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Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition
Number of Followers: 9

This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 0970-3209 - ISSN (Online) 2231-6744
Published by Indian Council of Agricultural Research

[6 journals]

Assessing Effect of Chromium Treatment on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation
Attributes
- Authors: Rijusmita Sarma Deka, Veena Mani, S M Shete, Muneendra Kumar
  Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different levels (0.25, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 ppm) of chromium (Cr) on in vitro microbial fermentation using ruminal fluid. The substrate sample used for the study consisted of a mixture of compounded concentrate, maize fodder and wheat straw in the ratio of 40:30:30, respectively. Three sets of in vitro trials in triplicate were conducted to estimate the various rumen fermentation attributes such as in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD), individual volatile fatty acid (IVFA), total VFA (TVFA), partitioning factor (PF), methane (CH4) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) to obtain the comprehensive picture of rumen fermentation pattern. These trials were conducted along with respective blanks in triplicate. IVDMD increased linearly with supplemental Cr; however, statistical analysis revealed that values were statistically comparable among groups. Critical analysis of data revealed that PF values seemed to be in ascending with the increase in the dosage level of Cr but showed a non-significant difference. The molar proportion of propionate at 24 h of incubation was lower (P<0.05) with 2.5 mg/kg of Cr compared with 1.5 mg/kg of Cr. However, IVOMD, TVFA, CH4 and SCFA were similar among all the treatments. In conclusion, the addition of Cr up to 3.0 ppm did not exert any adverse effect on the studied rumen fermentation attributes.Â Â
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Nutritive Value of Azolla as Poultry Feed-A Review
- Authors: Bijaya Kumar Swain, Prafulla Kumar Naik, Chandrakant Beura
  Abstract: Azolla has great prospective as poultry feed due to its high content of proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin B12, β-Carotene), growth promoter intermediaries and minerals. It has higher potential to proliferate without inorganic nitrogen fertilization and high rate of growth in water. Azolla on meal basis can be included in broiler ration and pullet chick ration up to a level of 5 and 10% , respectively without any adverse effect on their performance. Fresh azolla at a rate 200g/duck/day in White Pekin duck feeding was economical. Higher levels of inclusion of azolla limit its beneficial effect due to decrease in feed consumption owing to higher level of fibre comprising mostly of ADF and lignin in azolla.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Leaf and Synbiotic Powder on Growth
Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Carcass and Blood Biochemical
Parameters in Broilers
- Authors: A. Kohri, K. A. Shende, R. K. Dhuria, D. Goklaney
  Abstract: A six-week feeding trial was followed by a metabolic trial using 120 broiler chicks (Cob-400) in a completely randomized block design to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with tulsi leaf and synbiotic powder as feed additives on growth performance of broilers. The four dietary treatments were designated as TC control group (basal diet), T1 supplemented with tulsi @ 0.5%, T2 supplemented with synbiotic @ 0.05%, T3 supplemented with tulsi @ 0.5% and synbiotic @ 0.05% of feed. Growth performance and carcass yields were significantly higher (P<0.01) in dietary treatment with supplementation of tulsi leaf and synbiotic as compared to control. Significantly higher body weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and performance index were observed in the T3 group supplemented with a combination of tulsi and synbiotic @ 0.5 percent and 0.05 percent, respectively. Similarly, dietary supplementation of tulsi leaf and synbiotic in combination significantly reduced serum triglyceride and cholesterol level. Whereas, dietary inclusion of tulsi leaf alone and in combination with synbiotic reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen balance, eviscerated weight, heart, liver, gizzardweights, total protein, albumin, globulin, haemoglobin and packed cell volume did not differ in treatment groups. The mortality rate was found to be lower in the treatment groups when compared to the control group. Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that supplementing tulsi leaf at 0.5 percent with synbiotic powder at 0.05 percent improved the growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits and blood haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks without any negative effects.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Supplementation of Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) leaves and
Multienzyme on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Broiler
Chickens
- Authors: Jitendra Kumar Sharma, Monika Karnani, Sheela Choudhary, Manju
