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Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 2309-5199 - ISSN (Online) 2616-6933
Published by Kerbala University

[2 journals]

Diversity and molecular identification of endosymbionts of the white-flies
Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum
- Authors: Ali A. Kareem, Sienaa Al-Zurfi, Adnan A. Lahuf , Aqeel N. AL-Abedy, Lubna Abd Kamel, Gordon Port, Kirsten Wolff
  Pages: 1 - 17
  Abstract: The infection of insects with symbiotic bacteria has significant implications for the evolution and ecology of the hosts. Maternally inherited symbionts associated with B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum whiteflies play a vital role in their fitness and survival. Whitefly symbionts have been identified in many countries, but no study has been undertaken in Iraq and the UK. For the first time in both countries, the molecular identification and diversity of the symbionts of both whiteflies have been investigated in the present study. Fourteen populations of B. tabaci from Iraq and twenty populations of T. vaporariorum from the UK were used to detect and identify seven common endosymbiont bacteria associated with whitefly using the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA nuclear markers. All females and males of B. tabaci harboured one primary symbiont, Portiera aleyrodidarum, and almost all of both sexes of all B. tabaci species have the two secondary symbionts Hamiltonella sp. and Rickettsia sp. The primary symbiont P. aleyrodidarum was also detected in both sexes of T. vaporariorum, whereas only one secondary symbiont, Arsenophonus sp., was detected in almost all females but not in the males. Additionally, an investigation into genetic diversity using three genes of the Arsenophonus sp. populations showed no variation among different populations. The results supported the notion that Arsenophonus sp. might play an important role in the survival of T. vaporariorum females and maybe a killer of male whiteflies. Also, secondary symbionts Hamiltonella sp. and Rickettsia sp. with B. tabaci could support their host’s fitness and survival. These findings reveal the endosymbionts associated with B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum in Iraq and the UK, respectively. Further investigation is needed to understand the roles of these symbionts in both countries
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1235
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Effectiveness of the bacterial biofertilizer (Azotobacter), Gibberellic
ac-id and kinetin solution in metabolic some the physiological processes
of Psidium guajva L. seedlings
- Authors: Chasb K. J. Alkalabi, Sabah G. S. Bajlan
  Pages: 18 - 28
  Abstract: The experiment was carried out in the College of Agriculture - University of Karbala at the beginning of September of the year 2022 according to a randomized complete block design to study the effect of the bacterial biofertilizer Azotobacter and a solution of gibberellic acid (0, 150 and 300 mg. L-1), and kinetin (0, 25 and 50 mg. L-1) in changes of metabolic some physiological processes of Psidium guajava L. seedlings. The results showed that the single effect of the Azotobacter was superior in all studied characteristics, except for the relative moisture content compared to the control treatment, as for the gibberellic acid solution, the concentration (300 mg.L-1) was superior by giving it the highest significant increase in all studied traits except for the relative moisture content compared control treatment, while the treatment of seeds with chitin solution excelled, and the concentration (50 mg.L-1) recorded the highest significant difference in all studied traits except for the characteristic of the degree of stability of cell membranes.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1236
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Effect of UV-C Rays in Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)
- Authors: Hamid Kadhum Saoud
  Pages: 29 - 37
  Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the behaviour and development of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana exposed to UV-C rays and exposure periods under laboratory conditions in pupae of the apple moth Cydia pomonella L. The results indicated that fungus exposed to UV-C rays for 5 minutes became more effective in controlling moths, compared with concentrations (2.25× 104, 105, 106 and 107 spore/ml) of fungus exposed to UV-C rays for 10 minutes. The results also showed that pupae and insects emerging from them at the age of (1-2) days were more sensitive to fungus concentrations than pupae at the age of (10-12). As the percentage of emergence decreased, with the increase in fungus concentrations. Furthermore, the levels of proteins in the blood for insects produced from pupae aged (1-2) and (10-12) days decreased to 8.30 and 16.10 µg/ml ,respectively, when were exposed to the irradiated