JournalTOCs

Theory & Psychology
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.434

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 4

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 0959-3543 - ISSN (Online) 1461-7447
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

Introduction: Theorizing the psychology of deglobalization
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  Authors: Zhipeng Gao, Thomas Teo
  Pages: 163 - 174
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 163-174, April 2023.
  The unprecedented pace and scope of globalization over the past half century have had major impacts on the field of psychology. We observe that since the 2008 financial crisis, there have been increased academic and political concerns with “deglobalization,” which is often associated with terrorism, xenophobia, authoritarianism, Brexit, the US–China trade war, the Russian war on Ukraine, and the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that the phenomenon of deglobalization is historically uncertain but intellectually and politically significant enough to warrant analysis. Thus, in this special issue, we begin to theorize the psychology of deglobalization by addressing several foundational issues: the major manifestations of deglobalization in relation to psychosocial life, the dialectical relations between globalization and deglobalization, and possible ways to respond to the challenges of deglobalization. In the meantime, we flesh out these theoretical perspectives using the cases of nationalism, neoliberalism, White supremacy, far-right politics, dehumanization, isolationism, and trade conflicts.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221140874
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
The national nature of globalization and the global nature of nationalism:
Historically and methodologically entangled
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  Authors: Michael Billig
  Pages: 175 - 192
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 175-192, April 2023.
  It is often assumed that psychological globalization produces tolerant, cosmopolitan outlooks, which deglobalization is now replacing with intolerance and narrow nationalism. This article argues that nationalism and cosmopolitanism, rather than being simple opposites, are entangled historically and methodologically, and that the national nature of globalization and the global nature of nationalism need to be recognized. Historically, the period of globalization coincided with the formation of the world of nation-states. Methodologically, economic calculations of globalization assume a world of nation-states. Nationalism is not only global in its reach but national consciousness is entangled with international consciousness. This entanglement may not be apparent if nationalism is equated with its extreme forms, for nationalism has everyday forms in established states. This article shows how studies of cosmopolitanism can themselves take for granted the world of nation-states within their methodologies. There are some brief suggestions about how to study banal nationalism.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221122474
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
In the aftermath of globalization: Antiglobalizing and deglobalizing forms
of subjectivity
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  Authors: Thomas Teo
  Pages: 193 - 208
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 193-208, April 2023.
  After explaining the meaning of mentality, sources of globalization are discussed. Globalization, and antiglobalizing and deglobalizing mentalities, are understood as grounded in the historical, material, and concrete discursive and practical experiences of individuals. Globalization is divided into political-economic, cosmopolitan, and internationalist streams corresponding to historical trends developed into the 20th and 21st centuries, illustrating how contradictory projects of globalization set the stage for conflicting mentalities. Both antiglobalizing and deglobalizing forms of subjectivity are understood idealtypically as mentalities that resist neoliberal globalization. While antiglobalizing mentalities challenge the political-economic practices of globalization, deglobalizing mentalities reject cosmopolitan and internationalist projects, and are based on attribution mistakes, which can develop into nationalist, supremacist, and fascist subjectivities. Given the extent of global problems, the case for an internationalist form of subjectivity is made. The relevance of these reflections for psychology is addressed.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:48Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221131507
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
Revisioning psychology and deglobalisation: The case of Brexit
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  Authors: Paul Stenner, Eleni Andreouli
  Pages: 209 - 226
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 209-226, April 2023.
  This article approaches the theme of the psychology of de/globalisation by taking up the example of Brexit as an historical conjuncture that hinges upon troublesome questions of sovereignty. Operating at the interface between history and psychology, and informed by liminality scholarship, the paper offers a broad genealogical sketch of three mutations in the semantics of sovereignty as a mode of power that implicates subjectivity. Theological (premodern), nationalist (modern), and neoliberal/economic (postmodern) variants share the mythical motif of absolute autonomy. An account of globalisation as the spatial spread of the events of an initially partial process across the whole of a global field offers a view of the psychological as a subjective field of intelligibility shaped by societal and political settings. Drawing upon data from a focus group study conducted just before the 2016 referendum, attention is given to the resurgence of the theme of sovereignty amongst ordinary people.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:48Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221135867
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
Deglobalization and the political psychology of white supremacy
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  Authors: Catarina Kinnvall, Pasko Kisić Merino
  Pages: 227 - 248
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 227-248, April 2023.
