and energy homeostasis. Studies on factors capable of influencing BAT function, such as a high-fat diet (HFD) or exposure to environmental pollutants, could be useful for finding metabolic targets for maintaining energy homeostasis. We evaluated the effect of chronic exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), the major metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and/or a HFD on BAT morphology, mitochondrial mass, dynamics, and oxidative stress in rats. To this end, male Wistar rats were treated for 4 weeks with a standard diet, or a HFD alone, or together with DDE. An increase in paucilocular adipocytes and the lipid droplet size were observed in HFD-treated rats, which was associated with a reduction in mitochondrial mass and in mitochondrial fragmentation, as well as with increased oxidative stress and upregulation of the superoxide dismutase-2. DDE administration mimics most of the effects induced by a HFD on BAT, and it aggravates the increase in the lipid droplet size when administered together with a HFD. Considering the known role of oxidative stress in altering BAT functionality, it could underlie the ability of both DDE and a HFD to induce similar metabolic adaptations in BAT, leading to reduced tissue thermogenesis, which can result in a predisposition to the onset of energy homeostasis disorders. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162616 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Jingxian Cao, Philip Gorwood, Nicolas Ramoz, Odile Viltart First page: 2617 Abstract: Neurotrophic factors play pivotal roles in shaping brain development and function, with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) emerging as a key regulator in various physiological processes. This review explores the intricate relationship between BDNF and anorexia nervosa (AN), a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disordered eating behaviors and severe medical consequences. Beginning with an overview of BDNF’s fundamental functions in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity, the review delves into recent clinical and preclinical evidence implicating BDNF in the pathophysiology of AN. Specifically, it examines the impact of BDNF polymorphisms, such as the Val66Met variant, on AN susceptibility, prognosis, and treatment response. Furthermore, the review discusses the interplay between BDNF and stress-related mood disorders, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying AN vulnerability to stress events. Additionally, it explores the involvement of BDNF in metabolic regulation, highlighting its potential implications for understanding the metabolic disturbances observed in AN. Through a comprehensive analysis of clinical data and animal studies, the review elucidates the nuanced role of BDNF in AN etiology and prognosis, emphasizing its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Finally, the review discusses limitations and future directions in BDNF research, underscoring the need for further investigations to elucidate the complex interplay between BDNF signaling and AN pathology. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162617 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Shihan Zhi, Lan Zhang, Wenjie Cheng, Yuan Jin, Zhaoqing Long, Wei Gu, Le Ma, Shunming Zhang, Jing Lin First page: 2618 Abstract: (1) Background: Diet holds a pivotal position in exacerbating or ameliorating chronic inflammation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). However, no study has explored the association between dietary inflammatory potential and HG. This study aimed to investigate the potential correlation between following a pro-inflammatory diet and the likelihood of developing HG. (2) Methods: A total of 2033 Chinese pregnant women (mean age: 31.3 ± 3.4 years) were included in this cross-sectional study from April 2021 to September 2022 as part of the China Birth Cohort Study (CBCS). Dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores with 23 food components were constructed through dietary intakes collected via a reliable 108-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. HG was defined as a pregnancy-unique quantification of emesis (PUQE) score ≥13 points, severe nausea and vomiting leading to weight loss ≥5%, or being hospitalized for treatment due to the disease. The relationship between DII and HG was conducted utilizing binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression. (3) Results: Overall, 8.2% (n = 167) of study participants had HG. The DII scores ranged from −4.04 to 3.82. After adjusting for potential confounders, individuals with the highest tertile of DII score had a higher risk of HG (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.62, Ptrend = 0.032). Such an association was stronger in those with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (Pinteraction = 0.018). (4) Conclusions: A higher DII score, which serves as a marker for a diet promoting inflammation, is correlated with an elevated risk of developing HG. This finding suggests that dietary recommendations for HG should focus on minimizing the DII through incorporating foods abundant in anti-inflammatory components. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162618 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Anna Maria Posadino, Paola Maccioccu, Ali H. Eid, Roberta Giordo, Gianfranco Pintus, Grazia Fenu First page: 2619 Abstract: Citrus limon var. pompia Camarda var. nova, commonly known as pompia, is a distinctive citrus ecotype native to Sardinia, notable for its unique botanical, phytochemical, and potential health benefits. It holds cultural significance as a traditional food product of Sardinia, recognized by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural Food and Forestry Policies. This comprehensive review examines pompia’s traditional uses, taxonomic classification, pomological characteristics, phytochemical profile, and potential health benefits. Pompia phytochemical analyses reveal a rich composition of flavonoids and terpenoids, with notable concentrations of limonene, myrcene, and various oxygenated monoterpenes. Pompia essential oils are primarily extracted from its peel and leaves. Peel essential oils exhibit a high concentration of the monoterpene limonene (82%) and significantly lower quantities of myrcene (1.8%), geranial (1.7%), geraniol (1.5%), and neral (1.4%). In its rind extract, flavanones such as naringin (23.77 µg/mg), neoeriocitrin (46.53 µg/mg), and neohesperidin (44.57 µg/mg) have been found, along with gallic acid (128.3 µg/mg) and quinic acid (219.67 µg/mg). The main compounds detected in the essential oils from pompia leaves are oxygenated monoterpenes (53.5%), with limonene (28.64%), α-terpineol (41.18%), geranial (24.44%), (E)-β-ocimene (10.5%), linalool (0.56%), and neryl acetate (13.56%) being particularly prominent. In pompia juice, the presence of phenolic compounds has been discovered, with a composition more similar to lemon juice than orange juice. The primary flavonoid identified in pompia juice is chrysoeriol-6,8-di-C-glucoside (stellarin-2) (109.2 mg/L), which has not been found in other citrus juices. The compound rhoifolin-4-glucoside (17.5 mg/L) is unique to pompia juice, whereas its aglycone, rhoifolin, is found in lemon juice. Other flavonoids identified in pompia juice include diosmetin 6,8-C-diglucoside (54.5 mg/L) and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside (79.4 mg/L). These findings support the potential of pompia in developing nutraceuticals and natural health products, further confirmed by its compounds’ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Future research should focus on optimizing extraction methods, conducting clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and safety, and exploring sustainable cultivation practices. The potential applications of pompia extracts in food preservation, functional foods, and cosmetic formulations also warrant further investigation. Addressing these areas could significantly enhance pompia’s contribution to natural medicine, food science, and biotechnology. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162619 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Sara Ilari, Saverio Nucera, Lucia Carmela Passacatini, Federica Scarano, Roberta Macrì, Rosamaria Caminiti, Stefano Ruga, Maria Serra, Luigino Antonio Giancotti, Filomena Lauro, Concetta Dagostino, Valeria Mazza, Giovanna Ritorto, Francesca Oppedisano, Jessica Maiuolo, Ernesto Palma, Valentina Malafoglia, Carlo Tomino, Vincenzo Mollace, Carolina Muscoli First page: 2620 Abstract: Morphine is an important pain reliever employed in pain management, its extended utilize is hindered by the onset of analgesic tolerance and oxidative stress. Long-term morphine administration causes elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting mitochondrial function and inducing oxidation. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial protein, is essential in modulating ROS levels by regulating mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Our investigation focused on the impact of SIRT3 on hyperalgesia and morphine tolerance in mice, as evaluating the antioxidant effect of the polyphenolic fraction of bergamot (BPF). Mice were administered morphine twice daily for four consecutive days (20 mg/kg). On the fifth day, mice received an acute dose of morphine (3 mg/kg), either alone or in conjunction with BPF or Mn (III)tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP). We evaluated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitration, and the activity of SIRT3, MnSOD, glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate 1 transporter (GLT1) in the spinal cord. Our findings demonstrate that administering repeated doses of morphine led to the development of antinociceptive tolerance in mice, accompanied by increased superoxide production, nitration, and inactivation of mitochondrial SIRT3, MnSOD, GS, and GLT1. The combined administration of morphine with either BPF or MnTBAP prevented these effects. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162620 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Unn Thomsen, Anna Sofía Veyhe, Marin Strøm First page: 2621 Abstract: There is robust evidence linking diet and physical activity to major public health concerns such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis. Dietary habits of children and adolescents are frequently discussed in health policy debates due to their modifiability, making them viable targets for prevention and health promotion initiatives. This study aimed to assess the dietary habits of 14–15-year-old Faroese adolescents using an online 24 h recall tool, examining their intake relative to public recommendations and exploring associations with health behaviour and wellbeing. A total of 78 participants (45 girls, 33 boys), with a mean age of 14.3 years, recorded their food intake and completed a questionnaire. Results indicated a higher intake of saturated fats and sugar and a lower intake of dietary fibre, n-3 fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables compared to recommendations. Healthier food intake was associated with better health behaviour and wellbeing. This very first study of Faroese adolescents’ overall diet underscores the need for health-promoting interventions, and suggests the feasibility of using an online 24 h recall tool for dietary assessment in this age group, albeit with necessary adjustments for Faroese language and traditional foods. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162621 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Anna Wojteczek, Jolanta Dardzińska, Marcin Ziętkiewicz, Żaneta Smoleńska, Zenobia Czuszyńska, Diederik De Cock, Zbigniew Zdrojewski, Sylwia Małgorzewicz, Michał Chmielewski First page: 2622 Abstract: (1) Background: Impaired nutritional status in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is prevalent. (2) Objective: This study aimed to identify pre-cachexia and malnutrition in SSc patients and to estimate the effectiveness of a high-protein oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in improving their nutritional status. (3) Materials and methods: The SSc population comprised 56 patients and a control group of 49 healthy persons. After a baseline clinical evaluation, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and laboratory tests, SSc patients were divided into well-nourished, pre-cachectic, and malnourished categories. SSc patients with a nutritional disbalance received a high-protein ONS once daily for 3 months. Patients were reassessed at 3 and 12 months after inclusion in the study. (4) Results: SSc patients, in comparison to the control group, had a significantly lower seven-point SGA value [6(0) vs. 7(1), p < 0.001)], lean tissue mass [LTM, 35.1 (10.5) vs. 40.1 (10.10), p = 0.008], and lean tissue index [LTI, 13.5 (3) vs. 14.9 (4), p = 0.009]. Of the 56 SSc patients, 40 (71.4%) were well nourished, 5 (8.9%) had pre-cachexia, and 11 (19.7%) were malnourished. A high-protein ONS in the pre-cachexia group stabilized the SGA value, anthropometric measurements, and BIA after 3 and 12 months. In malnourished patients, it significantly improved the SGA value [5(0) vs. 6(0), p = 0.002], LTI [12.1 (2.1) vs. 12.7 (3.2), p = 0.021] and LTM [31.1 (7.7) vs. 35.1 (9.1), p = 0.021], and that effect remained stable at 12 months. (5) Conclusion: Malnutrition is a common complication of SSc that can be improved with nutritional intervention. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162622 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Jing Nan, Mulei Chen, Hongtao Yuan, Shuya Cai, Wei Piao, Fusheng Li, Yuxiang Yang, Liyun Zhao, Dongmei Yu First page: 2623 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of central obesity and its influencing factors among Chinese adults aged 18 or older. The data were from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017), which used a stratified, multistage, random sampling method. A total of 145,298 adults aged 18 years or older from 31 provinces were included in this study. The Criteria of Weight for Adults promulgated by China in 2013 were used to determine central obesity. Out of all the adults investigated, 48,342 were identified with central obesity, with a prevalence rate of 33.3%. A logistic analysis suggested that the following factors were associated with central obesity: female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 1.329, 95%CI = 1.277~1.384]; increasing age [OR (95%CI): 1.146 (1.061~1.238), 1.254 (1.167~1.348), 1.774 (1.651~1.907), 2.041 (1.894~2.198), 2.434 (2.239~2.647)]; being married [OR = 1.184, 95%CI = 1.077~1.302]; being divorced or widowed [OR = 1.132, 95%CI = 1.006~1.273]; an urban setting [OR = 1.096, 95%CI = 1.061~1.132]; BMI [OR (95%CI): 0.159 (0.095~0.266), 12.645 (11.388~14.042), 180.989 (153.025~214.064)]; drinking [OR = 1.069, 95%CI = 1.031~1.109]; and screen time > 5 h [OR = 1.088, 95%CI = 1.036~1.141] were risk factors for central obesity; while education above primary school [OR (95%CI): 0.905 (0.875~0.936), 0.857 (0.802~0.915)] and sufficient physical activity [OR = 0.819, 95%CI = 0.782~0.858] were protective factors for central obesity. This study revealed that the prevalence of central obesity, which differed by gender and age, is still high. Large differences between different groups and geographic regions exist persistently. Effective, sustainable, and culturally targeted interventions are needed. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162623 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Taylor R. Ewell, Matthew C. Bomar, David M. Brown, Reagan L. Brown, Beatrice S. Kwarteng, David P. Thomson, Christopher Bell First page: 2624 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential ergogenic effects of an oral lactate supplement. For this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design, fifteen recreational exercisers (nine males, six females) ingested a placebo or a commercially available lactate supplement prior to cycle ergometer exercise. Primary outcomes included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak; via indirect calorimetry), VO2 at the ventilatory threshold, and work rate at the lactate threshold (arterialized venous blood from a heated hand) determined during incremental exercise to fatigue, and power output during a 20-min cycling time trial. Compared with placebo, the oral lactate supplement (19 ± 1 mg/kg body mass) did not influence VO2peak (placebo: 44.3 ± 7.8 vs. oral lactate: 44.3 ± 7.1 mL/kg/min (mean ± SD); p = 0.87), VO2 at the ventilatory threshold (placebo: 1.63 ± 0.25 vs. oral lactate: 1.65 ± 0.23 L/min; p = 0.82), or work rate at the lactate threshold (placebo: 179 ± 69 vs. oral lactate: 179 ± 59 W; p = 0.41). Throughout the 20-min time trial, the work rate was slightly greater (4%) with oral lactate (204 ± 41 W) compared with placebo (197 ± 41 W; main effect of treatment p = 0.02). Collectively, these data suggest that this commercially available lactate supplement did not acutely influence the physiological responses to incremental cycle ergometer exercise but elicited a modest ergogenic effect during the short-duration time trial. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162624 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:María Teresa Zarco-Martín, Carmen Freire, María Carmen Andreo-López, Socorro Leyva-Martínez, María Luisa Fernández-Soto First page: 2625 Abstract: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease frequently accompanied by malnutrition due to weight loss, increased energy expenditure, and muscle mass loss. This study aimed to evaluate morphofunctional assessment tools as predictors of malnutrition and to investigate their relationship with muscle status and disease severity in ALS patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 45 ALS patients at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada. Malnutrition was assessed using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Morphofunctional assessment was performed using Bioimpedance Vectorial Analysis (BIVA), handgrip strength (HGS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Malnutrition prevalence was 38% according to GLIM criteria. Significant differences were observed between malnourished and non-malnourished groups in age (70 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 10 years, p = 0.01), sex (female prevalence: 58.8% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.02), dysphagia prevalence (83% vs. 29%, p < 0.001), PEG/PRG use (35.3% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.01), and ALSFRS-R scores (30 ± 12 vs. 34 ± 12, p = 0.02). Malnourished patients had lower values in anthropometric measurements, muscle mass obtained by BIVA, and phase angle (PA) (4.05 ± 0.8° vs. 5.09 ± 0.8°, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in muscle strength or functional status. PA showed significant correlations with muscle strength (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and muscle mass measures (r = 0.48, p < 0.001). Moreover, PA was associated with poorer disease progression and physical performance. In our sample, BIVA metrics such as PA (<4.3°), SPA (<−0.8), body cell mass (<9.2 kg/m), and extracellular water (>49.75%) were identified as malnutrition risk factors. The study underscores the critical importance of comprehensive morphofunctional assessment and the use of advanced diagnostic criteria, for early identification and intervention in malnutrition among people with ALS. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and develop targeted nutritional strategies into routine clinical practice. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162625 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Paolo Molinari, Lara Caldiroli, Matteo Abinti, Luca Nardelli, Silvia Armelloni, Matteo Cesari, Giuseppe Castellano, Simone Vettoretti First page: 2626 Abstract: Patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) are generally considered to be frailer than those with preserved renal function. We cross-sectionally evaluated the associations between frailty, malnutrition–inflammation syndrome and circulating inflammatory cytokines in 115 older individuals with advanced CKD. As for frailty definition, we adopted Fried’s frailty phenotype (FP), while malnutrition–inflammation syndrome was assessed using the Malnutrition–Inflammation Score (MIS) and circulating inflammatory cytokines (IL-6; TNFα; MCP-1). A total of 48 patients were frail, and mean eGFR was comparable in both frail and non-frail patients (24 ± 10 vs. 25 ± 11 mL/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.63). Frail patients had higher MIS (6 [4–11] vs. 4 [3–5]; p < 0.0001) but cytokine concentrations were comparable in both groups. At multivariate regression, FP was independently associated with MIS, age, gender and pre-albumin but not with cytokines. However, we found some associations between inflammatory cytokines and some specific frailty criteria: weight loss and slowness were associated with MCP-1 (respectively p = 0.049 and p < 0.0001) and weakness with IL-6 (p = 0.005); in conclusion, in older patients with advanced CKD, frailty is strictly associated with malnutrition–inflammation syndrome but not with circulating inflammatory cytokines. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162626 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Ori Abulafia, Elya Ashkenazi, Yoram Epstein, Alon Eliakim, Dan Nemet First page: 2627 Abstract: Background: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been a growing concern in recent years. Vitamin D is important in many of the body’s physiological systems, such as the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and immune functions. A deficiency of vitamin D in athletes may negatively impact both muscle functions and recovery and, thus, affect performance and increase the risk of injury. Many studies assessed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in athletes; however, as of today, there are no official recommendations/protocols for screening vitamin D levels in athletes, and only a few studies were performed in male and female elite athletes (i.e., Olympic level), in different sport disciplines. Method: We investigated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among athletes entering the Israeli Olympic team. A total of 761 samples of Vitamin D(OH)25 from 334 athletes were analyzed. For this analysis, we used the first test the athlete had performed when joining the Olympic team. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L, as defined by the Endocrine Society Committee) was investigated according to gender, types of sports and outdoor vs. indoor sports through the different seasons of the Israeli Olympic team athletes. Result: Twenty-five athletes (7.5%) were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency. One hundred and thirty-one athletes (39.2%) had insufficient levels of vitamin D (50–75 nmol/L). The highest incidence of vitamin D deficiency was found amongst gymnastics and combat sport athletes. A significant difference was also found in vitamin D concentration between seasons. Vitamin D average concentration in the winter was 74.1 nmol/L compared to 86.4 nmol/L in the Summer (p < 0.0005). Conclusions: Due to the importance of vitamin D to athletic performance and the high prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency, we suggest careful and frequent monitoring of groups at risk, including elite athletes, especially in susceptible sports and during the winter. Future studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness of Vitamin D supplementation in athletes with low baseline vitamin D levels. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162627 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Zoe Lillian Longworth, Razieh Mohammadkhani, Michael Szafron, Ginny Lane, Hassan Vatanparast First page: 2628 Abstract: In Canada, unhealthy dietary patterns comprise diets with poor nutrient density and are associated with chronic conditions. Plant-based diets have gained popularity due to their ability to provide a nutritionally adequate healthy diet. This study aims to compare sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics, and diet quality between Canadian adults following plant-based and omnivore diets as well as assess the extent to which key nutrient intakes are of public health concern among Canadians following plant-based diets. The study used nationally representative nutritional data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey and descriptive statistics were computed. The analysis determined that Canadians following strict plant-based diets (1% of total population) were significantly more likely to be an immigrant to Canada, less likely to meet national physical activity guidelines, and less likely to be overweight, compared to Canadians following omnivore diets. Compared to omnivore diets, plant-based diets were nutritionally superior according to the Nutrient-Rich Food index. Continued knowledge translation on what comprises healthy plant-based diets, public guidance on the intersection between diet and health, and the completion of prospective cohort studies are needed. To conclude, the research suggests well-planned plant-based diets, in comparison to omnivore diets, offer a nutrient-dense diet. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162628 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Charikleia Stefanaki, Paraskevi Rozou, Vasiliki Efthymiou, Ioannis Xinias, George Mastorakos, Flora Bacopoulou, Maria Papagianni First page: 2629 Abstract: Aims: Human recombinant insulin is currently the only therapy for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D), although not always efficient for the glycemic control of these individuals. The interrelation between the gut microbiome and the glycemic control of apparently healthy populations, as well as various populations with diabetes, is undeniable. Probiotics are biotherapeutics that deliver active components to various targets, primarily the gastrointestinal tract. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of the administration of probiotics on the glycemic control of pediatric and adolescent individuals with T1D. Materials and Methods: Randomized controlled trials employing the administration of probiotics in children and adolescents with T1D (with ≥10 individuals per treatment arm), written in English, providing parameters of glycemic control, such as mean glucose concentrations and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), were deemed eligible. Results: The search strategy resulted in six papers with contradictory findings. Ultimately, five studies of acceptable quality, comprising 388 children and adolescents with T1D, were included in the meta-analysis. Employing a random and fixed effects model revealed statistically significant negative effect sizes of probiotics on the glycemic control of those individuals, i.e., higher concentrations of glucose and HbA1c than controls. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with T1D who received probiotics demonstrated worse glycemic control than controls after the intervention. Adequately powered studies, with extended follow-up periods, along with monitoring of compliance and employing the proper strains, are required to unravel the mechanisms of action and the relative effects of probiotics, particularly concerning diabetes-related complications and metabolic outcomes. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162629 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Maisha Naowar, Darby Dickton, Jimi Francis First page: 2630 Abstract: This narrative review comprehensively explores the cardiometabolic implications of two vital nutrients, magnesium and vitamin D, during gestation. Magnesium, a key regulator of vascular tone, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, plays a crucial role in mitigating gestational hypertension and diabetes, a point this review underscores. Conversely, vitamin D, critical for immune response and calcium level maintenance, is linked to gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The authors aim to enhance comprehension of the complex interaction between these nutrients and cardiometabolic function in pregnancy, knowledge that is pivotal for optimizing maternal–fetal outcomes. The mother’s health during pregnancy significantly influences the long-term development of the fetus. Recognizing the impact of these nutrient deficiencies on the physiology of cardiometabolic cycles underscores the importance of adequate nutritional support during pregnancy. It also emphasizes the pressing need for future research and targeted interventions to alleviate the burden of pregnancy complications, highlighting the crucial role of healthcare professionals, researchers, and policy makers in obstetrics and gynecology in this endeavor. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162630 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Alba Marcos-Delgado, Vicente Martín-Sánchez, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Dolores Corella, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Helmut Schröder, Alfredo Martínez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Jesús Vioque, Dora Romaguera, José López-Miranda, Ramon Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José M. Santos-Lozano, Jacqueline Álvarez-Pérez, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, Naomi Cano-Ibáñez, Carmen Amezcua-Prieto, Natalia Hernández-Segura, Josep A. Tur, Xavier Pintó, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Pilar Matía-Martín, Josep Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Lidia Daimiel, Emili Ros, Estefanía Toledo, Tany E. Garcidueñas-Fimbres, Judith Viaplana, Eva M. Asensio, María D. Zomeño, Antonio Garcia-Rios, Alejandro Oncina-Cánovas, Francisco Javier Barón-López, Napoleón Pérez-Farinos, Carmen Sayon-Orea, Aina M. Galmés-Panadés, Rosa Casas, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Ana M. Gómez-Pérez, Pilar Buil-Corsiales, Jesús F. García-Gavilán, Carolina Ortega-Azorín, Olga Castañer, Patricia J. Peña-Orihuela, Sandra González-Palacios, Nancy Babio, Montse Fitó, Javier Nieto First page: 2631 Abstract: The aim of our cross-sectional and longitudinal study is to assess the relationship between daytime and night-time sleep duration and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with metabolic syndrome after a 1-year healthy lifestyle intervention. Analysis of the data from 2119 Spanish adults aged 55–75 years from the PREDIMED-Plus study was performed. Sleep duration was assessed using a wrist-worn accelerometer. HRQoL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. Linear regression models adjusted for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and morbidity were developed. In cross-sectional analyses, participants with extreme night-time sleep duration categories showed lower physical component summary scores in Models 1 and 2 [β-coefficient (95% confidence interval) <6 h vs. 7–9 h: −2, 3 (−3.8 to −0.8); p = 0.002. >9 h vs. 7–9 h: −1.1 (−2.0 to −0.3) p = 0.01]. Participants who sleep less than 7 h a night and take a nap are associated with higher mental component summary scores [β-coefficient (95% confidence interval) 6.3 (1.3 to 11.3); p = 0.01]. No differences between night-time sleep categories and 12-month changes in HRQoL were observed. In conclusion, in cross-sectional analyses, extremes in nocturnal sleep duration are related to lower physical component summary scores and napping is associated with higher mental component summary scores in older adults who sleep less than 7 h a night. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162631 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Sara López Oliva, Carmen Morais-Moreno, Alejandra Carretero-Krug, María de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, Ana M. López-Sobaler, Teresa Partearroyo, Ana M. Puga First page: 2632 Abstract: Hydration status plays a key role in healthy ageing, and it is potentially affected by several factors, including drug consumption. However, research on this issue to date is scarce, especially in highly vulnerable groups, such as the elderly. We aimed to study the relationship linking hydration status, analysed by means of a validated questionnaire, 24 h urine analysis, body composition assessment, and drug consumption in a sample of old adults. A total of 144 elders were included in the study. Cardiovascular drug consumption was significantly associated with a lower water intake in men (β = −0.282, p = 0.029). Moreover, urinary analysis revealed that total drug intake as well as the consumption of diuretics and cardiovascular drugs were associated with poorer hydration status, whereas genito-urinary drugs were associated with an opposite effect, and these results were confirmed in terms of body composition. Hence, total drug consumption (β = −0.205), diuretic (β = −0.408), cardiovascular (β = −0.297), and genito-urinary drugs (β = 0.298) were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with total body water. The obtained results confirmed the impact of chronic treatment with certain drugs on hydration status. Nutritional interventions may be of great interest in certain population groups in order to prevent complications due to altered hydration status. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162632 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Kristin Röhrborn, Martin Krueger, Mirjam Kalusa, Simone A. Fietz, Alexander Ewe, Achim Aigner, Michael Stumvoll, Peter Kovacs, Matthias Blüher, Imke Schamarek, Kerstin Rohde-Zimmermann First page: 2633 Abstract: Background and aims: Saliva is essential for the proper dilution and distribution of taste molecules on the tongue. It harbors extracellular vesicles (EVs), which mediate cell–cell communication. Changes in the composition of salivary EVs may arise under obese conditions and may potentially be involved in taste sensation and dysregulated eating behavior. Therefore, this study addresses the relationship between the size and concentration of salivary EVs and metabolic shifts in obesity or factors of taste sensation. Materials and methods: A total of 119 participants in the Obese Taste Bud (OTB) Study were included, who performed a standardized taste test, underwent taste bud density assessment, and were phenotypically characterized for anthropometrics, blood- and saliva adipokine levels, and various metabolic factors. Utilizing size exclusion chromatography followed by ultrafiltration, EVs were extracted from 2 mL of actively secreted saliva. EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analyses, Western blot, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Finally, group comparisons and bivariate correlation analyses were conducted. Results: Among the total cohort, the median size of salivary EVs was 190.05 nm, and the overall concentration ranged from 1.4 × 107 to 1.76 × 109 per mL of saliva. The size range and concentration of EVs per mL are negatively correlated (p = 0.0002, r = −0.264). Comparing lean participants (mean rank of 45.98) with those presenting obesity (mean rank of 34.46), a significant difference in the salivary EV content was observed (p = 0.029). Body weight, BMI, arm and calf circumferences, as well as the percentage of body fat were all negatively related to the concentration of EVs in all study participants (all p < 0.05, r > −0.2). No associations were found between the EV parameters and taste perception but serum alkaline phosphatase levels were negatively correlated (p = 0.007, r = −0.284) and adiponectin serum levels were positively correlated to the EV concentration (p = 0.036, r = 0.208). Conclusion: The current study provides evidence for the relation between salivary EVs and anthropometric as well as metabolic parameters of obesity. This can provide the basis for further research on the cargo of salivary EVs and how they may influence taste sensation, and may elucidate their potential connection to altered eating habits in obesity. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162633 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors: Wang, Xie, Huo, Snieder, Corpeleijn First page: 2634 Abstract: A healthy diet prevents overweight problems and hypertension. We investigated the associations of a healthy diet with the body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) in early childhood. In the GECKO birth cohort, height, weight, and BP were measured at 5 and 10 years of age. Diet was evaluated at 3 years using three diet scores: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), and the Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS). Linear and logistic regression models assessed the associations of diet scores with the BMI and BP. Of the 1077 children included, 10.8% were overweight or obese at 5 years. That number was 16.5% at 10 years. In addition, 34.5% had elevated BP at 5 years. That number was 23.9% at 10 years. Higher DASH, MDS, and LLDS, which indicate healthier diets, were all associated with lower BMI z-scores at 10 years of age. Higher DASH is related to lower overweight risk at 10 years. None of the diet scores were associated with BP or elevated BP at either 5 or 10 years. Also, in an overweight subset, diet was not related to BP. A healthy diet in early childhood is related to children being less overweight but not having lower BP at 10 years of age. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162634 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 16 (2024)
Authors:Diana Tang, Giriraj S. Shekhawat, George Burlutsky, Paul Mitchell, Bamini Gopinath First page: 2535 Abstract: Background: Tinnitus is the phantom perception of sound in the ears or head which may result from inflammation of the auditory pathway. A healthy diet consisting of a range of vitamins and minerals may be protective against tinnitus. This study aims to determine the association between intakes of dietary vitamins and minerals and the prevalence and incidence of tinnitus over 10 years. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study of 2947 participants (aged ≥ 50 years), 935 (32%) cases of tinnitus were identified and included in prevalence analyses. The remaining 2012 participants were followed to establish 10-year incidence of tinnitus. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to determine intakes of dietary vitamins and minerals. Results: No significant associations with tinnitus prevalence were found. However, iron and zinc were significantly associated with incident tinnitus. There was a 44% (multivariate-adjusted HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.07–1.93) increased risk of developing incident tinnitus over 10 years with lower zinc intakes and a 35% increased risk with lower iron intakes (multivariate-adjusted HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.00–1.80). Conclusion: Higher intakes of zinc and iron were significantly associated with lower tinnitus risk. Due to a lack of comparable high-quality data, future research studies should include robust study designs. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152535 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Ewa Śliwicka, Natalia Popierz-Rydlewska, Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa, Jivko Nikolov, Łucja Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak, Anna Gogojewicz First page: 2536 Abstract: Women are generally less active than men; therefore, the search for an attractive form of physical activity that benefits women’s health is underway. This study aimed to investigate the influence of a 24-week physical activity program on body composition and indices of carbohydrates and lipid metabolism in sedentary, healthy women. The study comprised 18 female volunteers (mean age 35.0 ± 5.3 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized seven-day food record. Before entering the program and after completing it, each participant’s body composition and indices of glycolipid metabolism were measured. Insulin resistance indexes were calculated based on the obtained data. After the physical activity program, significant decreases in body mass and composition, BMI, waist circumference, percentage of fat content, and fat mass were found. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), and resistin concentrations, as well as in the mean values of HOMA-IR and HOMA-AD. A substantial increase in adiponectin levels was also found. To conclude, the combined endurance–resistance physical activity program had a beneficial effect on body mass and composition and improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal-weight, healthy women. Therefore, we recommend this activity to sedentary young women to prevent obesity and metabolic disorders. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152536 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Karolina Kujawowicz, Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska, Monika Cyuńczyk, Anna Maria Witkowska First page: 2537 Abstract: Malnutrition is a significant concern affecting the elderly, necessitating a complex assessment. This study aims to deepen the understanding of factors associated with the assessment of malnutrition in the elderly by comparing single- and multi-parameter approaches. In this cross-sectional study, 154 individuals underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). Malnutrition risk was determined using the mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Additional factors assessed included sarcopenia, polypharmacy, depression, appetite, handgrip strength, and gait speed. Phase angle (PA) and body composition were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The MNA identified a malnutrition risk in 36.8% of individuals. The geriatric depression scale (GDS) and PA demonstrated moderate effectiveness in assessing malnutrition risk, with AUC values of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.60–0.78) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.54–0.72), respectively. A logistic regression model incorporating handgrip strength, skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, depression, specific antidepressant use, mobility, appetite, and smoking achieved superior performance in predicting malnutrition risk, with an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77–0.91). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that integrating multiple parameters into a composite model provides a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of malnutrition risk in elderly adults. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152537 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Debora Porri, Giovanni Luppino, Letteria Anna Morabito, Elisa La Rosa, Giorgia Pepe, Domenico Corica, Mariella Valenzise, Maria Francesca Messina, Giuseppina Zirilli, Alessandra Li Pomi, Angela Alibrandi, Debora Di Mauro, Tommaso Aversa, Malgorzata Gabriela Wasniewska First page: 2538 Abstract: Background: The increase in childhood obesity rates represents a serious public health problem. The project “EpPOI: Education to prevent childhood obesity” is aimed at a multidisciplinary approach to raise awareness of the importance of preventing childhood obesity through lifestyle education. Methods: Two actions by experts were performed: an intervention with children in schools and a meeting for both parents and school staff. Participants completed a questionnaire structured as a Likert scale. Results: The sample size was 96 people, and awareness of the childhood obesity problem as well as the need for obesity prevention was high among respondents. We also found great interest among participants in having more information on pediatric nutrition and physical activity, with a positive correlation with age. Furthermore, the multivariate regression model configured interest in having more information on nutrition and physical activity as an independent and statistically significant predictor of awareness of childhood obesity as a current issue. Conclusions: The results highlight the need to act on childhood obesity through lifestyle prevention strategies early in life. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152538 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Richar Cárcamo-Regla, Rafael Zapata-Lamana, Carolina Ochoa-Rosales, Miquel Martorell, Fernanda Carrasco-Marín, Guillermo Molina-Recio First page: 2539 Abstract: Background: The vegan diet (VEGD) has gained popularity in recent years for ecological and ethical reasons, as well as for its health benefits. In addition to the type of diet, the resistance training program (RTP) plays a fundamental role as one of the main natural anabolic stimuli to increase musculoskeletal mass and reduce fat mass. Methods: The study was a 16-week non-randomized controlled clinical trial consisting of three RTP sessions per week. The sample included 70 Chilean individuals, aged between 18 and 59 years, who had been following a VEGD or omnivorous diet (OMND) for the past 6 months. Four groups were established: Vegan Diet Resistance Training Program (VEGD-RTP), Vegan Diet Control (VEGD-C), Omnivorous Diet Resistance Training Program (OMND-RTP), and Omnivorous Diet Control (OMND-C). Results: The sample consisted of 47 women and 23 men, with a mean age of 30.1 (±8.6) years. A reduction of 1.20% in the percentage of fat mass (%FM) was observed in the VEGD-RTP group (r = 0.554, p = 0.016), as well as a reduction of 0.70 kg in kilograms of fat mass (KFM) (r = 0.480, p = 0.036). The OMND-RTP group decreased %FM by 0.90% (r = 0.210, p = 0.432) and KFM by 0.50 kg (r = 0.109, p = 0.683). Conclusions: RTP combined with VEGD or OMND significantly reduced the percentage of fat mass, although its effect was more significant in the VEGD-RTP participants. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152539 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Daylia Thet, Sawitee Lappichetpaiboon, Chidchanok Trakultritrung, Nongnapas Sotangkur, Supalak Phonphithak, Hay Mar Su Lwin, Tanakorn Apornpong, Win Min Han, Anchalee Avihingsanon, Tippawan Siritientong First page: 2540 Abstract: Malnutrition is a risk factor of sarcopenia in the elderly. During the COVID-19 pandemic, limited transportation and supply chain disruptions restricted access to nutritious foods. We assessed the nutritional status and sarcopenia risk in older people living with HIV (PLWH) on combination antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. This study was a hospital-based cohort among virally suppressed older PLWH who came for routine HIV clinic visits. The mini nutritional assessment (MNA), body composition analysis and 5-time chair stand test (CST) were performed to assess the nutritional status, muscle mass and physical performance, respectively. A total of 177 PLWH were enrolled (57.60% male). The median age was 58 years (IQR 55–62 years). Thirty-five participants (19.8%) were at risk of developing sarcopenia, and 28.2% had abnormal nutritional status. Muscle mass correlated positively with nutritional scores (r = 0.355, p < 0.001) but negatively with 5-time CST duration (r = −0.173, p = 0.021). In the multivariate model, muscle mass was associated with age, sex, mid-arm circumference, calf circumference and 5-time CST duration. In a well-viral-suppressed older Asian PLWH cohort, given the positive correlation between nutritional status and muscle mass, the nutritional status of older PLWH should be routinely evaluated and monitored. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152540 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Pawel Pludowski, Ewa Marcinowska-Suchowierska, Galymzhan Togizbayev, Zhanna Belaya, William B. Grant, Stefan Pilz, Michael F. Holick First page: 2541 Abstract: Daily vitamin D supplementation using higher than normal dosing (up to the upper limit value) and intermittent (once or twice per week) dosing were studied in patients with increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. Using a PubMed database, a thorough search for published randomized controlled trials and other studies was conducted, and the results were analyzed. This review provides an overview of the use of 7000 IU daily, 30,000 IU per week or twice weekly, and 50,000 IU weekly of vitamin D for obtaining and maintaining 25(OH)D concentrations of at least 30 ng/mL in patients at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. The abovementioned dosages should be considered in adults with obesity, liver disease or malabsorption syndromes, or multi-diseased patients, mainly seniors requiring multi-drug treatment, including drugs affecting vitamin D metabolism. The simple schedules of 7000 IU/day, 30,000 IU/week or twice weekly, and 50,000 IU/week for use by patients with an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency were provided for consideration. Without monitoring of 25(OH)D, daily doses of 7000 IU or intermittent doses of 30,000 IU/week should be considered for a prolonged time as prophylactic or maintenance doses, mainly in obese patients, patients with liver disease and patients with malabsorption syndromes. For the treatment of possible vitamin D deficiency without assessment of 25(OH)D in these groups, intermittent doses of 30,000 IU twice weekly or 50,000 IU per week should be considered for a 6–8-week period only. The higher daily doses or the intermittent doses suggested above are effective, safe and responsive based on patient’s preferences. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152541 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Erica R Hill, Yu Wang, Eric M Davis, Wayne W Campbell First page: 2542 Abstract: We assessed the effects of consuming a U.S.-style healthy dietary pattern (HDP) with lean, unprocessed beef (BEEF) compared to a U.S.-style HDP without meat (vegetarian, VEG) on short-term changes in cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in adults classified as overweight or obese. Forty-one adults (22 females, 19 males; age 39.9 ± 8.0 y; BMI 29.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) completed two 5-week controlled feeding periods (randomized, crossover, controlled trial). For the BEEF HDP, two 3-oz (168-g) servings/d of lean, unprocessed beef were predominately substituted for some starchy vegetables and refined grains in the VEG HDP. Baseline and post-intervention measurements were fasting CMD risk factors, with serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and total apolipoprotein B as primary outcomes. VEG reduced LDL, insulin, and glucose compared to BEEF. Reductions did not differ between VEG vs. BEEF for TC, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1, small, dense LDL IV, buoyant HDL2b, TC-to-HDL ratio, and systolic blood pressure. Total apolipoprotein B and all other CMD risk factors measured were not influenced by HDP type nor changed over time. Adopting a U.S.-style HDP that is either vegetarian or omnivorous with beef improved multiple cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adults classified as overweight or obese. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152542 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Sumathi Venkatesh, David O. Leal, Amy Valdez, Paula I. Butler, Odessa E. Keenan, Elaine Montemayor-Gonzalez First page: 2543 Abstract: One in ten Americans suffers from type 2 diabetes, which, if not managed well, can result in severe complications, disability, and premature death. Diabetes education classes can play a pivotal role in providing practical education on diabetes and self-care behaviors, with a particular emphasis on dietary management, which is often regarded as the most demanding diabetes self-care behavior. The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service developed Cooking Well with Diabetes (CWWD), a four-week interactive diabetes education series, with each week consisting of a lecture on healthy eating coupled with cooking lessons featuring diabetes-friendly recipes. The current study aimed to examine the effectiveness of CWWD in improving the frequency of healthy food preparation and consumption of program participants. Secondary data from 2017 to 2023 was analyzed involving 1574 adults from 59 predominantly rural Texas counties. Data from self-reported pre and post evaluations showed improvements in healthy food preparation and consumption behaviors. The curriculum enabled Extension Educators to introduce healthful dietary behaviors to a diverse group of clients. The curriculum can be adapted by Extension Educators in other states reaching a broader audience. The findings will inform future research aimed at planning and implementing successful diabetes education programs. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152543 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Agnieszka Kowalik, Sylwia Gudej-Rosa, Marta Nogalska, Joanna Myszkowska-Ryciak, Jolanta Sykut-Cegielska First page: 2544 Abstract: In addition to the numerous immunological and nutritional benefits that breast milk offers to infants, its proportion in the diet must be limited or even excluded in the case of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism (IEM). The objective of the study was to expand knowledge about breastfeeding and the degree of contribution of breast milk to the feeding of infants with IEM before and after the introduction of expanded newborn screening. A retrospective single-centre study was conducted on 127 infants born between 1997 and 2020: 66 with phenylketonuria (PKU), 45 with other IEM (non-PKU), all diagnosed through newborn screening (NBS), and 16 non-PKU diagnosed through selective screening (SS). The time of initiation of dietary treatment and the proportion of breast milk in the diet, both expressed and breastfed, with or without intake control, were analysed at 1, 3, and 6 months after birth. For 47% of the newborns in Groups 1 and 2, the dietary treatment was started before the 10th day of life; in Group 3, the dietary treatment was started after the 10th day of life for all children. During the first month of life, the proportion of infants receiving breast milk was higher in the NBS-PKU (74%) and the NBS non-PKU (80%) groups, compared with 38% in the SS non-PKU infants. In the subsequent months of life, the proportion of infants receiving human milk (either from the breast or a bottle) declined in all groups. This decline occurred more in bottle-fed rather than directly breast-fed infants. Our observations indicate that the model of feeding from a bottle with expressed milk may have had an adverse effect on maintaining lactation and may have contributed to a faster transition to formula milk. Maintaining lactation and extending the period of feeding the infant with human milk in the first 6 months of life is possible by breastfeeding on demand, under regular biochemical monitoring: preferably weekly in PKU infants, and at least every 2–4 weeks in infants with other IEM. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152544 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Irene Caballero Mateos, María Dolores García de Lucas, Viyey Kishore Doulatram-Gamgaram, Paloma Moreno-Moreno, Ana Isabel Jimenez-Millan, Manuel Botana-López, Juan Francisco Merino-Torres, Alfonso Soto-Gónzalez, José Carlos Fernández-García, Cristóbal Morales-Portillo First page: 2545 Abstract: Although, in randomized clinical trials, once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide (OW s.c.) has demonstrated superior efficacy in comparison with placebo and active controls in terms of glycemic control and body weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), these results need to be confirmed in a real-world (RW) setting. An RW ambispective study (6 months retrospective and 6 months prospective) was conducted in 10 tertiary hospitals in Spain. We evaluated changes in HbA1c and body weight in patients with T2DM treated with semaglutide OW s.c. Additionally, we analyzed different subgroups of patients treated with semaglutide OW s.c. as an add-on to glucose-lowering therapy. A total of 752 patients with a mean age of 60.2 years, a mean HbA1c level of 8.5%, a mean body weight of 101.6 kg, and a mean T2DM duration of 10 years were included. At 12 months, compared with baseline, there was a mean difference of −2.1% in HbA1c levels (p < 0.001) and a mean difference of 9.2 kg in body weight (p < 0.001). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between baseline and month 12 in both HbA1c and body weight in the four subgroups receiving semaglutide OW s.c. as an add-on to glucose-lowering therapy. Semaglutide OW s.c. was well tolerated, with gastrointestinal disorders being the most commonly reported side effects. In this RW study, 12 months of treatment with semaglutide OW s.c. in patients with T2DM was associated with significant and clinically relevant improvements in glycemic control and weight loss, regardless of the glucose-lowering therapy received, and the overall safety profile was positive. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152545 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Michał Oczkowski, Katarzyna Dziendzikowska, Anna Pasternak-Winiarska, Kuba Jarmołowicz, Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska First page: 2546 Abstract: Male infertility represents a significant public health concern. There is a negative impact of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) on the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oat beta-glucan (OBG) with different molar mass can modulate parameters of antioxidant defense and inflammatory response in the testes of adult Sprague–Dawley rats with TNBS-induced colitis and whether the OBG intervention can modulate the inflammatory response in association with the RAS system. Results: higher testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) concentration, and lower testosterone (T) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, were observed in rats with colitis than in healthy control ones. TNBS-induced colitis resulted in decreased the angiotensin 1–7 (ANG 1–7) level in the testes of rats fed with low-molar mass OBG compared to control animals. Conclusions: although colitis induced moderate pro-oxidant changes in the gonads, it seems plausible that dietary intervention with different fractions of oat beta-glucans mass may support the maintenance of reproductive homeostasis via the stimulation of the local antioxidant defense system. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152546 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Joseph J. Knapik, Daniel W. Trone, Ryan A. Steelman, Emily K. Farina, Harris R. Lieberman First page: 2547 Abstract: Previous studies investigating temporal changes in dietary supplement (DS) use have used representative samples but have not followed the same cohort over time. This study investigated longitudinal patterns of changes in DS use and factors associated with discontinuing DS use in a single group of active-duty United States military service members (SMs). SMs (n = 5778) completed two identical questionnaires on their DS use and demographic/lifestyle characteristics an average ± standard deviation 1.3 ± 0.2 years apart. Prevalences of reported DS use ≥1 times/week in the baseline (BL) and follow-up (FU) phases were: any DS, BL = 77%, FU = 78%; multivitamins/multiminerals (MVM), BL = 50%, FU = 48%; individual vitamins/minerals, BL = 33%, FU 35%; proteins/amino acids, BL = 43%, FU = 39%; combination products, BL = 44%, FU = 37%; prohormones, BL = 5%, FU = 4%; herbal products, BL = 23%, FU = 21%; joint health products, BL = 12%, FU = 12%; fish oils, BL = 25%, FU = 23%; other DSs, BL = 17%, FU = 17%. Among BL users, the proportions reporting use in the FU phase were: any DS 88%, MVM 74%, protein/amino acids 70%, individual vitamin/minerals 62%, combination products 62%, fish oils 61%, joint health products 57%, herbal products 50%, other DSs 50%, and prohormones 37%. Higher odds of discontinuing any DS use in the follow-up were associated with female gender, younger age, higher BMI, and less weekly resistance training. Overall, prevalence of DS use was relatively consistent in the two phases; however, the cohort changed their use patterns in the follow-up with some discontinuing use and others initiating use, thus maintaining use prevalence over the period. These findings have implications for repeated cross-sectional DS studies where different samples are followed over time. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152547 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Ya-Chun Chu, Chi-Chiang Yang, Shaw-Ji Chen, Pei-Ling Cheng, Mei-Chuan Wu, Hsin-Hung Wu, Cheng-Yen Lai First page: 2548 Abstract: Background: Given the fundamental physiological differences between the sexes, this study aimed to investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome on ventilatory defects stratified by sex. Methods: We conducted a nationwide, pooled, cross-sectional study. Data from 45,788 participants (men, n = 15,859; women, n = 29,929) aged 30 years or more were obtained from the Taiwan Biobank. Age–sex-adjusted and multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the risk of developing impaired pulmonary function (restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defects) in individuals with or without metabolic syndromes. Separate models were also used to estimate the effect of metabolic syndrome scores and the effect of individual metabolic abnormalities on the risk of restrictive ventilatory defects. Results: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was estimated to be 15.9% in Taiwan, much higher in men than in women (18.6% versus 14.4%). A significant association was observed between metabolic syndromes and the risk of restrictive ventilatory defects. The risk of developing a restrictive ventilator defect was 35% higher in participants with metabolic syndromes (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–1.45) than in those without metabolic syndromes. Elevated blood pressure and a triglycerides abnormality were important predictors of restrictive ventilator defects. Sex-stratified subgroup analyses of the individual metabolic abnormalities indicated that men with abdominal obesity and women with dysglycemia were more likely to develop restrictive ventilatory defects. Conclusions: Our study’s evidence suggested that metabolic syndromes were important predictors of impaired pulmonary function and an increased risk of developing restrictive ventilatory defects, and its risk increased with increasing numbers of metabolic abnormalities. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152548 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Vladimira Foteva, Kaushik Maiti, Joshua J. Fisher, Yixue Qiao, David J. Paterson, Michael W. M. Jones, Roger Smith First page: 2549 Abstract: Placental health and foetal development are dependent upon element homeostasis. Analytical techniques such as mass spectroscopy can provide quantitative data on element concentrations in placental tissue but do not show spatial distribution or co-localisation of elements that may affect placental function. The present study used synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy to elucidate element content and distribution in healthy and pathological placental tissue. The X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) beamline at the Australian Synchrotron was used to image trace metal content of 19 placental sections from healthy term (n = 5, 37–39 weeks), foetal growth-restricted (n = 3, <32 weeks, birth weight <3rd centile), postdate (n = 7, >41 completed weeks), and stillbirth-complicated pregnancies (n = 4, 37–40 weeks). Samples were cryo-sectioned and freeze-dried. The concentration and distribution of fourteen elements were detected in all samples: arsenic, bromine, calcium, chlorine, copper, iron, molybdenum, phosphorous, potassium, rubidium, selenium, strontium, sulphur, and zinc. The elements zinc, calcium, phosphorous, and strontium were significantly increased in stillbirth placental tissue in comparison to healthy-term controls. Strontium, zinc, and calcium were found to co-localise in stillbirth tissue samples, and calcium and strontium concentrations were correlated in all placental groups. Molybdenum was significantly decreased in stillbirth, foetal growth-restricted, and postdate placental tissue in comparison to healthy-term samples (p < 0.0001). Synchrotron-based XFM reveals elemental distribution within biological samples such as the placenta, allowing for the co-localisation of metal deposits that may have a pathological role. Our pilot study further indicates low concentrations of placental molybdenum in pregnancies complicated by foetal growth restriction, postdate delivery, and stillbirth. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152549 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Ecem Bolat, Sümeyye Sarıtaş, Hatice Duman, Furkan Eker, Emir Akdaşçi, Sercan Karav, Anna Maria Witkowska First page: 2550 Abstract: Polyphenols are natural compounds which are plant-based bioactive molecules, and have been the subject of growing interest in recent years. Characterized by multiple varieties, polyphenols are mostly found in fruits and vegetables. Currently, many diseases are waiting for a cure or a solution to reduce their symptoms. However, drug or other chemical strategies have limitations for using a treatment agent or still detection tool of many diseases, and thus researchers still need to investigate preventive or improving treatment. Therefore, it is of interest to elucidate polyphenols, their bioactivity effects, supplementation, and consumption. The disadvantage of polyphenols is that they have a limited bioavailability, although they have multiple beneficial outcomes with their bioactive roles. In this context, several different strategies have been developed to improve bioavailability, particularly liposomal and nanoparticles. As nutrition is one of the most important factors in improving health, the inclusion of plant-based molecules in the daily diet is significant and continues to be enthusiastically researched. Nutrition, which is important for individuals of all ages, is the key to the bioactivity of polyphenols. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152550 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Natalia Komorniak, Jan Pawlus, Katarzyna Gaweł, Viktoria Hawryłkowicz, Ewa Stachowska First page: 2551 Abstract: Background: Cholelithiasis is one of the more common complications following bariatric surgery. This may be related to the rapid weight loss during this period, although the exact mechanism of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery has not been fully elucidated. Methods: The present literature review focuses on risk factors, prevention options and the impact of the gut microbiota on the development of gallbladder stones after bariatric surgery. Results: A potential risk factor for the development of cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery may be changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and bile acids. One of the bile acids—ursodeoxycholic acid—is considered to reduce the concentration of mucin proteins and thus contribute to reducing the formation of cholesterol crystals in patients with cholelithiasis. Additionally, it reduces the risk of both asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones after bariatric surgery. Patients who developed gallstones after bariatric surgery had a higher abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus and those who did not develop cholelithiasis had a higher abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Conclusion: The exact mechanism of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery has not yet been clarified. Research suggests that the intestinal microbiota and bile acids may have an important role in this. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152551 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Nazlıcan Erdoğan Gövez, Eda Köksal, Celia Martinez-Perez, Lidia Daimiel First page: 2552 Abstract: The global consumption of highly (ultra) processed foods (HPFs) is increasing, and it is associated with non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Screening Questionnaire of Highly Processed Food Consumption (sQ-HPF). This study included 94 adults. Sociodemographic data were collected, and anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed. The sQ-HPF was translated into Turkish and culturally adapted. Dietary intake was assessed using three-day dietary records. Factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were used to evaluate the validity and consistency of the sQ-HPF. Test–retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Three items from the original sQ-HPF were excluded due to low factor loadings. The Kaiser–Meyer Olkin (KMO) coefficient for the measure of sample adequacy was found to be 0.642 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was found to be significant (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between the sQ-HPF score and HPF consumption derived from the 3-day dietary records (p < 0.05). Cronbach’s alpha was found to be 0.65. Individuals with higher sQ-HPF scores consumed a significantly greater percentage of energy from HPFs (kcal/day) (p < 0.001). The sQ-HPF demonstrated good test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.76). The Turkish version of the sQ-HPF is a valid and reliable tool for assessing HPF consumption patterns and can be used in epidemiological and clinical studies. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152552 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Raweephorn Kaewsaen, Santad Wichienchot, Parinda Thayanukul, Suvimol Charoensiddhi, Wasaporn Preteseille Chanput First page: 2553 Abstract: Phallus atrovolvatus, a wild edible mushroom, has attracted increasing interest for consumption due to its unique taste and beneficial health benefits. This study determined the chemical components in the so-called fruiting body during the egg and mature stages and investigated its gut microbiota-modulating activities. The egg stage contained higher total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, glucans, ash, and fat, while the total protein content was lower than in the mature stage. Two consumption forms, including cooked mushrooms and a mushroom aqueous extract from both stages, were used in this study. An in vitro gut fermentation was performed for 24 h to assess gut microbiota regulation. All mushroom-supplemented fermentations increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production compared to the blank control. Furthermore, all mushroom supplementations promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. Samples from the mature stage increased the relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, while those from the egg stage increased the Bacteroides group. The inhibition of harmful bacteria, including Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella, and Veillonella, was only observed for the mature body. Our findings demonstrate that P. atrovolvatus exhibits potential benefits on gut health by promoting SCFA production and the growth of beneficial bacteria, with the mature stage demonstrating superior effects compared to the egg stage. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152553 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Ebe D’Adamo, Chiara Peila, Mariachiara Strozzi, Roberta Barolo, Antonio Maconi, Arianna Nanni, Valentina Botondi, Alessandra Coscia, Enrico Bertino, Francesca Gazzolo, Ali Saber Abdelhameed, Mariangela Conte, Simonetta Picone, Marianna D’Andrea, Mauro Lizzi, Maria Teresa Quarta, Diego Gazzolo First page: 2554 Abstract: Breast milk (BM) is a unique food due to its nutritional composition and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Evidence has emerged on the role of Presepsin (PSEP) as a reliable marker of early sepsis diagnosis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the measurability of PSEP in BM according to different maturation stages (colostrum, C; transition, Tr; and mature milks, Mt) and corrected for delivery mode and gender. We conducted a multicenter prospective case–control study in women who had delivered 22 term (T) and 22 preterm (PT) infants. A total of 44 human milk samples were collected and stored at −80 °C. BM PSEP (pg/mL) levels were measured by using a rapid chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. PSEP was detected in all samples analyzed. Higher (p < 0.05) BM PSEP concentrations were observed in the PT compared to the T infants. According to the grade of maturation, higher (p < 0.05) levels of PSEP in C compared to Tr and Mt milks were observed in the whole study population. The BM subtypes’ degrees of maturation were delivery mode and gender dependent. We found that PSEP at high concentrations supports its antimicrobial action both in PT and T infants. These results open the door to further studies investigating the role of PSEP. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152554 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Radoslaw Kempinski, Damian Arabasz, Katarzyna Neubauer First page: 2555 Abstract: Background: The role of the environment in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is undisputed, especially in light of numerous epidemiological data showing the increasing prevalence of IBD worldwide. Although no specific environmental factors have been identified, the diet has received the most attention as a potential modifier of the onset and course of IBD and as a therapeutic intervention. The Westernization of the diet is repeatedly cited as a crucial aspect of the change in IBD prevalence, but data on the impact of diet on the course of IBD are still limited and the effectiveness of dietary interventions remains uncertain. Milk remains one of the most discussed dietary agents in IBD. Materials and methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature published between January 2010 and March 2024 on three databases, Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and Embase, to assess the impact of milk and dairy products on the risk and course of IBD, as well as patients’ dietary beliefs and practices. Results: We included 37 original studies in our review. Conclusions: There is no clear evidence that milk and dairy products influence the incidence and course of IBD. The studies that assess this issue are characterized by great heterogeneity. Milk and dairy are among the most commonly excluded foods by patients with IBD, which may have clinical implications. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152555 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Mark Pretzel Zumaraga, Patrick Borel, Beatrice Gleize, Marion Nowicki, Djaffar Ould-Ali, Jean-François Landrier, Charles Desmarchelier First page: 2556 Abstract: In humans, α-tocopherol (α-TOC) is mainly stored in adipose tissue, where it participates in preventing damages induced by inflammation and reactive oxygen species. Factors, including genetic ones, that explain adipose tissue α-TOC concentration remain poorly understood. This study, therefore, aimed to characterize the interindividual variability of adipose tissue α-TOC concentration in healthy individuals and to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with it. The study used a randomized cross-over design with 42 healthy adult males. α-TOC concentration was measured in fasting plasma and periumbilical adipose tissue samples, both at fast and 8 h after consumption of three standard meals. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was performed to identify SNPs associated with the interindividual variability of adipose tissue α-TOC concentration. Adipose tissue α-TOC concentration was not associated with fasting plasma concentration (Pearson’s r = 0.24, 95% CI: [−0.08, 0.51]). There was a high interindividual variability in adipose tissue α-TOC concentration (CV = 61%). A PLS regression model comprising 10 SNPs in five genes (PPARG, ABCA1, BUD13, CD36, and MGLL) explained 60% (adjusted R2) of the variability of this concentration. The interindividual variability of adipose tissue α-TOC concentration in humans is due, at least partly, to SNPs in genes involved in α-TOC and triglyceride metabolism. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152556 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Suzan S. Asfour, Belal Alshaikh, Maya Mathew, Dina I. Fouda, Mountasser M. Al-Mouqdad First page: 2557 Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with refeeding syndrome (RFS) in preterm infants (≤32 weeks gestational age) during their first week of life. Infants (gestational age ≤ 32 weeks; birth weight < 1500 g) who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), level III, and received parenteral nutrition between January 2015 and April 2024 were retrospectively evaluated. Modified log-Poisson regression with generalized linear models and a robust variance estimator was applied to adjust the relative risk of risk factors. Of the 760 infants identified, 289 (38%) developed RFS. In the multivariable regression analysis, male, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and sodium phosphate significantly affected RFS. Male infants had significantly increased RFS risk (aRR1.31; 95% CI 1.08–1.59). The RFS risk was significantly higher in infants with IVH (aRR 1.71; 95% CI 1.27–2.13). However, infants who received higher sodium phosphate in their first week of life had significantly lower RFS risk (aRR 0.67; 95% 0.47–0.98). This study revealed a notable incidence of RFS among preterm infants aged ≤32 gestational weeks, with sex, IVH, and low sodium phosphate as significant risk factors. Refined RFS diagnostic criteria and targeted interventions are needed for optimal management. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152557 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Yomna S. Momen, Jayshree Mishra, Narendra Kumar First page: 2558 Abstract: The gastrointestinal tract, home to the largest microbial population in the human body, plays a crucial role in overall health through various mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed the potential implications of gut–brain and vice-versa communication mediated by gut microbiota and their microbial products in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. AD is the most common type of dementia where most cases are sporadic with no clearly identified cause. However, multiple factors are implicated in the progression of sporadic AD and classified as non-modifiable (e.g., genetic) and modifiable (e.g., Type-2 diabetes (T2D), diet, etc.). A high fat diet (HFD) was reported to predispose individuals to AD upon the development of metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, HFD induces gut dysbiosis with driven metabolites, which causes the loss of intestinal barrier integrity with concomitant colonic and systemic chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI), associated with obesity and T2D. HFD-induced obesity and T2D parallel neuroinflammation lead to the deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ) and, ultimately, cognitive impairment. So far, on a molecular level, an HFD causes the dysregulation of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) in both the colon and brain, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with epithelial functions proposed to regulate microglia’s phagocytic and migratory functions. However, the HFD-dysregulated transcription factors that link JAK3 dysregulation to obesity regarding the gut and brain are still ill-defined. Furthermore, metabolomic studies are required to determine the metabolites involved in HFD-dysregulated JAK3. This review provides a new perspective on the impact of an HFD on brain–gut and microbiota–gut–brain communication in terms of transcription factors as a commonly spoken language between the gut and brain of obese diabetic patients who are at higher risk of developing cognitive impairment and AD. That commonality is in terms of the regulation of JAK3 expression both in the gut and brain, hence maintaining the intestinal barrier integrity and the phagocytic and migratory microglial functions, likely via the regulation of microglial actin remodeling, thereby alleviating systemic CLGI as well as Aβ deposition. Lastly, the characterization of those common transcription factors represents a novel potential pharmacological target to impede AD progression. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152558 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Scout McWilliams, Olivia Hill, Osman S. Ipsiroglu, Stefan Clemens, Alexander Mark Weber, Michael Chen, James Connor, Barbara T. Felt, Mauro Manconi, Andre Mattman, Rosalia Silvestri, Narong Simakajornboon, Susan M. Smith, Sylvia Stockler First page: 2559 Abstract: Current evidence suggests that iron deficiency (ID) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of conditions presenting with restlessness such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS). In clinical practice, ID and iron supplementation are not routinely considered in the diagnostic work-up and/or as a treatment option in such conditions. Therefore, we conducted a scoping literature review of ID guidelines. Of the 58 guidelines included, only 9 included RLS, and 3 included ADHD. Ferritin was the most frequently cited biomarker, though cutoff values varied between guidelines and depending on additional factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities. Recommendations surrounding measurable iron biomarkers and cutoff values varied between guidelines; moreover, despite capturing the role of inflammation as a concept, most guidelines often did not include recommendations for how to assess this. This lack of harmonization on the interpretation of iron and inflammation biomarkers raises questions about the applicability of current guidelines in clinical practice. Further, the majority of ID guidelines in this review did not include the ID-associated disorders, ADHD and RLS. As ID can be associated with altered movement patterns, a novel consensus is needed for investigating and interpreting iron status in the context of different clinical phenotypes. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152559 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Yavor Assyov, Iveta Nedeva, Borian Spassov, Antonina Gerganova, Toni Velikov, Zdravko Kamenov, Tsvetelina Velikova First page: 2560 Abstract: Background: The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity among adults aged ≥65 years is increasing worldwide. It is a condition that describes the concomitant presence of sarcopenia and obesity, but it appears to be associated with greater increases in the risks for disability, morbidity, and mortality than the two conditions combined. The current review aims to summarize the available literature data on the effectiveness of lifestyle modification for the management of this high-risk geriatric syndrome. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, for publications published from January 1950 to June 2024. Results: The detection of early preventive and therapeutic approaches to combat sarcopenic obesity is essential for healthy aging. There is ample evidence that suggests that poor dietary habits and physical inactivity are the main reasons for the development of sarcopenic obesity and should thus be the main targets for intervention. In the absence of effective pharmacological interventions, the best effect on sarcopenic obesity is achieved by combination with proper dietary intervention and regular physical activity according to the individual’s health condition. Conclusions. Further research is needed to discover the most effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity, as well as potential pharmacological options to improve muscle mass and function in older populations with physical restrictions. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152560 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Heba A. Ibrahim, Majed S. Alshahrani, Wafaa T. Elgzar First page: 2561 Abstract: Although the expected benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MD) are comprehensive, its implementation is hampered by poor adherence. Several factors can affect adherence to MD guidelines. The current study aimed to explore sociodemographic and pregnancy-related determinants of MD adherence among Saudi women. A correlational cross-sectional research design was conducted on a snowball sample of 774 pregnant women from the Najran region, Saudi Arabia, using an online survey between February and May 2024. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic data, pregnancy-related characteristics, and the MD scale was used for data collection. The current study showed that only 32.2% of participants had high adherence to the MD, and 57.6% had moderate adherence. Regarding sociodemographic determinants of MD adherence, highly educated, older women with lower pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and higher monthly income increased the probability of high adherence to the MD (p < 0.05). In addition, being physically active before or during pregnancy significantly increased the woman’s probability of having higher adherence to the MD (p < 0.05). Concerning pregnancy-related determinants, having a planned pregnancy and regular antenatal care (ANC) increased the woman’s probability of high adherence to the MD by nearly 1.3 times (p < 0.05). In addition, low adherence to the MD increases the risk of gestational diabetes. In conclusion, numerous sociodemographic and pregnancy-related determinacies can significantly affect a woman’s adherence to the MD. Healthcare providers should address these determinants during the planning and implementation of pregnant women’s nutritional counseling to make the counseling process woman-centered and more effective. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152561 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Sona Rivas-Tumanyan, Lorena S. Pacheco, Danelle E. Haslam, Evangelia Morou-Bermudez, Liming Liang, Katherine L. Tucker, Kaumudi J. Joshipura, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju First page: 2562 Abstract: (1) Background: Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs/AAAs) have been considered as markers of type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, studies on associations between these metabolites and T2D and cardiometabolic traits in Hispanic populations are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between baseline BCAAs (isoleucine, leucine, valine)/AAAs (phenylalanine, tyrosine) and prevalent and incident T2D, as well as baseline and longitudinal (2 year) changes in cardiometabolic traits (measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and obesity) in two large cohorts of adults of Puerto Rican descent. (2) Methods: We included participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS, n = 670) and San Juan Overweight Adult Longitudinal study (SOALS, n = 999) with available baseline metabolite and covariate data. T2D diagnosis was defined based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Multivariable logistic (for baseline T2D), Poisson (for incident T2D), and linear (for cardiometabolic traits) regression models were used; cohort-specific results were combined in the meta-analysis and adjusted for multiple comparisons. (3) Results: Higher baseline BCAAs were associated with higher odds of prevalent T2D (OR1SD BCAA score = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.34–1.59, p < 0.0001) and higher risk of incident T2D (IRR1SD BCAA score = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.13–1.37, p < 0.0001). In multivariable longitudinal analysis, higher leucine and valine concentrations were associated with 2-year increase in insulin (beta 1SD leucine = 0.37 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.11–0.63, p < 0.05; beta 1SD valine = 0.43 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.17–0.68, p < 0.01). Tyrosine was a significant predictor of incident T2D (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09–1.58, p < 0.05), as well as 2 year increases in HOMA-IR (beta 1SD tyrosine = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04–0.22, p < 0.05) and insulin concentrations (beta 1SD tyrosine = 0.37 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.12–0.61, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Our results confirmed the associations between BCAAs and prevalent and incident T2D, as well as concurrent measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity, previously reported in predominantly White and Asian populations. Baseline leucine, valine, and tyrosine were predictors of 2 year increases in insulin, whereas tyrosine was a significant predictor of deteriorating insulin resistance over time. Our study suggests that BCAAs and tyrosine could serve as early markers of future glycemic changes in Puerto Ricans. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152562 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Jesús García-Durán, José Antonio González-Jurado, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver First page: 2563 Abstract: Although the extensive use of sports supplements (SSs) is prevalent among cyclists, this area has been poorly explored; in fact, no studies have been conducted on this topic regarding women cyclists to date. This descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 316 federated female road cyclists, aimed to analyze SS consumption patterns in relation to scientific evidence and various categories. SSs were categorized according to the groups and subgroups established by the Australian Sport Institute (AIS, 2023) based on the level of evidence supporting their use. The analysis found that 85.1% of the female road cyclists surveyed used SSs, with an average consumption of 7 ± 6 supplements per individual. Pharmacies (60.8%), dietitian-nutritionists (58.9%), and health status (60.1%) were the primary purchase location, source of information, and reason for use, respectively. The most frequently consumed supplements were sports bars (77.5%), sports gels (61.4%), and caffeine (49.1%). Significantly, 80% of the ten most commonly used supplements were from the group with the highest evidence level, as classified by the AIS, with an average intake of 5 ± 3 supplements per cyclist. In summary, the use of SSs is prevalent among female road cyclists, with reliable sources for both purchasing and obtaining advice on supplements. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152563 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Xing Xu, Huizi Cai, Jieying Zhang, Tiansheng Xia First page: 2564 Abstract: Parental food education has been recognized among the important factors influencing children’s food literacy; however, the intrinsic mechanisms through which this influence occurs are unclear. In this study, a mediation model was constructed to explore this issue, using the parent–child relationship and learning motivation as mediating variables. In total, 204 children, aged 9–14 years old, responded to questionnaires on parental food education, children’s food literacy, the parent–child relationship, and learning motivation, which were used to measure the variables of interest. The results showed that parental food education was significantly and positively related to the parent–child relationship, learning motivation, and children’s food literacy; the parent–child relationship was significantly and positively related to learning motivation; and learning motivation was significantly and positively related to children’s food literacy. Parental food education influenced children’s food literacy in the following two main ways: the mediating role of learning motivation and the chain-mediating roles of the parent–child relationship and learning motivation. In addition, we attempt to explore the moderating role of the teaching stage between parental food education and the parent–child relationship, learning motivation, and children’s food literacy. In this paper, we discuss possible guidelines for family food education and children’s health based on the findings of the current study. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152564 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Leticia Gómez-Sánchez, David González-Falcon, Rocío Llamas-Ramos, María Cortés Rodríguez, Emiliano Rodríguez-Sánchez, Luis García-Ortiz, Inés Llamas-Ramos, Marta Gómez-Sánchez, Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos First page: 2565 Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between healthy vascular aging (HVA) and the Mediterranean diet alongside other lifestyles in a Spanish population aged 35 to 75 years without previous cardiovascular diseases. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 501 individuals aged 35 to 75 years were recruited from five health centers by random sampling stratified by age and sex (55.90 ± 14.24 years, 49.70% men). HVA was determined in two steps. Step 1: Subjects with vascular damage to the carotid arteries or peripheral arterial disease were classified as non-HVA. Step 2: The study population was classified by age and sex using the percentiles of the vascular aging index (VAI), with VAI ≤p25 considered HVA and >p25 considered non-HVA. The VAI was estimated using the following formula (VAI = (log (1.09) × 10 cIMT + log (1.14) cfPWV) × 39.1 + 4.76. Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was measured with the SphygmoCor® device, and carotid intima–media thickness using Sonosite Micromax® ultrasound. Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, alcohol and tobacco use were recorded through validated questionnaires. Physical activity was assessed with the ActiGraph-GT3X® accelerometer. Results: The mean VAI value was 61.23 ± 12.86 (men—63.47 ± 13.75 and women—59.04 ± 11.54; p < 0.001). HVA was found in 18.9% (men—19.9% and women—17.8%). In the multiple regression analysis after adjusting for possible confounding factors, the mean VAI value showed a positive association with alcohol use (β = 0.020) and sedentary hours per week (β = 0.109) and a negative association with hours of activity per week (β = −0.102) and with the number of healthy lifestyles (β = −0.640). In the logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for possible confounding factors and compared to those classified as non-HVA, subjects classified as HVA were more likely to show MD adherence (OR = 0.571), do more than 26 h per week of physical activity (OR = 1.735), spend under 142 h per week being sedentary (OR = 1.696), and have more than two healthy lifestyles (OR = 1.877). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the more time spent doing physical activity and the less time spent in a sedentary state, the lower the vascular aging index and the greater the likelihood of being classified in the group of subjects with HVA. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152565 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Xiao-Qin He, Hai-Dan Zou, Yi Liu, Xue-Jiao Chen, Atanas G. Atanasov, Xiao-Li Wang, Yu Xia, Siew Bee Ng, Maima Matin, Ding-Tao Wu, Hong-Yan Liu, Ren-You Gan First page: 2566 Abstract: Researchers are increasingly interested in discovering new pancreatic lipase inhibitors as anti-obesity ingredients. Medicine-and-food homology plants contain a diverse set of natural bioactive compounds with promising development potential. This study screened and identified potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors from 20 commonly consumed medicine-and-food homology plants using affinity ultrafiltration combined with spectroscopy and docking simulations. The results showed that turmeric exhibited the highest pancreatic lipase-inhibitory activity, and curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin were discovered to be potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors within the turmeric extract, with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.04, 1.12 ± 0.05, and 3.30 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the enzymatic kinetics analyses demonstrated that the inhibition type of the three curcuminoids was the reversible competitive model, and curcumin exhibited a higher binding affinity and greater impact on the secondary structure of pancreatic lipase than found with demethoxycurcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin, as observed through fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Furthermore, docking simulations supported the above experimental findings, and revealed that the three curcuminoids might interact with amino acid residues in the binding pocket of pancreatic lipase through non-covalent actions, such as hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, thereby inhibiting the pancreatic lipase. Collectively, these findings suggest that the bioactive compounds of turmeric, in particular curcumin, can be promising dietary pancreatic lipase inhibitors for the prevention and management of obesity. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152566 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Jingxian Huang, Rong Rong, Zheng Feei Ma, Ying Chen First page: 2567 Abstract: Over the past decades, China has been undergoing rapid economic growth, which may have significantly influenced the dietary patterns and health status of the Chinese population. Our study aimed to assess the associations of potential macronutrient trajectory patterns with chronic diseases and all-cause mortality using the latent class trajectory model (LCTM) and the longitudinal data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey obtained between 1991 and 2015. A 24-hour diet recall was used to assess the dietary intake. The Poisson regression model was employed to investigate the correlations between trajectory patterns and chronic diseases and all-cause mortality. A total of 8115 participants were included in the final analysis. We explored four and three trajectory patterns for male and female populations, respectively. We found that a decreasing very high-carbohydrate trajectory together with a U-shape protein trajectory was associated with a higher risk of diabetes in the male population (odds ratio (OR): 2.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–3.77). A similar pattern for moderate protein intake was also associated with the risk of diabetes in the female population (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.18–2.79). In addition, we show that a decreasing low-carbohydrate trajectory and an increasing high-fat trajectory were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60–0.96) and a higher risk of obesity (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05–1.47) in males. Our results shed light on some salient nutritional problems in China, particularly the dual challenges of undernutrition and overnutrition. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152567 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Joanna Smyczyńska, Aleksandra Olejniczak, Paulina Różycka, Aneta Chylińska-Frątczak, Arkadiusz Michalak, Urszula Smyczyńska, Beata Mianowska, Iwona Pietrzak, Agnieszka Szadkowska First page: 2568 Abstract: Childhood obesity, with its metabolic complications, is a problem of public health. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has recommended glucose levels 1 h post oral glucose load (1h-PG) > 155–209 mg/dL as diagnostic for intermediate hyperglycemia (IH), while >209 mg/dL for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of prediabetes, IH, and T2D in children and adolescents with simple obesity according to the criteria of American Diabetes Association (ADA) and of IDF, and the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on these disorders. Analysis included 263 children with simple obesity, screened either in prepandemic (PRE—113 cases) or post-pandemic period (POST—150 cases). All children underwent 2 h OGTT with measurements of glucose and insulin every 0.5 h, lipid profile, and other tests; indices if insulin resistance (IR): HOMA, QUICKI, Matsuda index, AUC (glu/ins) were calculated. The incidence of T2D, prediabetes, and IH was higher in POST with respect to PRE, with significant differences in the indices of IR, except for HOMA. Significant differences were observed in the assessed parameters of glucose metabolism among the groups with T2D, prediabetes, IH, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT), with some similarities between IH (based on 1h-PG) and prediabetes. Increased frequency of dysglycemia among children and adolescents with simple obesity is observed after COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolic profile of patients with IH at 1h-PG is “intermediate” between NGT and prediabetes. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152568 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Kirill Gusakov, Alexander Kalinkovich, Shai Ashkenazi, Gregory Livshits First page: 2569 Abstract: It is now established that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer (CC) or its precursor, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). However, the underlying mechanisms of this association have not been elucidated. RA is characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation. It is suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in RA patients exacerbates inflammation, increasing the risk of CC. The tumor microenvironment in RA patients with CC is also marked by chronic inflammation, which aggravates the manifestations of both conditions. Gut and vaginal dysbiosis are also considered potential mechanisms that contribute to the chronic inflammation and aggravation of RA and CC manifestations. Numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of various nutritional approaches to attenuate chronic inflammation, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), probiotics, prebiotics, and certain diets. We believe that successful resolution of chronic inflammation and correction of dysbiosis, in combination with current anti-RA and anti-CC therapies, is a promising therapeutic approach for RA and CC. This approach could also reduce the risk of CC development in HPV-infected RA patients. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152569 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Kippeum Lee, Hyeon-Ji Kim, Joo-Yun Kim, Jae-Jung Shim, Jae-Hwan Lee First page: 2570 Abstract: We aimed to characterize the anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerosis effects of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 using high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese C57BL/6 mice. We divided the mice into control (CON), HFD, HFD with 108 CFU/kg/day probiotics (HFD + KL, HY7301:KY1032 = 1:1), and HFD with 109 CFU/kg/day probiotics (HFD + KH, HY7301:KY1032 = 1:1) groups and fed/treated them during 7 weeks. The body mass, brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) masses and the total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were remarkably lower in probiotic-treated groups than in the HFD group in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the BAT, iWAT, and eWAT was significantly higher in probiotic-treated HFD mice than in the HFD mice, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. We also measured the expression of cholesterol transport genes in the liver and jejunum and found that the expression of those encoding liver-X-receptor α, ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8, and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase were significantly higher in the HFD + KH mice than in the HFD mice. Thus, a Lactobacillus HY7601 and KY1032 mixture with 109 CFU/kg/day concentration can assist with body weight regulation through the management of lipid metabolism and thermogenesis. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152570 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Poonam K. Pannu, Alexander J. J. Scherini, Desiree T. Silva, Sarah Whalan First page: 2571 Abstract: Pregnancy is an opportunistic time for dietary intake to influence future disease susceptibility in offspring later in life. The ORIGINS Project was established to identify the factors that contribute to ‘a healthy start to life’ through a focus supporting childhood health and preventing disease (including non-communicable diseases). We aim to describe the dietary intakes of pregnant women in this cohort and to compare these to the Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs) and Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). The usual food and nutrient intakes of women were collected using the Australian Eating Survey (AES), a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). A total of 374 women completed the AES FFQ at both 20 weeks and 36 weeks of gestation between December 2016 and January 2023. Macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intake were explored using descriptive statistics. Overall, it was found that the energy contribution from carbohydrates was low, while that from fat and saturated fat was high; participants were not meeting the recommendations for several key micronutrients (calcium, iron, iodine, and folate); and they had low diet quality scores for all food groups. These findings suggest that despite the ongoing promotion of healthy eating during pregnancy, further exploration into why dietary guidelines during pregnancy are not being adhered to is warranted. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152571 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Ignatios Ikonomidis, Eleni Katsanaki, John Thymis, George Pavlidis, Kyriaki Lampadaki, Konstantinos Katogiannis, Aristeidis Vaiopoulos, Vicky Lazarou, Gavriella Kostelli, Eleni Michalopoulou, Sotirios Pililis, Dimitrios Vlachomitros, Konstantinos Theodoropoulos, Hans Vink, Robert Long, Evangelia Papadavid, Vaia Lambadiari First page: 2572 Abstract: Psoriasis predisposes to cardiovascular dysfunction. We investigated whether glycocalyx dietary supplement (GDS), which contains glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan, improves endothelial glycocalyx and arterial stiffness in psoriatic patients. Fifty participants with psoriasis under biological agents were randomly assigned to GDS (n = 25) or placebo (n = 25) for 4 months. We measured at baseline and at follow-up: (a) perfused boundary region (PBR) of the sublingual microvessels (range 4 to 25 μm), a marker of endothelium glycocalyx integrity; (b) carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV-Complior SP-ALAM) and augmentation index (AIx), markers of arterial stiffness and (c) psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. Both groups displayed a similar decrease in PASI at four months (p < 0.05), and no significant differences were found between groups (p > 0.05). Compared to the placebo, participants in the GDS showed a greater percentage reduction in PBR4–25 μm (−9.95% vs. −0.87%), PBR 4–9 μm (−6.50% vs. −0.82%), PBR10–19 μm (−5.12% vs. −1.60%), PBR 20–25 μm (−14.9% vs. −0.31%), PWV (−15.27% vs. −4.04%) and AIx (−35.57% vs. −21.85%) (p < 0.05). In the GDS group, the percentage reduction in PBR 4–25 μm was associated with the corresponding decrease in PWV (r = 0.411, p = 0.015) and AΙx (r = 0.481, p = 0.010) at follow-up. Four-month treatment with GDS improves glycocalyx integrity and arterial stiffness in patients with psoriasis. Clinical trial Identifier: NCT05184699. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152572 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
Authors:Xinyi Li, Annabelle Yin, Ha Young Choi, Virginia Chan, Margaret Allman-Farinelli, Juliana Chen First page: 2573 Abstract: For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The top 200 free and paid nutrition-related apps from Australia’s Apple App and Google Play stores were screened (n = 800). Apps were assessed using MARS (quality) and ABACUS (behaviour change potential). Nutritional outputs from manual food logging and AI-enabled food-image recognition apps were compared with food records for Western, Asian, and Recommended diets. Among 18 apps, Noom scored highest on MARS (mean = 4.44) and ABACUS (21/21). From 16 manual food-logging apps, energy was overestimated for Western (mean: 1040 kJ) but underestimated for Asian (mean: −1520 kJ) diets. MyFitnessPal and Fastic had the highest accuracy (97% and 92%, respectively) out of seven AI-enabled food image recognition apps. Apps with more AI integration demonstrated better functionality, but automatic energy estimations from AI-enabled food image recognition were inaccurate. To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases. Moreover, training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition, especially for mixed dishes and culturally diverse foods. Citation: Nutrients PubDate: 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152573 Issue No:Vol. 16, No. 15 (2024)
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