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Stigma and Health
Number of Followers: 2  Subscription journalISSN (Print) 2376-6972 - ISSN (Online) 2376-6964 This journal is no longer being updated because: the publisher no longer provides RSS feeds |
- A heavier burden of stigma' Comparing outpatient and inpatient
help-seeking stigma.-
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Abstract: Although research on the stigma associated with mental health care has grown substantially in the last decade, most of this work focuses on outpatient treatment; recent research on the stigma associated with inpatient treatment is strikingly absent. In this study, we examined the stigma of seeking professional psychological help from outpatient and inpatient treatment settings. College students (N = 350) at a large, Midwestern university completed three commonly used mental health stigma scales which we modified to reflect either outpatient stigma or inpatient stigma. Overall, participants’ ratings on inpatient and outpatient stigma were significantly different (partial η² = .39). Compared to outpatient treatment, participants reported significantly greater public stigma and self-stigma associated with inpatient treatment (partial η² = .14 and .16, respectively) as well as poorer attitudes about inpatient treatment (partial η² = .36). Path analysis with bias-corrected bootstrapping indicated that the relationships between inpatient and outpatient public stigma with their respective attitudes toward seeking treatment were partially mediated by their respective self-stigmas. This differs slightly from previous findings demonstrating support for full mediation. Research and clinical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000330
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- A systematic review and psychometric appraisal of instruments measuring
tuberculosis stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa.-
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Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) stigma is one barrier to TB testing, treatment uptake, and treatment completion. Therefore, stigma measurement must be approached through rigorous scientific methodology in order to accurately and reliably estimate the impact of TB stigma on treatment outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the methods and instruments used to measure TB stigma and interrogate strategies used to culturally validate measures of TB stigma in global research. Two reviewers used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method to extract and analyze the existing body of literature on TB stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa. A thorough search was performed using three databases generating 2,302 independent studies. After the systematic screening, this review includes 28 studies. Of those studies, 13 used a psychometrically validated instrument while 15 used informal questionnaires or proxy variables to measure stigma. The psychometric appraisal was limited due to the number of studies that measured stigma using unvalidated questionnaires or proxy variables. The Patient and Community Perceptions of TB scales validated by Van Rie et al. were the most commonly used instruments to measure TB stigma; additionally, many instruments were not culturally or linguistically validated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our appraisal emphasizes the need for reliable and valid instruments to measure TB stigma in low- and middle-income countries most affected by TB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000328
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- Internalized stigma negatively affects attitudes and intentions to seek
psychological help among western Muslims: Testing a moderated serial
mediation model.-
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Abstract: Muslims living in Western countries appear to utilize mental health services at lower rates than the general population despite facing significant mental health challenges. Stigma toward help-seeking may be a barrier to treatment. One model suggests that public stigma, internalized as self-stigma, leads to negative attitudes and less favorable intentions toward seeking psychological help. Cross-cultural differences in this model challenge its applicability for Western Muslims and suggest that it may be moderated by acculturation and enculturation. The first objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of the internalized stigma model (Vogel et al., 2007) in a sample of Muslims. The second objective is to explore whether acculturation and enculturation moderate this model. An online survey that included measures of public and self-stigma of help-seeking, attitudes toward help-seeking, intentions to seek help, and acculturation/enculturation was completed by 238 Canadian Muslim participants. Serial mediation analyses investigated whether public stigma predicts (a) attitudes through self-stigma and (b) intentions toward help-seeking through self-stigma and attitudes. Conditional process modeling examined whether acculturation and enculturation moderated the serial mediation models. Both mediation models were significant. Public stigma was positively associated with self-stigma, self-stigma was negatively associated with attitudes toward help-seeking, and attitudes were positively related to intentions to seek services. Acculturation and enculturation did not moderate the models. The internalized stigma model is applicable to Canadian Muslims. Previous assertions that acculturation or enculturation influence this model were not supported. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 May 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000314
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- Reactions to depression disclosure on Facebook: Evaluating the effects of
self-presentation style and peer comments.-
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Abstract: Computer-mediated communication is becoming an increasingly popular medium for mental illness self-disclosure. However, little is known about how observers respond to such disclosures (e.g., support or rejections). Using Facebook as a medium of communication, we experimentally examined how different depression disclosure posts can lead to different reactions from observers. In two experimental studies, we examined how (a) the self-presentation used in a depression disclosure on Facebook and (b) peers’ supportive responses to the disclosure impacted observers’ responses involving social support intention, empathy, social distance, and depression stigma. Participants in both studies (N = 679 and 1,280, respectively) were recruited from Amazon’s MTurk. They viewed a mock-up Facebook page in which two factors were manipulated: self-presentation of coping (good vs. poor vs. balanced coping) and peers’ supportive responses (present vs. absent). Participants then completed online surveys assessing outcome variables. Results showed that poor coping elicited greater support intention and social distance than good coping across two studies. Further, Study 2 (but not Study 1) showed that participants reported greater empathy and lower social distance when peer responses were present compared to when they were absent. Neither self-presentation nor peers’ responses impacted depression stigma in both studies. Our research is the first to experimentally examine observers’ reactions to mental illness disclosure posts on social media. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 06 May 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000309
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- Diabetes causal attributions: Pathways to stigma and health.
