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Journal of Rubber Research
Number of Followers: 1  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1511-1768 - ISSN (Online) 2524-3993 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Morphology and mechanical and rheological studies of zinc oxide/silicone
rubber nanocomposites-
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Abstract: Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesised by the co-precipitation method and the nanocrystals were found in the range 30–50 nm in size. Silicone rubber (SiR) nanocomposite samples were prepared using different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles through mechanical mixing and hot press moulding. The surface morphology of prepared silicone elastomer nanocomposites was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the smooth dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles inside the matrix and at higher concentration (7 wt%) agglomerates were formed. With increasing ZnO concentration, the mechanical properties of silicone rubber nanocomposite exhibited an increase in tensile strength, modulus, and decrease in elongation at break, which can be attributed to good distribution and reinforcing activity of nanoparticle in the elastomer matrix. At higher concentration (7 wt%), the rate of increase of mechanical properties was nominal due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles. The effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites such as loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity was studied as a function of temperature and at different frequency 1, 10, and 100 Hz. The effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties showed an increase in loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity due to increase in volume fraction of nanofiller and reinforcement. The loss factor of silicone elastomer nanocomposites decreased with ZnO concentration which can be attributed towards better polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles up to 5 wt% concentration level provided better rheological properties beyond which the rate of increase was marginal. Based on the results of morphology, mechanical and rheological properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites, 5 wt% ZnO nanoparticles may be considered as the percolation limit.
PubDate: 2023-11-25
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- Exploring the suitability of psyllium husk nano-ash as green nano-filler
for development of natural rubber nanocomposite-
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Abstract: Abstract For the first time, an agricultural waste-based nanomaterial, psyllium husk nano-ash (PHNA) was applied as an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and naturally occurring green nano-filler for the development of natural rubber (NR) nanocomposite. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were performed to characterise the psyllium husk-based PHNA. The cure properties including rheometric torque difference (R∞) and curing rate index (CRI) were found to increase due to the addition of only 3 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) of PHNA into the NR matrix. The mechanical properties like moduli at 100% and 300% elongation, tensile strength (TS), percentage of elongation at break (%EB) and elasticity of the NR composites were found to be improved in the presence of the 3 phr of the PHNA. The dispersion of the PHNA particles in the rubber matrix was confirmed by the FESEM analysis. The NR-PHNA compatibility was studied by the conformational entropy change (∆S) and the elastic Gibbs free energy change (∆G). Thermal stability of the NR composite was also enhanced due to incorporation of the PHNA and this was confirmed by oxidative thermal ageing experiment and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA).
PubDate: 2023-11-19
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- Effect of walnut-shell filler as sustainable material with silane to
replace carbon black in natural rubber-based tire tread compound-
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Abstract: Abstract In this paper, walnut shell filler of 75–150 µm and 45–75 µm size was used in rubber compound with different loadings (2,3, and 5 phr). At 2, 3, and 5 phr loading, small-size WNS powder (45–75 µm) has higher modulus at 300%, tensile strength and elongation at break than larger-size powder (75–150 µm); however, modulus at 300% is lower than blank compound. As the amount of WNS filler increases, the elongation at break with modulus at 300% and tensile strength decrease. The goal of using silane is to improve the interfacial interaction between WNS filler and the rubber matrix. Larger-size WNS filler using Si69 compound demonstrated higher modulus at 300% with higher elongation at break and tensile strength compared to non-silanised compound; however, modulus at 300% remained lower than blank compound. The silanised compound with both WNS fillers demonstrated slightly higher rebound resilience at 100 °C, slightly lower heat build-up, and slightly lower tan delta at 60 °C than the blank compound. It was demonstrated that small-size WNS filler with silane could partially replace N330 carbon black (3 phr) in natural rubber-based tire tread compound due to its bio-based, biodegradable, renewable and sustainable properties.
