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Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Online) 2717-8420
Published by DergiPark

[187 journals]

Evaluation of Aqua-Crop Model using Onion Crop under Deficit Irrigation
and Mulch in Semi-arid Nigeria
- Authors: Nura Jafar SHANONO; Baba Saleh ABBA, Nuraddeen Mukhtar NASİDİ
  Abstract: The Aqua-Crop simulation model has been playing a crucial role in assessing the performance of the existing strategies for the management of irrigation schemes for improving agricultural water use efficiency. This study evaluated the Aqua-Crop model using Onion crops under deficit irrigation and mulch practices in semi-arid Nigeria. Measurements were taken from the experimental plots which consisted of irrigation and mulch each at 4 levels were used to evaluate the Aqua-Crop model using canopy cover, biomass, yield, actual crop ET, and water productivity of Onion during the 2021 irrigation season. The simulated results from the Aqua-Crop model were evaluated and statistically compared with the experimental results. The model simulated canopy cover with the highest degree of correlation coefficient (0.74 ≤ r ≤ 0.94). The model perfectly predicted Onion yield and biomass under full irrigation irrespective of the mulching. However, the model underestimated Onion yield and biomass at deficit irrigation. The model has perfectly estimated the seasonal actual crop evapotranspiration at different irrigation levels and mulch materials while underestimating water productivity in most of the treatments except at 100% irrigation under white synthetic mulch. However, both model and experimental water productivity were better at white synthetic mulch plots. Therefore, the Aqua-Crop model has proven to be a good Onion crop growth and yield predictor under different irrigation levels and mulch materials which can help improve Onion productivity in water-stressed areas like semi-arid Nigeria.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Effects of Alginate Based Edible Coating Applications on Physicochemical
Quality of Minimal Processed Melon Slices
- Authors: Bengü DEMİR; Aslihan DEMİRDÖVEN
  Abstract: In this study, it was aimed to produce ready-to-eat melon slices by applying sodium alginate (SA) based edible film formulations on sliced “Kırkağaç” variety melons and to determine their quality under passive modified atmosphere conditions. In the study, sliced melons, first treated with 0.5% calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution, were coated with edible film solutions containing 1%, 1.5% and 2% sodium alginate (SA), then packed with polyethylene (30µm-PE) films and a group of samples that without packaging were stored for 6 days at +5°C and subjected to O2%, CO2%, total phenolic, antioxidant capacity (ABTS), pH, water-soluble dry matter, weight loss, texture and color (L*, a*, b*) analyzes every 2 days period. As a result, it was determined that melon slices coated with in different concentrations of sodium alginate had not statistical differences in total phenolic content (54.66-58.03 GA mg kg-1), antioxidant capacity (256.2-295.8 mg kg-1), texture (0.433-0.444 N), water-soluble dry matter (9.70-9.88%) and weight loss (0.40-0.54) values on the 6th day of storage. As a result, it was determined that melon slices coated with sodium alginate had better properties in terms of antioxidant capacity, water soluble dry matter, weight loss and O2 - CO2 % values on the 6th day of storage.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Effect of Fermentation on Drying Characteristics of Three Varieties of
Trifoliate Yam
- Authors: Ide PATRICK EJIKE; Ugwuanti-nnadi OBİAGELİ, Eje Brendan EKETE
  Abstract: This study determined the effect of fermentation on drying characteristics of trifoliate yam varieties (white, yellow and deep-yellow trifoliate yam). Thin layer drying method was adopted using oven dry method at constant drying temperature of 700C with air velocity of 2.35 m s-1 and relative humidity 35%. The unfermented samples shoed lower values of drying constant than the fermented samples. The drying constant of unfermented samples of Trifoliate Yam A, B and C (A= Deep-Yellow, B= White, C= Yellow) were -0.729, 1.3972 and 0.2787, respectively. While, the drying constant of fermented samples of Trifoliate Yam D, E and F (D= Deep-Yellow, E= White, F= Yellow) were -0.776,-0.763 and 1.5815, respectively. The drying rate of the samples solely dependent on the magnitude of drying constants sequel to this, fermented samples with larger magnitude of drying constant will dry faster than the unfermented samples with lower drying constant. Best fit equations and relationship between moisture content and drying time were developed with correlation coefficient (R2) higher than 0.94. The sample A, B, C, D, E and F reached a constant moisture ratio of 0.021, 0.015, 0.021, 0.015, 0.014 and 0.016 at drying time of 540, 600, 600, 480, 540 and 540 minutes, respectively. Sample B and C had highest drying time followed by sample A, E and F while sample D had the lowest value of drying time. The fermentation had significant effect on the drying characteristics of trifoliate yam slices and drying of trifoliate yam samples occurred solely in the falling rate period which showed that internal moisture diffusion phenomenon is dominant and controlled the drying process.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
The Effect of Drying Processes on Model and Quantitative Color Quality
Characteristics of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.)
