Authors:A. Kumari, H. K. Gulati, S. Kumar, S. Sihag, M. Kumar Abstract: Eighteen Murrah buffalo heifers, at BRC, LUVAS, Hissar distributed into three treatments to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different sources of bypass proteins on blood biochemical profile. Heifers in all three group fed similar basal diets, in treatment T2 10% of crude protein requirement was replaced with commercially available soya bypass protein and in treatment T3 10% of crude protein requirement was replaced with natural bypass protein i.e fish meal. Blood samples were collected with or without anti-coagulant for biochemical and serum mineral analysis respectively, at the start of experiment and thereafter at monthly intervals for a period of 120 days. Feeding of bypass protein result in significant increase (P<0.05) in concentration of plasma glucose, total protein, globulin, and calcium but concentration of other biochemical parameters, serum mineral values and activity of enzymes showed no significant difference among the treatments. PubDate: 2022-05-09 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2022)
Authors:A. Ashraf, G.G. Sheikh, A.M. Ganai, P.A. Reshi Abstract: A total of 206 samples of blood were collected from crossbred jersey dairy cows of Pulwama district of Kashmir Division to assess the blood plasma mineral status with respect to the stage of lactation and milk yield parity. Macro-minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na and K) were estimated by standard methods using commercial kits, whereas microminerals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Co and Mn) were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Significantly (P≤0.05) lower blood Ca, P, Mg and Na levels was reported in animals yielding milk upto above 10 kg followed 5-10 kg yielders and upto 5 kg and as compared to dry animals. Plasma P was recorded below critical levels in dairy animals of district Pulwama. There was no significant difference in mean plasma K levels of dairy animals among milk yielding and dry animals. Significant (P≤0.05) lower plasma Ca, P, Mg and Na levels were found in animals in early and mid-lactation stages of dairy animals compared to the late lactation stage with a non significant difference in plasma calcium levels in early and mid-lactation. Plasma micromineral (Cu, Zn, Fe and Co) concentration was reported significantly (P≤0.05) lower in high yielding animals (5-10kg and above 10kg) as compared to 0-5 kg yielders with the highest in dry animals. However, no significant difference was observed in plasma Mn level in dairy animals of district Pulwama in different production levels (above 10 kg, 5-10 kg, 5 kg yielders and dry) and at the stage of lactation (early, mid and late). The present study therefore indicates the need for the formulation of specific mineral mixtures for different stages of lactation. PubDate: 2022-05-09 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2022)
Authors:V. Santhosh Reddy, D. Nagalakshmi, M. Venkateswarlu, Suresh Rathod Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro gas production (IVGP), degradability and fermentation characteristics of various cereal grains viz., maize, broken rice, jowar, ragi, wheat, barley and bajra by in vitro gas production technique.The in vitro gas production technique conducted indicated significant (P< 0.01) variation for cereal grains with regard to in vitro gas produced (IVGP) volume, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD %), in vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD %) and in vitro neutral detergent fibre degradability (IVNDFD %). The IVGP and IVOMD were highest for wheat and barley followed by bajra and lowest for maize, broken rice, jowar and ragi. The order of the IVDMD % from highest to lowest was broken rice> wheat>jowar and maize>bajra>barley>ragi. The IVNDFD (%) was highest for wheat and barley followed by bajra then by ragi and lowest in jowar, broken rice and maize. The partitioning factor was higher (P< 0.01) in broken rice, jowar and maize, followed by ragi, then bajra and was lowest in wheat and barley. The microbial biomass production (MBP) (mg/500mg) was lowest (P< 0.01) in maize, broken rice, jowar and ragi, followed by bajra and highest in wheat and barley. The efficiency of microbial biomass production (EMBP) (g/kg DOM) was higher (P< 0.01) and comparable for broken rice, maize and jowar followed by ragi and then bajra and lowest was from barley and wheat. The ME values from in vitro study varied significantly (P< 0.01) and in descending order was wheat >barley >bajra>broken rice >jowar and maize >ragi. The pH was highest (P> 0.01) in maize and jowar and comparable with broken rice and bajra, followed by ragi and lowest was for wheat and barley. The NH3-N concentration from various cereal grains did not vary, but total volatile fatty acid production was significant. The highest (P< 0.01) TVFA production was from wheat, followed by barley then bajra, jowar and lowest in maize, broken rice and ragi. PubDate: 2022-05-09 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2022)
Authors:S. Sahoo, S. Rani, D.K. Singh, G.H. Pailan Abstract: In general, fish is considered as a natural diabetic animal. In order to understand how the feed is metabolized to glucose and the time duration for its complete uptake from blood, a study was conducted to estimate the pre and postprandial blood glucose level in Labeo rohita, at two-hour intervals of both fasting and fed state. The blood glucose levels of four replicates at every time point were estimated using glucose oxidase method. The pre-prandial/ fasting blood glucose level was found to be in the range of 10-18 mg/dl. Whereas, two hours post-prandially the blood glucose level had got increased and estimated to be varying between 46-88 mg/dl, which was maximum. Also, it was observed that the sugar levels got reduced back to normal/fasting state after about 10hrs. Time period shows significant inverse relationship with blood glucose level (p<0.05). These results will help in establishing and managing a proper feeding schedule for rohu. PubDate: 2022-05-09 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2022)
Authors:Saman Yusufkhan Belim, H.H. Savsani, M.D. Odedra, D.G. Vaghamashi, Y. G. Kansagara, B.K. Kansagara, K.R. Makwana Abstract: The poultry industry in India has made a remarkable growth and it is currently emerging as a sunrise sector. The worldwide consumption of poultry products such as meat plus eggs are currently high and tends to grow continuously as compared to other livestock products. So, it is important to know what were the recent advances that were made and what will be the future directions in poultry nutrition in a brief. Recent advances that have made includes defining nutrient requirements and nutrient composition, least cost feed formulations based on amino acid and energy, use of biotechnological products in poultry feeding as well as nano minerals supplementation. There are certain future directions like use of alternative raw material, use of phytogenic feed additives as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter, focus on gizzard development and gut health, use of next generation feed enzymes and in ovo nutrition are of prime importance. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:Balbir Singh Khadda, Kanak Lata, Raj Kumar, S. Khajuria, Aashaq Hussain Dar Abstract: A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementary feeding of curd as probiotics on growth performance and frequency of diarrohea in pre- ruminant cattle calves under farmer’s field in semi- arid condition of central Gujarat, India. Twenty four, pre-ruminant female Gir cattle calves with average age of fifteen days were selected randomly and distributed equally in to four groups, six each in a completely randomized design i.e. T1- basal diet (control), T2 - basal diet + Saccharomyces cerevisiae @ 5 g per calf/ day, T3 - basal diet + Lactobacillus acidophilus @ 1 g (2 x 1010 cfu/ g) per calf/ day and T4 - basal diet + Traditional curd @ 50 ml per calf/ day, respectively for a period of 90 days. The results of the study revealed that the average daily gains and final body weight of calves was significantly (P<0.01) higher in curd and probiotics groups as compared to the control group. The average daily weight gains were statistically higher in curd group (410±14.92g) followed by Lactobacillus acidophilus (407±15.12g), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (393±14.86g) group as compared to control group (301±10.74g). There were significant difference in the faecal score between the treatment group and the control after two weeks of the experiment; subsequently, faecal score became constant in the treatment groups and never exceeded the normal value. However, curd and Lactobacillus acidophilus was found to be more effective to control/ reduce the incidence of diarrhea after one weeks of application as compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The incremental B: C Ratio was found to be 5.27, 10.55 and 21.77 in group T2, T3 and T4, respectively which appears to be very lucrative. Based on observations, it may be inferred that the traditionally fermented curd, can effectively be used as a probiotic supplement and has a desirable effect in terms of higher growth rate and checking diarrhea in pre ruminant calves. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:Miteshkumar Ravjibhai Chavda, Harish H. Savsani, Jignesh A. Chavda, Vijay K. Karangiya, Dilipkumar G. Vaghamsi, Bhargav K. Kansagara, Kirti R. Makwana Abstract: The study was carried out on 24 advanced pregnant Gir cows to know the effects of supplementing Rumen Protected Choline (RPC) and Rumen Protected Fat (RPF) alone and in combination on dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of nutrients. The cows were divided equally into four treatment groups (T1 to T4; n=6 each). Cows in T1 group were fed with basal diet to meet their nutrient requirement as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard. In T2 group, cows received supplementation of RPC @ 45 g/day, in T3 RPF @ 80 g/d and in T4 with RPC @ 45 g/day + RPF @ 80 g/d along with basal diet of T1, starting from 30 days before expected date of calving to 60 days postpartum. DMI (kg/d) increased significantly (p<0.01) in T2 group compared to control. However, no significant differences among the treatment groups were observed in terms of DMI kg/per 100 kg BW or DMI g/kg BW0.75.Digestibility of ether extract was observed significantly (p<0.001) higher in T2, T3 and T4 group as compared to control, while that of CP, CF and NFE were not affected in any treatment groups, whereas digestibility of DM and OM significantly increased (p<0.05) in T2 group as compared to control. It was concluded that supplementation of RPC significantly improved the DMI and digestibility of DM, OM and EE. Digestibility of EE was also improved by RPF supplementation. However, supplementation of RPF alone or in combination did not have any significant (p>0.05) effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF and NFE. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:Hardikkumar Bhupatbhai Naliyapara, H.H. Savsani, J.A. Chavda, M.D. Odedra, N.K. Ribadiya Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the management practices of Jaffrabadi buffaloes in the Junagadh district to find the type of feeding and management practices followed by the owners. The present study was carried out in five talukas viz - Visavadar, Manavadar, Mendarda, Junagadh and Mangrol of Junagadh districts of Gujarat state. Four villages from each selected taluka were selected randomly for the study purpose. The personal interview technique was used to collect first-hand information from three owners from each selected village of selected talukas of Junagadh district. Basic statistical tools were used to draw the inferences. The survey revealed that most respondents reared the animals on stall feeding and supplementation of green maize, marvel grass, jowar hay, groundnut haulms, and cottonseed cake. Generally, 18.23±1.70 kg available green fodders, 11.72±0.43 kg available dry fodders and 7.29±0.23 kg concentrate were fed daily to lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes. The average DMI of lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes is 20.04±0.28 kg/day. The concentrate was fed twice a day at the time of milking, and most respondents (95%) used readymade concentrate mixture. Soaking of concentrate was practised by the majority (65%) of respondents. The majority of respondents were not practising mineral supplementation (88.33%), salt supplementation (81.67%) and deworming (51.67%) to their buffaloes. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:S. Praveen, R. Chandra, Nishant Kumar, P. Naveen, A. Fernandes Abstract: Present study was done on Crossbred Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian X Tharparker)cows (n=18) to evaluate the effect of boron supplementation on milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count of milk during heat stress, cows were allocated to three treatments, viz, group 1 (n=6), group 2 (n=6) and group 2 (n=6) based on bodyweight, parity and estimated producing ability. All cows received basal feed (roughage and concentrate) based on ICAR feeding standards. Additionally, in group 2 and group 3, boron was supplemented at the rate of 250 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively. The plasma boron was estimated to be significantly higher in boron supplemented groups than control. The milk yield, milk Fat% and milk composition on weight basis (kg) has no significant improvement but other milk composition (viz, milk SNF, milk protein, milk lactose and milk total solids %) did differ significantly between the control and boron supplemented groups. Somatic cell count of boron supplemented groups was significantly low (p<0.05) than control, but there was no significant relationship between treatment groups. It is concluded that supplementing boron in diet improved the milk composition (%) and reduced the SCC of milk but no considerable improvement in milk yield was observed. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:B. Murali, R. Susheela; , M. Shanti, T. Shashikala Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to find out suitable sowing time, optimum seed rate, and right cultivar of fodder oat for Telangana. The treatments consisted of 16 combinations with four times of sowing (first fortnight of October, second fortnight of October, first fortnight of November, and second fortnight of November), two seed rates (80 and 100 kg/ha), and two fodder oat cultivars (JHO 822 and Kent). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design and replicated thrice in sandy loam soil. Two-year (2016-17 & 2017-18) pooled data analysis results revealed that green fodder yield, dry matter yield, and crude protein yields recorded were significantly (p<0.05) higher with the crop sown during the first fortnight of November followed by the second fortnight of October. Plant height and tiller number per meter row length also responded similarly. No significant difference was observed among the two seed rates for plant height, the number of tillers/meter row, green, and dry fodder yields except crude protein where 100 kg/ha seed rate recorded higher crude protein yield than 80 kg/ha seed rate. Cultivars significantly differed in plant height and crude protein yield only. All the interaction effects were found to be non-significant. The best sowing window for obtaining higher fodder yield and quality of oat in Telangana was found to be from the second fortnight of October to the first fortnight of November. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:P. Kumar, S. Kumar, S. Sihag, Z.S. Sihag Abstract: A six-week study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) powder (FSP) on serological and immunological parameters in broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four day-old chicks were randomly divided into six dietary treatment groups having 24 birds in each group and three replications of 8 birds each. Supplementation with FSP was done at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% for T1 to T6. The result of the study revealed that there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the broilers fed diets supplemented with FSP at 1.5% or above. HDL-concentrations were found to be improved significantly (p<0.05) upon FSP supplementation at 1.0% and above. Blood glucose concentration was reduced significantly (p<0.05) as the supplementation of FSP was increased from 1.0% to 3.0%. Expression of genes controlling antibacterial and anti-viral activities revealed that relative mRNA expression of TLR-2 and TLR-7 of broilers was found to be enhanced upon feeding FSP. But a significant down regulation was seen in case of relative mRNA expression of TLR-4 receptors in FSP supplemented groups. Serum triglycerides, SGPT and SGOT concentrations remained unaffected. It was inferred from the study that FSP fenugreek supplementation in the diets of broiler birds have substantial improvement in the serum biochemical parameters along with showing immunological activities. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:M. Kumar, R.S. Arya, R.K. Dhuria, Deepika Dhuria Abstract: The effect of ginger and black cumin was evaluated in terms of production performance and nutrient utilization as well as blood-biochemical and immune profile of White Leghorn laying hens. Two hundred and seventy hens were randomly allotted to nine dietary treatments with three replications while adopting 32 factorial design. A feeding trial of 84 days was conducted to evaluate production performance and at the end of experiment six birds from each treatment group were subjected to metabolism trial to study nutrient utilization. Metabolizability of proximate principals except NFE was improved significantly on black cumin supplementation and on ginger supplementation only NFE metabolizability wasimproved. Nitrogen retention due to ginger and nitrogen and calcium retention due to black cumin were improved significantly (P<0.01). Both the herbs have non-significant effect on phosphorus retention. Dietary inclusion of ginger significantly reduced feed intake (P<0.05) and egg production (P<0.01), whereas black cumin has no effect on feed intake but increased the egg production (P<0.01) at 1% level. At the end of experiment, Two birds from each replication were randomly selected for blood-biochemical and one bird for immune characteristics analysis. Supplementation of both the herbs in diet significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Hematological indices, serum enzymes and spleen, bursa and thymus weight index were within normal physiological range and have not been influenced by dietary treatments. On observing egg production among different treatmet grouops it can be sated that highest egg production was in treatment group with 1% level of black cumin. Due to main effect of ginger, there was increase in metabolizability of crude protein and nitrogen retention but decline in egg production were observed. Further due to main effect of black cumin, highest metabolizability of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber, highest nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention, calcium inatke and retention with decline in calcium excretion and increase in the egg production were observed at 1 per cent level. So supplementation of black cumin at 1% level might be promising for profitablepoultry production. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:Mayur Solanki, Kuldeep Kumar Verma, Rana Ranjeet Singh, Thakur Krishna Shankar Rao Abstract: The present experiment was conducted on 288-day-old unsexed broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of dietary feed additives viz. neem leaf meal (NLM) and citric acid (CA) on carcass characteristics, visceral and lymphoid organs, and gut health in broiler chickens. The chicks were randomly distributed into 6 dietary groups of 48 birds per group, each having 4 replicates (12 birds per replicate) in a randomized block design. The birds were fed on a standard diet without any supplementation control (T0); and with supplementation of NLM 2.5 g/kg of feed (T1); CA 15 g/kg of feed (T2); CA 25 g/kg of feed (T3); NLM 2.5 g + CA 15 g/kg of feed (T4); NLM 2.5 g + CA 25 g/kg of feed (T5). Eight birds from each treatment (2 per replicate) were randomly selected for slaughter and collection of samples and microbial study at day 42. The yield of the carcass, cut-up parts, and visceral organs, and length of the small intestine revealed comparable values without any adverse effect in the groups. The caecal E. coli population reduced significantly (P<0.05) in treatments T2 and T3 as compared to T0. The lower (P<0.05) caecal pH was observed in groups T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 than T0. It can be concluded that feeding CA at 15 g and 25 g/kg of feed improved gut health without any adverse effect on the carcass and internal organs. Hence, supplementation of CA at two dietary levels i.e. 15 g and 25 g per kg of feed could be an alternative to produce healthy chickens. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:Sabarinath Elangovan, Senthil Murugan, Biju Chacko, Surej Joseph Bunglavan, K. Promod Abstract: A study was assigned in 18 Gramasree male birds of 32nd weeks of age, randomly distributed to three experimental groups (G1, G2 and G3) with six birds in each group and housed separately in male cages for 91 days. During this experimental period, layer breeder ration (control) was prepared as per ICAR, (2013) recommendations and fed to all experimental male birds. Egg shell powder and shell grit having more than 2 mm particle size was given as free choice after feeding to GII and GIII birds, respectively to meet their extra calcium requirement. The feed intake and body weight were significantly different (p<0.01) between the treatment groups. Egg shell powder and shell grit intake was 0.67 and 0.72 g/rooster/day, respectively. Total calcium intake was 3.20, 3.44 and 3.55 g/rooster/day in G1, G2 and G3, respectively. Semen was collected by abdominal massage at weekly intervals from 33rd to 44th weeks of age and analysed for semen volume, colour, sperm concentration and sperm motility and significantly no difference was found between the groups. The serum Ca and P content, tibial characteristic and tibial-ash were similar in all treatment groups but the tibial calcium content was significantly (p<0.01) higher in shell grit group. It can be concluded that, calcium intake (3.20 g/rooster/day) through feed is sufficient for male birds to meet their calcium requirements and extra egg shell powder, shell grit given as free choice feeding had not influenced the semen qualities without any detrimental effects. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
Authors:S. Nayak, B. Panda, K. Radhakrishnan, D.K. Verma, K.C. Das, P. Routray Abstract: Spontaneous spawning of wild caught and domesticated mola carplet, Amblypharyngodon mola was attempted in controlled condition using an aquatic plant hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata as a modified habitat. Growth performance of hatched larvae revealed that the larval growth (weight gain %) was significantly higher (p <0.05) with a mixed diet (63.76 ± 0.52%) than natural diet (40.42 ± 0.26%) or artificial diet (13.74 ± 0.39%) whereas juvenile mola grew better on the artificial diet. Significantly higher maturity rate (> 80 %) of mola was observed in tanks/ ponds having hydrilla as an additional habitat than the tanks /ponds having no hydrilla. Similarly, higher fecundity of mola (>900) was recorded in tanks having hydrilla. Better spawning performance was also noted using hydrilla based habitat. The findings can be useful in artificial propagation and diversification of small indigenous fish species in captivity. PubDate: 2021-12-31 Issue No:Vol. 38, No. 4 (2021)
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