PubDate: 2023-11-04
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- Experimental and statistical studies of the effect of pressing time on the
swelling and mechanical properties of the radial tyre tread compound-
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Abstract: Abstract Cars are the most important mode of transportation and play a significant role in the development of modern communities. Tyres, one of the main components of cars, hold strategic importance. Therefore, research aimed at improving the quality and increasing the production speed of tyres is an integral part of the strategic policy on this subject. In this study, the effects of pressing time in curing press (time of curing with pressure) on the structural properties of radial tyre tread were investigated. According to the one-factor response surface methodology, 10 samples that had different pressing times during their curing press were produced. The swelling test was used to study the cured compound structure. In this way, essential parameters such as diffusion coefficient and crosslinking density were calculated. The results showed that the vulcanised samples in free pressure conditions had the lowest amounts of crosslinking density. Also, these samples had the highest intrinsic diffusion coefficient. It is also observed that the intrinsic diffusion coefficient and crosslinking density have a relationship with pressing time. Mechanical tests were also performed to determine the dependence of the mechanical properties of the tyre tread on the duration of pressing time. As an obvious result, the cured samples in zero-pressure conditions had the lowest tensile strength, tear strength, hardness and the highest amount of resilience percentage. However, the abrasion parameter had the most negligible dependence on the pressing time. The results showed the dependence of the swelling and mechanical properties of the tread tyre compound on the pressing time. So, according to the optimal targeting for different variables and results, the optimal time of applying pressure during curing for the tyre tread compound has been obtained. As an important result, in the curing process, the pressurising can be stopped after about 14 min while the curing continues only with heat.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
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- Preparation of methyl grafted natural rubber and its application in super
capacitor electrolytes-
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Abstract: Abstract Due to continuous progress in science and technology and the pressure to seek low cost, green materials for electrochemical devices have led to discover the possibility to use natural rubber (NR) as a polymer for electrolytes. This study reports about modifying Sri Lankan NR and using it for a solid polymer electrolyte in fabricating super capacitors with natural graphite electrodes. Solid polymer electrolyte was prepared using methyl grafted NR as the polymer and magnesiumtrifluoromethanesulfonate as the salt. The composition, 1 NR: 0.80 magnesiumtrifluoromethanesulfonate showed the maximum room temperature conductivity of 3.36 × 10–3 Scm−1. Capacitive features were dominant at low frequencies. Initial single electrode specific capacitance was about 32 Fg−1 whereas the initial single electrode specific discharge capacitance was about 12.8 Fg−1. Even though the values are not very high, they are highlighting the suitability to launch further studies to enhance performance of super capacitors with NR based electrolytes.
PubDate: 2023-10-28
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- A study on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of
diatomite/hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene in silicone rubber foam-
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Abstract: Abstract Silicone rubber foam (SRF) is a kind of polymer material with excellent performance but flammable. The flame-retardant SRF was prepared with diatomite (Dia) and hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) as flame retardants. Cone calorimetry tests (CCT), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and mechanical tests were used to investigate the effects of Dia and HPCTP on the flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of SRF. The results showed that Dia and HPCTP had a synergistic effect on flame retardancy and smoke suppression. With the addition of 5 wt% Dia and 5 wt% HPCTP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat release rate (THR), the peak smoke release rate (PSPR) and the total smoke production (TSP) of SRF decreased by 54.43, 37.64, 62.3 and 58%, respectively. With the addition of Dia and HPCTP, the thickness of the carbon layer became thicker, the cracks became smaller and the microstructure became denser. In addition, when the contents of 5 wt% Dia and 5 wt% HPCTP were added, the mechanical properties of SRF were the best; the tensile strength increased to 0.195 MPa, and the elongation at break increased by 109.85%. It provided a new flame-retardant method for SRF.
