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Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Number of Followers: 0  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 2378-5977 Published by New Prairie Press  [17 journals]
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- Foreword, Swine Day 2023
Abstract: This file includes the 2023 Swine Day Research Report introduction, standard abbreviations, K-State Vitamin and Trace Mineral Premixes statement, biological variability and chances of error explanation, and acknowledgments of our supporters. We hope that the information in the 2023 Swine Day Research Report will be of benefit as we attempt to meet the needs of the Kansas swine industry.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 08:13:20 PST
- Evaluation of Precision, Accuracy, and Efficiency of Scale Stabilization
Settings Using LeeO Pig Tracking System
Authors: Abigail K. Jenkins et al.
Abstract: This trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum scale head settings for LeeO scale systems to balance accuracy, precision, and efficiency in weighing pigs. LeeO scales allow for the adjustment of both stabilization time (mSec) and stabilization weight (g). The pig weight that is accepted by the technology is only registered after staying within the set stabilization weight for the set stabilization time. Prior to beginning animal research, precision and accuracy were assessed for two scales. The nursery scale used a 25-lb test weight and the finisher scale used a 50-lb test weight. The CV estimates were 0.1% or less when the test weight was measured multiple times within each combination of settings for both nursery and finishing weights. Accuracy did not differ (P> 0.10) based on stabilization time for either scale. However, when weighing the 25-lb test weight, the longest stabilization time of 1,000 mSec resulted in the smallest difference from the true weight (P < 0.05). To assess scale settings, 30 nursery and 33 finishing pigs were weighed multiple times using different settings to determine accuracy, precision, and efficiency. Each pig was weighed 5 times on the predetermined settings for a total of 45 weights for each nursery pig and 20 weights for each finishing pig. Coefficient of variation (CV) was used as an estimation of precision, which was calculated by dividing the standard deviation of the 5 weights for that combination of scale head settings by the average weight of the 5 weights for that setting. To estimate accuracy, the absolute difference of the average weight of the 5 weights for that setting combination from the overall average weight for that pig was calculated. Efficiency was measured one of two ways. The nursery pig procedure included the elapsed time from when the first weight was collected for that combination of scale head settings until the fifth weight that was collected was divided by the total number of weighing events for that setting. The finishing pig procedure included the sum of the times that it took to lock in all five weights for that combination of scale head settings and dividing that sum by the total number of weighing events for that setting. There were no differences in accuracy for nursery or finishing pig scales based on stabilization time or weight (P> 0.10). There was a significant difference in precision for the nursery pig scale based on both stabilization time (P = 0.003) and stabilization weight (P = 0.003); with CV improving as stabilization weight became smaller and stabilization time became longer. Conversely, efficiency for collecting both nursery and finishing weights improved with larger stabilization weight and shorter stabilization time (P < 0.001). In the finishing experiment, CV was improved (P < 0.05) for the 500 g × 1,000 mSec and 500 g × 500 mSec settings compared to the 1,000 g × 250 mSec setting, with the 1,000 g × 500 mSec setting intermediate. To balance precision and efficiency, a setting of 50 g × 500 mSec for the nursery and 500 g × 1,000 mSec for the finisher is recommended.
PubDate: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:48:25 PST
- Evaluation of Variation in Nursery Pig Growth Performance Utilizing
Different Allotment Strategies
Authors: Abigail K. Jenkins et al.
Abstract: A total of 360 pigs (200 × 400 DNA) were used in a 43-d nursery trial (initially 12.4 ± 0.37 lb) to evaluate multiple strategies for allotting pigs to pens in swine research trials. At placement, the population was split into 3 cohorts with similar average weight and standard deviation. Each cohort was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 allotment strategies. Strategy 1 (random) utilized a simple randomization strategy with each pig randomized to pen independent of all other pigs. Strategy 2 [body weight (BW) distribution] sorted each pig within the cohort into 1 of 5 BW groups. One pig from each weight group was then randomly assigned to pen such that distribution of BW within pen was uniform across pens. Strategy 3 (BW grouping) sorted pigs within the cohort into 3 BW categories: light, medium, and heavy. Within each BW category, pigs were randomly assigned to pen to create pens of pigs from each BW category. There were 72 pens in the trial with 5 pigs per pen and 24 pens per allotment strategy. For all strategies, once pigs were allotted to pens, pens were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments for a concurrent trial. Treatment diets consisted of basal levels of Zn and Cu from the trace mineral premix for the duration of the study (110 and 17 mg/kg, respectively; NC), or diets (PC) with carbadox (50 g/ton; Mecadox, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ) fed in phase 1 and 2, pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu (2,414 mg/kg Zn from ZnO; 168 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4) in phase 1 and only Cu (168 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4) in phase 2. There were no allotment × treatment interactions (P> 0.10). Pigs fed the PC diet had improved (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, F/G, and final BW compared to pigs fed the NC diet. The coefficients of variation (CV) within pen between all pens on each allotment strategy and for the entire population of each allotment strategy were calculated. For between-pen and within-pen CV, pigs allotted using the BW grouping strategy had the lowest CV at allotment and final weigh day. Results were used to estimate the replication required with each allotment strategy to obtain significant differences with different percentage responses. Fewer replications are required to discern significant differences in ADG and final BW when allotting pigs utilizing BW grouping. However, there is no meaningful difference between allotment strategies in the replications required to detect significant differences for overall feed efficiency. When conducting nursery research with pen serving as the experimental unit, the data of this trial would support that a BW grouping allotment strategy would produce the least within-pen and pen-to-pen variation.
PubDate: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:48:24 PST
- Understanding the Reduction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, and Seneca Valley Virus 1 RNA
in Inoculated Feed and the Environment Following Thermal Processing
Authors: Olivia L. Harrison et al.
Abstract: Pelleting of feed has been demonstrated to be an effective mitigation strategy for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) contaminated feed but has not been evaluated for other endemic swine viruses like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or Seneca Valley virus 1 (SVV1). Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of pelleting to inactivate PEDV, PRRSV, and SVV1 inoculated feed. Ten replicates were conducted in the Cargill Feed Safety Research Center at Kansas State University (K-State) using a pilot scale mixer, bucket elevator, pellet mill (including conditioner and die), and cooler. First, a virus negative batch of gestation feed was run through all equipment to simulate a commercial feed mill, then a positive batch of feed inoculated with all three viruses was run through all feed manufacturing equipment. Feed was conditioned to a minimum of 180°F with a 30 sec retention time; all feed was cooled for 10 min. Feed and environmental samples were taken from each piece of equipment following both the negative and positive batch. Samples were analyzed via PCR at the K-State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. A four-room bioassay was conducted to evaluate the infectivity of the feed samples. Feed from the mixer and bucket elevator had greater quantities of SVV1, PEDV, and PRRSV RNA (P < 0.05) than the other sampling locations. Similarly, environmental samples from the mixer and bucket elevator had greater SVV1 detection (P < 0.05) than those collected from the conditioner, pellet die, and cooler. Pelleting reduced viral RNA (P < 0.05) for all viruses in both feed and environmental samples. Although SVV1 and PEDV RNA were still detectable following pelleting, no pigs inoculated with the pelleted feed showed signs of SVV1 or PEDV clinical infection. Interestingly, PRRSV RNA was not detectable in pelleted feed samples. However, one pig showed signs of replicating PRRSV virus on d 7 of the bioassay which suggests a greater sensitivity when utilizing a bioassay compared to PCR alone. Overall, pelleting reduced the quantity of detectable viral RNA and reduced the risk of infectivity; yet small quantities of viral RNA remaining in the feed and environment following pelleting may increase the risk of re-contamination.
PubDate: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:48:23 PST
- Evaluating the Distribution of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, and Seneca Valley Virus 1
Inoculated Feed After the Use of Physical or Chemical Mitigants to Flush a
Feed Manufacturing Facility
Authors: Olivia L. Harrison et al.
