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Abstract: Abstract Combining frameworks from both migration studies and psychology, this study examines the factors that have contributed to refugees’ resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Lesbos, Greece. Twenty-three in-depth interviews were conducted with refugees and international humanitarian actors and subsequently analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Ten key protective factors are presented, operating at the individual, interpersonal, and community levels. These factors encompass behavioral and cognitive factors at the individual level, as well as social support and community resources such as self-organization, self-advocacy, and organizational support. Our analysis, informed by a multisystemic framework of resilience, revealed that these factors are fundamentally interconnected and shaped by the institutional macrosystem. The broader social, political, and built environment plays a critical role, either facilitating or impeding resilience, sometimes resulting in protective factors causing harm. This paper offers insights into how intensified containment affects access to resilience-enhancing resources. PubDate: 2024-07-29
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Abstract: Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns led to high psychological stress for many adolescents and young adults, which may have contributed to increased depressive symptoms. We aimed to determine if benefit-finding, a cognitive-based coping strategy, was associated with lower depressive symptoms early in the pandemic, and if associations between different types of stress and depressive symptoms depended on the level of benefit-finding that high school and university students reported using. Hypotheses were tested using online survey data in May 2020 during stay-at-home restrictions. The high school sample (N = 651; M = 16.2 years) included students from three US urban high schools, and the university sample (N = 437; M = 26.6 years) included undergraduate and graduate students at a mid-size private urban university. Participants self-reported COVID-19-specific psychological and financial stress, benefit-finding, and depressive symptoms. In both samples, higher psychological stress, higher financial stress, and lower benefit-finding were associated with higher depressive symptoms. In the university sample only, those reporting high benefit-finding showed lower psychological stress and depressive symptoms. Benefit-finding did not moderate associations between financial stress and depressive symptoms in either sample. Benefit-finding was associated with lower depressive symptoms generally, suggesting a potential benefit for this strategy regardless of stress level for high school and university students. Benefit-finding may have helped buffer the association between high levels of psychological stress related to the pandemic and depressive symptoms, but only for university students. Finally, benefit-finding appeared less beneficial for buffering against high depressive symptoms in the context of high financial stress in both samples. PubDate: 2024-07-15
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Abstract: Abstract Research indicates that when examining later adulthood well-being, it is essential to consider not only the absence of adverse childhood experiences but also the presence of positive ones. This research aims to examine the relationship between benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs), psychological resilience, and life satisfaction in young adults. We collected data from 446 participants from 21 universities across Turkey via online forms. Participants self-reported their BCEs, life satisfaction, and psychological resilience. Structural equation modeling is used to test the study hypotheses. Results indicate that resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between BCEs and life satisfaction (indirect effect = .011, 95% CI [.0039, .0210]). Considering the findings, we recommend assessing BCEs and psychological resilience along with adverse childhood experiences to monitor later adulthood well-being in students. PubDate: 2024-07-11
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Abstract: Abstract Growing evidence has highlighted the global mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, particularly in societies with pre-existing socioeconomic adversities and public health concerns. Despite the sudden and prolonged nature of many psychosocial stressors during the pandemic, recent studies have shown that communities utilized several coping mechanisms to buffer the mental health consequences of COVID-related stress. This paper examines the extent to which coping resources and social support buffered against the mental health effects of COVID-19 psychosocial stress among adults in South Africa. Adult participants (n = 117) completed an online survey during the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa (January–July 2021), which assessed experiences of stress, coping resources, social support, and four mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder. Moderation analyses examined the potential buffering role of coping resources and social support against the mental health effects of COVID-19 stress. Adults reported elevated rates of psychiatric symptoms. Coping resources buffered against the poor mental health effects of COVID-19 psychosocial stress, whereas perceived social support did not significantly moderate the association between COVID-19 stress and adult mental health. These results suggest that adults in our sample utilized a variety of coping resources to protect their mental health against psychosocial stress experienced during the COVID-19 lockdown and pandemic in South Africa. Additionally, existing mental health conditions and strained social relationships may have attenuated the potential stress-buffering effect of perceived social support on adult mental health. PubDate: 2024-07-10