PubDate: 2023-10-15
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- Special issue on membrane technology for the rubber industry
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PubDate: 2023-10-03
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- Correction to: Effect of lipids on the stability of natural rubber latex
and tensile properties of its films-
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PubDate: 2023-10-01
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- The pressure reduction property of silicone rubber reinforced by
warp-knitted spacer fabric-
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Abstract: Abstract In this research, a new type of flexible cushioning material was fabricated from silicone rubber reinforced with different lengths and contents of flax short fibres and warp-knitted spacer fabric (FSR-WSF). The pressure reduction property and energy absorption capability of the FSR-WSF were thoroughly studied based on the plane compressive test. Furthermore, the obliquity model was utilized to characterize the dispersion of WSFs with different structures. The results demonstrated that a larger modulus and a smaller fracture strain were obtained for silicone rubber reinforced with 1.26% short flax staple fibres that were 2.5 mm in length. Additionally, a remarkable pressure reduction property was exhibited by an FSR-WSF containing 2.16% 3.5 mm short flax fibres, where the values of \(\mathrm{csc}\alpha\) and \(\mathrm{csc}\beta\) were 1.05 and 1.57, respectively. The results illustrated that the pressure reduction property of the FSR-WSF was the result of coupling between its internal components. These findings could contribute significantly to the development of composites reinforced by warp-knitted spacer fabrics.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
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- Sustainable cashew nutshell oil-blocked diphenylmethane diisocyanates in
co-polymerisation with natural rubber-
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Abstract: Abstract When cashew nutshell oil (CNSO), a well-known non-edible natural oil, is utilised as a blocking agent with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), this material displayed several advantages over commonly used petroleum-based phenolic compounds, including favourable deblocking conditions and decreased viscosity and better storage stability. When natural rubber (NR) is exposed to sunlight, ozone, UV radiation, and air, especially at high temperatures, the presence of unsaturated carbon–carbon double bonds in the backbone causes quick breakdown. In this work, the multiple bonds present in NR main chain were utilised and made saturated by the way of green emulsion polymerisation using CNSO-blocked MDI using a simple redox initiator. The polymerisation reaction was carried out at different monomer ratios to analyse the thermal stability of natural rubber. The deblocking temperature for CNSO-blocked MDI was determined using CO2 evolution and the thermo-gravimetric (TGA) methods. Gel time analysis was also conducted and found suitable for heat-curable polyurethane systems. FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic methods were used to examine structural properties. The TGA analysis of copolymer synthesised using NR and CNSO-blocked MDI at an equivalent weight ratio shows higher thermal stability. From this observation, CNSO-blocked MDI greatly improves the thermal stability of natural rubber.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
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- Preparation and ablation properties study of a single component
ceramifiable RTV silicone rubber-
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Abstract: Abstract Room temperature vulcanised (RTV) silicone rubber is widely used in daily life. Ordinary and traditional flame-retarding RTV silicone rubber are easy to turn into brittle char layer or ashes without any self-supporting and bonding ability after experiencing a combustion process, which could not inhibit the secondary disasters after fire. To improve the fire-resistance performances of RTV silicone rubber, a new single component ceramifiable RTV silicone rubber was prepared in this work. The tack-free time, mechanical properties and thermal properties of different formulations were tested. The flexural strength and adhesion strength of the ceramic residues were studied by orthogonal designed experiments, which exhibited the maximum of 8.80 and 0.300 MPa after sintering at 1000 °C, respectively. The ceramifying process of the single component ceramifiable RTV silicone rubber at high temperatures was also investigated. These results will provide a basis for the development of fire-resistant silicone adhesive with better performance that can meet the actual needs.