Abstract: Contaminated feed is a route of virus transmission between feed mills and swine farms. To reduce the risk of transmission, an understanding of the virus distribution and mitigation strategies are needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Seneca Valley virus 1 (SVV1) inoculated feed in the environment and feed of a feed mill before and after the use of chemical mitigants. A 50-lb batch of feed was run through a mixer and bucket elevator followed by a batch inoculated with PEDV, PRRSV, and SVV1. Following the virus-inoculated batch, a flush treatment of either 1) ground corn (GC); 2) GC + 1.5% liquid formaldehyde (LF; SalCURB LF Liquid, Kemin, Des Moines, IA); 3) GC + 1.5% LF + 25% abrasive material (SalCURB; Shell & Bone Builder, Iowa Limestone Company, Urbandale, IA); 4) double flush – GC + 25% abrasive material followed by GC +1.5% LF (Shell & Bone Builder; SalCURB); or 5) dry formaldehyde (SalCURB F2 Dry, Kemin, Des Moines, IA) was utilized, followed by 3 virus-free batches of complete feed. Feed and environmental samples were collected from each piece of equipment following every batch. Dust samples were collected after manufacturing from the inoculated, flush, and final batches from non-feed contact surfaces. Non-feed contact surfaces were considered those where dust would accumulate during manufacturing but would not be included in the final diet. The surfaces included the grates of the mixer, the top of the discharge bin following the bucket elevator, and the floor surrounding the same discharge bin. Samples were analyzed via a triplex PCR at the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. A treatment × batch × location interaction was not observed (P> 0.05) in feed or the environment for any of the viruses. A flush treatment × batch interaction was observed for SVV1 where greater quantities of viral RNA (P < 0.05) were present in the positive batches and the ground corn flush than in those batches which used chemical mitigants or the post-flush batches. A lower quantity of viral RNA (P< 0.05) in dust was observed in the last batch of feed compared to the inoculated batch for all viruses; however, SVV1 RNA was still detectable in the dust following the last batch in all treatments. A batch effect (P < 0.05) was observed in all sample matrices for PEDV and PRRSV as viral RNA decreased after the implementation of the flush regardless of treatment. The use of chemical mitigants and the implementation of a flush batch reduced the quantity of viral RNA for PEDV, PRRSV, and SVV1. However, viral presence was still observed in feed and the dust on non-feed contact surfaces which could be a source of contamination if re-introduced into finished feed.
PubDate: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:48:22 PST
- A Meta-Regression Analysis to Evaluate the Effects of Narasin on
Grow-Finish Pig Performance
Authors: Larissa L. Becker et al.
Abstract: A meta-regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of added narasin in growing-finishing pig diets to predict the influence on average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and carcass yield. A database was developed containing 21 technical reports, abstracts, and refereed papers from 2012 to 2021 representing 35 observations for growth performance data in studies ranging from 35 to 116 days in length (overall data). In addition, within these 35 observations, individual period data were evaluated (143 observations) using weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly performance intervals (period data). Regression model equations were developed, and predictor variables were assessed with a stepwise manual forward selection procedure. Important variables in predicting the response to added narasin included ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and G:F of the control pigs, feeding duration (shorter or longer than 65 days) and body weight (greater than or less than 230 lb). Using median values from the database for predictor variables, the meta-analysis indicated narasin would be expected to improve ADG between 1.06 to 1.65%, G:F between 0.71 to 1.71%, and carcass yield by 0.31% when fed for longer than 65 days.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:23:54 PST
- A Multi-Trial Analysis Evaluating the Effects of Pharmacological Levels of
IntelliBond Copper on Growing-Finishing Pig Growth Performance and Carcass
Characteristics
Authors: Hayden R. Kerkaert et al.
Abstract: A multi-trial analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of pharmacological levels of added IntelliBond Copper (IBC) on growing-finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics compared to pigs fed control diets containing typical additions of copper from a trace mineral premix. Data with 331 observations within 8 trials were included in the final database. Inclusion rates for IBC were either 150 (7 trials), or 200 (1 trial) ppm. Pigs fed IBC throughout the entire grow-finish period had greater (P < 0.05) overall ADG, ADFI, and final BW and tended (P = 0.085) to be more efficient than pigs fed control diets. There was no evidence for differences (P> 0.10) between dietary treatments for the percentage of pigs marketed. Pigs fed IBC also had (P < 0.05) heavier HCW and greater carcass ADG compared to pigs fed a control diet. There were no differences (P> 0.10) between pigs fed the control or IBC diets for carcass characteristics, carcass yield, and carcass feed efficiency. In conclusion, the addition of IBC at growth promotion levels throughout the entire growing-finishing period increased final BW, HCW, and ADG on a live and carcass basis.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:23:53 PST
- Effect of Sulfate or Hydroxychloride Forms of Zinc, Manganese, and Copper
on Growth Performance, Weight Variation, Carcass Characteristics, and
Economics of Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Hilario M. Cordoba et al.
Abstract: A total of 1,026 grow-finish pigs (337 × 1050 PIC; initially 57.2 ± 0.73 lb) were used in a 124-d trial to compare sulfate and hydroxychloride forms of Zn, Mn, and Cu on growth performance, carcass characteristics, weight variation, and economics of grow-finish pigs. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 19 pens per treatment. The treatments were structured as a completely randomized design and consisted of a control diet containing 150, 16, and 110 ppm of Cu, Mn, and Zn, respectively, from sulfate sources or the same inclusion provided by hydroxychloride sources. Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and fed in meal form in phase 1 from 57 to 110 lb, phase 2 from 110 to 165 lb, phase 3 from 165 to 220 lb, and phase 4 from 220 to 300 lb. In the grower period (57 to 173 lb), there was a tendency (P = 0.052) to improve F/G when sulfate Mn, Zn, and Cu were fed. In the finisher period (d 61 to 124), pigs fed hydroxychloride mineral sources had improved (P = 0.041) ADG. For pig body weight variability, there was no evidence of differences (P ≥ 0.10) on the coefficient of variation between treatments. Pigs marketed at the end of the study which were fed hydroxychloride sources tended to have greater HCW (P = 0.054) compared to sulfate sources, but no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.10) were found in any other carcass trait at any marketing event. There was a tendency (P = 0.088) to reduce feed cost per lb of gain when using sulfate sources compared to hydroxychloride forms; however, IOFC was not impacted by mineral source (P> 0.10). In conclusion, these data suggest there were no differences in pig weight variability, overall pig growth performance, or carcass characteristics between mineral sources.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:23:52 PST
- Exploring the Use of Probicon L28 and BIOPLUS 2B as Direct-Fed Microbials
to Reduce Salmonella and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Market
Pigs
Authors: Jimeng Bai et al.
Abstract: Pigs are hosts for Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and these pathogens can commonly be isolated from the pig farm environment. Pigs can carry pathogens to the abattoir and contaminate pork products, posing a risk to public health. Identifying an intervention that effectively reduces pathogens in commercial pigs before harvest is imperative. Due to the need for effective pre-harvest interventions in the pig industry, the objective of this study was to investigate BIOPLUS 2B (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) and Probicon L28 (Lactobacillus salivarius L28) as pre-harvest interventions to reduce Salmonella and STEC in commercial growing-finishing pigs. Two groups of pigs (group 1, N = 294; group 2, N = 356, initial body weight = 106.6 lb) were fed a standard corn-soybean meal (SBM) finishing diet according to the following treatments: Probicon L28 supplementation through water lines at 1.0 × 106 CFU/head/day (Probicon); BIOPLUS 2B supplemented at 3.0 × 109 CFU/head/day (BIOPLUS 2B); and a control with no added probiotic (Control). With each group of pigs, 12 pens were used per treatment (N = 24 total), for a total of 36 pens per group (N = 72 pens total). Each group was sampled upon arrival/baseline, midway through the grow-finish phase/6 weeks post-placement, and prior to loadout/13 weeks post-placement to collect fecal samples (4 pigs/pen), boot covers (2/pen), and ropes (1/pen). Market pigs were followed to the abattoir and superficial inguinal lymph nodes (SILNs) were collected. All samples were analyzed for STEC (stx, eae genes, and O157:H7, and O26, O111, O121 O45, O103, and O145 serogroups) and Salmonella using the BAX System (real-time polymerase chain reaction). Overall, Salmonella and O111 prevalence was very low for all sample types, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not detected in any samples throughout the study. When compared to the control, there was no evidence (P> 0.05) that BIOPLUS 2B and Probicon L28 impacted the prevalence of STEC (stx and eae genes) or serogroups O26, O121, O45, O103, and O145 in feces, boot covers, ropes, and SILNs of market pigs.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:23:51 PST
- Determining the Impact of Probicon L28 and BioPlus 2B on Finishing Pig
Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Macie E. Reeb et al.
Abstract: These data represent the growth performance of pigs enrolled in a study to determine the impact of two direct fed microbial products on Salmonella and Escherichia coli prevalence pre- and post-harvest. A total of 650 finishing pigs in two groups were randomly assigned to pen via a completely randomized design, and pens were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) a control treatment with pigs fed a standard corn-soybean meal finishing diet (with no added probiotic); 2) the control diets with Probicon L28 (NexGen Innovations, LLC, Lubbock, TX) supplemented through water lines using a water medicator system at a target concentration of 1.0 × 106 CFU/head/day; and 3) the control diet with added BioPlus 2B (5.0 × 108 CFU/lb of feed; ~3.0 × 109 CFU/ head/day; CHR Hansen, Inc, Milwaukee, WI). No evidence of difference (P> 0.10) between treatments was observed for overall ADG, ADFI, or F/G or any of the carcass traits. However, there was a tendency for a treatment effect for loin depth (P = 0.070). Pigs fed the BioPlus 2B treatment had numerically greater loin depth compared to other treatments, but there were no significant pairwise differences between treatments (P > 0.05). The results of this study suggested that probiotics used in this study and supplied through the water or feed had no impact on growth or carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:23:50 PST
- Evaluating the Effects of Sodium Diformate on Finishing Pig Growth
Performance
Authors: Katelyn N. Gaffield et al.
