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Authors:Vicente Navarro Pages: 309 - 311 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 309-311, July 2022.
Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-06-15T01:26:06Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221104544 Issue No:Vol. 52, No. 3 (2022)
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Authors:Dennis Raphael, Toba Bryant Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. Since 1996, we have been working to have Canadian governmental authorities implement health-promoting public policy that would improve the quality and equitable distribution of the social determinants of health, with rather little to show for our efforts. In this commentary, we identify seven emerging themes that can help explain our failures and point the way forward. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-06-20T04:04:57Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221109515
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Authors:Joan Benach, Carles Muntaner Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print.
Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-06-16T06:05:12Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221102882
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Authors:Sushmita Chakraborty, Upasak Das, Udayan Rathore, Prasenjit Sarkhel Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. In this paper, we study the incidence of COVID-19 and the associated fatality with altitude using high frequency, district level data from India. To understand the implications of the nationwide lockdown after the outbreak, we use data for about four months- two from the lockdown period starting from March 25 till May 31, 2020 and about two months after unlocking was initiated (June 1-July 26, 2020). The multivariate regression result indicates slower growth in average rate of infection during the lockdown period in hilly regions, the gains of which attenuated after the unlocking was initiated. Despite these early gains, the rate of fatalities is significantly higher during the lockdown period in comparison to the plains. The findings remain robust to multiple alternative specifications and methods including one that accounts for confounding possibilities via unobservable and provides consistent estimates of bias adjusted treatment effects. The evidence supports the need for provisioning of public health services and infrastructure upgradation, especially maintenance of adequate stock of life support devices, in high altitude regions. It also underscores the necessity for strengthening and revising the existing Hill Areas Development Programme and integrating important aspects of public health as part of this policy. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-06-06T05:00:54Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221104887
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Authors:Kewoba Carter, Claudia Chaufan Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. Since its foundation in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, soon renamed the World Bank (hereafter, “the Bank”), has shifted its initial goal of reconstructing post-World War II Europe to promoting economic development and alleviating poverty in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Bank assistance is provided through loans awarded to countries that agree to policy changes that the Bank deems necessary to achieve its stated goals. Bank policies—dubbed Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and, over time, superseded by Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers—have been criticized for not only failing to ameliorate underdevelopment and poverty, but for exacerbating both. The most recent Bank approach to development and poverty alleviation, the Systematic Diagnostic Reports (SDR), attempts to address these criticisms. We appraise the SDR for six Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). All share daunting economic and social challenges, including an ongoing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We argue that, contrary to the Bank's claims, these challenges will continue under, and may even be exacerbated by, the policies the Report demands, and we elaborate on their implications for NCDs in the OECS and for social and health equity in the region. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-05-16T02:13:41Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221100322
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Authors:Amanda Nguyen, Alexandra Guttentag, Diane Li, Jeroen van Meijgaard First page: 312 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. Due to the nature of health insurance in the United States, health care utilization is often tied to economic conditions, at both the individual and aggregate levels. This article examines how loss of employment may reduce medication adherence through the subsequent loss of insurance and income. At the individual level, the loss of employer-sponsored insurance is shown to be associated with lower prescription drug use and higher out-of-pocket expenditures. The rapid increase in unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic provides a natural experiment to estimate the causal relationship between unemployment and prescription drug use at the aggregate level. In total, the growth in unemployment during the pandemic resulted in a 2.6% reduction in medication adherence and 57.5 million fewer prescriptions filled in 2020, with prescriptions declining for many chronic conditions. Unemployment-related reductions in prescription fills and medication adherence were highest in states without expanded Medicaid eligibility, further underscoring the importance of social safety nets such as Medicaid during times of economic hardship. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-02-15T05:44:21Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221078749