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Abstract: Abstract Growing evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) significantly threaten sojourners' well-being, depriving them of adaptive strategies to mitigate the negative influences. However, research examining social dysfunctions, such as social anxiety resulting from compromised well-being due to ACEs, remains limited. This study investigate how subjective well-being may mediate the relationship between ACEs and social anxiety among diverse groups of sojourners in China. Utilizing structural equation modeling, this study analyzed data from 470 sojourners in China to assess the direct effects of ACEs on social anxiety and whether subjective well-being mediates this relationship.The findings revealed that ACEs were not directly associated with social anxiety (β = 0.101, p = 0.089). However, ACEs were found to negatively impact subjective well-being (β = -0.483, p < 0.001). Additionally, subjective well-being was negatively associated with social anxiety (β = -0.268, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of subjective well-being correspond to lower levels of social anxiety. The study identified a full mediation effect, demonstrating that when ACEs diminish sojourners' subjective well-being, social anxiety tends to increase (β = 0.129, SE = 0.038, CI = [0.072, 0.198], p < 0.01), confirming the enervating effects of ACEs on social anxiety regardless of subjective well-being. No significant gender disparities were observed in the interrelationships among ACEs, subjective well-being, and social anxiety. Outcomes varied among students, expatriates, and business owners based on the model. Support and interventions should consider ACEs as risk factors for low subjective well-being, which can lead to social dysfunctions such as social anxiety. Addressing these factors is crucial for improving the overall well-being of sojourners. PubDate: 2024-07-08
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Abstract: Abstract Ample evidence demonstrates that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with disruptive family adjustment and heightened early adolescent internalizing symptoms. The current study used a diverse sample of 259 female caregivers and early adolescents (ages 11–14) to examine the association between caregiver proactive coping, caregiver perceived stress, adaptive caregiver personality, and early adolescent internalizing symptoms. We tested whether (1) caregiver perceived stress (as an indirect effect) could explain the relationship between caregiver proactive coping and early adolescent internalizing symptoms, and (2) adaptive caregiver personality moderated the indirect effect. Moderation-mediation results revealed (1) caregiver perceived stress was a significant indirect effect in the relationship between female proactive coping and early adolescent internalizing symptoms; (2) adaptive caregiver personality moderated the indirect effect. For caregivers with lower adaptive caregiver personality, the magnitude of the indirect effect became larger. These results highlight the interplay between caregiver proactive coping, caregiver stress, and adaptive caregiver personality on adolescent internalizing symptoms. PubDate: 2024-07-06
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Abstract: Abstract The present study aims to explore the associations between current adverse experiences, self-care behaviors, and depressive symptoms among emerging adults who are university students. Guided by the concept of “thriving” (O’Leary & Ickovics, 1995), a strength-based perspective is adopted to examine undergraduates’ adverse experiences (conceptually similar to adverse childhood experiences), self-care behaviors, and depressive symptoms. The study’s main hypothesis is that self-care behaviors have a mediating role between current adverse experiences and depressive symptoms. Study results, based on data gathered via an online survey from 380 university students, indicated that higher levels of current adverse experiences were related to lower levels of physical and psychological self-care behaviors and higher levels of depressive symptoms. Only physical self-care behaviors mediated the association between current adverse experiences and depressive symptoms. This research contributes to the field by considering how physical self-care behaviors may help emerging adults thrive despite their current adverse experiences. PubDate: 2024-07-04