Abstract: A total of 2,200 pigs (Duroc sire (PIC 800 or DNA 600) × PIC Camborough; initially 53.4 ± 0.66 lb) were used to conduct a 117-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of dietary sodium diformate level on grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs (25 pigs per pen) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 22 replicates per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based with the addition of none, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75% sodium diformate (Formi NDF; ADDCON Nordic AS, Porsgrunn, Norway). Diets were fed in 6 phases from 53 to 75, 75 to 145, 145 to 195, 195 to 245, 245 to 265, and 265 to 310 lb. From d 60 to 93, increasing sodium diformate increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI. Additionally, from d 93 to 117, increasing sodium diformate in the diets increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and improved (linear, P < 0.05) feed efficiency. For the overall period (d 0 to 117), pigs fed increasing sodium diformate had increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and a tendency for increased (linear, P = 0.075) ADFI; however, there was no evidence for differences (P> 0.05) in feed efficiency. For carcass characteristics, no evidence of differences (P> 0.10) was observed for any criteria. For economics, increasing sodium diformate in the diets increased (linear, P < 0.001) feed cost and feed cost per lb of gain in both low and high price scenarios. However, there was a tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.059) for revenue, with pigs fed 0.25% sodium diformate generating the greatest revenue in both the low and high price scenarios. Due to the increased feed cost and quadratic response in revenue, pigs fed increasing sodium diformate had a quadratic (P < 0.05) response in IOFC, with pigs fed no sodium diformate having the greatest IOFC. In conclusion, these data suggest that feeding increasing levels of sodium diformate improved ADG and ADFI after d 60 (~180 lb) in the grow-finish period. However, it is currently not economical to feed sodium diformate throughout the entire grow-finish period.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:48 PST
- Evaluating HiPhorius Phytase in Two Diet Formulation Strategies on
Finishing Pig Growth Performance, Serum Chemistry, Bone Mineralization,
and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Macie E. Reeb et al.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of HiPhorius (DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) phytase on finishing pig growth performance, serum chemistry, bone mineralization, and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, 1,161 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 80.9. ± 1.06 lb) were used in a 105-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 10 or 11 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet with no added phytase and formulated to NRC (2012) requirement estimates for standard total tract digestible (STTD) P; 2) 600 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering a release of 0.13% STTD P and 0.095% STTD Ca; 3) 1,000 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering release of 0.16% STTD P and 0.107% STTD Ca; and 4) high STTD P (no phytase; approximately 22% above NRC requirement estimates). All diets were formulated to a 1.30:1 STTD Ca:STTD P ratio. Overall, pigs fed NRC (2012) or high STTD P had increased ADG (P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed the treatments with added phytase. Pigs fed diets with phytase tended to have decreased (P = 0.056) 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 compared to pigs fed NRC levels of STTD P without phytase. In Exp. 2, 1,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 167.4 ± 2.92 lb) were used in a 58-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Treatments were the same as in Exp. 1, except diets were formulated to the same total Ca:P ratio (the phase 1 ratio was 1.15:1; the phase 2 ratio was 1.12:1) without an STTD Ca release consideration from phytase. Overall, there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G among treatments (P> 0.10). For pigs fed NRC or high STTD P, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in metacarpal bone density, and a tendency for increased bone ash weight (g) (P < 0.10) and percentage bone ash (P < 0.10) compared to pigs fed treatments containing phytase. In conclusion, regardless of diet formulation strategy, pigs fed diets with phytase had decreased growth performance (Exp. 1) and bone mineralization (Exp. 2). The unexpected result may be caused by several, or a combination of, factors, such as low or no monocalcium phosphate being included in the diets with phytase, lower analyzed than formulated P (based on sampled diets), not enough phytate-bound P in the diets for phytase to provide sufficient P, too wide of an analyzed Ca:P ratio that may have reduced phytase activity compared to the intended Ca:P ratio, or the expected P attributed to the phytase being overestimated.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:47 PST
- Effects of Feeding Finishing Pig Diets Differing in Ca:P Ratio, Added
Phytase and Vitamin D Sources on Growth Performance, Weight Variation,
Serum 25(OH)D3, Carcass Characteristics, Bone Characteristics, and
Economics
Authors: Hilario M. Cordoba et al.
Abstract: A total of 2,160 grow-finish pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 71.8 ± 1.4 lb) were used in a 114-d trial to determine the effects of feeding diets differing in Ca:P ratio and added phytase or phytase and 25(OH)D3 (Hy-D, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) on growth performance, weight variation, serum 25(OH)D3, bone characteristics, and economics. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. The four treatments were structured as a randomized complete block design and consisted of: 1) a high phosphorus (HP) diet formulated to a 1.25:1 Ca to P ratio with STTD P at 115% of NRC requirement estimate without inclusion of phytase; 2) low phosphorus (LP) diet initially formulated to a 1.25:1 Ca to P ratio with STTD P at 80% of NRC requirement without the addition of phytase; 3) HP with phytase (HP+phytase) diet with a 1.1:1 Ca to P ratio with STTD P at 115% of NRC requirement using 0.125% STTD P release from 600 FYT/kg HiPhorius; and 4) Same as diet 3 except 25(OH)D3 replacing most of the vitamin D3 in the diet (HP+25(OH)D3). Diets were fed in meal form with phase 1 fed from 71 to 110 lb, phase 2 from 110 to 165 lb, phase 3 from 165 to 220 lb, and phase 4 from 220 to 293 lb. Overall, source of vitamin D had no impact on performance, but pigs fed HP diets had improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared to those fed LP diets, and ADFI was greater compared to those fed the HP+phytase diet with 1.1:1 Ca to P ratio. For serum 25(OH)D3 measured on d 50, pigs fed the HP diets had increased (P < 0.05) levels of 25(OH)D3 compared to pigs fed the LP diets, and pigs fed the HP+25(OH)D3 diets had increased (P < 0.05) serum levels of 25(OH)D3 compared to pigs fed the HP+phytase diets. Pigs fed the HP diets had greater (P < 0.05) HCW and percentage lean than those fed LP diets. For economics results, pigs fed HP diets had increased (P < 0.05) feed cost, revenue, and income over feed cost (IOFC) compared to those fed LP diets in both a low and high price scenario. For bone analysis, pigs fed HP diets, had greater (P < 0.05) bone ash (g) and breaking strength than pigs fed LP or HP+phytase with a reduced Ca to P ratio. In conclusion, when pigs were fed 115% of NRC STTD P requirements, growth performance, HCW, and economics were improved compared to those fed at 80% of the P requirements.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:46 PST
- Diagnostic Survey of Biological Measurements Used to Determine Bone
Mineralization in Pigs Across the US Swine Industry
Authors: Hadley R. Williams et al.
Abstract: Pigs from 64 commercial sites across 14 production systems in the Midwest US were used to evaluate the baseline biological measurements used to determine bone mineralization. Three pigs were selected from each commercial site representing: 1) a clinically normal pig (healthy); 2) a pig with evidence of clinical lameness (lame); and 3) a pig from a hospital pen that is assumed to have recent low feed intake (unhealthy). Pigs ranged in age from nursery to market weight, with the three pigs sampled from each site representing the same age or phase of production. Blood, urine, metacarpal, fibula, 2nd rib, and 10th rib were collected and analyzed. Serum was analyzed for Ca, P, and 25(OH)D3, and urine was collected and analyzed for Ca, P, and creatinine. Each bone was measured for density, ash (defatted and non-defatted technique), and breaking strength. A bone × pig type interaction (P < 0.001) was observed for defatted and non-defatted bone ash, density, and breaking strength. For defatted bone ash, there were no differences (P> 0.10) between pig types for the fibulas, 2nd rib, and 10th rib, but metacarpals from healthy pigs had greater (P < 0.05) percentage bone ash compared to unhealthy pigs, with the lame pigs intermediate. For non-defatted bone ash, there were no differences (P> 0.10) between pig types for metacarpals and fibulas, but unhealthy pigs had greater (P < 0.05) non-defatted percentage bone ash for 2nd and 10th ribs compared to healthy pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. Healthy and lame pigs had greater (P < 0.05) bone density than unhealthy pigs for metacarpals and fibulas, with no difference (P> 0.10) observed for ribs. Healthy pigs had bones with increased breaking strength compared to lame and unhealthy pigs for metacarpals and 10th ribs (P < 0.05) with no differences (P> 0.05) between pig types for fibula and 2nd rib. Healthy pigs had greater (P < 0.05) serum Ca and 25(OH)D3 compared to unhealthy pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. Healthy pigs had greater (P> 0.05) serum P compared to unhealthy and lame pigs, with no differences (P> 0.05) between the unhealthy and lame pigs. Unhealthy pigs excreted more (P < 0.05) P and creatinine in the urine compared to healthy pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. In summary, there are differences in serum Ca, P, and vitamin D between healthy, lame, and unhealthy pigs. Differences in bone mineralization between the pig types varied depending on the analytical procedure and bone. There was a considerable range in values within pig type across the 14 production systems sampled.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:45 PST
- Evaluation of Phase Feeding and Complete Diet Blending at Different
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growing-Finishing Pigs’
Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Diet Economics
Authors: Ron Aldwin S. Navales et al.