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Authors:Mohammed Al-Kassim Hassan, Sani Aliyu First page: 323 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. The development of COVID-19 vaccines was a landmark in the current efforts to contain the global pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, vaccine rollout and inoculation campaigns continue to progress steadily across the globe. However, “skewed” rollout, or the inequitable or delayed access to the vaccines encountered particularly by low-income countries in Africa, remains a source of great concern. This may negatively affect the continent and could lead to increased transmission, travel restrictions, further economic disruptions, and increased morbidity and mortality. Ultimately, these negative consequences could directly or indirectly hamper global efforts to defeat the pandemic. Access to COVID-19 vaccines is a global priority and provides a source of hope to bring the pandemic under control. High-income nations, national governments, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders must support the World Health Organization's COVAX initiative to ensure fair, rapid and equitable distribution of the vaccines to countries, irrespective of income level. This effort will rapidly bring the pandemic under control and impact the recovery of the global economy. Low-income nations in Africa must significantly invest in research, health care, vaccines, and drug development and must remain proactive in preparing against future pandemics. This review examines the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccines with a focus on Africa. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-04-26T07:05:11Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221096365
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Authors:Juleimar Soares Coelho de Amorim, Giulianna Ornellas, Peter Lloyd-Sherlock, Daniele Sirineu Pereira, Alexandre da Silva, Etienne Duim, Camila Astolphi Lima, Monica Rodrigues Perracini First page: 330 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. The objective of this study was to analyze changes in access to health interventions during the pandemic among Brazilian older adults and to investigate the factors associated with social and health inequalities. We conducted an online survey with Brazilian adults aged 60 + years between May and June 2020. A multidimensional questionnaire was used to investigate access to health interventions during the pandemic and associated factors. Of 1482 participants, 56.5% reported health care before the pandemic, and 36.4% discontinued it during the pandemic. The discontinuation rate was 64.4% (95% CI 61.1-67.6). Participants with higher educational level (nine or more years of education: OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.17-0.70) and higher income (eight or more times the minimum wage: OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.36-0.81) were associated with less probability of discontinuation. Presenting multimorbidity (OR: 1.42; 95% CI 1.06-1.90) and polypharmacy (OR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.46-0.81) were associated with discontinuity in health interventions. Our study showed that structural health inequities in access to health care shaped the rates of discontinuation in health care interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategic actions should be set up to actively monitor socially vulnerable older adults and strengthen community-based services to mitigate the discontinuation of health care interventions. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-04-11T02:26:31Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221092354
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Authors:Joel Lexchin First page: 341 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. In March 2022, the New Democratic Party (NDP), Canada's social democratic party, and the centrist Liberal government signed a supply and confidence agreement. In return for the NDP agreeing to vote with the government on all crucial issues until June 2025, the Liberals pledged to bring in both pharmacare and dental care programs. Pharmacare, universal public insurance coverage for prescription drugs, had been promised for more than 50 years but never implemented, while public dental care was an almost completely neglected issue. This article explains the long genesis of pharmacare, the need for public dental care, and the political circumstances that led to the agreement. However, at this point, details about both plans are largely absent. As a result, how well those plans will serve the needs of Canadians is yet to be determined. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-05-10T06:28:10Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221100654