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Abstract: This study investigates the relationships among causal attributions, internalized stigma, and self-blame, along with downstream health and life satisfaction consequences for individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Data were analyzed from the Diabetes, Identity, Attributions, and Health study. Participants diagnosed with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (N = 363) were included in the analysis. Results indicated that the relationship between causal attributions and stigmatization was moderated by diabetes type. Path analyses, one for each diabetes type, revealed overall patterns linking causal attributions to internalized stigma and to self-blame, which were linked to ratings of reduced self-care, increased symptoms, and reduced life satisfaction. However, the specific paths diverged by diabetes type in important ways. Whereas higher genetic causal attributions were associated with more self-blame and stigmatization for type 1 diabetes, these attributions were associated with less self-blame and stigmatization for type 2 diabetes. The current work demonstrates the importance of causal attributions to overall health and illustrates how even in conditions with genetic attributions that are similar in magnitude, affected individuals may attach very different meanings to those attributions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 29 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000312
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- Demoralization among TGD individuals: Distinctness from depression and
associations with community connectedness and well-being.-
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Abstract: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) communities experience widespread stigmatization that can contribute to negative mental health outcomes including suicidal ideation. Studies have found that demoralization tends to play a central role in mental health outcomes such as suicidal ideation and psychological well-being. However, an investigation is needed as to how TGD communities experience and cope with demoralization, such as through the resilience factor of community connectedness. This quantitative study examines the relationships between demoralization, psychological well-being, depression, and community connectedness among TGD people with an online survey of 251 TGD respondents. The results supported discriminant validity between demoralization and depression. Demoralization was negatively associated with TGD-community connectedness and psychological well-being. TGD-community connectedness did not moderate the relationship between demoralization and psychological well-being. Future research is needed to better understand potential protective factors to mitigate the effects of demoralization on psychological well-being among TGD people. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000311
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- Does ostracism help smokers quit'
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Abstract: Research on the effects of stigmatizing on smokers shows that it is stressful to be reminded of one’s devalued status and stigmatization might help or hinder quitting intentions. In this study, we asked smokers (N = 277) to play an online ball-tossing Cyberball game, ostensibly with nonsmoking strangers. Participants were randomly assigned to an ostracism (included or excluded) and concealment (smoking status concealed or revealed) manipulation. We found that exclusion led smokers (directly or via threat appraisals) to be more stressed, cognitively depleted, rejection sensitive, have fewer positive cognitions, see themselves at greater health risk, feel more internalized stigma, and be more interested in quitting, with stronger effects when their smoking status was revealed instead of concealed. These results suggest that concealment is imperfect in protecting against stigma and that exclusion (although stressful and cognitively taxing) can lead to cognitions, attitudes, and intentions helping smokers quit and thus leave their devalued identity. The results do not imply that one ought to stigmatize; stigmatizing smokers might be unethical or create barriers to health-seeking behaviors which could counteract structural efforts to help smokers quit. Future research should examine the role of self-affirmation to increase the effectiveness of health messages perceived as stigmatizing or identity threatening. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 19 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000304
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- Journalism and pedophilia: Background on the media coverage of a
stigmatized minority.-