fungus B. bassiana for 5 minutes at a concentration of 2.25x107 spores/ml. Compared to insects produced from pupae exposed to non-irradiated pathogenic fungi, that was 20.12 and 25.15 µg/ml, respectively, and in comparison with insects produced from pupae exposed to the fungus for 10 minutes at the age of (1-2) and (10-12) days, respectively, as it reached 12.50 and 26.10 µg/ml and for the same concentration. In addition to a decrease in the levels of sugars in the blood, reaching 20.00 and 24.00 ml/ µg in insects produced from pupae aged (1-2) and (10-12) days, respectively, exposed to the irradiated fungus for 5 minutes and with the same concentration. The percentages of blood components decreased quantitatively and qualitatively, as the number of hemocytes for insects that emerged from pupae exposed to the irradiated fungus for 5minutes reached 70 and 95 cells/ml, respectively, compared to 92 and 110 cells/ml for insects that emerged from pupae exposed to the irradiated fungus for 10minutes and with the same concentration.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1237
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Evaluation of the efficiency of some chemical herbicide in eliminating
Raphanus raphanistrum L. weed associated with wheat crop
- Authors: Younis Muneam Jabbar , Hameed Abd Khashan Al-Farttosi , Ali Nadhim Farhood
  Pages: 38 - 51
  Abstract: In order to assess how effectively different herbicides work in controlling the wild radish weed that are connected with the growth of the wheat crop, The experiment included one factor he four types of chemical herbicides: Navigator, Tatsteler, Decimate and Mark zone,in addition to comparison treatment. and with three replications, according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). When the process of preparing the soil of the field was carried out, artificial infection of the wheat seeds the Al-Wafia variety was carried out, by adding 0.5 gm of wild radish weed seeds. After that, the polluted wheat seeds were sown, and when the wild radish weeds reached the appropriate stage for control, herbicides were added according to the recommendation of the producing company some characteristics were taken from the wild radish weed after 60 and 90 days of control, as well as some characteristics of the wheat plant and its yield components, results were as follows: excellence the two herbicide, Navigator and Decimate, were superior in reducing most of the studied traits of wild radish weeds, as shown the results show Navigator excelled by giving it the highest average of chlorophyll index, which reached 50.71 SPAD, and in flag leaf area, which averaged 49.64 cm, in ddition to its superiority in grain yield, with an average of 5.83 tons. ha-1 and in the harvest index also gave the highest average of %36.92, as it was noted that Tatsteler herbicide was superior in the tillers number with an average of 472.33 tiller m-2 and in the spikes number of also excelled with an average of 423.57 spike m-2 . as for the Mark zone herbicide, it excelled in the weight of 1000 grains, with an average of 40.10 g. also it was noted that Decimate had superiority in biological yield with an average of 15.13 ton ha-1, but it did not differ significantly from the averages of Navigator and Tatsteler, which were 15.09 and 15.06 ton ha-1 respectively.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1238
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
The effect of plant pesticide Tondxir against the stored product Moth,
Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
- Authors: Samah Sami Swedaan, Sienaa Al-Zurfi
  Pages: 52 - 58
  Abstract: T Many plant extracts could be considered natural, effective methods for controlling insect pests instead of synthetic chemicals. The current examination was designed to assess the mortality percentages of the plant-based pesticide Tondxir on the date moth Ephestia cautella. A series of experiments were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the pesticide Tondxir's effectiveness in controlling the second and fifth larval stages and the adults of t he date moth. The highest percentage of mortality rates for the second larval stage reached 100% after 5 days at a concentration of 3 ml/liter. However, the mortality rates of the fifth stage and the adult of E. cautella reached 42.14% and 17.50% after two weeks of treatment. A direct relationship was found between the increase in mortality rates with increasing pesticide concentration. The highest percentage of mortality was increased in the fifth larval stage of E. cautella, and they reached 42.14% at the third concentration, compared with the rest of the concentrations. The lowest mortality rate was for the concentration (1ml/liter), as the mortality rate reached (26.07) after 14 days of treatment.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1239
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
The effect of MgNPs synthesized by using green method on the produc-tion
