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Abstract: It is undeniable that Tonghak 東學 and the Tonghak Peasant Uprising had a significant impact on modern Korean history. As such, much research has been published analyzing Tonghak and its secular impact on society. Yet, despite its status as a philosophy and religion, little attention has been paid to either the philosophical or religious aspects of Tonghak. In recent years, however, studies in these fields have begun to gain traction and new understandings of Tonghak are being developed.Nevertheless, there still is much to do in terms of properly examining Tonghak’s philosophical background and religious identity and the misconceptions around Tonghak are numerous. Such misconceptions include the conventional ... Read More PubDate: 2022-05-21T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Tonghak is an indigenous Korean religion founded in 1860 by Suun 水雲 Ch’oe Cheu 崔濟愚, the son of a Confucian scholar. But after Ch’oe Cheu was executed for heresy in 1864, a laborer named Haewŏl 海月 Ch’oe Sihyŏng 崔時亨 succeeded Ch’oe and expanded the religion nationwide over a period of 35 years as a fugitive from authorities. Ch’oe Sihyŏng published Ch’oe Cheu’s scriptures, including Tonggyŏng taejŏn 東經大全 (Great Anthology of Tonghak Scriptures) and Yongdam yusa 龍潭遺詞 (Hymns of Dragon Lake). Ch’oe Sihyŏng also established Tonghak’s organizational structure, such as the p’o 包, the system of six missions (yukimje 六任制), and Tonghak rituals, to include the ancestral rites for the self (hyanga sŏrwi 向我設位). With Ch’oe ... Read More PubDate: 2022-05-21T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Korea’s peasant revolution and reformation movement during the modern period (late nineteenth century) and the independence movement in the period of the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910–1945) cannot be fully explained without mentioning the influence of Tonghak/Ch’ŏndogyo. The religious movement of Tonghak 東 學 (Eastern Learning) was founded in Korea in 1861 by Ch’oe Cheu (1824–1864). Concerned that the growing Western military threat and missionary presence in China might soon impact Korea, Ch’oe sought to proclaim a true religious path for the Korean people following his enlightenment through a visionary experience of Hanullim on April 5, 1860. In 1905, Tonghak was changed into a religious organization named ... Read More PubDate: 2022-05-21T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: Arguably the most remarkable surge, among all the phenomenal expansions of the Protestant churches in Korea in the early twentieth century, happened in the town of Sŏnch’ŏn 宣川 (Sensen in Japanese) in P’yŏnganbuk-do province. There was only one Korean Christian there in 1896, when the first American Presbyterian missionary Rev. Norman C. Whittemore (1870–1952) made a few scouting trips to the area. When three resident Presbyterian missionaries opened a mission station in the town in 1901, there were already about 400 Korean Christians among its 3,200 townspeople, and this number grew to 2,700 among 5,600 residents by 1916 (KMBFM 1916, 31). In 1923, it was reported, “The cities where Protestantism thrives most in ... Read More PubDate: 2022-05-21T00:00:00-05:00
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Abstract: How do faith-based workers and volunteers respond to severe, governmental restrictions on their operations' We address this question with theologically conservative (“evangelical”) Christians from the United States (US), and their faith-based organizations (FBOs), who undertook legal, person-to-person engagement in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea), before the Trump administration’s September 2017 “Geographical Travel Restriction” (GTR, aka, “travel ban”). We address how US “humanitarian evangelicals” responded, firstly, to the GTR and other US and UN sanctions enacted in 2017–2018; and, secondly, to pandemic-related border closures and social distancing restrictions, starting in early ... Read More PubDate: 2022-05-21T00:00:00-05:00
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