  This article is concerned with the psychological dimensions of deglobalization and white supremacy as related to fantasies of “whiteness.” The (re)construction of narratives and myths are contested processes, concerning both the struggle for control over historical and cultural space as well as the articulation of particular needs for individuals and groups in the present. We explore the stories and myths created around globalization, (in)security, and the nation. Of importance is how deglobalization and emerging ontological insecurities relate to various fantasy narratives and how these can be understood in psychological terms of dislocation, hybridity, and impermanence in conjunction with a search for security and stability. The implications of these processes on contemporary political identities are of crucial importance as they are able to speak to some of the most contested issues of our times: the threat of extremist and white supremacist groups and discourses to democracy and democratic institutions.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:47Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221138535
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
Dehumanization and a psychology of deglobalization: Double binds and
movements beyond radicalization and racialized mis-interpellation
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  Authors: Iram Khawaja, Tina Wilchen Christensen, Line Lerche Mørck
  Pages: 249 - 265
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 249-265, April 2023.
  This article seeks to conceptualize and analyze how processes of deglobalization are interdependently connected with processes of dehumanization, double bind, and racialization in the field of radicalization of ethnic and religious minorities in Denmark. We analyze two sociopolitical cases to show how deglobalization takes form in local practice, enabling or limiting specific subjects’ and groups’ possibilities of being perceived and accepted as Danish citizens. Relations between radicalization and dehumanization are explored across subjective, societal, political, and discursive practices linked to double bind processes and possible movements beyond them. Our aim is to establish a theoretical framework for exploring a psychology of deglobalization that takes into account processes of racialization, mis-interpellation, double bind, and the possibilities for rehumanization.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221138541
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
The politics of Chinese immigrants’ double unbelonging and
deglobalization
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  Authors: Zhipeng Gao
  Pages: 266 - 283
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 266-283, April 2023.
  This study theorizes the politics of belonging, drawing on the case of Chinese immigrants. In the heyday of globalization, Chinese immigrants used to enjoy a high degree of transnational mobility and multiple belongings. Now, in the wake of China–West geopolitical contestations and during the time of COVID-19, many Chinese immigrants are experiencing double unbelonging due to marginalization in both the host society and China. By analyzing double unbelonging, this study makes three theoretical contributions. First, it expands the conventional cultural–humanistic framework of belonging to incorporate political analysis. Second, it discusses why and how to replace the positivist approach to belonging as exemplified by acculturation theory with a social constructionist approach to the politics of belonging. Finally, the study theorizes unbelonging—its epistemological advantage, its dialectical relation with belonging, its production by the nation-state and media, and how polarizing geopolitics produce double unbelonging.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-04T10:03:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221130728
  Issue No: Vol. 33, No. 2 (2023)
The autistic pseudosignifier: Imaginary dialectization of signs in the
clinic of autism
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  Authors: Leon S. Brenner
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Abnormalities in language and speech development are a defining feature of autism. Several psychoanalysts have hypothesized that these abnormalities originate in a unique mode of access to language that exclusively relies on signs rather than signifiers. Compared to the flexibility and dynamism of a language made of signifiers, a language made of signs is rigid, cumbersome, and poor in its capacity to encode complex concepts. This article investigates the supplementary methods that autistic subjects adopt to compensate for these setbacks, methods that enable them to encode complex concepts into their vocabulary using iconic signs. These methods are then developed into a psychoanalytic theory on the use of iconic signs in the strengthening of autistic language in the context of art therapy. A variety of case studies are then used to illustrate how newly gained access to a level of conceptual complexity can also bring dramatic changes to their lives.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-06-03T09:53:17Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231176543
Wundt’s logic: Old resource for new ideas
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  Authors: Natalie Rodax, Dominik S. Mihalits, Jaan Valsiner
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Despite recent scholarship reappraising the complexity of Wilhelm Wundt’s complete works on psychology, contemporary psychology tends to overlook the fundamental epistemological and methodological principles outlined in his less popular writings on logic when engaging in methodological discussions. This article addresses this by situating Wundt’s logic volumes in his oeuvre and demonstrating the continued relevance of his methodological insights for contemporary psychology. Analysing Wundt’s Logic of Psychology, we develop three theses: (a) a multimethodological model is necessary to understand the interaction between individual psychology and völkerpsychologie, (b) Wundt’s völker-psychological analysis highlights the significance of cultural (document) data for psychology, and (c) the comparison between the theories of language of Wundt and Bühler clarifies that Wundt’s approach lacks a concept of dialogicality. We argue that only by understanding how cultural products serve a function in the individual history of micro-interactions can a meaningful connection between the individual and collective emerge.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-06-03T09:50:20Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231176542