Abstract: A total of 2,160 mixed-gender pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 54.8 ± 9.4 lb) were used in the 120-d study to compare feeding strategies (phase feeding vs. complete diet blending) at different SID Lys levels (90 vs. 100% of requirement estimates) on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments following a completely randomized block design with barn and initial body weight as blocking factors. The treatments included two feeding programs, a 5-phase feeding strategy at either 90% (Phase-90) or 100% of SID Lys requirement estimates (Phase-100); or two programs with complete diet blending, with pre-defined mixing proportions of a low and high SID Lys diet to meet 90 (Blend-90) or 100% (Blend-100) of the SID Lys curve requirement estimates for 50- to 280-lb pigs. Pigs in the phase-feeding strategies were fed on a feed budget with 47, 144, 147, 138, and 136 lb of feed per pig for phases 1 to 5, respectively. Body weights at any period of the trial and overall ADG (d 0 to 120) were not affected by the feeding strategy nor by diet SID Lys levels. In contrast, the overall ADFI of pigs fed by diet blending was lower than the ADFI of those fed by phase feeding (P = 0.002), resulting in improved F/G (P < 0.001). The SID Lys levels did not influence overall ADFI or F/G. Hot carcass weight, carcass yield, lean percentage, fat depth, and loin depth were not affected by the feeding program. Despite the lower overall ADFI of pigs fed by diet blending, the feeding strategy resulted in no significant differences in economic criteria except for feed cost per lb of gain at the high price scenario (P = 0.049). With low diet cost, the 90% SID Lys level resulted in lower feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb of gain than 100% SID Lys, but this was not reflected in income over feed cost (IOFC). In conclusion, diet blending at either 90 or 100% of the SID Lys requirement estimate improved F/G by reducing ADFI without impacting ADG or carcass characteristics. At current prices used in this study, feeding strategies at either 90 or 100% SID Lys did not significantly affect IOFC, but feeding 90% of the SID Lys recommendation reduced the feed cost.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:44 PST
- Effects of Increasing Energy or Lysine in Soybean Meal-Based Diets on
Early and Late Finishing Pig Performance
Authors: Ty H. Kim et al.
Abstract: A total of 2,265 finishing pigs (337 × 1050 PIC; initially 110.7 ± 6.14 lb) were used in two 28-d trials to determine the effect of increasing energy or lysine in soybean meal-based diets on early and late finishing pig performance. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 21 pens per treatment. Soybean meal (SBM) NE values used in diet formulation were either 946 kcal/lb (78% NE of corn; NRC)3 or 1,212 kcal/lb (100% NE of corn). The treatments were structured as a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of: 1) a diet containing a high level of SBM which was estimated at 100% NE of corn (High SBM); 2) a diet containing a low level of SBM which was estimated at 100% NE of corn with added feed-grade amino acids (Low SBM); 3) a diet containing a low level of SBM which was estimated at 78% NE of corn with added fat (Low SBM w/fat) to equal the NE in diets 1 and 2; and 4) a diet containing a low level of SBM which was estimated at 100% NE of corn with increased feed-grade AA and increased Lys:NE (Low SBM w/AA). Following the 28-d growth trial in the early finishing phase, pigs were fed a common diet for approximately 30 d. Pens were then randomly allotted to 1 of the same 4 treatments for the late finishing phase (initially 251.5 ± 7.40 lb BW). For both experiments, pigs were weighed and feed disappearance was measured every 14 d to determine ADG, ADFI, F/G, and caloric efficiency (CE). In the early finishing study, there were no differences in ADG (P> 0.10), but pigs fed a low level of SBM with increased feed-grade AA and increased Lys:NE (Low SBM w/AA) had increased (P < 0.05) ADFI compared to pigs fed a high level of SBM (High SBM). The increased ADFI without increased ADG resulted in poorer F/G (P < 0.05) in pigs fed a low level of SBM with increased feed-grade AA and increased Lys:NE (Low SBM w/AA) compared to pigs fed a low level of SBM with added fat (Low SBM w/fat). For CE, pigs fed a low level of SBM with added fat (Low SBM w/fat) had improved (P < 0.05) CE compared to pigs fed a low level of SBM with increased feed-grade AA and increased Lys:NE (Low SBM w/AA). In the late finishing study, there was a tendency (P = 0.092) for a treatment effect on F/G where pigs fed the High SBM diet had the best F/G, but there was not a significant difference between any two treatments when using a Tukey multiple comparison adjustment (P> 0.05). There was no evidence (P> 0.10) for a difference in ADG, ADFI, or CE. Based on the performance of pigs fed the low level of SBM with increased AA and increased Lys:NE (Low SBM w/AA), the lost performance of low SBM diets is not due to a lower Lys:Cal ratio that results when NE is underestimated. Using caloric efficiency, SBM is estimated to contain 94% of the NE of corn based on results of the early finishing study and 125% of the NE of corn based on results of the late finishing study.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:43 PST
- Evaluating the Effects of Soybean Meal Levels and Valine, Isoleucine, and
Tryptophan Adjustment in Diets with or without Dried Distillers Grain
Solubles on Finishing Pig Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Macie E. Reeb et al.
Abstract: A total of 1,080 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 58.4 ± 1.26 lb) were used in this 121-d experiment to determine the effects of added soybean meal (SBM) versus using an amino acid (AA) adjustment in diets with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 27 pigs per pen and 10 replications per treatment. Treatments diets consisted of: 1) a control diet containing high SBM with no DDGS; 2) DDGS-based diet with a medium level of SBM; 3) DDGS-based diet with low SBM + Val, Ile, and Trp to equal levels as in diet 2; and 4) Treatment 3 but without the Val, Ile, and Trp adjustment (still meeting requirement estimates for all AA). Overall, from d 0 to 83, pigs fed the DDGS-based diets had decreased ADG (P = 0.014) compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was an improvement (P < 0.05) in feed efficiency for pigs fed the high SBM diet without DDGS as compared to pigs fed diets including DDGS and low levels of SBM with no AA adjustment, with the other two treatments intermediate. There was a tendency (P = 0.074) for a treatment difference in HCW between treatments. Pigs fed the high SBM diet without DDGS had increased HCW (P = 0.018) compared to pigs fed the three diets containing DDGS. There were no differences between treatments for percentage lean, loin depth, or backfat (P> 0.10). In conclusion, pigs fed diets containing no DDGS and higher levels of SBM had improved growth performance and HCW compared with pigs fed DDGS-based diets. When feeding diets containing DDGS, pigs fed without the AA adjustment had poorer overall feed efficiency (P < 0.05) than those fed the control diet with pigs fed the other two diets intermediate, showing the importance of the AA adjustment in maintaining performance.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:42 PST
- Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on
Growth Performance of PIC Line 337 × 1050 Pigs
Authors: Rafe Q. Royall et al.