PubDate: 2023-09-28
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- A study on performance of natural rubber bearings with time under
freeze–thaw cycles-
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Abstract: Abstract Considering that the rubber isolation bearing of buildings is exposed to the air will be, respectively, subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles in the wintertime period, the isolation effect of the bearing is very likely to be affected. To this end, the freeze–thaw cycle tests of natural rubber (NR) materials were carried out, with the aim of investigating how the performances of NR bearings in northern China change under freeze–thaw cycles in winter and the mechanical properties of NR materials with time were studied. The results show that after the freeze–thaw cycle test, the appearance of the rubber sheet did not have an obvious change. However, the sealing plate and steel plate layer of the rubber bearing had brown rust spots and the colour of the rubber layer was still dark. After the freeze–thaw cycle, the vertical compression stiffness and the horizontal equivalent stiffness of the rubber isolation bearing showed a decreasing trend. After freeze–thawing cycles, the Mooney–Rivlin constitutive model constant C10 of rubber material showed a decreasing trend with the test time while C01 showed an increasing trend. Under the action of freeze–thawing cycles, the stiffness of basic mechanical properties of rubber isolation bearings will decrease as time increases. Among them, the vertical compression stiffness has decreased by 10.24% and the horizontal equivalent stiffness has decreased by 2% after 50 years under the freeze–thaw cycles based on the prediction equation of the test values, while the vertical compression stiffness has decreased by 5.73%, and the horizontal equivalent stiffness has decreased by 8.7% after 50 years under the freeze–thaw cycles based on the prediction equation of the simulation value. The above research results can provide a basis for the study of the degradation law of the rubber isolation bearing and the evaluation of the life cycle performance of the isolation projects.
PubDate: 2023-08-31
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00221-7
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- A rheological characteristics and kinetic study for sulphur accelerated
vulcanisation of epoxidized natural rubber-
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Abstract: Abstract Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) is a specialty rubber produced by modification of natural rubber (NR) latex. In this study, the effects of vulcanisation temperature on the vulcanisation characteristics and vulcanisation kinetics of ENR compounds were studied. A Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer (MDR2000) was used, with vulcanisation temperatures ranging from 140 to 180 °C considered. Unfilled ENR and NR compounds were compared to filled compounds, in which carbon black and silica fillers were used. All compounds' optimal vulcanisation time (t95), curing rate index (CRI), percentage of reversal (R300) and vulcanisation kinetics were investigated. It can be shown that for both filled and unfilled compounds, ENR has a shorter t95, a higher CRI, and a higher R300 than NR. Furthermore, higher vulcanisation temperatures decreased the t95, with increased CRI and enhanced R300 for all compounds. It was observed that ENR tended to have lower activation energy, Ea than NR for both filled and unfilled compounds and among the compounds examined, silica-filled ENR showed the highest activation energy value.
PubDate: 2023-08-11
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00216-4
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- A review of odour assessments in the raw rubber processing industry
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Abstract: Abstract Understanding and managing the generation of odour nuisances throughout the raw rubber processing industry are vital to reduce the impact on the community. This paper aims to review literature on odour studies and management in the raw rubber processing industry. The generation of odour is typically associated with microbial reactions occurring in non-rubber components. The most offensive compound groups commonly discussed in the literature are sulfur derivatives and volatile fatty acids due to their unpleasant characteristics and low-odour threshold. Major sources of these odorants are from effluent treatment of the latex processing plant and exhaust gas from the drying process at the block rubber processing plant, respectively. However, studies performed on the composition of rubber emissions also reported the presence of other compound groups such as aldehyde, ester, amine and aromatic, which could potentially contribute to the odour emissions. Single or multiple odour assessment methods can be applied based on the objective of the odour assessment. Olfactory and chemical testings were generally applied to evaluate the odour concentration, offensiveness and identification of potential odorants, while odour wheel and dispersion modelling were employed to assess the impact on the community. Odour legislations mainly used olfactory techniques and dispersion modelling to control the odour emissions by limiting the odour release at a tolerable limit. Numerous mitigation measures have been studied and performed upstream and downstream of rubber processing, such as utilising biological methods and aerated effluent treatment that produces less odour, chemical substitution and installation of wet scrubber to reduce the odour emissions from drying process. Nevertheless, the literature is lacking studies conducted at the industrial scale on odour generation and mitigation where knowledge can be applied to develop an appropriate odour management strategy in the current industrial scenario to mitigate the odour effectively.
PubDate: 2023-08-09
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00217-3
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- Research hotspots and development trends in the rubber industry wastewater
treatment: a quantitative analysis of literature-
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Abstract: Abstract Waste management and water scarcity are two unprecedented challenges to humanity. In recent years, steady growth has been observed in the development of different technologies for the treatment of industrial wastewater. However, conducting a quantitative analysis of literature published on rubber wastewater treatment is still a novelty. In this study, bibliometric and content analysis techniques are used to analyse literature related to rubber wastewater, published during the last 5 decades to unearth research trends in this field. For this, the Web of Science database was used to extract 462 relevant records. The parameters analysed in this analysis are annual publication output, publication patterns, leading countries and leading organisations. Furthermore, to map the research trends of the field, content analysis was also performed and the most frequent keywords, as well as research fronts of the field, were highlighted. Results show that about 48% of the literature was published during the last 5 years. Water Science & Technology and Bioresource Technology were spotted as the most famous journals. Furthermore, conducting kinetic studies and using silver nanoparticles, due to their exceptional antimicrobial properties, to enhance overall wastewater treatment performance are found research fronts in this field. The use of membranes to treat rubber wastewater has emerged as a promising option. However, some key challenges such as high installation and maintenance cost, membrane fouling and low membrane efficacy still need to be resolved. Furthermore, mathematical modeling and simulation of membrane technologies require further attention from the research community.
PubDate: 2023-08-01
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- Effect of wheat starch as filler on NR/SBR blends
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Abstract: Abstract Carbon black (CB) has been used for over one-hundred years as a reinforcing filler in rubber matrix. In order to reduce our dependence on fossil resources, attempts have been made to develop renewable biofillers such as starch in the rubber industry. In this study, NR/SBR blends (50/50) were prepared with different loading of wheat starch (5, 10, 20, 35 and 50 phr). A semi-efficient sulphur vulcanization system (semi-EV) was employed. The curing characteristics of the compounds were determined with a Monsanto Rheometer at 130, 140 and 150 °C. The properties of unfilled and filled NR/SBR blends prepared at 150 °C were evaluated by swelling measurements, tensile tester, dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the optimal cure time, minimum torque, and maximum torque of filled NR/SBR blends were improved. It was found that the tensile strength and the elongation at break of wheat starch filled NR/SBR blends were maximal with the incorporation of 20 phr of wheat starch. The chemical crosslink densities were found to follow the mechanical properties. The results of DMA indicated that incorporation of wheat starch led to an increase in the glass transition temperature whilst reducing the mobility of macromolecular chains of NR/SBR mixtures, and on the other hand improved their slip resistance on wet surfaces, thus indicating its potential application in the manufacture of tyre tread.
PubDate: 2023-07-27
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00206-6
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- Electron beam radiation crosslinking of natural rubber filled with
silica–graphene blend prepared by latex mixing: dynamic mechanical
analysis, volume resistivity, and degradation-
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Abstract: The mechanical properties of EB-irradiated natural rubber (NR) composites were improved by a synergistic effect of adding silica (SiO2) and graphene nanoplatelets (GE) mixture into NR matrix, reported in a previous work. In this study, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed, from which volume resistivity and degradation properties were determined. Latex NR compound filled with SiO2/GE mixture was cured by EB irradiation to form NR composites. SEM images and the EDXS elemental mapping indicated good dispersion of GE and SiO2/GE in the NR matrix. The DMA showed that the storage moduli of NR composites filled with fillers were higher than that of NR-EB. Using 2.5 phr of fillers, which is below the percolation threshold, volume resistivity properties of all NR composites remained unchanged relative to the pure NR and with varying EB doses in the range of 100–250 kGy. Finally, it was found that adding fillers into NR composites caused a decrease in water absorption of irradiated NR composite at 70 °C and a relative humidity of 80%. According to the authors’ previous work and the present results, this novel NR composites showed a potential in devices related to high-voltage application requiring electrical insulation with enhanced mechanical properties. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-07-26
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00213-7
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- Optimising silane coupling agent content in phenolic-resin-cured
sepiolite-filled natural rubber composites-
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Abstract: Abstract Influences of silane coupling agent loading (e.g. 0–6%) on properties of sepiolite-filled natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated in this study. The amount of silane addition on properties of phenolic resin-crosslinked NR filled with sepiolite composite was optimised. A rheometer was used to evaluate the curing characteristics of the composites while morphological properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, temperature scanning stress relaxation, and Mooney–Rivlin model were used to assess the interactions between sepiolite filler and rubber matrix, and the tensile properties and strain-induced crystallisation behaviour were investigated by tensile testing and wide-angle X-ray scattering, respectively. Incorporating a silane coupling agent reduced the size of sepiolite aggregates from ~ 0.4–10 to 0.4–5 μm and decreased filler–filler interaction as well as the curing time of the composite. The silane also improved adhesion between the filler and the rubber by the additional interactions between silane and sepiolite filler. These interactions slowed down the rate at which NR polymer molecules relax, increased tensile strength, and facilitated strain-induced crystallisation. The strongest interactions between filler and rubber, evidenced by maximal tensile strength that was 20% over the non-silanised NR composites, were attained at 4% silane coupling agent relative to the sepiolite by mass.
PubDate: 2023-07-10
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00210-w
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- Hybridisation effect of carboxyl graphene and silica nanofillers on
environmentally aged composite acrylonitrile butadiene rubber-
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Abstract: Filler hybridisation in elastomers has become a subject of both scientific and industrial interest. Consequently, the use of nanofillers has attracted researchers looking to enhance the performance of elastomers. Therefore, carboxyl graphene (CG) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanofillers have been hybridised for the combined effect study of composite NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber) elastomers in various accelerated environmental ageing conditions (high temperature, low temperature, and QUV). The inorganic filler (SiO2) had enhanced dispersion upon hybridising with CG on the surface of a composite NBR elastomer. To evaluate the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, unfilled and filled (CG/SiO2) composite NBR elastomer samples were prepared by mixing and rolling methods. Furthermore, the prepared samples were kept in various ageing chambers. The results of mechanical testing exhibited that tensile strength improvement was greater for filled elastomers than unfilled elastomers after ageing. Moreover, the filled elastomers were also able to retain the reduction in elongation at break after ageing. However, after ageing, the hardness of composite NBR elastomers increased marginally with the addition of CG/SiO2. Moreover, the loss factor (tan δ) of a composite NBR elastomer (CG/SiO2: 15/7.5), compared to that of the unfilled NBR elastomer before and after ageing, decreased but was still much higher than that of the aged unfilled NBR elastomer. The reason behind that was that CG/SiO2 dispersion in the composite NBR elastomer matrix acted as a barrier against ageing. CG/SiO2 hybridising is an effective way to develop high-performance composite NBR elastomers with good potential in industrial applications. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-07-08
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00211-9
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- Natural rubber latex as a new binder for slip casting of alumina ceramics
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Abstract: Abstract The slip casting of ceramics uses synthetically prepared water-soluble polymers and polymer emulsions as binder to achieve adequate yield stress of the consolidated body and high green strength. Substitution of synthetically prepared binders with a naturally renewable one is highly recommended for environmental friendliness and sustainability. Herein, slip casting of aqueous alumina slurries using natural rubber latex (NRL) binder is studied for the first time. Slurries of high alumina loading (40–55 vol%) at rubber concentrations in the range of 2–8 wt% obtained by mixing a concentrated aqueous alumina powder dispersion and a concentrated NRL exhibit viscosity and yield stress suitable for slip casting. The thickness of the body produced in 1 h from the slurries containing the NRL binder by slip casting in a plaster of Paris mold is three times higher than that produced from a slurry prepared using 2 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder. The slip-cast green bodies after annealing at 200 °C show high strength (3–9.68 MPa) due to cross-linking of rubber. Sintered ceramics prepared from the slip-cast bodies exhibit ~ 97% theoretical density (T.D) with an average grain size of 1.8 μm. NRL binder-based slip casting is capable of producing sintered alumina crucibles of wall thickness as low as 1.2 mm. NRL can be an eco-friendly and sustainable candidate binder for the slip casting of ceramic materials.
PubDate: 2023-07-06
DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00208-4
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