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Abstract: The stigma against persons with pedophilic interests (minor-attracted persons) leads to serious consequences for those affected, adds to the development of a sexual preference disorder (which is a sexual preference for children accompanied by psychological distress and/or risk for direct and indirect sexual behavior against children) and increases their risk of becoming offenders. One-sided media coverage maintains and reinforces the existing stigma by continuously and inadequately conflating minor-attracted persons with sexually abusive behavior against children. To destigmatize pedophilia and support non-offending minor-attracted persons, journalists have a great responsibility to portray pedophilia appropriately. Until now, nothing is known on the journalists’ knowledge and personal attitude of minor-attracted people. Therefore, this paper addresses the question of how journalists deal with the topic of pedophilia, in detail what they know about pedophilia, what attitudes and emotions are associated with the topic and what thoughts about prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA) journalists have. We conducted 11 qualitative interviews with journalists who had published at least one article on pedophilia or CSA within 2018. The transcripts were processed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that the interviewees largely defined pedophilia as consistent with scientific evidence but overestimated the risk for minor-attracted persons of becoming an offender. At the same time, many respondents were aware that persons who are not attracted to minors also abuse children sexually. Strong or negative feelings toward minor-attracted persons were reported only occasionally. Rather, the interviewees talked about sympathy as long as minor-attracted persons did not offend children. The interviewed journalists were generally open to a differentiated, evidence-based reporting, which could be a first step toward destigmatizing pedophilia, making supportive services known and, as a consequence, preventing CSA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 12 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000301
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- Public and private stigma, and help-seeking intent for mental health
issues: A cross-country comparison between the U.S. and Philippines.-
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Abstract: This study examined the mediating role of private stigma toward the utilization of mental health services on the relationship between public stigma toward mental health service use and its intent to use for various mental health issues. This study also examined the generalizability of the mediation model by comparing undergraduate student samples from two countries: The U.S. (N = 359) and the Philippines (N = 359). Multiple-group structural equations modeling indicated partial measurement invariance at the factor loading, item intercept, and latent factor variance and means level. Compared to the U.S. sample, results indicated that the Philippines sample had a higher willingness to seek help for academic problems, but lower intent for drug use issues. After accounting for the measurement noninvariance, structural paths were invariant. For both countries, public stigma was positively associated with private stigma; whereas private stigma was negatively associated with problems related to family and friends, romantic problems, psychological issues, drug use issues, general problems, and academic issues. A significant indirect effect was also found from public stigma to intent to use through private stigma for both samples. Results highlight the importance of culture and the type of problem in understanding the link between stigma and help-seeking behaviors and intent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 04 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000296
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- A new look at the attribution model: Considerations for the measurement of
public mental illness stigma.-
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Abstract: Multiple versions of the Attribution Model and the corresponding Attribution Questionnaire have been used to assess public mental illness stigma. The objective of the current study was to examine (a) the factor structure of the Attribution Questionnaire and (b) relationships between constructs in the Attribution Model. Analyzing a sample of 334 U.S. adults recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, the authors employ confirmatory factor analyses to test three proposed factor structures of the Attribution Questionnaire and latent variable path analyses to reexamine relationships between variables in the stigmatization of people who experience mental illness. Confirmatory factor analyses of three previously examined versions of the Attribution Model revealed that the model proposed by the initial version of the Attribution Questionnaire had the best fit with the data comparative fit index (CFI = 0.92, root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.07, standardized root-mean-square residual [SRMR] = 0.05). Subsequent path analyses among contructs in the model revealed acceptable model fit (CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.06) and individual paths largely supported the hypotheses suggested by the Attribution Model. Analyses supported the original version of the Attribution Model and questionnaire with slight modifications, demonstrating that attributions of dangerousness and personal responsibility are associated with the endorsement of coercive treatment, and that attributions about dangerousness are associated with a lower desire to help. These findings suggest modifications in the current measurement of public mental illness stigma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 11 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/sah0000288
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