- Authors: Burcu AKSÜT; Hakan POLATCI
  Abstract: Drying is the process of removing the moisture in the product by evaporation up to a certain threshold value. The moisture content of the cauliflower vegetable is 90.76%, causing microbiological and enzymatic deterioration. For this reason, cauliflower should be preserved by drying in order to prolong its consumption life. In this study, drying process was carried out using different drying methods (oven, vacuum oven and convective dryer at 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC drying temperatures and in the shade). The effects of different drying temperatures applied to the cauliflower vegetable on the color properties and drying kinetics were investigated. It was determined that the lowest drying time was 3.75 hours with the convective drying method at 70ºC, and the greatest drying time was 275 hours with the shade drying method. In the mathematical modeling, Lewis, Wang Sing and Page equations were used. Among all drying models, the best drying data was found in the convective drying of the Page model equation at 70ºC and the oven drying method at 40ºC, R2 with value of 0.9998 in Wang and Singh model equation. In terms of color values, it has been determined that the method that best preserves fresh cauliflower is drying in the shade.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Farmers' Participation in Watershed Management in Sodo Zuria District
of Southern Ethiopia
- Authors: Danıel BALTA; Senapathy MARİSENNAYYA, Pandikumar M MARISENNAYYA, Chinaza GODSWİLL AWUCHİ
  Abstract: This examination aimed to survey the farmers' participation in watershed management and distinguish significant factors deciding the farmers' participation and cooperation in watershed management practices in the investigation territory. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were utilized for investigation purposes to meet the expressed targets. The sampled farmer families were classified low, medium, and highly dependent on their support score esteems the 4-8, 9-12, and 13-16 participation run separately. The farmers' participation in problem identification and decision making, planning and monitoring and evaluation is shallow in contrast with their participation in the execution level. The Ordered Logit Model outcome uncovered that among the 17 variables estimated to influence the farmers' participation in watershed management, 8 variables were measurably noteworthy with the speculated sign as determinants of farmers' participation in the watershed the executives. Consequently, the family size is positive and significantly influence the farmers' participation; dependency ratio negatively and significantly influences the farmers' participation; more dependency ratio diminishes time, work, and enthusiasm to partake in watershed management practices, education positive and fundamentally influence the farmers' participation, farm size is positive and significantly affect the farmers' participation, the distance of parcel of land from residence positive and altogether influence the farmers' participation, soil fertility positive and altogether influence the farmers' participation, extension contact positive and altogether influence the farmers' participation, farmers households who approach credit were found to have negative and fundamentally influence the farmers' participation.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Comparative Investigation of n-Hexane and Ethanol Solvents Used in Eleais
guinesis Kernel Oil Extraction and Optimization via Two Computational
Modelling
- Authors: Ijaola OPOLOLAOLUWA
  Abstract: The global usages of oil seed products are on high demand; which gave rise to the need to optimize the extraction of Elaeis guinness kernel oil. This work investigated the performance of n-hexane and ethanol as solvents for extraction and optimization of Elaeis guinesis kernel oil via Response System Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) computational modeling. The 5 days sun-dried Elaeis guinesis Seeds collected were crushed, the oil was extracted from the powdered seed using a Soxhlet extractor, with n-hexane and ethanol as solvents. The result analyzed by average computation of 40min extraction time, 175 ml solvents, and 50g sample weight for both solvents shown that the average oil yield for n-hexane is 38.15% (w w-1) and 