and proliferation of Capisum annuum callus culture In Vitro
- Authors: Sabah Mahdi Hadi, Maad Abdalmonem Rashed
  Pages: 59 - 78
  Abstract: Nanotechnology, consider as one of the newest important methods towards improve the production of callus using plant tissue culture. The objective of the current work was to create a unique callus induction methodology. and proliferation from Capisum annum in vitro. Therefor different concentrations of Mg nanoparticles were used which synthesized using green method. For callus inducement, young foliage, and stem from the sterile germinated seedlings using Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) 6% for 10 min were used as explants. They were cultivated in MS media supported by several combinations of kinetin and 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic. The maximum percentage responsive reached 100% from leaf explants at 2, 4-D 1.5 mg/L and Kin 1.0 mg/L. While 2, 4-D 1.5 mg/L and Kin 0.5 mg/L achieved the highest fresh weight for callus proliferation. The best MgNPs concentration for callus inducement and proliferation of capsicum leaves and stem explants was MS media supported with 1.0 and 0.3 ml/L respectively. While the highest proliferation mean value for callus was recorded at the concentration of 6.0 ml/L MgNPs in MS medium reached 6.1 gm. AFM photographs prove that MgNPs were in nanometer size and had the spheres and the rods shape. The average grain size of the MgNPs was 23.8 to 38.24 nm.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1240
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Effect of Aloe vera extract on some parameter liver functions changes and
complete blood count induced by Azathioprine in male rats
- Authors: Ahmed Al-Hasnawi, Wafaa Kadhim Jasim
  Pages: 79 - 87
  Abstract: The present study aimed to reveal the biological vitality of the immune suppressant medicine azathioprine (AZA), which has been used to treat immunological illnesses like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), inflammatory bowel disease, and organ transplants, successfully lowers immune reactivity for liver and bone marrow. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the preventive effects of Aloe Vera extract in treating hematological and biochemical side effects brought on by azathioprine. Have been selected There were four groups of adult male rats. A mixture of azathioprine (50 mg/kg) and Aloe Vera (500 mg/kg) was given to group 4 in addition saline that group 1 received. Group 2 received azathioprine (50 mg/kg) orally for during a 30 days period. The findings show that azathioprine significantly reduced blood test results (RBC , WBC , PCV). While AST and ALT levels significantly increased in the biochemical test in contrast to the control group , Conclusions the Hepatotoxicity, or liver damage from immunosuppressive medications like azathioprine, is a possible side effect and Due to the damage that has happened to the hepatic tissue, the enzymes that assess the activities of the liver are raised.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1241
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Evaluation the efficacy of Ethanol Extract Derived from Wild Mint on the
Life Parameters of the Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Sco-poli) under
laboratory conditions
- Authors: Amal Shkhair Younus Al ouboodi , Akram Ali Mohammed
  Pages: 88 - 98
  Abstract: The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae is a significant economic pest with a global presence, impacting a wide range of plant species. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ethanol extract derived from wild mint (Mentha longifolia) under laboratory conditions on various life performance criteria of A. fabae. The evaluation involved measuring mortality rates of nymphs and adults, as well as adult productivity, utilizing three different extract concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3% w/v). The results revealed that the ethanol extract of plant leaves had a substantial effect on all life stages of the aphid, with a more pronounced impact observed at higher concentrations and longer exposure periods. In the first nymphal instar, the mortality rate reached 81% at a concentration of 3%, and in the second nymphal instar, it was 80% at the same concentration. For the third and fourth nymphal instars, the mortality rates were 82% and 82.5%, respectively, at a concentration of 3%. As for adult aphids, the mortality rate was 81.333% at a concentration of 3%. Moreover, the extract significantly reduced the productivity of adult aphids, with rates of 1.68%, 1.82%, and 1% at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1242
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Survey the Crystal Type and Physiochemical properties of Isolated Starch
Form Some Iraqi and Imported Genotypes of Corn (Zea Mays) Cultivated in
Sulaimani-Iraq
- Authors: Maki Mohammed Ahmad Tarkhani, Muhammad Wajeeh M. Saeed Zainulabidden
