 Subjects -> BIOGRAPHY (Total: 17 journals)
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- Editorial
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Authors: H. S. Morris
Pages: 1 - 1
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Volume 31, Issue 1, Page 1-1, February 2023.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-02-10T04:50:19Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221146697
Issue No: Vol. 31, No. 1 (2023)
- Surgeon Henry Tonks and the blur of artistry
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Authors: Thomas S Helling
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
The professional career of 20th Century British surgeon and artist Henry Tonks provides a unique perspective into the complex balance of technique, creativity, and empathy necessary to heal both body and soul. For Tonks, the skills of surgery did not suffice to address his intense emotional attachment to his suffering patients. For that reason, he turned to painting as an expression of deeper efforts to demonstrate human suffering to which he was so sensitive and which engulfed him at times in the tragedies of mankind. Nevertheless, his appreciation of the fine details of surgery and surgical manipulations of the body never diminished. His anatomic sketches proved invaluable in reconstructive surgery. Yet, his preference remained to display the entire dimensions of his world through brush and colors. In the process, concern for the personal imperfections of both of his chosen professions enabled Tonks to continually analyze his artistry and to instill that same discipline in his students. This, too, made him a revered teacher and effective interpreter of humanism.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-03-23T05:14:14Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720231165002
- Alice Hamilton (1869–1970): Pioneer of industrial medicine
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Authors: Eric Persaud
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-02-27T12:39:48Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720231160453
- Medical biography: A symbiotic methodology'
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Authors: A J Larner
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-02-27T08:28:19Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720231160279
- Doctor, Indian nationalist and humanitarian: Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari
(1880–1936)-
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Authors: Mahmut Cihat İzgi, Ümit Ekin
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari was a doctor and remarkable political figure in the late 19th century and the first half of 20th century. After studying medicine in Edinburgh, he returned to his country and became interested in political issues. Not unlike other educated Indian Muslims, Ansari first expressed his concerns about the situation in the Ottoman empire and went to Istanbul as the head of the medical mission. Ansari, who became more interested in politics after his days in Istanbul, came to the forefront as one of the leading figures of the Indian independence movement. Along with Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948), Ansari did not engage in violence but supported the unity of Muslims and Hindus and opposed communalism. Despite his active political life, Ansari continued his medical studies with great seriousness and played an active role in establishing the Delhi Medical Association in 1914. During this period, his most important aim was to graft animal testicles onto human beings.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-02-22T06:27:28Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720231156567
- Norman Dott's dome-shaped neurosurgical operating theatres in Edinburgh
(1960–2020) – End of an era-
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Authors: Andreas K Demetriades, Chelsea Chan, Ruth Richardson
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
When the new twin operating theatres at the Edinburgh Department of Surgical Neurology opened for the first time on 1 July 1960, they revealed a revolutionary space-pod design. The new department had been designed to firmly establish the specialty in Scotland and the UK, setting the stage for a period of real progress. The most distinctive feature of the two operating theatres was their egg shape, including domed ceilings pierced with operating lights, general lighting, ventilation grilles and viewing ports for visitors. Norman Dott (1897–1973) and his colleagues set the foundation for prosperity and success that lasted decades. However, 60 years after their opening, the DCN theatres at Western General Hospital shut forever, as the department moved to the new Department of Clinical Neurosciences, at the new Royal Infirmary Edinburgh. Echoes of the old theatres will live on in the new; the boldness of the design of the original theatres reflected the close cooperation between clinician–teachers, architects and administrators for the public good. This tradition of tangible confidence and optimism will hopefully carry into a new era, in the new hospital.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-02-02T06:32:49Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720231153163
- From Man's to Practical Anatomy: The evolution of an anatomical textbook
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Authors: G Štrkalj, BK Billings
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
This paper traces the history of Man's Anatomy, one of the most influential anatomy textbooks produced on the African continent. Authored by the two renowned South African educators Phillip Vallentine Tobias and Maurice Arnold, the first volume of this book was published in 1963. Both an anatomy textbook and a dissection manual Man's Anatomy included an in-depth exposition of structures of the human body, presented in an innovative and engaging way. In 1999, in line with the developments in medical and anatomy education as well as broader societal changes, the book was significantly condensed, and its name changed to Practical Anatomy. The second edition of Practical Anatomy was published in 2020 and is currently still in use at many South African universities.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-01-18T05:54:48Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221148722