  Abstract: The present study was conducted on broiler chickens to observe the effect of supplementation of Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) leaves and Multienzyme on the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance. The feeding trial was conducted under standard feeding and managemental conditions with broiler starter (1-21 days) and finisher (22-35 days) ration on two hundred and forty day old day old Vencobb broiler chicks which were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (T1 to T4) with four replicates of 15 chicks each. Birds were offered basal feed as per the BIS (2007). The treatment groups consisted of control group (T1) which was fed only basal diet, group T2 was supplemented with 0.5 per cent rosemary leaves powder, group T3 with 0.05 per cent multienzyme, group T4 with 0.5per cent rosemary and 0.05 per cent multienzyme in basal feed. The supplementation of Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) and multienzyme alone and in combination showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on total body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein efficiency ratio, dry matter, crude protein and ether extract digestibility. Whereas dietary inclusion of rosemary and multienzyme alone and in combination had no influence on feed consumption and nitrogen balance in broiler birds. Therefore, based on results obtained, the present study revealed that the combination of rosemary at 0.5 per cent with multienzyme enhanced the overall performance of broilers.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Dietary Replacement of Soybean Meal with Faba Beans (ViciaFaba
L.) on the Performance of Broilers
- Authors: B.S. Tewatia, Jyotsana, Anuj Singh, Meetu, V.S. Panwar, N.S. Maan
  Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the effect of replacement of soybean meal with faba beans (Viciafaba L.) on the performance of broilers. One hundred twenty, one-day old, commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed into three treatment groups having four replicates and each replicate had ten birds. A standard soybean-maize based basal ration was formulated and fed to the chicks for a period of six weeks in three different growth phases i.e. pre starter (0-7 d), starter (8-21 d) and finisher (22-42 d). The first group was kept as a control (T1) and was given the basal diet while 25 and 50% of soybean meal protein was replaced with faba beans protein in the second (T2) and third (T3) treatment group, respectively. The body weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly. A metabolism trial was conducted at the end of the experiment. The body weight gain and feed intake amongst different dietary treatments did not vary significantly. Feed conversion ratio and metabolizability of nutrients viz., gross energy,nitrogen and dry matter did not vary significantly amongst different treatment groups. No statistical difference was observed amongst treatment groups with respect to the dressed weight, eviscerated weight, drawn weight, giblets weight and abdominal fat of the carcasses of broiler birds. Findings of this study revealed that 50% replacement of soybean meal with faba beans was economically better without affecting the growth performance and nutrient metabolizability of broiler chicken.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) with enzyme
supplementation on egg production and egg quality of Laying hens
- Authors: P. Rajesh, N. Nalini Kumari, D. Nagalakshmi, M.H. Rao, Gurram Srinivas
  Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on production performance of layers. Two hundred, 34-week-old BV 300 White Leghorn layer birds were randomly allotted to 50 replicates with 4 birds in each replicate and these replicates were in turn allotted to 5 dietary groups. T1 (Control) = Corn-soybean meal Basal diet (BD); T2= 5% MOLM in BD diet without enzyme supplementation; T3= 7.5% MOLM without enzyme supplementation; T4= 10% MOLM in BD diet without enzyme supplementation; T5= 10% MOLM with enzyme supplementation. The results revealed that egg production was significantly higher (P<0.01) in 10% MOLM with enzyme supplementation. Significantly higher (P<0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in T4 whereas lower (P<0.01) FCR was observed in T1, T2 and T5. The egg weight was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T5 compared to the other treatments. There was no significant difference was recorded in feed intake and egg density among the treatments. Feed cost per egg was significantly (P<0.01) lower for 10% MOLM fed birds with and without enzyme supplementation. Egg quality parameters like Yolk color, shell strength, Haugh unit, albumen length, shell percentage, shell thickness, shell weight, yolk height, yolk width, albumen height and albumen width were all improved (P<0.01) especially in T5. It can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) could be included up to 10 % level with addition of enzyme supplementation in the diets of commercial layers for better production performance
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Wheat Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble Improved the Immunity and Cost
Economics of Broiler Chicken