28.83% (w w-1) for ethanol. At the box-Behnken experimental design having the same averaged independent variables, the average predicted values of: RSM is 35.21; ANNs is 37.21 for n-hexane solvent, while for ethanol solvent, the average predicted values of: ANNs is 31.118; RSM is 30.80. The coefficients of determination (R2) for RSM were 99.94% for n-hexane and 99.89% (w w-1) for ethanol, and ANN has 99.99% (w w-1) for n-hexane and 99.899% (w w-1). As a result; n-hexane is better than ethanol in term of oil extraction, ANNs has higher predicted values for optimization in both solvents, therefore it is a better model for oil’s optimization, it further proved that both models can be used adequately to represent the actual relationship of the chosen factors which can be applied for optimization simultaneously.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Optimization of Some Physical and Functional Properties of Extruded
Soybean Crud Residue-Base Floating Fish Feed
- Authors: Saheed Abiola OLAOYE; Olanrewaju OWOSENİ, Ayoola OLALUSİ
  Abstract: The effect of some extrusion factors on soybean crud residue-based floating fish feed was investigated. Extrusion was conducted at 20%, 25%, and 30% moisture content level, die size of 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm, and screw speed of 150 rpm, 200 rpm, and 250 rpm. Pearson square method of fish feed formulation was used to attain a 35% protein content of catfish feed protein requirement. Optimized value of extrusion factors moisture content, die size, and screw speed were 30%, 6 mm, and 150 rpm respectively and the optimized result of responses, expansion rate (ER) floatation rate (FR) sinking velocity (SV) specific mechanical energy (SME) swelling capacity (SC) water absorption index (WAI) water solubility index (WSI) hydration capacity (HC) and hydration index (HI) are 32.73%, 95.87%, 0.024 m s-1, 16.97 kJ kg-1, 1.73, 1.61, 2.76, 0.51, and 0.67 respectively. Feed moisture content and die size have the most significant effect on the physical and functional properties of the extrudate. Coefficient of determination R2 ranges from 0.65 to 0.96, lack of fit not-significant, desirability in optimization of 0.806, suggesting adequacy of research. Soybean crud residue base floating fish feed has been formed and evaluated with an outcome of high efficacy. This extruded producing model can be used for both domestic and industrial scales of catfish feed production.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Effect of Boron Fertilizer and Humic Acid Applications on Some Plant
Characteristics of Curly Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa)
- Authors: Özge KURT; Atnan UĞUR
  Abstract: This study determined the effects of boron fertilizer and humic acid on yield and plant properties were determined in curly lettuce varieties under unheated plastic greenhouse conditions. The plants were grown in a mixture of peat: perlite prepared at a ratio of 3:1. Pots of 50x18x16 cm were used as planting pots. The study was set up in a randomized plot design with 3 replications and each pot was considered as application replication. In the study, the seedlings of Fırtına, Olenka and Campania curly lettuce varieties were used as plant material. Boron fertilizer was tested at doses of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g da-1, and humic acid at 0 and 0.2% doses. Yield (g m-2), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), number of leaves (number/plant) and root length (cm) were determined in lettuce plants. Boron fertilizer at a dose of 50 g da-1 increased plant yield by approximately 4%. With boron fertilizer applications, while the number of leaves decreased, the root length values increased. While humic acid applications increased plant yield and leaf length values, they had a decreasing effect on leaf number and root length values. The response of cultivars to boron fertilizer applications was different.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Fuel Properties of Sandbox (Hura crepitans Linn.) Methyl Ester and its
Blends
- Authors: David ONWE; Adeleke Isaac BAMGBOYE