Liberation in the hall of mirrors
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  Authors: Emma Kay
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-06-03T06:35:51Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231174031
Which considerations are lost when debating the prolonged grief disorder
diagnosis'
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  Authors: Lars Petter Sødal Bergsmark, Frida Ramsing
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  The Nordic countries are currently attempting to implement prolonged grief disorder as an official psychiatric diagnosis, as enacted by The World Health Organization in 2018. The enactment has been controversial and, especially in Denmark, the forthcoming diagnosis has met resistance from scholars and clinicians alike. In this article we will outline what we believe to be lost considerations during the debate of the so-called “grief diagnosis.” We argue that scholars’ attention should not focus on the diagnosis itself, but rather on the overall theoretical challenges in conceptualizing and handling mental suffering, which the debate should reflect and address. The article’s main purpose is to accentuate why we, as psychologists, must welcome the prolonged grief diagnosis, whilst simultaneously working to more actively politicize mental suffering in general, and criticize the societal function of diagnoses. This should be attained through dialogue and recognition between cultural psychologists and health psychologists.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-27T10:30:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231172193
Authenticization: Consuming commodified authenticity to become
“authentic” subjects
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  Authors: Patric Plesa
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Research on authenticity continues to grow in diverse fields and under various definitions. I argue that the concept of authenticity has become a marketable self-branding strategy to meet the ends of neoliberal capitalism with often consequential and contradictory effects on subjectivity. Using Lehman et al.’s (2019) review of the various definitions of authenticity in the literature, I claim that a process I am calling authenticization overlaps the diverse and contradictory definitions to produce commodified forms of authenticity. The production and consumption of commodified forms of authenticity reflect the neoliberal norms of individualization, responsibilization, and self-governance, which, through the process of authenticization, become values that reshape “authentic” self-expression. Self-understanding and freedom are compromised in the production and consumption of commodified forms of authenticity with potential consequences for identity and mental health.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-25T12:22:22Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231174030
A cautionary note on aggregation in educational psychology and beyond
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  Authors: Georg Krammer
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  This article addresses aggregation as a fundamental practice in educational psychology and ties it into the idiographic/nomothetic distinction, that is, distinguishing between studying what once was and studying what always is. I address the underlying assumptions of seminal educational research (OECD’s large-scales assessment and Hattie’s synthesizing meta-analyses). I argue that educational psychologists assume a priori general educational principles akin to nomothetic laws without sufficiently scrutinizing the limitations of aggregation. I then contextualize this assumption within the history of psychology, and address how these assumptions shape how educational psychologists view, collect, and examine data. Furthermore, I contextualize this assumption with an example showing a peculiarity of educational research: the existence of multiple perspectives on constructs. Finally, I argue that investing time and resources in the debate on aggregation and the epistemic nature of the insights that educational psychologists generate will ultimately advance the field and help bridge the theory–practice gap.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-18T09:13:14Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231172495
A paradigmatic “inoutsider” scholar in African psychology: Tribute to
Professor Thomas Leonard (Len) Holdstock
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  Authors: Augustine Nwoye, Lesiba Baloyi
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  This comment aims to memorialize Professor Thomas Len Holdstock (1934–2022). Professor Holdstock was an eminent foundational scholar in the fledgling field of African psychology. His pioneer contributions in African-centred psychology demonstrate that scholarship and excellence in African psychology is not a preserve of native Africans but rightly belongs to any scholar from any culture who could take up the “inoutsider” identity to study and understand the psychology of Africans from the Africans’ perspective.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-05-05T12:24:48Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231171050
Filling in the vacuous flesh: Embodiment, constitution, and interoception
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  Authors: Wei Chen, Xianjie Ping, Da Dong
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  To many scientists and philosophers, embodied cognition lacks validity, since it fails to offer extraordinary evidence. In this article, we claim that the development of one possible evidence-based embodied cognition could initiate a considerable research project through the inner workings of bodily constitutive neuro-machinery. We call it “interoceptive embodied cognition”; here, the concept of interoception plays the role of filling in the (inner) gap of vacuous embodiment. The most important tenet of embodied cognition for our purpose is the standard of constitution to which we will repeatedly return. We will look back to the three standards of embodied cognition and then regard interoception as the (inner) filling-in echoing the constitution standard of embodied cognition. We will then demonstrate the varieties and constituents of interoception. Next, we will present interoception’s close relationship to at least four subdomains of embodied cognition, which include: (a) sense of embodiment, (b) embodied self, (c) embodied emotion, and (d) embodied social cognition. Finally, we will conclude with the preliminaries of interoceptive embodied cognition.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-04-29T12:40:37Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231169967