- William Butler (1535–1618): A biography of a singular physician
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Authors: Matt Butler
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
William Butler (1535–1618) was a man without a medical degree who was styled as the ‘greatest physician of his age’. He was famous in his lifetime, and in the latter stages of his career was involved with the royal court, attending to King James I and his son, Prince Henry. Butler was an empiricist who practiced confidently and compassionately in a time of limited medical understanding. He was also a man of contradictions: he was loved and respected by his contemporaries but could be cantankerous and obtuse; he was anti-establishment, complaining bitterly about the restrictive monopolisation of medicine sustained by the Royal College of Physicians, but advanced his career via connections within the aristocracy; he sometimes practiced orthodox Galenic medicine, but was at times highly unconventional in his treatments. Posthumously, despite some compelling historical studies of Butler, there has been a great deal of embellishment of his behaviour and practice. This biography draws from Butler's own letters, contemporary writers and modern scholarly literature. It aims to arrange these sources into a verifiable narrative of this singular physician's life.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-01-03T11:17:49Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221146546
- Book Review: Invisible Light: The Remarkable Story of Radiology by Thomas,
A.-
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Authors: Christopher Gardner-Thorpe
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2023-01-02T10:47:16Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221146696
- Hematologist Bracha Ramot (1927–2006): Between the bedside and the
bench-
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Authors: Grunseid Laura Veronica, Nurit Kirsh
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened the first medical school in Israel in May 1949. One of the select 45 students of its first class was Bracha (Chweidan) Ramot. After completing her medical studies with distinction, she went on to specialize in internal medicine and hematology and soon became a central figure in the development of hematology in Israel. In 1958, Ramot established the Hematological Institute at Tel-Hashomer hospital and served as its director until 1991. She devoted much of her time and effort to researching environmental and genetic factors that influence hematological conditions: deficiencies in coagulation factors, glucose metabolism disorders, and especially leukemias and lymphomas, including the type known as Hodgkin’s disease. In 2001, Ramot, “The Doyenne of Israeli Hematology” as she was called in publications of the Albert Einstein Institute, was awarded the Israel Prize in Medical Sciences, the country’s most prestigious prize. Her biography personifies the ability to overcome obstacles and challenges in one’s personal life while concurrently becoming an exceedingly successful physician and researcher of extraordinary achievement.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-12-23T08:16:57Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221140083
- Robert Lawson Tait (1845–1899): The true innovator of aseptic
surgery'-
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Authors: Iain Macintyre, Sean Hughes
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Robert Lawson Tait was an original thinker, a surgical innovator, a controversialist and an iconoclast. He made important contributions to surgery, was an eloquent supporter of Darwinian evolution and women in medicine and opposed vivisection. He is probably best remembered for his high-profile opposition to Listerian antisepsis which continued until his death. While Lister went on to receive the country's highest honours and was lauded throughout the world, Tait received much more modest honours and little subsequent recognition by historians. Yet it could be argued that Tait's system rather than Lister's was the basis of modern aseptic surgery. Tait never changed his views on asepsis over his lifetime and relied on surgical cleanliness, which, combined with his extensive clinical experience, enabled him to achieve outcomes as good or better than with antisepsis. By contrast, Listerism evolved over 30 years, claimed to be based on laboratory data and adopted the new discoveries of the germ theory of disease as they emerged. We compare the systems of Tait and Lister, explore the basis of Tait's opposition to Listerian methods and conclude that Tait's thinking underlies modern surgical practice and that he should receive greater acknowledgement for his contribution to the prevention of surgical infections.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-12-20T06:58:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221140085
- Disease versus disease: Paolo Zacchia on syphilis and epilepsy
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Authors: Jacalyn Duffin, Daryn Lehoux
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
The lawyer and physician Paolo Zacchia (1584–1659) was the chief physician at the Vatican and an important advisor to the papal court. He is considered a founder of the field of forensic pathology, and the influence of his masterwork, Quaestiones medico-legales, spread throughout Europe. In this essay, we focus on one of Zacchia's consultations, first published posthumously in 1661. Emerging from a cause for beatification, the case features the intriguing medical notion of one disease curing another. Zacchia was to determine if a young man's recovery from epilepsy was miraculous or not. We will briefly review Zacchia's career, examine his argument and the sources on which he based his reasoning in this case, trace the status of the disease-versus-disease notion to the present, and demonstrate that this consultation represents a rare, if not the only example of syphilis being the curative agent – rather than the disease cured.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-12-14T06:42:42Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221129856
- From Baltimore to Italy: The contribution of Grace Baxter (1869–1954) to
the development of Italian nursing-
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Authors: Donatella Lippi, Simon T Donell, Francesco Baldanzi