- Authors: S.K. Pradhan, Kamdev Sethy, N. Panda, S.K. Mishra, S.R. Pati, K. Behera, S. Tripathy
  Abstract: A non-conventional feed ingredient that has gotten impressive consideration is Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS), obtained by dry and wet processing of grains after fermentation in ethanol industry. This can be used as an economical source of protein in animals and birds. In order to asses the effect of wheat DDGS supplementation in broiler chicken, ninety numbers of day-old Red Cornish broiler chicks randomly divided into three groups consisting thirty birds in each. Each group consisted of three replicates having ten birds in each. Group T1 served as control (without any DDGS supplementation), whereas birds in groups T2 and T3 were supplemented with 15% and 30% DDGS in the basal diet. The iso nitrogenous and isocalorific feeds were supplemented for 5 weeks. Weekly body weight changes, feed intake, feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of the experiment the immunity and cost of production was measured. The cellular immune response of broiler chickens to PHA-P and antibody titre to Ranikhet disease vaccine was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treated group than un-supplemented control birds. The total feed cost per bird was significantly reduced in the wheat DDGS supplemented birds than control. The present results confirmed that 30% wheat DDGS in the basal diet improved the immunity and reduced the cost of production in broiler chicken.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Different Stocking Density on Broiler Performance with and
without Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Supplementation
- Authors: A. Saini, S. Sharma, Navav Singh, R.K. Saini, V. Chandra
  Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different stocking density on performance of broilers with and without Ashwagandha supplementation. Â Two hundred seventy-day-old, commercial broiler chicks (VenCobb Strain) were used for five week experiment. The birds were allocated randomly to six treatment groups: T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, or T6, each of which had 45 birds and then subdivided into three replications of 15 birds each replicate. Cheich was reared in deep litter system with free access to water and nourishment. The control (T1)group had a basal diet with control space (1 sq. ft./bird), the T2 group had a basal diet with 20% less space (0.8 sq. ft./bird), T3 group had a basal diet with 20% more space (1.2 sq. ft./bird), while other treatment groups T4, T5 and T6 having combinations such as control space (1 sq. ft./bird) with 1% Ashwagandha, 20% less space (0.8 sq. ft./bird) with 1% Ashwagandha, and 20% more space (1.2 sq. ft./bird) with 1% Ashwagandha, respectively. There were significant to a highly significant effect of different stocking densities on broiler performance during the fifth week on weekly body weight, average daily gain, feed consumption, and non-significant on FCR and broiler performance index (BPI). However, the effect of Ashwagandha was found significant to highly significant on broiler performance during the fifth week on weekly feed consumption, average daily gain, body weight, broiler performance index, and average feed conversion ratio. Supplementation of 1 % Ashwagandha reduces the stress of high stocking density and an increase in feed consumption, weight gain, reduces FCR, and ultimately affects the economics of broiler production. Hence present study recommends the addition of 1% Ashwagandha in the basal diet of broiler production to get more profit in commercial broiler farming.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Studies on Growing Murrah Buffalo Fed on Diverse Energy and Protein Ration
and their Effect on Biochemical Parameters
- Authors: Sonali Prusty, S. S. Kundu, V. K. Sharma, G. Mondal
  Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the hormonal profile of the Murrah buffalo when fed with varying levels of the energy and protein in the ration. Thirty growing male Murrah buffalo calves (202.5±6.75 kg BW) were randomly allocated into six groups based on their body weight (BW). Six total mixed rations (TMRs) with two energy levels and three protein levels were fed to the animals for duration of 150 days in a 2x3 factorial design. The energy levels were 10% higher and lower than the ICAR (2013) recommendation for 200kg BW bovines with expected average daily gain (ADG) of 600g. The protein levels were adequate to, 10% higher and 10% lower than the ICAR (2013) recommendations. Energy levels were 2.2 and 2.41 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM whereas protein levels were 12.3%, 13.6% and 15.0% of crude protein (CP). There was significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma urea concentration with increased CP and decreased ME in diet and also the increase was less apparent with the increased energy:protein ratio of diet. Total protein, urea and Insulin – like growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were positively correlated to dietary energy and protein concentrations whereas, plasma growth hormone was negatively correlated. Plasma immunoglobulin status was unaltered by dietary energy and protein levels. Plasma biochemical parameters were within normal range in all the groups. It can be inferred that the ration with 10% lower or higher ME and CP than the requirement did not alter the biochemical and immune status of growing buffaloes.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Herbal Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) as Feed Additive on Body
Weight and Biochemical Parameters in Tropical Buffalo Calves
- Authors: R. Saini, S.K. Chhikara, S. Subhasish, S. Sajjan, D.C. Yadav, Amandeep
  Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary herb aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) on body weight and biochemical parameters in buffalo calves in tropical India. The study was conducted on 15 buffalo calves (3-6 months age) that were divided into 3 groups of 5 calves each. The calves were fed different dietary treatments viz.T1 as Control (basal diet), T2 (basal diet with aloe vera leaves @ 2 g/Kg BW) and T3 (basal diet with aloe vera leaves @ 4 g/Kg BW) for 90 days according to ICAR(2013) feeding standards. At monthly interval, blood samples were collected and serum was separated to estimate different biochemical parameters and body weight was recorded at fortnightly interval. The results of study indicated that the SGOT, SGPT, total protein and globulin in serum were highest in T3 group followed by T2group and were found lowest in T1 (Control group) and differ significantly (P<0.05) in T3 as compared to T1. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in the mean serum cholesterol and glucose values in treatment group T3 as compared to control group T1. The body weight of buffalo calves was also found significantly higher (P<0.05) for T3 as compared to T1.Therefore, dietary supplementation of fresh aloe vera leaves at 4g/kg BW in diet of buffalo calves resulted in improved overall health of buffalo calves.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Sheanut Cake Based Complete Diets on Eating and Rumination
Behaviour in Murrah Buffalo Calves
- Authors: M. Kishan Kumar
  Abstract: Two complete diets, processed into mash were formulated using palm press fibre (20% and 15%) and chopped jowar straw (20% and 25%) as roughage source and sheanut cake (18.5% and 28%) along with locally available concentrate ingredients with roughage concentrate ratio of 40:60 and processed into mash (R II and R III). These two diets were compared with conventional ration (R I) consisting of chopped jowar straw, green jowar fodder and concentrate mixture fed separately to study their effect on eating and rumination behaviour in Murrah buffalo calves. Twelve Murrah buffalo calves were randomly allotted to these three diets and fed for a period of 180 days. Statistical analysis of eating and rumination behaviour indicated that rumination time, percent of time spent for rumination and chewing time were significantly higher, whereas resting time and percent of time spent for resting was lower on conventional diet when compared with complete diets in growing buffalo calves.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Indigenously Prepared Rumen Protected
Fat on Production and Reproduction in Hardhenu Cattle
- Authors: Sajjan Sihag, Sushil Kumar, Zile Singh Sihag
  Abstract: Dietary fats are important source of energy but unprocessed fat in excess to 6-7% of dry matter intake can reduce ruminal digestion. While, dietary fat in protected form increases energy density of ruminant ration with no negative effects on ruminal fermentation. Rumen protected fat was prepared as calcium salts of long chain fatty acids by an indigenous fusion method. Twelve early lactating Hardhenu cows of 2nd and 3rd parity and average body weight of 408±9.13 kg, yielding 15±0.32 kg milk per day and 15-23 days in milk were subjected either to a control diet (T1) or diet supplemented with indigenously prepared rumen protected fat @ 200g per day per cattle (T2) as per ICAR (2013) feeding standards. Digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and organic matter and intake of total digestible nutrients, digestible ether extract and digestible organic matter improved significantly (P<0.05) in cows fed rumen protected fat (T2). Milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk yield, solid corrected milk yield and fat content of milk were also significantly (P<0.05) increased in T2. Dietary supplementation of rumen protected fat showed positive effect on reproductive performance of cows. Feed conversion efficiency improved in terms of 4% fat corrected milk production in cattle on feeding rumen protected fat and net return was increased by 22.02 % during four months of early lactation.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Relative Appraisal among Different Sugarcane Varieties for Quality of
Sugarcane Tops Silage as Non-Conventional Feed Resource
- Authors: R. Pal, A. Gupta, M. Wadhwa, P. Singh, A. Singla