Advancing African psychology
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  Authors: Suzanne R. Kirschner
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-04-20T09:27:35Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231166618
Social technologies in and out of psychology
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  Authors: Tim Beck, Emaline Friedman
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Data on human behavior have become a highly valuable commodity under contemporary capitalism. Psychology’s stronghold on knowledge about individuals is thus threatened by new enterprises that lack formal commitments to public wellbeing: social media platforms. For Shoshana Zuboff, this represents a new form of capitalism—surveillance capitalism—where information technologies not only generate data from user activity, but effectively repurpose this data to shape behavior for corporate gains. We argue that Zuboff’s analysis, while a useful starting point, frames problems related to social media at a macrosociological level in ways that obscure the possibility for effective collective action. We then demonstrate how insights from Karl Marx and Gilbert Simondon can help psychologists understand the profound shifts in subjectivity elicited by hyper-networked digital media landscapes. Their shared process-relational ontology foreshadows a collective form of subjectivity in response to contemporary capitalism, something which Zuboff alludes to but fails to fully explain.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-04-18T05:48:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231162063
What is so special about conspiracy theories' Conceptually distinguishing
beliefs in conspiracy theories from conspiracy beliefs in psychological
research
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  Authors: Kenzo Nera, Céline Schöpfer
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  In psychological research, conspiracy theories are often defined as explanations of events involving the hidden action of a malevolent group. Such a definition raises a false negative problem, as it does not capture conspiracy theories that are not about events. It also raises a false positive problem because it categorises any conspiracy-based explanation as a conspiracy theory, even though distinguishing conspiracy theories from other conspiracy claims is at the core of many attempts to define this notion. Based on more elaborated definitions and a conceptual reengineering approach, we propose that conspiracy theories can be defined as claims that the public is being pervasively lied to regarding some aspect(s) of reality, to allow some group(s) to enact a harmful, self-serving agenda. Compared to other definitions, ours has the advantage of not taking a position regarding the truth value of conspiracy theories, making it highly operative for psychological research.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-03-20T09:43:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231155891
The epistemic and pragmatic function of dichotomous claims based on
statistical hypothesis tests
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  Authors: Duygu Uygun Tunç, Mehmet Necip Tunç, Daniël Lakens
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Researchers commonly make dichotomous claims based on continuous test statistics. Many have branded the practice as a misuse of statistics and criticize scientists for the widespread application of hypothesis tests to tentatively reject a hypothesis (or not) depending on whether a p-value is below or above an alpha level. Although dichotomous claims are rarely explicitly defended, we argue they play an important epistemological and pragmatic role in science. The epistemological function of dichotomous claims consists in transforming data into quasibasic statements, which are tentatively accepted singular facts that can corroborate or falsify theoretical claims. This transformation requires a prespecified methodological decision procedure such as Neyman-Pearson hypothesis tests. From the perspective of methodological falsificationism these decision procedures are necessary, as probabilistic statements (e.g., continuous test statistics) cannot function as falsifiers of substantive hypotheses. The pragmatic function of dichotomous claims is to facilitate scrutiny and criticism among peers by generating contestable claims, a process referred to by Popper as “conjectures and refutations.” We speculate about how the surprisingly widespread use of a 5% alpha level might have facilitated this pragmatic function. Abandoning dichotomous claims, for example because researchers commonly misuse p-values, would sacrifice their crucial epistemic and pragmatic functions.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-03-16T09:47:24Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231160112
Fiction and psychiatry
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  Authors: Femi Oyebode
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-03-16T09:44:55Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231160111
Theory as behaviour: Why empathy research needs horizontal, mutualistic
habits of seeing
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  Authors: Christa Avram