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
The recent discovery of unpublished documents in the archives of the Camerata hospital, (Florence, I) sheds light on an important chapter in the history of nursing education and the role played by Grace Baxter (1869–1954), of English parentage but born and lived in Florence. The introduction of professional nurses was part of the international movement for the emancipation of women that included education for an active role in society. Her contribution, with other women, to the history of Italian nursing resulted in the secularisation the profession away from the attitudes of the nuns, permeation of relevant ethical standards, and the beginning of professionalisation of nurses in Italy in accordance with Florence Nightingale's teaching.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-11-28T07:24:19Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221141998
- Ernest Hart: Editor of the British Medical Journal 1866–1898
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Authors: Kenneth Collins
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Ernest Abraham Hart (26 June 1835–7 January 1898) was the long-time editor of the British Medical Journal. He held strong opinions, and was often controversial but his views generally prevailed. He was born into a Jewish family in London and was educated at the City of London School. He studied medicine at the St George’s Hospital School of Medicine and specialised in diseases of the eye. His medical journalism began with The Lancet in 1857 and in August 1866, he was appointed editor of the British Medical Journal taking it, in his decades of leadership, from a small publication to a significant scientific journal increasing the British Medical Association membership substantially. Julia Frankau's novel of scandal, Dr Phillips: A Maida Vale Idyll (1887) published under the pseudonym of Frank Danby, has a leading character, Dr Phillips, thought to be modelled on Ernest Hart and who murders his wife reviving speculation about the death of Hart's first wife from accidental poisoning.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-11-24T10:10:00Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221135122
- Dr. Sait Bilal Golem (1899–1955): Veterinarian and pioneer researcher of
public health in Albania and Turkey-
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Authors: Cagri Caglar Sinmez, Batuhan Şahin
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Sait Bilal Golem is an Albanian veterinarian who graduated from the Military Veterinary School in 1920. Golem started his doctorate in microbiology at Alfort Veterinary School. In this process, he worked as an assistant to the world-renowned French microbiologist Dr Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute. After his doctorate, he returned to Albania and established the Veterinary Affairs Organization and made significant contributions to its structuring in international standards. Dr Golem returned to Türkiye in 1926 and started working at the Central Institute of Hygiene. Dr Golem, together with physicians and veterinarians at this institute, diagnosed brucellosis in animals and humans with serological methods for the first time in Türkiye. Moreover, he isolated Newcastle virus from embryonated eggs for the first time and prepared Komarov type attenuated dry vaccine against this virus for the first time in Türkiye. He conducted the first research on the diagnosis of Q fever and prepared the first intradermal BCG vaccine in Türkiye. Through his studies for both public and animal health in Türkiye, he has contributed to the One Health concept with an understanding that transcends time.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-11-16T06:07:13Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221138326
- The Sloop family: Addressing rural health disparities through service and
education-
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Authors: M. Seth Flynn, Paul J. Mosca
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Dr Mary T. Martin Sloop and Dr Eustace Henry Sloop shaped the landscape of healthcare and education for the small town of Crossnore in the mountains of Western North Carolina throughout the early- to mid-twentieth century. The duo of general practitioners founded the Crossnore School and the Garrett Memorial Hospital, later renamed Sloop Memorial Hospital before its closure in 1999. The Sloops provided medical care to an underserved Appalachian population and sought advice and assistance from key community stakeholders with every project they undertook, demonstrating their commitment to cultural assimilation. While the story of the Sloop family is one of success, patients in rural America are currently facing a dual crisis of healthcare access. Rural healthcare professional shortages contribute to difficulties establishing longitudinal relationships with primary care providers, which in turn decreases access to preventative medicine services. With over 106 rural hospitals closing since 2010, patients may face travel barriers to reach inpatient facilities with associated emergency services, and access to specialty services such as surgery is diminished. It is paramount to reflect on and learn from the stories of the past, highlighting the personal and professional fulfillment that can be found in embracing rurality through service and community integration.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-11-16T06:06:07Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221137890
- ‘Disciples of Aesclepius’: Glimpses into lives of the ‘Gentlemen of
the Faculty’ of medicine in Brighton, England 1800–1809-
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Authors: Maxwell John Cooper, Carl Fernandes, Benjamin Whiston