Abstract: The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the impact of varying SID Trp:Lys ratios on growth performance, removals, and mortality rates of PIC 337 × 1050 finishing pigs. In each experiment, pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 6 or 7 replications per treatment. In Exp. 1, 840 pigs (initially 101.2 ± 2.08 lb) were used from 101 to 161 lb. In Exp. 2, 801 pigs (initially 219.8 ± 3.44 lb) were used from 220 to 281 lb. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based with 30 or 20% DDGS (Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) and contained increasing SID Trp:Lys ratios at 15, 17.5, 19, 21, and 23%. Diets containing low and high Trp:Lys ratios were blended to achieve the target SID Trp:Lys treatment levels in Exp. 1, while diets containing low, medium, and high Trp:Lys ratios were blended to achieve the target SID Trp:Lys treatment levels in Exp. 2. Between experiments, all pens of pigs were placed on a common diet for 27 d and pens were reallotted to dietary treatment at the start of Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.008) ADG, ADFI, and final BW and improved (quadratic, P = 0.007) F/G. As expected, increasing SID Trp:Lys increased (linear, P < 0.001) Trp intake, g/d. In addition, Trp intake per kg of gain and Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.009), while Lys intake per kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P = 0.008) with increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio. There was no difference between Trp:Lys ratios on the percentage of removals, mortalities, or total removals (P > 0.10). For model analysis in 101- to 161-lb pigs, the developed broken-line linear models suggested no further improvement to ADG and F/G beyond 19.0 and 19.3% SID Trp:Lys, respectively. Meanwhile, a similar fitting quadratic polynomial (QP) model suggested minimum F/G was achieved at 21.5% SID Trp:Lys. In Exp. 2, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio increased (linear, P ≤ 0.001) Trp intake and Trp intake per kg of gain (quadratic, P = 0.050). However, no other observed response criteria were significantly impacted (P≥ 0.10). Models to predict optimal Trp:Lys ratios were not analyzed for 220- to 281-lb pigs due to the lack of observed differences for ADG and F/G. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Trp:Lys level for 101- to 161-lb pigs was predicted at or above 19.0 and 19.3% SID Trp:Lys for ADG and F/G, respectively. With the variation in response criteria observed in Exp. 2 (220 to 281 lb), we were unable to statistically define a requirement estimate.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:41 PST
- Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Threonine to Lysine Ratio on
Growth Performance of PIC Line 337 × 1050 Pigs
Authors: Rafe Q. Royall et al.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of varying SID Thr:Lys ratios on growth performance, removals, and mortality rates of late-nursery, grower, and finishing PIC 337 × 1050 pigs. In each experiment, pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 19 to 27 pigs per pen and 8, 7, and 7 replications per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In Exp. 1, 987 pigs (initially 26.0 ± 0.70 lb) were used from 26 to 54 lb. In Exp. 2, 875 pigs (initially 95.5 ± 1.17 lb) were used from 95 to 155 lb. In Exp. 3, 824 pigs (initially 224.4 ± 1.85 lb) were used from 224 to 297 lb. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Thr:Lys ratios at 53, 58, 62, 65, and 68% in Exp. 1 and 2, and 56.5, 60, 64, 68, and 72.5% in Exp. 3. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based. Diets with the lowest and highest Thr:Lys ratios were blended to achieve the target SID Thr:Lys treatments in each experiment. Between experiments, all pens of pigs were placed on a common diet for 23 (Exp. 1 and 2) and 32 d (Exp. 2 and 3) to provide opportunity for compensatory growth prior to initiation of the next experiment. In Exp. 1 (26 to 54 lb), ADG and final BW increased linearly (P ≤ 0.006) while ADFI, Thr intake/d, and Thr intake/kg of gain increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.001). Overall, F/G improved (quadratic, P ≤ 0.001) as Thr:Lys ratio increased. Additionally, Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P < 0.001) while Lys intake/ kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P< 0.001) with increasing Thr:Lys ratio. The quadratic polynomial (QP) model predicted greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys was required for ADG from 26 to 54 lb, while a QP model suggested that minimum F/G was achieved at 62.1% SID Thr:Lys. In Exp. 2 (95 to 155 lb), ADG, final BW, Thr intake/d, and Thr intake/kg of gain increased (linear, P ≤ 0.05) and F/G improved (linear, P = 0.030) as dietary Thr:Lys increased. Moreover, Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (linear, P = 0.023) with increasing Thr:Lys ratio. For model analysis, QP models suggested optimum ADG and F/G were achieved at levels greater than 68% SID Thr:Lys. However, similar fitting broken-line quadratic (BLQ) and broken-line linear (BLL) models predicted no further improvement to F/G and ADG beyond 61 and 67% SID Thr:Lys, respectively. In Exp. 3 (224 to 297 lb), increasing SID Thr:Lys increased (linear, P ≤ 0.001) Thr intake/d and Thr intake/kg of gain. In addition, increasing SID Thr:Lys ratios tended (P ≤ 0.086) to quadratically increase (P≤ 0.086) ADFI and BW of pigs at the second marketing event. However, no other response criteria were impacted (P ≥ 0.10) by dietary Thr:Lys. Due to a lack of ADG and F/G responses, prediction models were not developed. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Thr:Lys level for 26- to 54-lb pigs is 62.1% for feed efficiency and greater than 68% for ADG. From 95 to 155 lb, the requirement was predicted at or above 61 and 67% SID Thr:Lys for F/G and ADG, respectively. However, with the variation in response criteria in Exp. 3 (224 to 297 lb), we were unable to statistically define a requirement estimate.
PubDate: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:10:40 PST
- Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal Levels on Growth Performance and
Carcass Characteristics of Pigs in Grower and Late-Finishing Phases
Authors: Jamil E. G. Faccin et al.
Abstract: Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) on grower and late-finishing pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 615 pigs (initially 95.2 ± 1.51 lb) were used in a 28-d trial with 14 replicate pens per treatment and 8 to 10 pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments which were corn-based with soybean meal levels of 19.1, 22.6, 26.3, 29.9, or 33.5%. In Exp. 2, a total of 615 pigs (initially 225.5 ± 3.42 lb) were used in a 30-d trial with 14 replicate pens per treatment and 8 to 10 pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments which were corn-based with soybean meal levels of 11.2, 14.2, 17.2, 20.2, or 23.2%. In both experiments, treatments were assigned in a completely randomized design and soybean meal inclusion was increased, replacing feed grade amino acids to form the treatments. For Exp. 1, increasing SBM increased (linear, P = 0.038) ADG and improved (P < 0.001) feed efficiency, with the greatest change from increasing SBM from 19.1 to 22.6%. For late-finishing pigs (Exp. 2), no differences (P> 0.10) were observed for any growth performance or carcass criteria. Experiments conducted in a second series were conducted with the same basic procedures as Exp. 1 and 2, but all diets contained DDGS, and were conducted in a commercial facility. In Exp. 3, a total of 1,080 pigs (initially 86.1 ± 1.72 lb) were used in a 28-d trial with 10 replicate pens per treatment and 27 pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments which were corn-20% DDGS-based and soybean meal was added at 18.2, 23.5, 28.9, or 34.3%. For Exp. 4, a total of 1,080 pigs (initially 225.2 ± 2.50 lb) were used in a 33-d trial with 10 replicate pens per treatment and 27 pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments which were corn-10% DDGS-based with soybean meal levels of 9.5, 13.5, 17.5, or 21.5%. When DDGS was included in the diet, no differences (P> 0.10) were observed for any growth performance criteria for early- or late-finishing pigs. In conclusion, increasing levels of SBM (up to 33.5% of the diet) in grower pig diets linearly improved ADG and feed efficiency in corn-soybean meal-based diets. However, when DDGS was included in the diet, pig performance was not affected when SBM ranged from 18.2 to 34.3%. For late-finishing pig diets, increasing the SBM from approximately 10 to 23% in diets with or without DDGS did not result in any changes in growth and carcass parameters. These results suggest that high levels of SBM in the diet (no feed-grade amino acids) are well tolerated and do not negatively affect pig growth.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 15:34:46 PST
- Effects of Increasing Levels of Soybean Meal in Nursery Diets on Growth
Performance and Fecal Characteristics of 22- to 60-lb Pigs
Authors: Jamil E. G. Faccin et al.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) on late nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 266 pigs (241 × 600 DNA; initially 22.2 ± 0.37 lb) were used in a 21-d trial with 14 replicate pens per treatment and 4 to 5 pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments which were corn-based with SBM levels of 25.0, 28.9, 32.5, or 36.2%. In Exp. 2, a total of 340 pigs (241 × 600 DNA; initially 29.8 ± 0.40 lb) were used in a 21-d trial with 14 replicate pens per treatment and 4 to 5 pigs per pen. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments which were corn-based with SBM levels of 25.0, 28.9, 32.5, or 36.2, or 40.0%. In both experiments, at weaning, pigs were distributed into pens based on body weight, gender, sow parity, and age. Before the start of the experimental period, pigs were fed a phase 1 followed by a phase 2 control diet. After 21 and 26 d for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, pens of pigs were randomly allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking factor. An addition of SBM replaced feed-grade amino acids (AAs) to form experimental diets and all diets were formulated to be nearly isocaloric with SBM NE considered to be 100% of corn NE. Dietary additions of feed-grade AA were adjusted to meet or exceed AA requirements in relation to Lys for Ile, Met, Cys, Thr, Trp, and Val. Diets were fed in meal form. In Exp. 1, increasing SBM from 25.0 to 36.2%, decreased ADG (linear, P = 0.012), ADFI (linear, P < 0.001), and final BW (linear, P = 0.021) with the greatest change occurring when SBM increased from 28.9 to 32.5%. No evidence for difference was observed for F/G (P = 0.729). In Exp. 2, starting with a heavier initial weight, increasing SBM from 25.0 to 40.0%, decreased ADFI (linear, P = 0.017) with the greatest change occurring when SBM increased from 32.5 to 36.2%. However, no evidence for difference (P ≥ 0.198) was observed for ADG, final BW, and F/G. This study showed that when pigs were fed high levels of SBM starting from 22 lb in the nursery period, pig performance was negatively affected. However, delaying the use of elevated SBM levels until pigs reach 30 lb resulted in reduced feed intake without impacting growth or feed efficiency. Thus, feeding up to 28.9% SBM for nursery pigs starting at 22 lb does not compromise performance, and starting pigs on higher SBM diets when pigs are closer to 30 lb did not affect ADG or F/G.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:31 PST
- Evaluation of Lactose Level Intake and Whey Permeate Form on Nursery Pig
Performance
Authors: Ethan B. Stas et al.
Abstract: A total of 1,512 pigs (Line 337 × 1050 PIC; initially 10.4 lb) were used to evaluate lactose level and whey permeate form on nursery pig performance in a commercial environment. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial utilizing low or high lactose levels with either granular whey permeate (Dairylac 80, International Ingredients Corporation, Fenton, MO) or spray-dried whey permeate. There were 27 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with phase 1 having a 5 lb/pig feed budget and phase 2 having a 12 lb/pig feed budget. The low lactose diets consisted of 10.0 and 4.13% whey permeate for phases 1 and 2, respectively, and targeted a total lactose intake of 0.80 lb/pig. The high lactose diets consisted of 20.0 and 8.25% whey permeate for phases 1 and 2, respectively, and targeted a total lactose intake of 1.60 lb/pig. Following experimental diets, all pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet until the completion of the study. There were no lactose level × whey permeate form interactions for the duration of the study (P> 0.10). For main effects of lactose level, pigs fed high lactose levels had increased (P ≤ 0.024) ADFI compared to pigs fed low lactose levels from d 7 to 21 and the experimental period (d 0 to 21). For main effects of whey permeate form, overall (d 0 to 42) pigs fed spray-dried whey permeate had improved (P = 0.041) feed efficiency compared to pigs fed granular whey permeate. There were no differences in mortality or removals between treatments (P> 0.10). In conclusion, this study suggests a lactose intake of 1.60 lb/pig increases feed intake compared to a lactose intake of 0.80 lb/pig during the experimental period regardless of whey permeate form. Additionally, spray-dried whey permeate improved feed efficiency regardless of the lactose level fed.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:30 PST
- Evaluation of Anchovy Fish Meal with or without Added Fish Solubles on
Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Ethan B. Stas et al.
Abstract: A total of 1,134 pigs (L337 × 1050 PIC; initially 10.4 lb) were used to evaluate anchovy fish meal with or without added fish solubles on nursery pig performance in a commercial environment. At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments containing three different specialty protein sources added on an SID Lys basis. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet containing enzymatically treated soybean meal at 7.0% of the diet, a diet containing 5.1% anchovy fish meal, and a diet containing 5.33% anchovy fish meal with added anchovy fish solubles. Pigs were fed experimental diets in phases 1 and 2 based on feed budget with phase 1 fed at 5 lb/pig and phase 2 fed at 12 lb/pig. Experimental diets were fed for approximately 21 d after weaning. Following experimental diets, all pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet until the completion of the study. There were no differences in growth performance throughout the experimental period (d 0 to 21). During the common period (d 21 to 42), pigs previously fed anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles had improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency compared to pigs fed the control diet, with those fed anchovy fish meal alone intermediate. Overall (d 0 to 42), there was a tendency was observed (P = 0.070) where pigs fed anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles had numerically better feed efficiency compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, feeding pigs anchovy fish meal alone resulted in no differences in growth compared to pigs fed diets with enzymatically treated soybean meal, but utilizing anchovy fish meal with added anchovy fish solubles in early nursery diets improved feed efficiency late in the nursery period.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:29 PST
- Evaluation of Anchovy Fish Meal with or without Added Fish Solubles
Compared to Other Specialty Protein Sources on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Ethan B. Stas et al.
Abstract: A total of 2,172 pigs (L337 × 1050 PIC; initially 11.4 lb) were used to evaluate anchovy fish meal with or without added anchovy fish solubles compared to other specialty protein sources on nursery pig performance in a commercial environment. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments containing 6 different specialty protein sources added on an SID Lys basis. Dietary treatments consisted of diets with: 1) 7.0% enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH); 2) 3.5% spray-dried bovine plasma (APC Inc, Ankeny, IA); 3) 5.0% microbially enhanced soybean meal (MEPro, Prairie Aquatech, Brookings, SD); 4) 5.2% microbially enhanced soybean meal with added anchovy fish solubles (TASA, Lima, Peru); 5) 4.85% anchovy fish meal (TASA Prime, TASA, Lima, Peru); and 6) 5.1% anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles (TASA Swine, TASA, Lima, Peru). Pigs were fed experimental diets in phases 1 and 2 based on feed budget with phase 1 fed at 5 lb/pig and phase 2 fed at 12 lb/pig. Experimental diets were fed for approximately 21 d after weaning and then all pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet until the completion of the study. During the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed bovine plasma or anchovy fish meal had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed anchovy fish meal with solubles, with pigs fed other treatments intermediate. Pigs fed bovine plasma had improved (P < 0.05) F/G compared to pigs fed anchovy fish meal with solubles, with pigs fed other treatments intermediate. Overall (d 0 to 42), a tendency was observed (P = 0.061) with pigs fed anchovy fish meal having numerically greater ADG compared to those fed the other treatments. On a per pig placed basis, there was a significant treatment effect (P = 0.032) where pigs fed anchovy fish meal had numerically higher ADG compared to the other treatments without significant mean separation. In conclusion, results of this trial indicated that anchovy fish meal as the sole specialty protein source can be utilized in nursery pig diets, but added fish solubles in combination with fish meal requires further investigation.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:28 PST
- Effects of Various Modified Corn Protein Inclusion Rates on Nursery Pig
Growth Performance
Authors: Rafe Q. Royall et al.
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum feeding strategy of a modified corn protein product (MCP; P4000; Cargill Starches, Sweeteners, & Texturizers, Blair, NE) on growth performance and fecal dry matter of nursery pigs. A total of 360 barrows (DNA 200 × 400; initially 12.0 ± 0.14 lb) were used in a 42-d growth trial. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens in 1 of 2 weight blocks based on initial BW (initially 10.8 and 13.2 lb), and then allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment across 2 barns. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with 2 levels of MCP in phase 1 (10 or 12%) and 3 inclusion rates of MCP in phase 2 (4, 6, or 8%). Treatment diets were formulated in two dietary phases and fed from d 0 to 10 and d 10 to 23, respectively, with a common phase 3 diet that did not contain any MCP fed for the remainder of the study. A tendency was observed for a 3-way interaction for weight block × phase 1 diet × phase 2 diet (P = 0.064) on d 42 BW. This interaction was a result of feeding increasing levels of MCP quadratically increasing, then decreasing, BW of lightweight pigs, regardless of phase 1 inclusion. However, in heavyweight pigs, increasing MCP in phase 2 diets quadratically decreased, then increased, BW of pigs fed 10% MCP in phase 1, while increasing MCP in phase 2 linearly decreased BW in heavyweight pigs fed 12% MCP in phase 1. Additionally, during the common period (d 23 to 42) there was a 3-way interaction (P = 0.038) for ADG, in which lightweight pigs previously fed 10 and 8% MCP (phase 1 and 2, respectively) had decreased ADG, while feeding increasing MCP in phase 2 to lightweight pigs fed 12% MCP in phase 1 quadratically increased, then decreased, common period ADG. However, for heavyweight pigs the previous MCP feeding strategies did not affect ADG during the common period. During phase 1 (d 0 to 10) pigs fed 10% MCP had greater (P = 0.032) ADFI than those fed 12% MCP, resulting in a tendency (P = 0.065) for greater ADG. Throughout the experiment (d 0 to 42) feeding 10% MCP in phase 1 tended (P = 0.077) to increase ADG. During phase 2 (d 10 to 23) feeding increasing levels of MCP quadratically improved, then worsened (P = 0.018) feed efficiency, leading to a tendency for a quadratic effect (P= 0.066) on feed efficiency throughout the treatment period. There were no 2- or 3-way interactions observed (P> 0.10) on fecal dry matter. Nevertheless, pigs fed 12% MCP had greater (P = 0.024) fecal dry matter at d 10 compared to those fed 10% MCP. However, the inverse was true on d 23, in which pigs fed phase 1 diets with 10% MCP had greater (P = 0.016) fecal dry matter compared to those fed 12% MCP. In summary, feeding 10% MCP in phase 1 tended to improve BW, ADFI, and ADG compared to a 12% MCP level. Moreover, 6% MCP during phase 2 appeared to have a positive impact on feed efficiency during the treatment period but did not impact overall feed efficiency.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:27 PST
- Summary of Methodology Used in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
Challenge Experiments in Weanling Pigs and Quantitative Assessment of
Observed Variability
Authors: Payton L. Dahmer et al.
Abstract: Post-weaning diarrhea in pigs can be caused by the F4 or F18 strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). To evaluate interventions for ETEC, experimental infection via a challenge model is critical. To our knowledge, there is a lack of explanation for the variability in responses observed across ETEC challenge studies. Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the responses and variability among recent ETEC challenge studies and develop a tool for sample size calculation. The most widely evaluated response criteria across ETEC challenge studies are growth performance, fecal consistency and bacterial shedding, intestinal morphology, and immune responses. Factors that contribute to the variability seen across studies include the type of ETEC studied, dose and timing of inoculation, and the number of replications. Generally, a reduction in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) are seen following an ETEC challenge, as well as a rapid increase in diarrhea. Fecal bacterial shedding is a common indicator of ETEC infection, but the responses seen across the literature are not consistent due to differences in bacterial enumeration procedures. Emphasis should also be placed on the piglet’s immune response to ETEC, which is commonly assessed by quantifying levels of immunoglobulins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Again, there is variability in these responses across published work. Small intestinal morphology is drastically altered following infection with ETEC and appears to be a less variable response criterion to evaluate. While there is a large degree of variability across ETEC challenge experiments, we have provided a quantitative summary of these studies, and a Microsoft Excel-based tool was created to help calculate sample sizes for future studies.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:26 PST
- Evaluating the Effects of HiPhorius Phytase Added in Diets at or Below the
P Requirement on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization
Authors: Macie E. Reeb et al.
Abstract: A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 8.64 ± 0.181 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of HiPhorius phytase on growth performance and bone characteristics. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The first three diets were formulated to contain 0.09% aP; without added phytase (control), or the control diet with 600 or 1,000 FYT/kg of added phytase (considering a release of 0.15 or 0.18% aP, respectively). The remaining two diets were formulated to contain 0.27% aP, one without added phytase and the other with 1,000 FYT/kg. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed diets with increasing phytase containing 0.09% aP had increased (linear P ≤ 0.002) ADG, ADFI, and better F/G but phytase added to the 0.27% aP diet did not impact growth performance. Increasing phytase in diets containing 0.09% aP increased percentage bone ash in metacarpals and 10th ribs (linear, P < 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.004, respectively), and increased grams of Ca and P in all three bones (linear, P ≤ 0.027). An increase in percentage bone ash (P ≤ 0.038) and increased grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs (P ≤ 0.023) was observed when adding 1,000 FYT/kg phytase in diets with 0.27% aP compared with pigs fed 0.27% aP without added phytase. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and improved F/G. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased bone density (P ≤ 0.002) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.074), and increased (P < 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs. Pigs fed diets containing 0.27% aP with 1,000 FYT phytase had increased ADFI (P ≤ 0.047), bone density (P ≤ 0.008) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.002), and increased (P< 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs compared to those fed 0.09% aP with 1,000 FYT phytase. For growth performance (average of ADG and F/G), aP release was calculated to be 0.170% for diets with 600 FYT/kg and 0.206% for 1,000 FYT/kg. For the average of all bone measurements (average of 3 bones for bone density and percentage bone ash), aP release was calculated to be 0.120 and 0.125% for diets with 600 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively. In conclusion, increasing phytase in diets formulated with less than the pig’s phosphorus requirement improved growth performance and bone mineralization. These data help to confirm the efficacy of HiPhorius phytase in making P more available in aP deficient diets, resulting in improved growth performance and bone mineralization. Furthermore, these data show that adding high levels of phytase in diets adequate in aP did not further improve growth performance, but increased bone mineralization.
PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 11:05:25 PST
- Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Sunphase HT Phytase from 250
to 2,000 FTU/kg in Nursery Pig Diets
Authors: Ty H. Kim et al.
Abstract: A total of 280 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 22.9 ± 0.52 lb BW) were used in a 21- d growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Sunphase HT phytase (Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd.; Wuhan, P.R. China). At approximately 19 d of age, pigs were weaned, randomly allotted to pens, and fed common starter diets. Pigs were blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments on d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet, and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments included 3 diets containing increasing (0.11, 0.19, and 0.27% aP) inorganic P from monocalcium P, or 4 diets with increasing phytase (250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg) added to the diet containing 0.11% aP. All diets were corn-soybean meal-canola meal-based and were formulated to contain 1.24% SID Lys and an analyzed Ca:P ratio of 1.10:1. Prior to the beginning of the study, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP for a 3-d period (d 18 to 21 post-weaning). At the conclusion of the study, 1 pig, closest to the mean weight of each pen, was euthanized and the right fibula, rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone ash and density. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed increasing levels of aP from inorganic P had improved (linear, P ≤ 0.014) ADG, F/G, and final BW. Similarly, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (linear, P ≤ 0.011) ADG and final BW as well as improved (quadratic, P = 0.017) F/G. For fibula bone ash weight and percentage bone ash, rib bone ash weight and bone density, and all metacarpal bone properties, pigs fed increasing levels of aP from inorganic P exhibited a linear improvement (P ≤ 0.019), with a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.030) for fibula bone density and rib percentage bone ash. Additionally, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (P < 0.05) bone ash weight, percentage bone ash, and bone density in either a linear or quadratic fashion depending on the bone analyzed. The available P release curve generated for Sunphase HT for percentage bone ash combining values from right fibula, rib, and metacarpal is: aP = (0.360 × FTU) ÷ (2,330.250 + FTU).
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:22 PST
- Influence of Herbal Active D on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Larissa L. Becker et al.
Abstract: A total of 2,268 pigs (L337 × 1050 PIC; initially 12.1 ± 0.39 lb) were used in a 42-d growth study to evaluate the effects of herbal active D on growth performance, bone characteristics, and serum parameters of nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. A total of 84 pens were used with 27 pigs per pen and 28 replications per treatment across 2 rooms. Pens were blocked by BW and weaning date. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in 3 phases. Treatment diets consisted of a control (contained 1,650 IU/kg of vitamin D3), or control with the addition of 120 or 200 mg/kg of herbal active D (Phytobiotics, St. Louis, MO). At the end of the study, 10 pigs per treatment were euthanized and the right fibula, metacarpal, 2nd rib, and 10th rib were collected to determine bone density, bone breaking strength, and percentage bone ash by utilizing the de-fatted processing method. Overall (d 0 to 42), there was a marginally significant (P = 0.067) worsening of feed efficiency as inclusion of herbal active D increased but no effect (P> 0.10) on final BW, overall ADG, ADFI, or mortality. There was a bone × treatment interaction for bone density, where increasing herbal active D increased bone density for the 2nd rib (P = 0.012), but there was no difference between treatments for other bones (P> 0.10). For bone breaking strength and bone ash, there was no evidence (P> 0.10) of an interaction. For bone breaking strength, the metacarpal had greater breaking strength (P < 0.001) compared to all other bones, followed by the fibula and 10th rib, with the 2nd rib having the lowest bone breaking strength. For percentage bone ash, there was significant linear increase (P = 0.026) across all bones as herbal active D increased. For bone ash weight, the metacarpals and 10th ribs had the highest bone ash weight followed by the fibula, with 2nd rib having the lowest (P < 0.05) bone ash weight. Additionally, there was no difference (P> 0.10) across treatments for porcine circovirus type 2 S/P ratio, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, 25(OH)D3 status or circulating cytokine concentrations except for IL-8 concentrations which increased linearly (P = 0.027) as herbal active D increased. However, a day effect was observed (P < 0.001) with higher values for antibodies and cytokine concentrations on d 21 compared to d 42, except for IL-1ra and IL-8 having no significant (P> 0.10) day effect. In summary, herbal active D inclusion had minimal impact on growth or serum parameters; however, herbal active D increased percentage bone ash.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:21 PST
- Effect of the Feed Additive Fytera Start on Growth Performance and Stool
Quality of Nursery Pigs Fed Nutritional and Pharmacological Copper and
Zinc Diets
Authors: Ty H. Kim et al.