  Abstract: The study included evaluation of nutritive quality of tops of four sugarcane varieties (Co 118, CoJ 88, CoPb 93 and CoPb92), berseem (BL-10) and silage made from them. Four types of silage were prepared by mixing sugarcane tops of each variety with barseem in a fixed proportion of 60:40 sugarcane and barseem, respectively. Mixture of tops of sugarcane varieties Co 118, CoJ 88, CoPb 92 and CoPb 93 with barseem variety BL 10 was referred as silage-I, silage-II, silage-III and silage IV, respectively. Tops of each sugarcane variety, berseem and silages were evaluated for their nutritional composition. Variety CoJ 88 contain highest dry matter content (30.1%) whereas variety Co118 contain highest percent crude protein (5.05%) among all varieties. The acid detergent fiber (38.8%) and ADL(5.0%) were lowest in variety CoPb92. Silage I had highest CP (8.30%), NDF(66.6%),ADF(35.3%) and ADL(4.20%) levels whereas silage III had significantly lower CP, NDF, ADF and ADL. Predicted palatability/intake and energy quality parameters indicated that DMI (1.80%), DDM(61.4%), TDN (63.1%), RFV (85.8%), RFQ (2.03%) and NEL(1.43Mcal/Kg)values were highest for silage III. Fermentation quality parameters like acetic acid content (2.89%) and TVFA (5.17) of CoPb 92 were optimum . It was concluded that among all four varieties, CoPb 92 mixed with berseem (BL-10) in 60:40 ratio gives the most appropriate quality of silage.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Influence of different dietary protein levels on milk of dairy cows during
the transition period
- Authors: S.S. Nair, K. Ally, V. Dildeep, J.J. Mathew, V.L. Gleeja
  Abstract: A study was carried out to find the influence of different dietary protein levels on milk of dairy cows during the transition period. Twenty cross bred cows, three weeks prior to their expected date of calving were selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme (ULF&FRDS), College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, as experimental animals. The cows were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments â€“ T1 (12 per cent CP (crude protein) TMR (Total Mixed Ration)) and T2 (14 per cent CP TMR). After calving, half of the animals in T1 were allotted to T3 (16 per cent CP TMR) and remaining half to T4 (18 per cent CP TMR). Similarly half of the animals in T2 were allotted to T3 and remaining half to T4. All these rations were iso-caloric. The feeding trial was carried out for a period of 3 weeks prepartum and 45 days postpartum. Results revealed that there was no significant difference in milk yield between the different treatment groups. The milk protein were significantly higher (p<0.05) for groups receiving treatments T2 & T4. Levels of all other milk parameters under observation remained unaffected in all treatment combinations, and the values were in the normal range. The study showed that the milk protein can be effectively improved by feeding a low dietary protein prepartum and high protein postpartum.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)
Nutrient Profile of Unconventional Feeds of Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh
- Authors: Dharmesh tewari, Ravindra Kumar Jain
  Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the nutritional composition of some unconventional feed resources available in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh so as to use them as protein supplement sources in the diets of livestock ration to enhance their productivity. Seven (07) unconventional ingredients including soybean husk(Glycine max), mordhan husk(Stariapumila), watermelon seed coat(Citrulluslanatus), babul chuni(Acacia arabica), saufbyproduct(Foeniculum vulgare), rajgiri husk(Amaranthus spp.)and soybean chuni(Glycine max) were collected, sun-dried,processed into meal and analyzed for their chemical and macro-mineral composition using internationallyestablished procedures. The results showed that the samples Moisturepercent ranged from 0.68% (watermelon seed coat) to 7.47% (saufbyproduct). The Crude Protein (CP) content ranged from 6.41% (rajgiri husk) to 17.05% (soybean chuni). Saufbyproduct recorded the highest (3.36%) Ether Extract (EE) value, followed respectively byrajgiri husk (3.06%) and soybean chuni (2.85%), while the others were below 2.0%. The crude fiber (CF) content was ranging from 64.66% (watermelon coat) to 14.20% (soybean chuni). Total ash and acid insoluble ash was highest in saufbyproduct (20.59 and 7.44%) and lowest in watermelon coat (1.99 and 0.18%). Saufbyproduct contained the highest level of calcium (4.33%), followed by babul chuni (3.23%) whilst rajgiri huskand soybean chunirecorded highest level of 0.54% phosphorus. The cell wall content was highest in mordhan husk (85.12%) followed by watermelon coat (84.80%). Mordhan husk contained the highest level of hemicellulose (38.95%) whilst soybean husk recorded high level of cellulose (15.37%). The lignin content was highest in watermelon coat (44.95%) followed by mordhan husk (42.00%), rajgiri husk (38.28%), soybean husk (20.90%), saufbyproduct (18.91%), babul chuni (8.52%) and soybean chuni (6.66%). These results showed that unconventional samples contained appreciable quantities of all dietary nutrients tested for which more or less make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources in the animal feeding.
  PubDate: 2022-07-03
  Issue No: Vol. 39, No. 1 (2022)