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Here we present newspaper accounts from the Sussex Advertiser to consider hitherto largely unknown Brighton doctors active between 1800 and 1809. This body of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries comprised Brighton's ‘Gentlemen of the [medical] Faculty’, whom the newspaper also dubbed the ‘Disciples of Aesclepius’. Members are considered under three broad categories. First, are Brighton-based clinicians (Mr Barratt, Mr Bond, Charles Bankhead, Thomas Guy, John Hall, John Newton, Benjamin Scutt and Sir Matthew Tierney). Second are London clinicians, probably in attendance to the Prince of Wales (John Hunter and Thomas Keate), More widely, two dentists (Dr Durlacher and Mr Bew) and two Royal Navy surgeons (Robert Chambers and Thomas Thong) also recorded at Brighton are considered. Other aspects of medical life are described: recruiting an apprentice, anatomy training at Joshua Brooke's London museum, midwifery, a description of a surgeon's bag and the last reference to the Royal Sussex Jennerian Society (which disappears from the newspaper record in 1807). Clinical cases described include: resuscitation from near-drowning, post-mortem examinations, death from the ‘gravel and stone’ and accounts of suicide. The primary sources presented in this paper offer rare glimpses into medical life in Brighton at the very start of the nineteenth century.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-10-26T06:45:11Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221131946
- Emily Blackwell’s Medical School Betrayal: “Duplicity and Double
Dealing Somewhere”-
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Authors: John M. Harris
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Elizabeth Blackwell's younger sister, Emily (1826–1910), was the third woman to graduate from a regular U.S. medical college in 1854. Unlike the experience of the two women who preceded her, the Chicago medical school that accepted Emily refused to allow her to complete her studies and graduate, forcing her to hastily find an alternative. There was no explanation at the time and the Chicago Tribune, which investigated the incident, could only speculate about the source of such a dishonorable act: “It is very evident there is duplicity and double dealing somewhere. Who is guilty'” Generations of historians have attributed it to Illinois Medical Society pressure against Rush Medical College, but there was no contemporary evidence of such pressure. A closer examination of Blackwell's journal and historical records suggests that Rush founder, president, and professor of surgery, Daniel Brainard engineered her dismissal. One possible motive was a misplaced romantic approach by Brainard. Rush's actions had the paradoxical result of temporarily opening the doors of the Cleveland Medical College (now Case Western Reserve) to four more women medical students.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-10-17T08:02:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221133323
- Achille Sclavo (1861–1930): A great 19th and 20th-century pioneer in the
history of hygiene and public health-
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Authors: Mariano Martini, Davide Orsini
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-10-10T05:33:48Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221130736
- Alexander Ure MD, FRCS (1808-1866), and the beginning of drug metabolism
studies-
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Authors: SC Mitchell, RH Waring
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Although many fields of endeavour emerge owing to the coalescence of the work and observations of numerous individuals, there is usually one seminal event that unites and acts as a catalyst to stimulate and advance the process. Such was the case with Alexander Ure. Up to this point it had been speculated that chemicals taken into the body may undergo bio-transformation, akin to the digestion of nutrients, but no unequivocal and quantitative experiments had been performed before those of Ure. Following his observations the subject began to flourish; to him may be attributed the beginnings of xenobiochemistry and the field now known as drug metabolism.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-09-26T05:37:51Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221128012
- President William Henry Harrison (1773–1841): A Diagnosis Lost to
Time-
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Authors: Ashton D. Hall, Julia E. Kumar
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-09-19T05:50:49Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221126137
- Dr. Thomas Earl Starzl (1926–2017): Father of Transplantation
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Authors: Ashton D. Hall, Julia E. Kumar
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-09-15T06:13:03Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221125453
- Francis Fontan (1929-2018): Pioneer pediatric cardiac surgeon
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Authors: Elisah Huynh, Rebecca Chernick, Manisha Desai
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Up until the mid-1900s, tricuspid atresia - a birth defect of the tricuspid valve, was once categorized as a “death sentence.” The challenge of achieving positive health outcomes for affected patients was compounded by a hesitancy to operate on children. The main concern was safely administering anesthesia to young patients who were going through a strenuous operation that was often poorly tolerated. Despite these assumed limitations, Francis Fontan, a pediatric cardiothoracic surgeon at the Hospital of Tondu in Bordeaux, was able to redirect blood flow from the superior and inferior vena cava to the pulmonary arteries in 1971, which elucidated the process of advancing clinical practice in medicine. With the support of mentors and a firm belief in this new technique, Fontan pioneered his eponymous procedure and ultimately paved the way for modern cardiovascular surgical techniques that helped to prolong the life of those with single functioning ventricles. The aim of this study is to examine the genesis and the evolution of the Fontan procedure to elucidate the process of advancing clinical practice in medicine by utilizing personal interviews, Fontan's works, associated primary and secondary sources in the context of 20th century cardiothoracic surgery and innovations.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-09-07T07:17:29Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221123322
- Robert Henderson: Scottish doctor who was appointed Physician to the
Forces (1795) and practised at Brighton, England-
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Authors: Maxwell John Cooper, Menaka Jegatheesan, Carl Fernandes, Benjamin Whiston