  Pages: 99 - 109
  Abstract: The objective of this study is to conduct a survey comparing ten different genotypes of corn. (zea mays L.) cultivated in Qlyassan research station of College of Agricultural Engineering Science, were to find out the type of crystalline form of starch extracted from studied corn genotypes. There were significant differences between the studied corn genotypes in the chemical composition, especially amylose and amylopectin, in which the amylose range was between 19.935 and 31.095 there were also differences in the mean sizes of the starch granules which was 12.795 to 15.915 m, as well as for Gel consistency, despite of significant differences between corn genotypes starch, all genotypes undergo to soft gel consistency, but all of these were not have affects the type of amyloid crystal, which was type A.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1243
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Response of growth, yield and quality of maize to the fertilizer
combi-nation of nitrogen and potassium and spraying with the potassium
humate
- Authors: Sammar.K.H. Aljoubory, Mahmood N. Hussein Al-Yasari
  Pages: 110 - 126
  Abstract: The split-plot experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields- Al-Hussainiya district in the holy city of Kerbala for the fall season 2022, by planting the maize, Sumer cultivar was planted in a soil with clay loam texture. The experiment comprising two factors, and the first factor was the combinations of different levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1) were identified with symbols, N0, N1, and N2, respectively, Three levels of potassium (0, 80 and 160 kg K ha-1) were symbolized as K0, K1, and K2, respectively, the second factor was spraying with the organic nutrient potassium humate at two concentrations (1 and 2) g L-1, the concentrations of potassium humate were occupied the main plots, while the fertilizer combinations of nitrogen and potassium filled the sub plots with three replications according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD).The results showed a significant effect of adding fertilizer combinations of nitrogen and potassium and spraying with the organic nutrient potassium humate (2 g L-1) individually and overlapping in most growth, yield and quality traits, as the overlapping showed a significant superiority in increasing of leaf area (cm2 plant-1), stem diameter (mm), leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD unit), ear weight (g), plant yield (g plant-1) and protein yield (g plant-1), the interaction between the two study factors contributed to reducing the amount of mineral fertilizer to 50%, as there was no significant difference between the fertilizer combinations of nitrogen and potassium (150N + 80K) and (300N + 160K) Kg ha-1, with a concentration of 2 gmL-1 of potassium humate.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1244
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Effect of sprayed different concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaves
extract on broiler breeder hatching eggs
- Authors: Bnar F. Sulaiman
  Pages: 127 - 139
  Abstract: This research aimed to study the impact of spraying different Concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaves Extract on Broiler Breeder Hatching Eggs. The results cleared that, at 18th day the egg weight ranged from 60.50 in the group treated with 5 % M. Water extract to 62.16 gm in control group. While, the egg losses observed in group 4 that, treated with 2 % M. water extract that was 20.56 % at 21st day. The higher hatchability % of total eggs showed in control group that was 69.70 %. While, the hatchability % of fertile eggs showed a higher percentage in group 5 that treated with 5 % M. Water extract that was 99.02 %. The higher percentage of dead embryo observed in control group that was 9.10 % and the lower level observed in the group 2 that treated with 2 % M. Alchole exteract that was 5.46 %. The total aerobic bacteria counts at 18th day of incubation showed a lower level in group 5 that treated with 5 % M. water extract that was 7.88. while, the activity of chicks and in abnormal chicks increased in group that treated with 5% M. Water extract that was 8.96 % and 2 % respectively. Overall, the higher concentration of Alchole extract of M. olifera , increased the weight of hatching eggs with a reduction in total egg losses,% of the eggs. While, the higher concentration of the water extract of M. olifera improved the hatchability % a reduction in total aerobic counts on the egg shell and improved chick quality and activity.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1245
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Evaluation the efficacy of Leea indica leaves aqueous extract against
nephrotoxicity induced by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in male rats
- Authors: Mustafa Abd-Alhussein Kazam, Heba A. Abd-Alsalam Alsalame