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  I propose that theory, typically understood as a mere intellectual position, is also a habit of seeing (in the Deweyan sense). It is a form of behaviour organized through person–environment collaboration that reshapes both person and environment, facilitating and constraining subsequent potentials for action. I discuss two of psychology’s habits of seeing and their effect upon empathy research: (a) the vertical worldview, a habit of searching for reality at higher or lower levels, which neglects the empathizer’s context and (b) dualism, a habit of treating organisms as distinct from environments, which creates the problem of other minds. I present two alternative habits of seeing: (a) van Dijk and Withagen’s horizontal worldview, which looks outward to empathizers’ contexts and (b) organism–environment mutuality, which approaches organisms and environments as processes rather than entities. These latter habits, I conclude, better afford psychologists the possibility of addressing the practical problem of nonempathetic behaviour.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-03-16T09:19:14Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231159077
Why is one study technique superior to another'
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  Authors: David Trafimow
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Reviewers on manuscripts or grant proposals often react positively if authors use in-favor study techniques and negatively if authors use not-in-favor study techniques. A tacit assumption is that the in-favor technique is superior to alternate techniques. However, study techniques for theory testing depend on auxiliary assumptions that connect nonobservational terms in theories with observational terms in empirical hypotheses. Therefore, the extent to which a technique is useful depends on the theory and empirical hypothesis under investigation. A technique might be useful from one theoretical perspective and not useful from another theoretical perspective. Or a technique might successfully connect to one empirical hypothesis but not another. The present work threshes out some of the relevant philosophical issues.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-03-06T08:28:43Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231154223
Psychological resilience: Connecting contemporary psychology to ancient
practical philosophy
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  Authors: Joel Owen
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Over the last five decades, a substantial and increasing number of scholarly studies have appeared on the topic of resilience, but relatively little attention has been paid to the way in which it relates to a body of work in ancient Greek and Roman practical philosophy. In this article, I review contemporary research on psychological resilience alongside a discussion of ancient practical philosophy such as it was conceived of by philosophers such as Socrates, the Cynics, the Stoics, and the Epicureans. I suggest that acknowledging and exploring the connections between these two fields has the potential to enrich the study both of psychological resilience and of ancient practical philosophy. Having drawn attention to a number of important points of connection, I discuss some of the theoretical implications for our current understanding of resilience and finish by pointing towards several areas of potential interest for future exploration on this topic.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-02-17T09:25:14Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543231153820
Self-knowledge as self-improvement in Plato’s dialogues and
cognitive behavioural therapy
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  Authors: Chloe Bamboulis
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  Some researchers who examine the similarities between philosophy and psychology conclude that engaging in philosophy can improve one’s mental health, instead of, or in addition to, traditional forms of therapy. This article reinforces this by establishing the relationship between self-knowledge as self-improvement in Plato’s dialogues and in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Despite multiple important points of congruence, some authors have rejected the idea that self-knowledge in Plato can be assimilated to self-knowledge in psychotherapy. Here, I argue against this criticism by focusing on three key areas of interest: (a) self-knowledge as improving one’s beliefs via objective (nonsubjective) means, (b) self-knowledge as resulting in objective (nonsubjective) outcomes, and (c) self-knowledge as progress towards the Good. I reinforce the link by demonstrating that CBT uses methods which are equally objective as those of the Platonic dialogues. I then continue by claiming that the outcome of self-knowledge in both is also equally objective. Finally, I explore the nature of their relationship. Instead of arguing that self-knowledge in CBT is a modern version of Platonic self-knowledge, I propose that although not intended to, it functions as a preparatory process for one to be able to participate in Platonic self-knowledge.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-01-11T06:24:54Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221136103
Worth-Conscious theory: Understanding the role of birthright self-worth
and application to clinical practice
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  Authors: Dawna Daigneault, Chris Brown
  Abstract: Theory & Psychology, Ahead of Print.
  In this article, we introduce a theory of worth consciousness that builds on the research from self-worth with attention to the importance of honoring birthright self-worth (BSW), which is foundational to human dignity. This new empirically testable construct, Worth-Conscious theory (WCT), concerns human worth and requires individuals to recognize and acknowledge their value and significance (i.e., worth) even when smaller (e.g., family) and larger (e.g., community and society) systems fail to support them in affirming and repairing their worth. Self-worth is the birthright of all individuals; hence our central aim is to introduce and explain the four pillars of self-worth, which are major tenets of WCT that align with Erikson’s developmental stages. These four pillars of self-worth (self-awareness, self-respect, self-esteem(ed), and self-confidence) are instrumental in understanding clients’ life challenges, presenting issues, and how to assist them in repairing and maintaining their worth. More specifically, many clients’ mental health issues, interpersonal conflicts, and other concerns can be directly or indirectly related to the experience of negative and critical beliefs about their worth and, more specifically, that their BSW has not been affirmed or realized throughout the lifespan.
  Citation: Theory & Psychology
  PubDate: 2023-01-11T06:22:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/09593543221135559