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Abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the way British Pakistani women speak about resilience during the COVID-19 adversity. It draws upon in-depth narrative interviews with 13 British Pakistani women, aged between 38 and 69. The analysis is grounded in the Resilience Portfolio Model developed by Grych and colleagues. The Resilience Portfolio Model proposes that each individual has a unique “portfolio” of strengths and protective factors which consists of “assets” (regulatory strengths, interpersonal strengths, and meaning-making strengths) and resources available to individuals. Just like many people across the globe, women were impacted by the pandemic in different ways; nevertheless, they maintained resilience through regulatory behaviours of walking and enjoying nature, engaging in praying, and reading the Quran. Women invested in positive relationships that supported the development of social capital within their community and allowed them to connect with others in meaningful and reciprocal ways. Their religious beliefs and identity not only were key in their ability to make sense of the pandemic but also promoted a sense of belonging which enabled them to engage with their community resources. Findings show that women’s assets worked in tandem with their resources to promote their overall wellbeing during the COVID-19 adversity. This highlights the need for practitioners to combine individual “strengths” and community resources when developing preventative and responsive interventions for ethnic minority women who have experienced adversity and for policy initiatives to consider recreational resources that help to minimise isolation in ethnic minority communities. PubDate: 2024-06-28
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Abstract: Abstract Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to impact mental health. Risk associated with ACEs is commonly estimated based on counts from the conventional ACE types, but ACEs may not all carry the same health risk, either individually or in combination. Evidence is needed to understand the health impact of different ACE types and combinations of ACE types. We aimed to assess variation in risk of mental illness diagnosis and severe psychological distress in young adulthood based on differences in exposure to individual ACEs and combinations of ACEs, which can improve precision of ACE-based risk assessment. We used data from six waves of the Transition to Adulthood Supplement (2007–2017; n = 1832 young adults ages 18–28) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We used logistic regression with cluster-robust variation estimation to test associations between each ACE, pairwise combinations of ACEs, and outcomes including new or existing mental illness diagnoses and severe psychological distress. Individual ACEs associated with greatest risk for new or existing mental illness diagnoses and severe psychological distress were parental mental illness and sexual abuse. Combinations of ACEs associated with greatest risk were parental mental illness-plus-sexual abuse and parental mental illness-plus-emotional neglect. ACEs associated with the lowest risk were parental substance use, physical abuse, and household violence. In this nationally representative longitudinal study of mental health outcomes in young adults, different individual and combinations of ACEs were associated with varying levels of mental health risk. This carries implications for risk assessment and ACE intervention prioritization. PubDate: 2024-06-21
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Abstract: Abstract Resilience is a process that involves positive adaptation to trauma through protective factors. How resilience differs based on race and ethnicity is less known for youths in residential treatment programs. This study collected views from culturally diverse youths in a residential program on ways they have overcome adversity. The findings were used to develop a culturally informed screen of activities related to resilience for youths in residential programs. This study included 32 youths ages 12–18 residing in a residential program; 66% were male, 34.5% White, 25% African American, 21.9% Latinx, 15.6% more than one race, and 3.1% American Indian. Youths completed resilience measures and participated in focus groups that were conducted according to race and ethnicity. Youths answered two questions: (1) What has helped you overcome some of the difficult challenges you have faced in life' (2) When you think about hard times that you have gone through, what family and community traditions have helped you' Racial and ethnic similarities and differences in the themes and activities are reported. Preliminary scale design of the resilience screen is also included. Convergence of the findings with the existing literature on youth resilience, limitations, and future directions are discussed. The study has implications for further development of a culturally informed measure of resilience for youths. PubDate: 2024-06-17
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Abstract: Abstract The purpose of this study is to empirically validate the Family Cultural Wealth Survey (FCWS) by centering Black families with young children by (1) understanding the factor structure of the FCWS; (2) examining differences by income, family structure, and parental education; and (3) exploring the validity of the tool by examining its association with parental experiences of racial discrimination and parent and child well-being. 117 socioeconomically diverse Black families with young children with an average age of 36 years were surveyed: 46% were 200% below the federal poverty level (FPL) and 21% above the 400% FPL, 47% had a B.A. degree or higher, and 75% were in two-parent households. Exploratory factor analyses, correlation, and regression analyses were conducted. Results revealed and confirmed five factors: knowledge and access to resources, supportive network and optimism for challenges, culturally sustaining traditions and practices, spiritual promoting practices, and diverse communication and connection channels. While some differences were found based on income and parental education, there were no differences by family structure. Validation analyses indicated that family cultural wealth was associated with parental experiences of discrimination and parent emotional distress but not child behavioral problems. These findings suggest that the FCWS has adequate psychometrics, making it a potential tool for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers as they ensure that programs and strategies leverage the assets of racially marginalized families. PubDate: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-024-00139-y