  Pages: 140 - 149
  Abstract: The aim of this study is to find out the quality of the aqueous extract of leea indica leaves in protecting kidney tissues from oxidative stress caused by DEN. Forty adult males were randomly assigned in four equal sets (ten animals per set), the (G1) They were given 1 ml of normal water, a control set was returned, and the G2 given200 mg/kg of DEN two days , while the G3 given 60 mg/kg of leea indica leaves, while the animals of thegiven G4 200 mg/kg of DEN. And 60 mg/kg of L.indica extract. FINDINGS When the albino rat was dosed with leea indica aqueous extract, the kidney damage induced by DEN was significantly decreased. The extract worked to mitigate kidney damage caused by DEN, which was demonstrated in histological examination by atrophy of the renal glomerulus and shrinkage of the glomerulus. Urinary tubules break down with hemorrhage. We conclude from the current study that the aqueous extract of the leaves of the bandicoot berries contributed to the reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by diethyl nitrosamine.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1246
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Competency needs of extension agents in disseminating weather fore-cast
information in Kwara state, Nigeria
- Authors: Abdulrahman; O. L, Ifabiyi, J. O, Salami, O. S, Ibrahim, M. T
  Pages: 150 - 156
  Abstract: Agricultural extension agents play crucial roles in the dissemination of innovation and enhancement of the productivity of the farmers in Nigeria. The research examined the competency needs of extension agents in Kwara State, Nigeria. About 117 extension agents were selected for the study. Statistical tools such as frequency count, percentage and mean score were used to analyse the data. The result revealed about 54.7 % of the respondents were male, the average age of the respondents was 44.9 years and the mean income of the respondents was 49461.38 Naira. The training sessions (̅mean=2.36) was most important source of information on weather forecast. The rainfall variability (MWDS= 0.458) was the highest ranked area of competency needs of extension agents. The inadequate facilities to disseminate weather forecast information (mean=2.38) was the most severe factor limiting dissemination of weather forecast information. The study recommended the provision of timely and accurate information on weather forecasts to the extension agents so that the farmers would make use of it at the right time.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1248
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Whole genome characterization, recombination, variation, satellites and
phylogeny analyses of Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus infecting courgetti
squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) in Iraq
- Authors: Mohammed S. Mohammed, Adnan A. Lahuf
  Pages: 157 - 171
  Abstract: Durning season of 2021-2022, symptoms of leaf curl, yellowing, crumpling and stunting were observed commonly on courgetti crop in Al-Yusufiyah region, Baghdad Province, Iraq. Diseased courgetti leaves were collected randomly and sent for sequencing with Illumina MiSeq. Pairwise nucleotide analysis of the assembled contigs revealed the maximum identity of 98-99% and 95-99% with Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) for DNA-A and DNA-B components, respectively. The DNA-A component (OQ693629.1) contains six main genes encoding six proteins, while DNA-B component (OQ693630.1) comprises only two genes encoding two proteins, with the presence of non-coding regions between genes in both the two segments. Furthermore, the recombination breakpoint analysis shows that ToLCPalV Baghdad-1/Iraq segment DNA-A (OQ693629.1) and ToLCPalV isolate Mosul segment A (OR052249.1) are the parent of the recombinant isolates: ToLCPalV isolate Kufa segment DNA-A (OP810506.1) and ToLCPalV segment A (ON254271.1) from Karbala. However, the ToLCPalV Baghdad-1/Iraq segment DNA-B (OQ693630.1) with ToLCPalV segment DNA-B (OP620406.1) from Kufa are the parent of ToLCPalV isolate Babylon1 segment DNA-B (ON229620.1). As well as, there was no evidence discovered for the association of alpha- and/or beta-satellites with ToLCPalV infecting courgetti crop. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis indicates a common genetic variation within the current isolate under study and the other Iraqi isolates. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the genetic relationship between the genomics components of Iraqi ToLCPalV and various international isolates of the same virus, especially those distributed in Saudi Arabia and Iran that could be a possible the origin and introduction of ToLCPalV into Iraq.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1249
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Influence of various fertilizer types on yield and component traits of
black cumin