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Robert Henderson was a Scottish physician who qualified Doctor of Medicine at Aberdeen in 1786. By 1792, Henderson was working in Brighton on the south coast of England. He was admitted Licentiate of the College of Physicians of London in 1793. At Brighton he probably worked as a parish doctor. In 1795 Henderson was appointed Physician to the Forces and probably served as a garrison doctor. In Brighton, he is noted as an advocate of chalybeate water therapy (i.e. mineral spring water containing iron salts). Henderson undertook basic experiments into the chemistry of mineral water and a few, very brief, clinical observations may be his. In Henderson's time, the chalybeate in question was part of the ‘Wick estate’ to the North West of Brighton. Today the site of the spring is located within St Ann's Well Gardens, Hove and this article briefly considers its history. Circumstances link Henderson to Sir Lucas Pepys MD (1742–1830), physician-general to the army and closely associated with both the College of Physicians and the town of Brighton. Henderson died in Brighton on the 3rd April 1808. Henderson's daughter Sophia Janet married Captain William John Thompson Hood who served at Trafalgar aged eleven.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-08-09T07:57:06Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221116550
- Statue of Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951)
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Authors: Alexander Wellington
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-08-01T07:51:04Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221116587
- Dr Agnes Savill: Pioneer, polymath and dermatology's renaissance woman
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Authors: Daniel Creamer
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Dr Agnes Savill was the UK's first female consultant dermatologist with a career journey which was, by any standards, extraordinary. She was awarded her MA in 1893 making her the first female graduate from St Andrews University. She then trained as a doctor in Glasgow in the earliest cohort of women granted the opportunity to study medicine. Following qualification, and during her early professional years, she maintained an involvement in the women's suffrage movement by publicly indicting the government for its brutal treatment of women suffrage prisoners in the ‘Votes for Women’ campaign. During World War 1 Dr Agnes Savill was one of a handful of women doctors who served at the Scottish Women's Hospital, a combat hospital in France. Dr Savill worked as the radiologist for the unit and developed expertise in the radiographic appearances of gas gangrene. After the war she returned to her dermatology practice, becoming the UK's leading expert in disorders of the hair and scalp and publishing widely on the subject. However, Agnes Savill had interests which extended into the humanities, particularly music. She was advocate for the use of music as treatment for psychological and physical disorders and wrote a book on this subject which helped promote music therapy as a para-clinical discipline. In her latter years she became fascinated by the history of classical antiquity and, at the age of 79, published a biography of Alexander the Great, an account praised for being both lucid and authoritative. Agnes Savill was a remarkable pioneering doctor: she was a ground-breaking dermatologist, she fought for women's rights and served in France as a combat doctor. Her work in music therapy and her writings on ancient history brought acclaim beyond the realm of medicine. Dr Agnes Savill is Dermatology's Renaissance Woman.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-06-27T06:58:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221106794
- Jules Guérin and social medicine in 1848
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Authors: Ligia Maria Vieira_da_Silva
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
The significance of Social Medicine in France in 1848 as a movement led by doctor Jules Guérin is not adequately documented. Why would an orthopedist write the call to doctors in Paris proposing a union around Social Medicine' What is the meaning of the formulation on Social Medicine made by Jules Guérin in 1848' An analysis of Jules Guérin's trajectory supported by primary and bibliographic sources was made to answer these questions. The material analyzed allows us to conclude that there was no movement around Social Medicine, unlike hygiene, and closer to the revolutionary proposals of 1848. Jules Guérin was a liberal doctor who aimed to have a place in the new revolutionary government for the medical corporation. His scientific and professional work was fundamentally related to orthopedics, and the paper on Social Medicine was a circumstantial essay with liberal content.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-05-19T04:30:37Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221100211
- Dr. Vladimir Fortunato (1885–1938), once lauded but now obscure
Russian-American medical model sculptor-
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Authors: Keith C Mages, Sebastian C Galbo
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Arriving to the United States in 1921, Dr. Vladimir Fortunato (1885–1938) was a respected and celebrated figure responsible for creating striking medical models and anatomical sculptures. Although Dr. Fortunato was well connected and worked for some of the United States’ most prestigious medical institutions, his legacy, achievements, and creations have all but vanished from the annals of American medical history. In an effort to establish a more defined profile of this obscure man’s life and lifework, this article draws on scant information provided by a range of sources, including academic journal articles, obituaries, and physician autobiography. In the present-day era of digital imaging technologies, Dr. Fortunato’s lifelike sculptures represent a bygone age of medical visualization that embraced both utility and beauty.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-05-11T07:33:22Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221095842
- Early history of skin preservation and transplantation; the role of Carl
August Ljunggren-
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Authors: Bengt Uvelius, Karl-Erik Andersson
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