  Abstract: Fuel properties of Sandbox Methyl Ester (SBME) blends were experimentally determined. Pure SBME designated B100 was blended with diesel at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 50% volume designated B5, B10, B15, B20, B25 and B50 respectively. The fuel properties were determined according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) was used as a reference fuel. Fuel properties of the SBME were modified with the addition of diesel percentage in the blend from B100-B5: the density ranged from 891-865 kg m-3. The specific gravity ranged from 0.87-0.82. The kinematic viscosity ranged from 5.8-4.0 mm2 s-1. The flash and fire point decreased from 160-90°C and 230-140°C, while the cloud and pour points ranged from 4.6-3.4°C and -5.8-(-9.2)°C respectively. The heating value ranged from 40.50-41.45 MJ kg-1. The Cetane number for the SBME was 46.71. The saponification value ranged from 200-143 mgKOH g-1. The acid value varied from 2.7-2.2 mgKOH g-1, while the FFA content varied from 1.33-1.10 mg g-1. The Iodine value was in the range of 108-94 gI2 100g-1. The pH value varied from 6.80-5.60. The carbon content increased from 80.02-85.62 wt%, while the ash content increased from 0.01-0.16 g 100g-1. In comparison to the (AGO) and the ASTM standards, SBME was found to possessed good flow, ignition and combustion characteristics to power diesel engines.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Characterization and Classification of Soil on Varying Lithology in Okigwe
Imo Southern Eastern, Nigeria
- Authors: Christopher OBİNECHE; Patricia ORİAKU
  Abstract: The field study was carried out in Okigwe South-eastern Nigeria. Three profiles were sunk in soils of each of each parent material. Soil samples were subjected to routine and standard laboratory analysis for selected physic- chemical properties. The morphological and physic-chemical properties of the soils varied widely, sand size particles dominated other particle sizes with the mean values of 448, 538 and 648 g kg-1 on sandstone, while soils derived from Imo clay shale was 583 g kg-1 for Umuna. Clay in Imo Clay Shale and bulk density recorded highest values at NIHORT 1, 416 and 15 g kg-1 respectively. All pedons exhibited sandy clay loam on topsoil and relatively more clayey subsoil. Total nitrogen correlated positively and significantly (0.5) with organic matter in both soils. Clay correlated negatively with ECEC in sandstone and positively in clay shale, and both were not significant. The soils derived from false bedded sandstone (NIHORT 1, 2 and 3) were classified according to USDA soil Taxonomy as Inceptic Paleudults which translate to Dystric Nitisols in WRB system. Soils from Umuna were classified as Typic Hapludalf USDA and soils from NIHORT 1, 2 and 3 were classified as class II of the USDA capability classification system. Umuna was classified in class III. In conclusion the soils of these two parent materials sustain farm produce, if proper land use practices and special conservation for selected crop production are adopted.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Motorbike Powered Trailer for Transporting Poultry Birds
- Authors: Ayoola JONGBO; Timothy ADELAJA
  Abstract: The demand for poultry products has made it necessary for farmers to transport poultry birds from farmhouses to where they could be processed for the consumers. However, transporting poultry birds over a long distance, and under unfavourable conditions, could cause a shift in their behaviours, and biochemical reactions, resulting in an increase in birds’ traumatic injuries, weight loss, and poor meat quality. Therefore, a motorbike powered trailer was developed, having an average loading capacity of 50 to 54 broiler chickens, with a live body weight of 1.5 kg, for small-scale farmers. The climatic conditions (temperature and relative humidity) within the trailer were evaluated when the trailer was tested on the motion for 35 minutes during the hot period of the day (1:30 pm to 2:05 pm). The result showed that the indoor temperatures ranged between 29.3°C and 31.6°C and the outdoor temperatures ranged from 31.0°C and 33.3°C. Similarly, the indoor relative humidity was between 61 and 69% while that of outdoor relative humidity was between 56% and 64%. The mean apparent equivalent temperature (AET) of the trailer was estimated as 30.45 ± 0.54°C. This implies that the thermal zone within the trailer could be considered safe for poultry birds during hot weather periods in the humid tropical climate. The total production cost of the trailer was two hundred and forty-three US dollars, eighty cents ($243.80).
