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Mycopath
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 1729-5521
Published by U of the Punjab

[5 journals]

Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin B1 in stored barley grains
marketed in west of Iran
- Authors: Khosrow Chehri, Hassan Younesi
  Abstract: Barley is one of the most important cereals consumed in the world, which is well-known to be invaded by Aspergillus spp. under storage conditions and contaminated with mycotoxins. Aflatoxin (AFL) contamination of cereal grains especially barley is one of the serious economic and food security issues. This study aimed to assess the mycological and AFL contamination of barley collected from market in Kermanshah province, in west of Iran. Forty samples were collected at informal markets in ten cities and analysed for aflatoxin B1 using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELIZA) method. Sixty Aspergillus isolates were collected and four species were identified. All these strains belonged to A. niger (50%), A. flavus (30%), A. japonicus (15%),
  PubDate: 2023-07-28
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Occurrence of two strains of Colletotrichum siamense on Jatropha curcas
leaves
- Authors: Nkechi Gloria Ogbuji, Anthony Eromonsele Ataga
  Abstract: Jatropha curcas (L.) commonly called purging nut or physic nut is a multi-purpose drought resistant shrub or small tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. The plant is gaining a huge attention lately because of the great economic importance associated with it. Jatropha curcas is susceptible to attack by microorganisms and the correct identification of these microbes is necessary for the development of sustainable disease prevention/control measures. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing fungi associated with the leaves of J. curcas collected from Aluu in Rivers State, Nigeria. Fungi were isolated using microbiological conventional culturing method and identified using molecular method. Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal isolates using Zymo Fungal/Bacterial DNA Miniprep Kit. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was carried out using the primer pair: ITS4 and ITS5. BLAST search was carried out on National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and the species identity of the two fungal organisms associated with Jatropha curcas revealed that the organisms are two different strains of Colletotrichum siamense. Phylogenetic tree revealed the relationship among the two strains, other strains/isolates of Colletotrichum siamense and other species of Colletotrichum on GenBank. The sequences of the isolates have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers: OQ941591 for Colletotrichum siamensestrain RCBBR_AEANK17 and OQ941592 for Colletotrichum siamensestrain RCBBR_AEANK18. The basic molecular techniques used in this study were able to classify the isolates to the species and strain levels.
  PubDate: 2023-07-26
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Biological management of Bactrocera zonata through an effective delivery
system of mycoproteins of Beauveria bassiana integrated with synthetic
attractant baits
- Authors: Sana Sarfaraz, Mirza Abdul Qayyum, Sabeen Alam, Burhan Ullah, Umer Sharif, Sana Ullah, Muhammad Faiq, Asad Nadeem Pasha
  Abstract: A destructive species of fruit fly known as Bactrocera zonata (Tephritidae: Diptera), seriously harms fruit crops. Mycoproteins found in biological control agents such as the fungus Beauveria bassiana Balsamo, have insecticidal effects against B. zonata. The B. bassiana is found to be the most successful biological control agent against B. zonata through attract and kill technique. The current study was carried out to exam in vitro fatality rate of B. zonata larvae and adults using various concentrations of crude mycoproteins from B. bassiana (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 µL mL-1). The same experiment was conducted again in a mango orchard against adult B. zonata to examine the activity of crude mycoproteins at higher concentrations (6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 µL mL-1), which were mixed with artificial attractant baits to attract adult B. zonata towards the traps hung from mango trees. The maximum mortality of larvae (90%) and adults (89%) was found at a concentration of 15 µL mL-1, while the minimum mortality of larvae (44%) and adults (36%) was found at a concentration of 3 µL mL-1, as compared to control. According to the field study findings, adults of B. zonata had a maximum mortality of 84% when exposed to crude mycoproteins at a concentration of 30 µL mL-1. It is concluded that B. zonata can be successfully managed in mango orchards using mycoproteins at a concentration of 30 uL mL-1 in combination with synthetic attractant baits.
  PubDate: 2023-07-04
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Evaluation of antifungal effect of Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria
paradoxa against selected pathogenic fungi
- Authors: Entonu E. Entonu, Anayochukwu C. Ngene, Collins E. Odu, Amos O. Ogaji, Hemen W. Nguhemen, Edo G. Ochiheche, Oluwatoyin D. Coulthard, John O. Egbere
  Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effects of extracts of two plant species namely Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa against growth of some selected fungal species. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of these plant species were assessed against Aspergillus flavus, Candida albican and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. Phytochemical analysis of these plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and other secondary metabolites. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of aqueous extract of P. biglobosa was 150 mg mL-1 against both C. albican and A. flavus. On the other hand, ethanolic extract of this plant species had MFC of 300 mg mL-1 for A. flavus, while there was no MFC for C. albican. Likewise, aqueous extract of V. paradoxa also had same value of MFC against C. albican as well as A. flavus. Ethanolic extract of V. paradoxa had MFC of 150 and 300 mg mL-1 against C. albican and A. flavus, respectively. The combined aqueous extracts of these plant species showed MFC of 300 mg mL-1 against both the C. albican and A. flavus. By contrast, the mixture of ethanolic extracts had MIC of 150 mg mL-1 against C. albican, and no MFC for A. flavus.