During the late 19th and the early 20th century there was an unprecedented development in medical research. Tissue and cell culture rapidly developed into areas with many contributing scientists. The same is true for tissue transplantation. When these achievements are described afterwards in a historical context and a mainline development is constructed, there are researchers whose pioneering work is forgotten. The present paper attempts to correct this and to present a correct description of the start of tissue preservation and transplantation. We have traced relevant original publications in international journals between 1870 and 1920. The traditional view is that Alexis Carrel was the first He received a Nobel Prize 1912 for his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs. The same year he published an article on human skin storage and transplantation. This was more than a decade later than Carl August Ljunggren (1860–1934) who 1898 published his pioneering but long forgotten work on human skin preservation and transplantation, and with a vision of tissue banks. Our article contains a brief biography of Ljunggren, and further reconstructs the processes that resulted in the lack of awareness today of his achievements. Conclusion: Carl August Ljunggren was the first to preserve human skin in vitro for prolonged periods, followed by transplantation of the specimens to other patients. He was also the first to propose the use of tissue banks.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-05-02T07:22:40Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221099007
- Xavier Bichat and the renovation of the pathological anatomy
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Authors: Hélène Perdicoyianni-Paleologou
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Xavier Bichat, who lived a short life (1771–1802), was prominent French anatomist and physiologist during the time of revolution and one of the founders of French scientific medicine. He played a key role in the creation of the science of histology. Indeed, he was the first to see the organs of the body as being formed through the specialization of simple, functional units (tissues). Bichat is also known as one of the last of the major theorists of vitalism.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-05-02T07:22:24Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221097795
- Vittorio Maragliano (1878 −1944) in the history of European medicine:
Grand master and pioneer of Italian radiology-
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Authors: Mariano Martini, Adelfio Elio Cardinale
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Vittorio Maragliano was born in Genoa in 1878. Fascinated since childhood by all things electric, he succeeded in installing the first radiological apparatus in 1896, only one year after the discovery of “Röntgen rays”, and immediately began to make his first radioscopy observations. Having graduated from the University of Genoa in 1901 with a thesis on high-frequency currents, he continued assiduously to frequent the Department of Electrotherapy of the Medical Clinic, where he immediately became an assistant.A teacher of special medical pathology and physical therapy in 1910, Maragliano became tenured professor of electrotherapy and radiology in 1913, occupying one of the first three chairs in the history of Italian radiology, and later directed the Institute of Radiology of the Royal University of Genoa. In the same year, he co-founded, together with Aristide Busi, the Italian Society of Medical Radiology, one of Europe's first scientific societies of radiology.As a pioneer of radiology, Maragliano suffered serious injuries due to radiodermatitis from 1901 onwards, which required amputations and repeated skin transplants. His tireless scientific activity and his great success in the international scientific sphere, together with his copious publications, make Vittorio Maragliano one of the greatest pioneers of 19th-century radiology and a source of pride for the Genoese and Ligurian School of Medicine.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-04-29T05:10:41Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221097793
- “A monument to suffering and to patience”: The harrowing journey of
Nabby Adams through breast cancer-
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Authors: Rafael E. Jimenez
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
In 1813, Abigail “Nabby” Adams, the daughter of the second president of the United States, John Adams (1797–1801), passed away from metastatic breast cancer. Her ordeal began in 1810, at age 44, when she discovered a lump in her right breast She consulted with Dr Benjamin Rush, one of the most prominent physicians of the time and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, which resulted in a recommendation for an immediate mastectomy. The surgery was performed at her parent's home in Quincy, Massachusetts, by Dr John Warren. The crude and painful nature of the surgical procedure was highly traumatic to Ms. Adams and her family. After a few months, she returned to her home in rural New York. Within a few months she began feeling generalized pain. When it was evident that her symptoms were the result of disseminated breast cancer, she returned to her parents’ house, where she died on August 15, a mere 22 months after her surgery. Ms. Adams’ suffering through the stark treatment was the result of a unique historical period, when the medical community had just recently dismissed Galen's paradigms, but still lacked a basic knowledge of the disease's nature or the ability to administer painless, safe surgical treatment.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-04-29T05:10:25Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221097792
- Victor Abraham Goldman (1903–1993) a pioneer of dental anaesthesia
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Authors: David John Wilkinson
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Victor Goldman specialised in dental anaesthesia from an early age. He published his research all over the world and demonstrated how safety could be improved and how important monitoring of the anaesthetised patient should be. He made films, wrote books, created courses, and invented a myriad of apparatus to improve the speciality and to show trainees how dental anaesthesia should be performed. He was outspoken in his views and although well respected by his peers he did not receive many tangible accolades until the twilight of his career. His passing was hardly recorded, and his name is largely forgotten. He deserves wider recognition for his broad depth of contribution to his speciality.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-04-22T06:38:25Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221095844
- Richard Muir: Edinburgh-based pioneer biomedical scientist and medical
artist-
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Authors: Ken Donaldson, Christopher Henry
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Richard Muir (1862—1931) began his career as a ‘lab boy’ in the Pathology Department of the University of Edinburgh in 1876 at the age of 13. This was a newly created category of worker that eventually became today's biomedical scientist Muir rapidly gained expertise in pathological and bacteriological techniques including staining and microscopy. Exceptionally, for someone non-medical and non-university-educated individual, he was elected a member of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and appointed Demonstrator in Pathology in the University of Edinburgh Pathology Department. He authored papers on staining techniques for bacteria and on the pathology of syphilis of the ear and became a recognised diagnostic histopathologist, despite having no medical qualifications. He especially excelled as an artist, depicting the microscopic world of pathology and microbiology and produced diagrams for hundreds of publications including his own book and also large wall hangings of the microscopic world for teaching purposes. This paper describes the unique contribution of Richard Muir to pathology in Edinburgh and beyond in the early 20th century.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-04-20T06:25:12Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221095515
- Trevor Mann (1916–1996): Paediatrician responsible for the development
of hospital services for children in Brighton, England-
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Authors: Rosemarie Patterson, Sangeetha Sornalingam, Maxwell John Cooper
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Trevor Philip Mann (1916–1996) was the first consultant paediatrician at the Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital (RACH) in Brighton, since its foundation in 1881. Here, he was responsible for significant service developments, including establishing a department of paediatric surgery and the first neonatal unit in England outside of London. Mann grew up in South London, and aged 14 had a lengthy admission to hospital with tuberculosis. He studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital, London. During World War II he was a Royal Navy Surgeon-Lieutenant, aboard the Atlantic destroyer, HMS Georgetown, and with the Russian convoys, before completing paediatric training in London. Here, he was involved in treating paediatric tuberculous meningitis; clinical work that formed part of one of the earliest randomised controlled trials. In 1951 Mann moved to the RACH where he researched infantile infectious gastroenteritis and introduced (now commonplace) practices at the hospital, including barrier nursing. He lived in Rottingdean, Sussex, and enjoyed sailing, gardening and wood turning. Mann's impact on paediatric care in Brighton was recognised by the hospital, naming the Trevor Mann Baby Unit in his honour, upon his retirement in 1981. This article seeks to record his contributions and reconnect local clinicians with his memory.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-04-05T06:43:06Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221090876
- Acta Anatomica: A portrait of an anatomy department, Christmas 1951
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Authors: Peter D Mohr
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Seventy years ago, two medical art students painted a group portrait of the staff of the anatomy department in the University of Manchester Medical School. The painting is an unusual allegorical portrayal of the staff as pantomime characters. This paper asks: who were they and what were their subsequent careers' Does this picture tell us anything about the role of anatomy in medical education in the 1950s'
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-04-05T06:42:25Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221090455
- Lennart Nilsson (1922-2017) – Pioneer of embryo photography and his
work Ett barn blir till-
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Authors: Jann Lennard Scharf, Christoph Dracopoulos, Michael Gembicki, Achim Rody, Amrei Welp, Jan Weichert
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
‘Making the invisible visible’ is a requirement of a coveted prize for scientific photography – the Lennart Nilsson Award – which is named after the pioneer of human embryo photography. There is no way of avoiding his influence if the hitherto invisible is to be made visible, the intangible almost tangible, the unimaginable made imaginable, and mysteries otherwise hidden from the human eye are to be processed in a popular-scientific way and visualized in an artistic way by means of scientific-medical imaging techniques. Whilst Lennart Nilsson used state-of-the-art imaging technology within the rapidly evolving field of endoscopy, he also created what is probably the best-selling illustrated book of all times with A Child Is Born contributing to both the further understanding of early prenatal development, as well as achieving worldwide popularity.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-03-28T07:03:18Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221087200
- Why is William Sharp's name forgotten when his novel method for treating
fractures of the Ankle is still used today'-
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Authors: Sean P Hughes, G Anne Davies
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
In 1837 Guillaume von Dupuytren (1777–1835) wrote that the innovative method of reducing an ankle fracture by relaxing the calf muscles was due to both William Sharp (1729–1810) and Percivall Pott (1714–1788). While history records the many surgical achievements of Percivall Pott, little is known of William Sharp's contribution. He is probably best known as one of a remarkable family portrayed by Johan Zoffany (1733–1810) and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1781. We review William Sharp's career and contribution as a surgeon to the treatment of fracture/dislocations of the ankle and ask why his concept is not better known today.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-03-23T07:34:51Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221082103