- Authors: Shnrwe Bakir Mustatfa , Rozhgar Mustafa Ahmed
  Pages: 172 - 183
  Abstract: Two experiments were conducted in the autumn season of 2019-2020 to investigate the impact of two species belonging to the Nigella genus under various fertilization conditions. Both experiments followed the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and were replicated three times at the Qlyasan and Kanipanka location. The results of the average of both locations, it was observed that N. sativa outperformed N. arvensis in terms of seed yield, fixed oil yield and essential oil yield, achieving 607, 138, and 8 kg ha-1, respectively. Notably, when a 2% organic manure application was utilized, higher seed yield, fixed oil yield, and essential oil yield were achieved at 659, 160, and 9 kg ha-1, respectively. The most favorable outcomes of 676 kg ha-1 for seed yield, 174 kg ha-1 for fixed oil yield, and 10 kg ha-1 for essential oil yield were attained through a combination of N. sativa and the application of 2% organic manure fertilization. Comparatively, the Kanipanka location demonstrated greater results than the Qlyasan location, with seed yields of 621 kg ha-1, fixed oil yields of 137 kg ha-1, and essential oil yields of 8 kg ha-1.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1250
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
Diagnostic epidemiological differential study of the intestinal parasites
infecting horses in Karbala province, Iraq
- Authors: Ibrahim Alhaitami
  Pages: 184 - 189
  Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the infection of horses with some types of internal parasites in Kerbala province, Iraq. This purpose was examined by a flotation test of 110 horse fecal samples, divided according to age and sex. The results of this study showed two types of internal parasites, Nematodes and Protozoon; some horses were infected with more than one type of these parasites simultaneously. Examined horses were infected with Strongylus spp. by 71.8%, Parascaris equorum by 33.6%, and Eimeria spp. by 20%. Some of examined horses were suffering from infection with more than one types of internal parasites in same time, so that 12.7% of examined horses were infected with three types of parasites P. equorum , S. spp , E. spp, while 16.3% of these animals were infected with P. equorum , S.spp. However, 3.6% , 1.8% were infected with P. equorum , E. spp., and S. spp , E. spp. Female horses were more infected with these parasites than male horses, and percentage rates of female infection reached 73.1%, 30.9%, and 21.6% with the parasites S. spp, P. equorum, E. spp., while the rates of infection with these parasites in males animal were 61.5%, 53.8%, 7.6%. Animals that were smaller than one year old were more infected with these parasites than animals that were older than one year, so infection rates in smaller animals were 74% , 34 % and 21% with the parasites S. spp , P. equorum, E. spp, while in older animals were 50% , 30% , 10% receptively.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1251
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)
The effect of biochar and extract of organic fertilizer on the readiness
of certain elements in the soil
- Authors: Hawra Naim Jalal, Rahim Alwan Haloul
  Pages: 190 - 199
  Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the second research station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, using a mixed soil. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of varying quantities of biochar and organic fertilizer extract on the availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) elements in the soil.The experimental design encompassed the incorporation of four distinct biochar levels (A0, 0%), (A1, 1.5%), (A2, 2%), and (A3, 2.5%), which were applied proportionally to the soil volume. Additionally, four levels of organic fertilizer extract (0, 20, 40, and 80) liters per hectare (B0, B1, B2, and B3) were implemented. A factorial experiment was employed inside a randomized complete block design (RCBD) framework, consisting of three replications.The means were subjected to a Least substantial Difference (LSD) test at a significance threshold of 0.05. The findings indicated substantial disparities between the application of biochar and organic fertilizer extract, as well as their interaction, in relation to the levels of accessible nitrogen in the soil.Moreover, notable disparities were observed regarding the incorporation of biochar and organic fertilizer extract in relation to the accessibility of phosphorus within the soil. Furthermore, the introduction of biochar and organic fertilizer extract, as well as the interplay between these two factors, exhibited a substantial impact on the availability of potassium within the soil. Furthermore, the use of charcoal and organic fertilizer extract had a notable impact on the accessibility of iron and zinc within the soil.
  PubDate: 2023-09-12
  DOI: 10.59658/jkas.v10i3.1252
  Issue No: Vol. 10, No. 3 (2023)