  PubDate: 2023-06-27
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Effect of Sorghum bicolor mycorrhizae on development of tomato in nursery
- Authors: Kouka Hamidou Sogoba, Alassane Ouattara, Tounwendsida Abel Nana, Sarata Nabelo, Kadidia Koïta
  Abstract: Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in Burkina Faso. Nevertheless, tomato production is confronted with numerous biotic and abiotic constraints. So, it is essential to find ways of boosting its production, starting at the nursery. In nurseries, the use of mycorrhizal fungi can be an effective means of obtaining vigorous and healthy seedlings. This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the impact of endogenous mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and biomass of tomato in nursery. To do so, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), known as a hypermycotrophic plant, was used for inoculum production of mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, the effect of direct association of sorghum and tomato was studied. The results showed that the application of mycorrhizal fungi from the inoculum significantly improved the emergence, growth and leafing of tomato in the nursery during experimentation. A height of 5.75 cm was observed in mycorrhizal plants as compared to 3.23 cm for non-mycorrhizal control plants. It was also shown that adding mycorrhizal inoculum to the seeds was much more effective than the direct association in the field with the sorghum plant and tomato. The results showed that endogenous mycorrhizal fungi significantly improved the emergence, plant height, leaf formation and biomass production of tomato plants.
  PubDate: 2023-06-19
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a combination of Urtica
dioica and Scrophularia striata plant extracts and evaluation of their
antifungal effects against dermatophytes
- Authors: Mahtab Bolon, Khosrow Chehri, Sajad Moradi, Mohsen Shahlaei
  Abstract: Infection of the skin is caused by various microbial agents such as fungi. Given the alarming spread of microbial resistance, a new therapeutic approach to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes such as nanoparticles seems necessary. The objective of this study was the investigation of properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by a mixed extract of Scrophularia striata and Urtica dioica and to evaluate their biological activity against skin infectious fungi. ultra violet (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for characterizing the synthesized nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was then evaluated against three dermatophytes namely Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans by measuring the growth disc diameter method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were also determined using microdilution technique. The maximum absorption peak of the nanoparticles was observed at 450 nm, which is in the range of absorption for silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction also confirmed the presence of nano silver crystals. The electron microscopy imaging showed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape and have an average size of 40±5 nm. MIC value for biosynthesized nanoparticles were 31, 15 and 7 ppm for T. rubrum, M. canis and C. albicans, respectively. It is suggested that the silver nanoparticles synthesized by using a combination of U. dioica and S. striata extracts could be used as potent antifungal agents against the skin-deep pathogenic fungi.
  PubDate: 2023-06-13
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Myxomycetes (Myxogastria) of Türkiye: A checklist 2023
- Authors: Hayri Baba, Mustafa Sevindik
  Abstract:
  In this study, 309 myxomycete species reported so far in Türkiye are listed. Previously, in the checklist published in 2019, 286 species were reported. With the addition of new records and the removal of synonyms, the number of species have reached to 309 today. These species belong to 5 orders, 12 families and 45 genera. Physarida and Physarum are the largest order and genus, respectively, containing the highest number of species. Türkiye is not poor in terms of myxobiota. However, studies on Myxomycetes in this country are still insufficient.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)
Survivability and plant growth promoting traits of Rhizobium aegyptiacum
under the stress of fungicides and insecticides
- Authors: Sukriti Chandra, Dipjyoti Chakraborty
  Abstract: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production relies heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides which have several drawbacks. Biofertilizers provide an eco-friendly alternative, however, growth of the bio-inoculant is often hindered by the chemical residues of insecticides and fungicides present in the soil. In this study, we evaluated the growth of a potential plant growth-promoting bacterium Rhizobium aegyptiacum, in the presence of the fungicide bavistin (50% carbendazim) and the insecticide chlorpyriphos 20 EC. A decrease in the growth of R. aegyptiacum was observed with increase in concentration of the fungicide and the insecticide. A 33.7% of growth reduction was observed under 3 times of the recommended dose of carbendazim. Likewise, in the presence of chlorpyriphos 20 EC, 10.6, 21.7 and 50.01% growth was inhibited at 1X, 2X and 3X of recommended dose, respectively. In the absence of fungicide and insecticide, the phosphate solubilization index was determined to be 3.21, which reduced to 2.53 under 3X chlorpyriphos treatment and 2.90 under 3X carbendazim treatments. The lowest IAA production (17.8 μg mL-1) was observed in 3X chlorpyriphos treatment. HCN production was also detected in the presence of both insecticide and fungicide. Thus, R. aegyptiacum was found to retain phosphate solubilization, HCN production and IAA production capacity in the presence of up to three times the recommended dosage of the bavistin and chlorpyriphos 20 EC. R. aegyptiacum can be recommended as bio-inoculum in chickpea cultivation in agricultural fields contaminated with high concentrations of insecticides and pesticides.
  PubDate: 2023-05-30
  Issue No: Vol. 21 (2023)