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Microbiological Comparison of Wet and Dry Plucked Chicken Meat Sold in
Adana Province
- Authors: Fatma YENİLMEZ
  Abstract: This study was carried out in order to clarify the debates on the hygiene of plucking methods in slaughter in today's poultry. For this purpose, in order to determine the microbiological quality of drumstick and breast meat obtained from the wet and dry plucked carcass for sale in the market Total Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria (TMAB), Total Mold-Yeast levels and Salmonella ssp. levels were investigated. In this context, a total of 24 meat samples purchased from 12 different markets were used. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that there was no significant difference between the groups of Total Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria and Total Mold-Yeast levels in wet and dry plucked drumstick and breast samples. 1 Salmonella ssp. was detected in wet plucked drumsticks and also 1 dry plucked breasts. The results obtained show that the wet or dry plucking method does not have an effect on the microorganism level in the meat.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Improving the Nutritional and Functional Properties of Pearl Millet Pasta:
A Review
- Authors: Kirti JALGAONKAR; Manoj MAHAWAR, Sharmila PATİL, Jyoti DHAKANE LAD
  Abstract: Pasta, generally prepared from durum wheat is extensively consumed worldwide. Apart from being healthy and convenient food, the other outstanding characteristics of pasta include, low glycemic index, low cost, ease of preparation, extended stability during storage with relatively easier preparation. For functional pasta, care must be given to ensure that the added ingredient should enhance the nutritional profile, have minimal impact on pasta quality, palatability and consumer preferences. This review paper presents an overview of the various processing aspects of pearl millet. This comprises recent information about the improvement in the storage period of pearl millet flour (PMF), development of pearl millet pasta and addition of functional ingredients to enhance its nutritional quality. It is observed that the keeping quality of PMF can be enhanced by adopting germination, roasting, fermentation, microwave treatment, hydrothermal treatment, and refrigeration. Development of complete pearl millet pasta is not possible; functional pearl millet-based pasta can be designed using composite flour, the addition of pulses, legumes, fruit and vegetable powder to increase the demand for pearl millet.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Production of Diabetic Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) Marmalade
- Authors: Ali CİNGÖZ; Aslihan DEMİRDÖVEN
  Abstract: Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) is a widely cultivated plant in some parts of the world. It is rich in dietary fiber, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals. The aim was this study to produce pumpkin-based diabetic marmalade with enhanced functional properties. Marmalade production, based on pumpkin fruit, it was prepared with four different recipes by adding spices, stevia, and granulated sugar at different rates. All samples of marmalades were analyzed to determine, pH, titration acidity, water activity, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity, color, consistency and sensory analyzes. The addition of stevia and spices increased the total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of marmalades. The water activity values of the samples were in the range of 0.924-0.932. The addition of spices to marmalade caused a decrease in color L* value and darkened its color. In sensory evaluation, marmalades with stevia were more appreciated in terms of smell, taste, and flavor. With this study, it has been seen that an alternative product can be produced for diabetes patients that is accepted, nutritious, functional and has high added value can be produced from pumpkin.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030
Development of Olive Harvesting Machine by Shaking
- Authors: Mohamed GHONİMY; Samy YOUNİS, Elsayed GHONİEM
  Abstract: Olive harvesting machine by shaking was developed and fabricated using local materials with required specifications. The developed elements were frame and hitch, gear assembly, input and transmission shafts, vibrating unit, connecting rod, limb clamp, and transmission system. This research work aimed to evaluate the developed olive harvester capable to perform harvesting operation in the proper time using the tractor as the available economic source of power. Measurements covered the properties of olive fruit, stem, and limb for five olive varieties: Agizi, Manzanillo, Picholine, Kalamata and Arbiquen. The developed harvester was tested at three levels of frequency; 3.3, 6.7, and 10 Hz, four levels of stroke; 40, 80, 120, and 160 mm, and three levels of shaking time 60, 120 and 180 s. Results indicated that the effective range to attach the clamp on the olive limb were 30 to 40% of limb length. The average value of the maximum bending stress affecting the limb and limb deflection were 16.5 MPa and 196.6 mm respectively. In addition, results have provided the suitability of the developed shaker to harvest olive fruit. The suitability of the developed machine was judged through the fruit removal percentage. The values of performance parameters of olive harvester were 10 Hz optimum shaking frequency, 120 mm of stroke, and 120 s of shaking time.
  PubDate: Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +030