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Contemporary Drug Problems
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.609

Citation Impact (citeScore): 2
Number of Followers: 2

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ISSN (Print) 0091-4509 - ISSN (Online) 2163-1808
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

Debating the Drug Policy in Sweden: Stakeholders’ Moral Justifications
in Media 2015–2021
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  Authors: Tuulia Lerkkanen, Jessica Storbjörk
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Drug-related harms continue to increase globally and governments struggle in search of effective and legitimate countermeasures. The choice between policy options is intertwined with the arguments that dominate drug policy discussions, which in turn are closely related to who has access to the policy debate. In this study, we examine stakeholders’ visibility and moral justifications of argumentation in the Swedish drug policy debate in the media (2015–2021). Justification analysis (JA) is used as a methodological and theoretical tool to illustrate the moral principles behind the claims by the stakeholders. The results show that the most visible stakeholders were politicians, government agencies and molders of public opinion. Furthermore, the stakeholders with successful active attempts to participate in the debate were molders of public opinion, NGOs, and politicians. The silent stakeholders in the media were people who use drugs and significant others. Stakeholders generally revolve around a dividing line regarding the restrictive features of Swedish drug policy, and were divided into proponents, opponents and neutral ones. All stakeholder groups included all three sides, hence reflecting the ingroup dissonance that may explain the continuing deadlock in Swedish drug policy. Justifications that value evidence-based policymaking (industrial worth) was used in the argumentation by the majority of the stakeholder groups, often combined with other moral justifications. This notion challenges the dichotomy of evidence and values in drug policy debates. Proponents relied more on the justifications that value paternalism (domestic worth), while opponents leaned toward the justifications valuing civil rights and social justice (civic worth). The development of Swedish drug policy may depend on the relative strength of these two value positions (domestic versus civic worth) in society and among stakeholders in power. This study continues the discussion of making contesting values explicit in the drug policy, serving a riveting case for international comparison.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-03-02T12:20:43Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509231159394
Ganja and the Laws of Men: Cannabis Decriminalization and Social
(In)Justice in Jamaica
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  Authors: Felipe Neis Araujo
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  This article describes the harms caused by the criminalization of cannabis in Jamaica and the outcomes of the decriminalization and legalization processes that started in 2015. It argues that the current framework does not promote social justice for actors historically engaged in the cannabis trade and suggests that it should be revised and aligned with policies geared towards reparations. It focuses on the historical entanglements between Rastafarians, law enforcement, and criminal justice once the prohibition has been weaponized against these actors. I discuss the involvement of the US in the attempt to eradicate cannabis in Jamaica, the massive investment in militarization, and the state violence embodied in the war against cannabis to then unpack the issues with the process of decriminalization and legalization. It concludes by suggesting that the Cannabis Licensing Authority and the Jamaican government must develop deeper engagement with traditional farmers to design and implement policies that will allow them to enjoy the benefits of the current legal cannabis market.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-02-17T11:33:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509231156608
Corrigendum to “‘There’s No Sense to It’: A Posthumanist
Ethnography of Agency in Methamphetamine Recovery”
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  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-02-17T04:03:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509231161173
Rethinking Women’s “Performance and Image-Enhancing Drug
Consumption”: An Agenda for Ontopolitically-Oriented Research
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  Authors: Renae Fomiatti, Kim Toffoletti, Kiran Pienaar
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Women’s “performance and image-enhancing drug consumption” is a growing phenomenon yet remains an under-studied area of research. This essay reviews the existing literature on women’s consumption and draws on Fraser’s concept of ontopolitically-oriented research to develop an agenda for future research. Ontopolitically-oriented research applies insights from Science and Technology Studies (STS) to consider the ontological politics of research practices, that is, the realities they enact and foreclose. We argue that the current focus in the existing literature on a limited set of methods and issues risks obscuring the diverse meanings and practices of women’s substance consumption for fitness and strength-training, and genders agency in ways that further entrench assumptions of women’s vulnerability and passivity. We consider issues pertaining to the nomenclature of performance and image-enhancing drugs, the gendering of agency in formulations of “health” risks and initiation experiences, and the need to understand women’s consumption practices in relation to broader cultural changes in health optimization and digital fitness cultures. We argue that ontopolitically-oriented research into women’s substance consumption for fitness and strength-training requires greater methodological diversity and attention to the politics of data generation. It should aim to constitute women’s experiences through terms, connections and coalitions that expand our understandings of women’s agency, and the gendered and social contexts of enhancement practices.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-02-10T06:34:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509231154938
Exploring the Impacts of Rurality on Service Access and Harm Among Image
and Performance Enhancing Drug (IPED) Users in a Remote English Region
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  Authors: Luke A. Turnock, Kyle J. D. Mulrooney
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) have been highlighted in recent years as posing a potential risk to public health, with much research dedicated to exploring the use of these drugs and associated harms. While recent work has considered harm reduction for IPED users, the geographic and cultural impacts of rurality on IPED use and harms, particularly in relation to harm reduction service access, remains comparatively under-explored. Features of rurality relating to levels of economic distress, the inheritance and decline of manual labor, and rural conceptions of masculinity are important in shaping drug harms. Consequently, the “rural risk environment” for IPED users is in need of exploration. This research examines the experiences of IPED users in a remote two-county region of rural England, drawn from a multi-year ethnography and 18 qualitative interviews with IPED users, to explore the impacts of rurality and the “rural risk environment” on service access and harm (reduction) within this population. Findings highlight a number of ways in which rurality impacted on IPED users’ access to harm reduction services such as needle and syringe programs (NSP), as well as engagement with healthcare practitioners (HCP). Issues included the distances required to access services and lack of public transport between towns; the impacts of stigma in a small town context where there is little anonymity; Distrust of HCP relating to cultural mindsets and regionally derived fears regarding impacts on employment prospects, particularly military; and the impacts of rural masculinities and perceptions of the self-sufficient “real man” on help-seeking when experiencing harm. The research highlights the need to incorporate cultural geographic understandings into harm reduction policy for IPED users, and the significance of rurality on experiences of harm.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-02-10T06:34:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509231155487
Telegram as a Space for Peer-Led Harm Reduction Communities and Netreach
Interventions
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  Authors: Sara Rolando, Giulia Arrighetti, Elisa Fornero, Ombretta Farucci, Franca Beccaria
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  To date, studies of peer-led online harm reduction communities have focused on web forums, arguing that online spaces are strategic settings for both obtaining up to date information on substances and patterns of drug use and implementing new forms of outreach on the web. The present study analyzes the content and dynamics of a spontaneous users’ group on Telegram, where a team of peer workers was invited to intervene. The study’s aim was to learn more about people who use drugs’ communities on chat apps and provide insights to professionals wishing to implement harm reduction interventions in this type of environment. After obtaining the chat administrator’s permission, all content posted on the chat from March 1 to May 31, 2020, was analyzed adopting an abductive approach. It was found that peer-led communities based on a chat app are not very different from earlier web forum communities. The findings also show that the chat’s activity does not run counter to the public health perspective on drug use, provided that harm reduction is recognized and accepted as an important and effective strategy, and that people who use drugs are quite open to dialog and discussion with professionals who adopt the non-judgmental peer-to-peer approach typical of outreach interventions. Such an approach can be successful in gaining the attention and trust of people who use drugs, thereby boosting their spontaneous harm reduction attitudes.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-01-18T12:38:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221145196
Moral Economies of Care and Women Who Use Drugs in Ukraine
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  Authors: Jill Owczarzak, Sarah D. Phillips, Amy Allen, Polina Alpatova, Tatyana Zub, Alyona Mazhnaya, Olga Filippova
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  This article analyzes interviews with women who use drugs in Ukraine to understand the care conundrum they face as members of a stigmatized group. In the interviews, the women sought to position themselves as deserving and needing care as members of a vulnerable category—sometimes as women who use drugs or people living with HIV, but also as mothers—yet also themselves capable of providing care for others. We examine how women who use drugs in Ukraine navigate a moral economy of care involving judgments about deservedness and social worth, the obligatory nature of care, and expectations for reciprocity. For programs for women who use drugs to be successful, they must acknowledge and engage with the moral economies of care in which these women operate. We offer recommendations for how health and social service providers can better meet the unique needs of women who use drugs.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-01-05T09:16:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221147739
“Do You Need Someone to Share With'”: Exchange and Demand Sharing
in Social Cannabis Supply
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  Authors: Marie Højlund Bræmer, Thomas Friis Søgaard
  First page: 46
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Social supply plays a key role in bottom level cannabis markets. In outlining how social supply of cannabis differs from commercial market exchange, existing studies have argued that social supply is typically driven by two cultural logics: reciprocal gift-giving and sharing. Importantly, researchers have depicted sharing as a sub-version of a more generalized pattern of reciprocation and/or described sharing as a type of transfer that is motivated by altruism on the part of the giver. However, in this article, we argue that if we are to develop a more nuanced understanding of the sharing aspects of social supply, we need a more refined understanding of sharing. Based on interviews with 38 young cannabis users from Denmark, this article draws on recent anthropological theories of sharing and the concept of “demand sharing” in demonstrating how social cannabis supply is driven both by reciprocal logics, but also by hitherto overlooked sharing logics that cannot easily be captured by the categories reciprocity or altruism. More specifically, we analyze the important role played by receivers in facilitating sharing processes. We outline how diverse “receiver demands” are often the precondition for creating the social pressure that leads those who have, to allow others to take. In this way, this article contributes to a more detailed understanding of the complex transfer processes fueling social supply of illicit drugs.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-01-03T10:12:34Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221146794
“Bounded Equity: The Limits of Economic Models of Social Justice in
Cannabis Legislation”
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  Authors: Katherine Hendy, Amanda I. Mauri, Melissa Creary
  First page: 121
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Social equity provisions in cannabis legislation are premised on the hope that the profit generated around adult-use cannabis can be leveraged to ameliorate the damage done by racially biased enforcement of prohibition in black and brown communities. As such, they encapsulate an attempt to reconcile the history of racism in the enforcement of cannabis law through its new future as a profit generating commodity. These programs are gaining traction, but with minimal empirical examination. The development and implementation of these programs raises a number of questions in need of study that we outline in this paper. We argue that Creary’s concept of bounded justice—which critiques the inherent limitations of social justice projects that ignore structural forms of social exclusion—can provide a framework for critical understanding of the limitations of such programs, ethnographically grounded empirical research, and a framework for evaluating the justice impacts of legislation. Specifically, we argue that in order to interrogate the possibilities for social justice projects around cannabis, we must address equity at a deeper level by working with communities to investigate hyper-localized and historical factors that have influenced systems and structures.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2023-01-13T10:42:18Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221147133
“Sober Message to Parents”: Representations of Parents in Australian
News Media on Youth Drinking
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  Authors: Megan Cook, Gabriel Caluzzi, Amy Pennay
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Traditional news media can both reflect and shape public perceptions, including expectations relating to alcohol and parenting. This paper examines representations of parents in Australian news media reporting on youth drinking to understand how parental standards related to alcohol are constructed and articulated. 150 news articles were sampled from a larger study of youth drinking, in which we identified four representations of parents—parents as to blame, good parents, parents as lost and parents as victims. These four representations of parents reflect dominant neoliberal ways of governing, which promote parental education, best practice standards and responsibility as solutions to concerns around youth drinking. We examine the way politicians, research findings and legal directives (most commonly secondary supply laws) were deployed to attribute parental responsibility and standards of care. While parents as “to blame” or as irresponsible was concretely established in the articles, good parents were far more elusive and strategically individualized in ways that abdicated responsibility from the state, industry and structural burdens. As such, while media representations were able to define and moralize bad parents and parenting practices when it came to youth drinking, what it meant to be a “good parent” was often an ambiguous ideal. We suggest these media representations contribute to intensive parenting standards by providing another platform in which parental behaviors can be publicly scrutinized and moralized.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-12-26T05:50:34Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221147047
PWUD Experiences of Criminal Justice Reform: Enduring Tensions Between
Policing and Harm Reduction in Baltimore, MD
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  Authors: Katherine H. A. Footer, Glenna J. Urquhart, Bradley Silberzahn, Saba Rouhani, Noelle P. Weicker, Jill Owczarzak, Ju Nyeong Park, Miles Morris, Susan G. Sherman
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  In this paper we explore people who use drugs (PWUD) perceptions and experiences of drug-related law enforcement in a major U.S. city. Maryland recently implemented several harm reduction policies/interventions aiming to improve PWUD-police relationships, such as the Good Samaritan Law (GSL), intended to avoid criminalizing police encounters with PWUD in cases of overdose. PWUD, though most impacted by these efforts, are seldom included in the decision making process. Data collection occurred in Baltimore City, a majority-Black city with a history of structural racism, where high overdose fatalities necessitate collaborative interventions, but where over-policing and abusive practices have generated widespread community mistrust of police. Between October 2018 and December 2019, we conducted in-depth interviews with 20 PWUD in Baltimore City to understand their perspectives of policing and its impact on harm reduction practices (specifically willingness to seek overdose assistance) in the context of the GSL. PWUD reported ongoing police mistrust, which impacted their harm reduction practices and experiences of laws such as the GSL. Results question whether police, as first responders to overdose, can ever avoid criminalizing the encounter. Findings intend to guide future public health-law enforcement collaboration efforts in the context of the current de-policing debate.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-11-18T12:10:44Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221136913
Between Care and Control: Examining Surveillance Practices in Harm
Reduction
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  Authors: Liam Michaud, Emily van der Meulen, Adrian Guta
  First page: 3
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  As harm reduction programs and services proliferate, people who use drugs (PWUD) are increasingly subjected to surveillance through the collection of their personal information, systematic observation, and other means. The data generated from these practices are frequently repurposed across various institutional sites for clinical, evaluative, epidemiological, and administrative uses. Rationales provided for increased surveillance include the more effective provision of care, service optimization, risk stratification, and efficiency in resource allocation. With this in mind, our reflective essay draws on empirical analysis of work within harm reduction services and movements to reflect critically on the impacts and implications of surveillance expansion. While we argue that many surveillance practices are not inherently problematic or harmful, the unchecked expansion of surveillance under a banner of health and harm reduction may contribute to decreased uptake of services, rationing and conditionalities tied to service access, the potential deepening of health disparities amongst some PWUD, and an overlay of health and criminal-legal systems. In this context, surveillance relies on the enlistment of a range of therapeutic actors and reflects the permeable boundary between care and control. We thus call for a broader critical dialogue within harm reduction on the problems and potential impacts posed by surveillance in service settings, the end to data sharing of health information with law enforcement and other criminal legal actors, and deference to the stated need among PWUD for meaningful anonymity when accessing harm reduction and health services.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-09-30T11:14:22Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221128598
Overpoliced and Underrepresented: Perspectives on Cannabis Legalization
From Members of Racialized Communities in Canada
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  Authors: Jessica L. Wiese, Tara Marie Watson, Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, Elaine Hyshka, Samantha Wells, Margaret Robinson, Tara Elton-Marshall, Sergio Rueda
  First page: 25
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Historically, overpolicing of some racialized and Indigenous groups in Canada has resulted in unequal application of drug laws contributing to disproportionate rates of charges and convictions in these populations. Criminal records severely and negatively impact an individual’s life and can perpetuate cycles of poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage. On October 17, 2018, Canada legalized cannabis production, distribution, sale, and possession for non-medical purposes. Advocates of criminal justice reform have raised concerns that Indigenous and racialized people may not equitably benefit from legalization due to unequal police surveillance and drug enforcement. These groups are among priority populations for research on cannabis and mental health, but their views on cannabis regulation have been largely absent from research and policy-making. To address this gap, we asked self-identified members of these communities about their lived experiences and perspectives on cannabis legalization in Canada. Between September 2018 and July 2019, we conducted semistructured interviews and focus groups with 37 individuals in Québec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. During this phase of early cannabis legalization, participants responded to questions about anticipated public health risks and benefits of legalization, how their jurisdiction is responding to legalization, and what community resources would be needed to address legalization impacts. We conducted a thematic analysis and identified five major themes in the data related to race and early cannabis legalization: overpolicing of racialized communities, severity of penalties in new cannabis legislation, increased police powers, and underrepresentation of racialized groups in the legal cannabis market and in cannabis research. Participants discussed opportunities to support cannabis justice, including establishing priority licenses, issuing pardons or expunging criminal records, and reinvesting cannabis revenue into impacted communities. This work begins to address the paucity of Indigenous and racialized voices in cannabis research and identifies potential solutions to injustices of cannabis prohibition.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-12-05T08:59:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221142156
“You Are You, But You Are Also Your Profession”: Nebulous Boundaries
of Personal Substance Use
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  Authors: Niki Kiepek, Christine Ausman
  First page: 63
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  This paper explores Canadian professionals’ engagement in licit, illicit, and pharmaceutical substance use, their perspectives on what constitutes professional misconduct and conduct unbecoming in relation to substance use, and the dilemmas they face around self-disclosure in the context of professional regulation and social expectations. The study involved semi-structured, dialogical interviews with n = 52 professionals. Key findings are: (i) professionals do indeed use and have a history of using licit, illicit, and pharmaceutical substances, (ii) there is lack of consensus about expectations for professional conduct of substance use in one’s private life and an apparent lack of knowledge about legislation, jurisdiction of regulatory bodies, workplace policy, and workplace rights, and (iii) professionals use high discretion about personal disclosure of substance use to mitigate risk to public reputation and professional standing. Given the real potential for negative consequences associated with self-disclosure of substance use, professionals modify their use to be more consistent with perceived social standards and/or protect knowledge about their use from public disclosure. This can perpetuate assumptions that substance use by professionals is “unbecoming” and risks basing decisions and policies on incomplete and inadequate knowledge. Societally, classist ideologies that position professionals as distinct from non-professionals are reified.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-10-25T01:03:18Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221132301
“The Challenge Is That Steroids Are So Effective”: A Qualitative Study
of Experts’ Views on Strategies to Prevent Men’s Use of Anabolic
Steroids
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  Authors: Anders Schmidt Vinther
  First page: 85
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Despite persistent efforts in many countries to prevent the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs), very little is known about effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to explore experts’ views on strategies to prevent AAS use in the context of recreational strength training in gyms. The study builds on in-depth interviews with 46 researchers and practitioners from 15 countries, whose main area of expertise is IPED use, prevention and education in physical activity settings (IPED experts). Participants were asked about their views on AAS use prevention and what intervention strategies may be effective in preventing this behavior. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis in accordance with recommendations for this technique. The findings showed that the IPED experts generally agree that some, but not all, instances of AAS use can be prevented through targeted prevention in gyms. They pointed to three key priorities for AAS use prevention in gyms: (1) make the case for drug-free training, (2) promote safe and effective ways to enhance muscularity, and (3) attempt to change the physical and social environment in the gym to make the training milieu less conducive to AAS use. Importantly, however, none of the experts were able to pinpoint any specific behavior change strategies that have proven effective.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-10-06T10:28:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221129300
The Social, Material, and Temporal Effects of Monthly Extended-Release
Buprenorphine Depot Treatment for Opioid Dependence: An Australian
Qualitative Study
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  Authors: Kari Lancaster, Sandra Gendera, Carla Treloar, Tim Rhodes, Jeyran Shahbazi, Marianne Byrne, Louisa Degenhardt, Michael Farrell
  First page: 105
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Aims:This study examined the social, material and temporal effects of extended-release buprenorphine depot treatment (BUP-XR), among a group of participants commencing BUP-XR in Australia, and considered the situated potentials of these new opioid agonist treatment technologies.Methods:Using a longitudinal qualitative design, 36 participants (25 men, 11 women; mean age 44 years) were interviewed, with 32 followed-up, to generate accounts of BUP-XR experiences. Analysis was informed by sociological approaches which attend to the multiple effects of novel health interventions as they are put to use and made to work, with a focus on tracing change over time.Analysis:The shift from daily to monthly dosing altered how opioid agonist treatment was experienced, reconfigured participants’ relationship to treatment, and affected the temporal patterns of participants’ lives. Extending temporal relations released participants from short-term cycles of living and produced different forms of subjectivity, bringing about both transformation and loss. Monthly dosing, and a sense of normalcy characterized by absenting the routines and felt effects of drugs or treatment medications, potentiated a feeling of stability for many participants. For some, disrupting daily routines precipitated disconnection from treatment and social care relations. The transition from daily to monthly dosing required adaptation and new ways of engaging with treatment and care, with medication acting as a bridge to care without necessarily being the focal point.Conclusions:As BUP-XR treatment gains traction internationally, it will be important to attend to the multiple, and sometimes unexpected, effects this intervention makes in the social and material lives of clients. How choice, social connection, and care can be maintained to help secure BUP-XR’s longer-term impact, and how clients can be supported to adjust to what is felt to be a new normal, will be considerations in future treatment delivery.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-11-29T08:49:00Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221140959
“Overdose Has Many Faces”: The Politics of Care in Responding to
Overdose at Sydney’s Medically Supervised Injecting Centre
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  Authors: George Christopher Dertadian, Kenneth Yates
  First page: 136
  Abstract: Contemporary Drug Problems, Ahead of Print.
  Drug consumption room literature often presents overdose as a stable phenomenon, which can be responded to in the same way from one context to the next. The literature is dominated by a clinical paradigm that implies that consumption rooms are effective because they provide sterile spaces and medical supervision, yet this is not the only way in which such services are delivered, nor is it the only component of the care provided at centers with a clinical focus. A growing body of critically oriented social science literature has highlighted the way different socio-material relations of care produce different capacities for service delivery. In order to expand the field’s understanding of care beyond an avowed a-political approach to clinical supervision, we conducted qualitative interviews with staff at Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) about how they respond to overdose. Drawing on feminist notions of the politics of care we argue that overdoses are ontologically multiple phenomena, which are enacted at MSIC in ways that are explicitly differentiated from how they are understood and responded to in more traditional clinical settings. This illustrates how a desirable clinical intervention (saving lives) is made possible at MSIC through a set of constitutive relations (and politics) of care that are aimed at more than simply ensuring the client’s heart keeps beating.
  Citation: Contemporary Drug Problems
  PubDate: 2022-10-31T07:41:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00914509221134716