- Ulysses S. Grant: Chronic Malaria and the myth of his alcoholism
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Authors: Robert C. Belding
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Ulysses S. Grant, Civil War general and twice-elected President of the United States, was highly respected in late-19th century America. Gradually however, it became the conventional wisdom that he was an alcoholic who had only succeeded as a general by using overwhelming force. This change began with his political enemies and those who resented his suppression of the Ku Klux Klan, his regard for the welfare of Native Americans and his support of Reconstruction. Jealous subordinates and those with an axe to grind added their voices to this and then the views of certain influential academic historians and romantic adherents of 'The Lost Cause' were unchallenged until the mid-1950s. Grant was undoubtedly an occasional binge drinker but this is not the same as being an alcoholic. Charles A. Dana is the most authoritative source for the claim that Grant was a frank alcoholic. In 1887 he wrote that Grant was drunk on a trip to Satartia, Mississippi in 1863 during the siege of Vicksburg. In this paper, the author shows that Grant was actually ill on that trip from the disease of malaria, alcohol was not involved at all, and that Grant suffered episodically from this disease both before and during the Civil War.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-03-08T11:06:48Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221079828
- John Graunt F.R.S. (1620-74): The founding father of human demography,
epidemiology and vital statistics-
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Authors: Henry Connor
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
John Graunt, a largely self-educated London draper, can plausibly be regarded as the founding father of demography, epidemiology and vital statistics. In his only publication, based on a pioneering analysis of the London Bills of Mortality, he replaced guesswork with reasoned estimates of population sizes and the first accurate information on male:female ratios. He quantified the extent of immigration from countryside to city and his demonstration of the ‘dying out’ of a cohort paved the way for life table analysis. His comparison of London data with rural data provided the first recognition of the ‘urban penalty’. His use of the first known tabular aggregates of health data clarified distinctions between acute diseases, which were often epidemic, and chronic illnesses which were often endemic. He quantified the high infant mortality and attempted the calculation of a case fatality rate during an epidemic of fever. He was the first to document the phenomenon of ‘excess deaths’ during epidemics. He provided a template for numerical analysis of demographic and health data and initiated the concepts of statistical association, statistical inference and population sampling. By making a novel concept intelligible to a broad audience he influenced the thinking of doctors, demographers and mathematicians.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-02-15T07:38:24Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221079826
- Dimitrios Zambakis’ Scientific Hypothesis on the Transmission of
Leprosy-
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Authors: Kyra Chen, Christopher Talbot, Antonios Mammis
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Dimitrios Zambakis was an acclaimed physician at his time, most recognized for his work on leprosy. He theorized that leprosy was a hereditary disease, receiving many awards for his work including the Cholera Medal of Honour (1854), Château-Villard Prize from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris (1898), The Montyon Prize, and the title of Pasha. However, his theory was routinely argued against and was later proven to be invalid. Leprosy is regarded as a contagious disease spread by contact and is not hereditary. The last name appears in research to be spelled in various ways (Zambakis, Zambaco). For the duration of this paper, “Dimitrios Zambakis” will be used.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-02-10T09:33:39Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221079833
- Carl von Linné: The Development of the Idea of Binomial Nomenclature
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Authors: Emrah Yucesan
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Due to binomial classification system defined by Carl von Linné, it has been shown that living things that were thought to be independent from each other are actually in a relationship. This "binomial classification" idea corresponds to a leap in the history of human thought. Carl von Linné's original idea is a product of the specific conditions of the period, particularly the renaissance and reform movements and geographical discoveries, rather than an idea he produced alone. These movements are part of a chain of ideas that stretches from antiquity to the Medieval and then to the period called the Enlightenment. The aforementioned transformations generally affected the scientist, albeit indirectly, even in geographies far from Sweden, where Carl von Linné spent most of his life. As such, the binomial classification system stands before us as a result of scientific breakthroughs in central Europe. In this study, it will be tried to be explained by taking the opus magnum of Carl von Linne as an example, taking into account the course of scientific developments, which we can attribute to the European civilization, and the philosophical and social texture.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-01-04T12:29:20Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720211065352
- The Journal of Medical Biography is 30 years old: Past achievements and
future prospects-
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Authors: Henry Connor
First page: 2
Abstract: Journal of Medical Biography, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Journal of Medical Biography
PubDate: 2022-12-27T05:23:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/09677720221146520
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