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Authors:Dylan Pashley, Piotr Ozieranski, Shai Mulinari First page: 347 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. Pharmaceutical companies regularly fund patient organizations. It is important for patient organizations’ credibility that there be transparency regarding this financial support. In Europe, the pharmaceutical industry promises to deliver transparency through self-regulation, as opposed to legally binding provisions, but self-regulation's effectiveness is contested. We compared the industry's transparency of funding in four Nordic countries that, given their general reputation for high transparency, offered a critical test of self-regulation's ability to deliver on its transparency promise. For 2017–2019, we compared: national rules regarding funding disclosure; disclosure practices as evidenced by the availability, accessibility, and format of company transparency reports; and disclosure data, including payment descriptions and sums. Transparency problems differed in kind and magnitude between countries. In Norway and Finland, unlike in Sweden and Denmark, data on funding were difficult to access and analyze and sometimes seemed incomplete or missing. We explain that a key factor allowing for country differences is the freedom given to a country's pharmaceutical industry trade associations to form self-regulatory rules, provided they do not fall below the weak, European-level minimum requirements. Transparency could be improved by aligning rules and practices with the FAIR data principles: that is, corporate disclosures should be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-03-01T03:15:32Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221083871
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Authors:Paul Sorum, Christopher Stein, Danielle Wales, David Pratt First page: 363 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. The process of developing and marketing new pharmaceuticals in the United States is driven by a need to maximize returns to shareholders. This results all too often in the production of new medications that are expensive and of marginal value to patients and society. In line with our heightened awareness of the importance of social justice and public health—and in light of our government‘s alliance with private companies in bringing us COVID-19 vaccines—we need to reconsider how new pharmaceuticals are developed and distributed. Accordingly, we propose the creation of a new agency of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that would direct the whole process. This agency would fund the research and development of high-value medications, closely monitor the clinical studies of these new drugs, and manage their distribution at prices that are value-based, fair, and equitable. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-05-12T12:51:42Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221100647
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Authors:Daniel C. Bryant First page: 410 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. When considering proposed reforms of the U.S. health care system, some physicians dismiss the single-payer model (Medicare for All or state-based universal health care proposals) out of concern that their reimbursement and thus their income would be reduced. This study is an effort to quantitate that concern in the case of state-based plans and, in so doing, to suggest a template for evaluating the financial consequences for physicians of single-payer health care reform in general. To put the data into concrete, practical terms, I envision a hypothetical primary care physician's practice and develop its plausible financial components in the present multi-payer system and in five proposed state-based, single-payer systems. The calculations reveal that in all five single-payer plans evaluated, the hypothetical physician's Total Net Income (take-home pay) would exceed that in the current multi-payer system. Whether these results apply to actual practices or not, they suggest that, when considering the financial impact of single-payer reform on their practices, physicians should consider all the financial consequences of such reform, not just the proposed reimbursement level. More quantitative analyses of these important financial variables in different practice settings must be pursued. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2022-05-23T05:54:28Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314221096364
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Authors:Christian Ortega-Loubon, Gema Ruiz López del Prado, María F. Muñoz-Moreno, Esther Gómez-Sánchez, Rocío López-Herrero, Belén Sánchez-Quirós, Mario Lorenzo-Lopez, Estefanía Gómez-Pesquera, Pablo Jorge-Monjas, Juan Bustamante-Munguira, F. Javier Álvarez, Salvador Resino, Eduardo Tamayo, María Heredia-Rodríguez Pages: 383 - 391 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 383-391, July 2022. Economic recession has dire consequences on overall health. None have explored the impact of economic crisis (EC) on infective endocarditis (IE) mortality. We conducted a retrospective, nationwide, temporal trend study analyzing mortality trends by age, sex, and adverse outcomes in patients diagnosed with IE in Spain from 1997 to 2014. Data were divided into two subperiods: pre-EC (January 1997-August 2008) and post-EC (September 2008-December 2014). A total of 25 952 patients presented with IE. The incidence increased from 301.4 to 365.1 per 10 000 000 habitants, and the mortality rate rose from 24.3% to 28.4%. Those aged>75 years experienced more adverse outcomes. Complications due to sepsis, shock, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, and heart failure increased after the EC onset, and expenditures soared to €16 216. Expenditure per community was related to mortality (P Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2021-04-29T11:09:18Z DOI: 10.1177/00207314211012357 Issue No:Vol. 52, No. 3 (2021)
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Authors:Dae-Won Kim, Beom-Jin Lee Pages: 372 - 382 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 372-382, July 2022. This study aimed to verify, for the first time, the need for Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) regulations as guidelines to provide pharmaceutical care services in community pharmacies in Korea. Statistical analyses were performed with demographic characteristics, institutional factors, and diversity factors of 3 pharmaceutical care services as independent variables and the favorability of GPP implementation as a dependent variable. In assessing the diversity of methods of providing pharmaceutical care services as an indicator of willingness to provide these services, this study understood such diversity as an innovative behavior that represents the efforts and willingness of pharmacists to provide better services. The results of descriptive statistics showed that most pharmacists in community pharmacy recognize that guidelines are necessary to provide better pharmaceutical care services. The statistical correlation analysis results confirmed that a greater need for guidelines was strongly related to higher GPP favorability. The institutional factors had the greatest influence on GPP favorability, rather than diversity factors of pharmaceutical care services, ultimately with the Korean perspectives to equate the GPP with the guidelines for pharmaceutical care services. Our study confirmed that it is a wish and a policy task of community pharmacists in Korea to enact GPP as soon as possible. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2020-07-14T03:35:10Z DOI: 10.1177/0020731420941459 Issue No:Vol. 52, No. 3 (2020)
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Authors:María Elena Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Álvaro Sanz Rubiales, Luis Alberto Flores Pérez, María Luisa Del-Valle Rivero, Rosa María Simó-Martínez Pages: 392 - 399 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 392-399, July 2022. In Spain, health competencies are decentralized, and each autonomous community implements its own plans. Our aim is to determine if the existence of regional palliative care plans implies an improvement in health care coverage. We reviewed regional palliative care plans published in Spain and analyzed the following variables: number and profile of palliative care resources, guidelines and objectives of implementation of resources of these plans, and compliance with European standards. The publication of regional plans is associated with an increase in specific resources in the following years. From 2004 to 2009, the implementation of plans in 6 autonomous communities was associated with an increase in palliative care resources compared to those without a strategy (odds ratio: 1.58, P = .02) or with a settled plan (odds ratio: 1.40, P = .07). The same phenomenon was observed between 2009 and 2015 in 4 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities compared with those without a strategy (odds ratio: 2.49, P = .001) and those that implemented a plan before 2009 (odds ratio: 2.62, P Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2020-02-24T04:33:24Z DOI: 10.1177/0020731420905953 Issue No:Vol. 52, No. 3 (2020)
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Authors:Andrés Cernadas Ramos, Bran Barral Buceta, Ángela Fernández da Silva, Ramón Bouzas -Lorenzo, Ana Garaikoetxea Iturriria Pages: 400 - 409 Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 400-409, July 2022. eHealth has grown significantly over the last decade. The aim of this study was to determine the level of use of information and communication technologies for health care in Spain and identify the main barriers to development. We used a qualitative study based on data obtained from 8 Spanish autonomous communities through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with key informants in eHealth management and planning. Programs present varying degrees of implementation. Services such as electronic prescriptions, digital medical records, and appointment requests via the Internet are advanced and widespread; others, such as digital imaging, are advanced but not fully deployed; and some, such as telecare programs, are experimental. The study also revealed diverse levels of interoperability and barriers to the expansion of these technologies, which can be classified into 4 fields: technological, organizational, human, and economic. eHealth might evolve more slowly in the coming years. Unless the payoff is clearly seen, major budget cuts in the current economic climate will prevent the implementation of new projects. Programs that help reduce health spending are more likely to be implemented, to the detriment of projects involving simple techniques or even clear health care improvements. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2020-04-02T01:13:55Z DOI: 10.1177/0020731420914836 Issue No:Vol. 52, No. 3 (2020)
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Authors:Qinyu E, Osamu Sakura Abstract: International Journal of Health Services, Ahead of Print. This study provides an insight into medical journalism practice by examining how news media have framed who is responsible for causing and solving the growing problem of medical disputes in Mainland China. We identified responsibility-attribution information presented in 490 news articles about medical disputes published in the People’s Daily, Health News, and Southern Metropolis Daily between 2012 and 2017. Our data reveal that, mentions of personal causes have significantly outnumbered those of societal causes. Specifically, health workers were discussed most often as being responsible for the occurrence of medical disputes. In terms of how to solve the problem, the media were focusing heavily on societal-level efforts, while post-event solutions were addressed more frequently than preventative actions. City press was less likely to discuss societal causes and solution suggestions compared with party press and professional newspapers. In the conclusion, we discussed the potential consequences of such framing patterns, and how media professionals can be meaningfully engaged in the future reporting on public health problems. Citation: International Journal of Health Services PubDate: 2020-07-16T07:25:32Z DOI: 10.1177/0020731420940957
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