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Abstract: Abstract Child behavior problems (CBPs) are pressing social and developmental issues because of their short- and long-term effects on psychosocial development. Among CBPs, depression and conduct disorder stand out as two salient examples of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Guided by Ungar’s Systemic Model of Resilience, this comprehensive literature review explored the complex associations between sources of risk and resilience, with respect to their impact on the development of depression and conduct disorder during childhood and adolescence. We reviewed literature focused on risk and resilience factors related to depression and conduct disorder from a dynamic systems bioecological perspective focusing on individual, family, and community etiologic sources of influence as well as their impacts at different stages of development. We also examined the impact of first exposure to sources of risk and resilience at various age periods (children vs. adolescence) to better understand contextual changes in the individual’s social-emotional interpersonal networks, for example, the increasing role of peers and community levels of influence. Children with access to a wide range of resilient processes as well as resources and support are more likely to overcome and outgrow from risk and develop more adaptive behavior patterns than those who do not. However, simply lumping all resilient factors together to explain the protective and promotive factors and processes may obscure how each level of resilience factors promotes and protects certain types of risk factors. Hence, future studies should employ more rigorous and diversified methodological endeavors to examine the interactions of resilience across various domains. Furthermore, practitioners should develop a more comprehensive intervention across the individual, family, and community domains to enhance a child’s resilience to prevent and alleviate depression and conduct problems. PubDate: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00116-x
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Abstract: Abstract Childhood adversity undermines children’s positive adaptation, including engagement in prosocial behaviors that benefit others. However, children’s capacity to make meaning of challenging experiences in a balanced and organized manner (i.e., narrative coherence) may contribute to better-than-expected psychosocial outcomes in the context of adversity. This multi-informant longitudinal study tested whether children’s narrative coherence at age 6 predicted better-than-expected prosocial outcomes at age 8 in the wake of early childhood adversity exposure from birth to age 4 (i.e., prosocial resilience) in a sample of 250 children (50% female sex assigned at birth, 46% Latine). Using a standardized residual approach, children’s narrative coherence predicted better-than-expected prosocial outcomes relative to the overarching negative effect of early childhood adversity on prosocial behavior in middle childhood. This study suggests that children’s ability to process difficult life events in a way that is balanced, accurate, and open to modification contributes to their prosocial resilience in the wake of early adversity. PubDate: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00123-y
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Abstract: Abstract This study investigated whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) were associated with predictions of one’s future emotional states (affective forecasting) and future events (event prediction) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that adults’ higher ACEs and lower BCEs would be independently associated with adults’ (a) more negative affective forecasting and (b) predictions that the pandemic would last longer. Participants were undergraduate and graduate students (N = 502) who completed online questionnaires in May 2020 about ACEs and BCEs, current mental health, and experiences during and predictions about the COVID-19 pandemic. Results indicated that adults reporting more BCEs reported less affective forecasting of negative emotions in the future, though the association became nonsignificant after controlling for depressive symptoms. ACEs were not associated with affective forecasting nor with prediction about the pandemic’s duration. Among those with fewer BCEs, however, higher levels of ACEs were associated with predicting a faster return to normal life following the pandemic. Additionally, among those with fewer ACEs, higher levels of BCEs were also associated with predicting a faster return to normal life, suggesting nuanced and non-linear associations by which ACEs and BCEs relate to expectations about the future during global crises. Implications for ongoing and future global stressors are discussed. PubDate: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00113-0
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Abstract: Abstract Individuals in academic settings (e.g., graduate students; faculty/trainees in academic medical centers) experience elevated rates of burnout and decreased psychological well-being, in part attributed to contextual factors that place these professionals at greater risk for psychological difficulties and well-being deficits. Accordingly, there is a need for implementation of evidentiary interventions to facilitate contextual changes in academic environments to reduce burnout and promote psychological well-being. Resilience-informed interventions have been incorporated in healthcare settings, businesses, and clinical contexts, and may represent one viable intervention option. Using the Stanford Model of Professional Fulfillment (SMOPF) as a general framework, in conjunction with established evidence-based resilience interventions, strategies focusing on enhancing personal resilience are reviewed (drawing primarily from cognitive-behavioral perspectives), in addition to resilience-based interventions addressing efficiency of practice. Finally, resilience-based interventions designed to facilitate a culture of wellness are discussed. We offer a description of an integrated model driven by personal resilience, efficiency of practice, and cultural assessments to guide a tailored action recommendation plan of concrete intervention strategies that can be implemented within units, divisions, departments, broader medical university settings, and graduate programs. Suggestions for future dissemination and implementation efforts of resilience-based strategies in academic settings to promote psychological well-being are also offered. PubDate: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00120-1
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Abstract: Abstract This study employs a second-order structural equation model to assess the statistical impact of resilience on burnout subscales among undergraduate students from Mexican faculties during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online questionnaire was administered to a nationwide sample of 5557 students enrolled in a higher education institution. The questionnaire demonstrated high reliability, with alpha coefficients exceeding 0.70 for all subscales, and demonstrated construct validity with average variance extracted (AVE) coefficients surpassing 0.50, alongside discriminant validity values exceeding 0.70. Utilizing structural equation models with second-order latent variables through the maximum likelihood method, our study sought to test the research hypothesis. The results indicated that resilience exerted a significant and direct influence on the illusion to study (0.74), explaining approximately 55% of its variance. Additionally, psychological exhaustion (−0.36), indolence (−0.35), and guilt (−0.27) were significantly inversely related, elucidating around 13%, 12%, and 1% of their respective variances. The findings underline the significance of resilience as a pertinent psychosocial factor empowering students to confront the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Resilience enhances students’ enthusiasm to study while simultaneously mitigating psychological exhaustion, indolence, and guilt. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), burnout emerges as a syndrome resulting from inadequately managed chronic stress. Previous research has demonstrated that depression, psychosomatic disorders, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and obesity stem from the profound feelings of guilt linked to burnout, as outlined in Gil-Monte’s burnout model. Significantly, students in academic contexts often perceive their burnout experiences as indicative of personal inadequacies, leading them to internalize guilt for their perceived underperformance. This self-criticism contributes to a pervasive sense of failure and a marked decline in self-esteem. Moreover, employing Student’s t-tests, this study reveals noteworthy gender-based disparities across all subscales, with the exception of persistence, tenacity, and self-efficacy. PubDate: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00118-9
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Abstract: Abstract Positive childhood experiences are garnering increased attention, as they may prevent exposure to, and mitigate the effects of, adverse childhood experiences on development. While many studies around the world have used the Benevolent Childhood Experience (BCE) scale, the prevalent use of ad hoc measures increases variability in study methods, limiting comparability of study findings. We conducted a scoping review to summarize existing methods to measuring positive childhood experiences. A search of the PubMed, PsychINFO, and SCOPUS databases was conducted to identify relevant articles published from January 2010–May 2023. Sixty-six articles were included in the review. The BCE scale is the most used measure to assess positive childhood experiences; many ad hoc measures were based on the recently developed Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences framework. Included studies predominantly used a cumulative score to assess positive childhood experiences, and all found evidence of promotive and/or protective effects of positive childhood experiences on various behavioral and health outcomes. Taken together, findings reveal heterogeneity in measurement of positive childhood experiences, highlighting the need for consistent operationalization of positive childhood experiences. Agreement and consistency in the measurement of positive childhood experiences will improve interpretation of research findings and appropriate implications for policy. PubDate: 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00125-w
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