Abstract: A total of 340 barrows (DNA 200 × 400; initially 13.4 ± 0.17 lb BW) were used in a 38-d growth study to determine the effect of Fytera Start (Selko, Indianapolis, IN) in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu on growth performance and stool quality of nursery pigs. Fytera Start is a blend of botanical extracts that has recently been introduced for use in nursery pig diets. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial BW, and then allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 5 pigs per pen and 17 pens per treatment across two barns. Treatment diets were formulated in three dietary phases and fed from d 0 to 10, d 10 to 21, and d 21 to 38, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Fytera Start (none or 100 ppm) and nutritional vs. pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu. The nutritional mineral concentrations were 110 ppm Zn and 16.5 ppm Cu throughout phases 1 to 3. The pharmacological mineral concentrations were 3,000, 2,000, and 110 ppm Zn in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, combined with 250 ppm Cu throughout phases 1 to 3. To achieve expected levels of Zn and Cu in the diet, Zn from zinc oxide and Cu from copper sulfate were added. On d 0, there was an unintentional main effect of Fytera Start (P = 0.008) on BW. As a result, d 0 BW was used as a covariate for all other growth performance responses. From d 0 to 21 and d 0 to 38, there was a Fytera Start × Zn/Cu interaction on ADG and ADFI (P < 0.05) in which the addition of Fytera Start resulted in a numeric increase in ADG and ADFI in pigs not fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu; however, in pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu, the inclusion of Fytera Start resulted in a numeric reduction in ADG and ADFI. There was a tendency for a main effect of Zn/Cu level on overall feed efficiency (P < 0.10) where pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu improved feed efficiency. For fecal dry matter, there was a Zn/Cu × day interaction (P = 0.001) in which there was no difference in fecal DM regardless of Zn/Cu level on d 10 (P> 0.10), but pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu had lower fecal DM (P < 0.001) compared to those not fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu on d 21. There was a main effect of day resulting in increased fecal DM (P < 0.001) on d 10 compared to d 21. There was a main effect of day on fecal score (P = 0.010) resulting in a lower frequency of softer feces at d 10 compared to d 21. The lower frequency of softer feces observed on d 10 is consistent with the higher fecal DM on d 10 compared to d 21. In summary, feeding pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu resulted in increased BW, ADG, and ADFI. The inclusion of Fytera Start numerically increased BW, ADG, and ADFI in pigs fed nutritional levels of Zn/Cu and numerically decreased BW, ADG, and ADFI in pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn/Cu. There was no impact of Fytera Start or Zn and Cu level on fecal DM on d 10. However, feeding pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu resulted in lower fecal DM at d 21. Fecal DM was higher on d 10 compared to d 21, and fecal score was numerically lower on d 10 compared to d 21.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:20 PST
- Effects of Folic Acid on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Serum
Homocysteine
Authors: Larissa L. Becker et al.
Abstract: A total of 350 barrows (DNA 200 × 400; initially 13.2 ± 0.12 lb) were used in a 38-d growth study to determine the effects of folic acid on nursery pig growth performance and blood measurements. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. A total of 70 pens were used with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and consisted of increasing folic acid: 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 ppm. Treatment diets were fed in three phases from d 0 to 10 (phase 1), d 10 to 23 (phase 2), and d 23 to 38 (phase 3) after weaning. For phase 1 (d 0 to 10), there were no differences (P> 0.10) in BW, ADG, or ADFI across treatments. However, increasing folic acid resulted in poorer F/G (linear, P = 0.032). For phase 2 (d 10 to 23), there was a marginally significant response in BW, ADG, and ADFI where performance was reduced as folic acid increased with the poorest performance observed when pigs were fed 20 ppm (quadratic, P ≤ 0.079). No treatment differences (P> 0.10) were observed for F/G. For phase 3 (d 23 to 38) and overall (d 0 to 38), there was a significant response in final BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G where performance was reduced with increasing folic acid with the poorest performance observed when pigs were fed 20 ppm (quadratic, P ≤ 0.049). On days 10 and 23, 70 pigs were bled to determine serum homocysteine concentration, and a marginally significant treatment × day interaction was observed (linear folic acid, P = 0.069). An increase (linear, P = 0.037) in homocysteine concentrations was observed as folic acid increased from 0 to 40 ppm in the diet on d 10; however, no differences were observed across increasing folic acid treatments on d 23 (P = 0.450). Pigs had increased (P < 0.001) homocysteine concentrations on d 10 compared to d 23. In summary, the addition of folic acid resulted in reduced growth performance with the greatest impact being observed when pigs were fed 20 ppm.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:19 PST
- Partial Replacement of Vitamin E with Polyphenol in Nursery Pig Diets
Authors: Zhong-Xing Rao et al.
Abstract: A total of 300 pigs (241 × 600 DNA; initially 13.1 lb) were used in a 42-d trial to determine the effects of vitamin E levels and partially replacing vitamin E with a polyphenol (Cabanin CSD; R2 Agro, Denmark) on growth performance, complete blood count (CBC), serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and cytokine panel. Sixty pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 12 pens per treatment. A control treatment was formulated to provide 15 IU/kg of vitamin E equivalence from vitamin E. This control treatment was then used as a base for 3 replacement strategy diets to determine the effects of replacing an additional 60 IU/kg of vitamin E with Cabanin CSD in diets containing a basal level of vitamin E requirement estimate (15 IU/kg). First, an additional 60 IU/kg of vitamin E was added for a total of 75 IU/kg of vitamin E equivalence. Second, 50% of the additional vitamin E (30 IU/kg) was replaced with the equivalency of Cabanin CSD. Third, all 60 IU/kg of the additional vitamin E was replaced with the equivalency of Cabanin CSD. To evaluate whether there are negative effects of feeding nursery pigs a high level of Cabanin CSD, a fifth treatment was formulated to provide 575 IU/kg of vitamin E equivalence with 75 IU/kg from vitamin E and 500 IU/kg from Cabanin CSD. Whole blood and serum samples were collected on d 10 and 42. For growth performance, increasing vitamin E equivalence tended to improve (quadratic, P < 0.10) F/G from d 10 to 21, and tended to improve (linear, P < 0.10) F/G from d 21 to 42 and 0 to 42. For antioxidant status, increasing vitamin E equivalence improved (linear, P < 0.05) d 42 SOD. For cytokine, there was no evidence of differences (P> 0.10) between treatments and vitamin E equivalence. Moreover, there was no evidence of differences (P> 0.10) in all response variables between the 3 replacement strategies throughout the entire period. In summary, increasing vitamin E equivalence tended to improve F/G, which may be related to the improved SOD activity. Furthermore, Cabanin CSD can effectively replace vitamin E provided above the vitamin E requirement to provide similar benefits from increasing vitamin E equivalence.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:18 PST
- Evaluation of a Microencapsulated Form of Zinc Oxide on Weanling Pig
Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Zinc Excretion
Authors: Payton L. Dahmer et al.
Abstract: A total of 350 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 13.31 ± 0.04 lb BW) were used in a 42-d study with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. At weaning, pigs were randomly allocated to pens and pens were randomly allotted to dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were: 1) negative control (standard nursery diet containing 110 ppm Zn from trace mineral premix); 2) control diet with 3,000 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phase 2 (High-ZnO); 3) control diet with 400 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phases 1 and 2 (Low- ZnO); 4) 3,000 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phase 2 (High-MZnO); and 5) 400 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phases 1 and 2 (Low-MZnO). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance was determined to evaluate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. On d 10 and d 28, fecal samples from 3 pigs per pen were collected for fecal Zn concentrations. On d 28, 30 pigs (6 pigs per treatment) were euthanized, and small intestinal tissue was collected to evaluate morphology. There was no evidence of differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G for the entire treatment period (d 0 to d 28; P> 0.05). During the common phase 3 (d 28 to 42) pigs fed the negative control, High-MZnO, or Low-MZnO had improved (P < 0.0001) ADG compared to pigs fed High- or Low-ZnO, which was driven by an increase in ADFI (P < 0.0001). For the entire experiment (d 0 to 42), pigs fed Low-ZnO or High-ZnO had reduced (P < 0.0001) ADG compared those fed the negative control. There was no evidence that small intestinal morphology differed significantly between treatments (P> 0.05). Finally, a significant treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04) was observed for fecal Zn concentrations, where pigs fed High-ZnO had greater fecal Zn levels on d 10 and d 28 compared to pigs fed all other treatments.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:16 PST
- Effects of Increasing Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Growth Performance and
Mortality Rate in PRRS-Virus Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Jenna J. Bromm et al.
Abstract: A total of 91,140 weaned pigs, (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 11.33 ± 0.62 lb) originating from PRRSV-positive sow farms, were used across 8 nursery sites to evaluate growth performance, total removal and mortality rate, and medication usage of nursery pigs fed diets containing 0 or 3% O3 Trial Feed (NBO3 Technologies LLC, Manhattan, KS), a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Each of the 8 sites contained 5 barns with 2 rooms in each barn. Rooms of pigs were blocked by nursery site and allocated by sow source to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Thus, there were 40 groups (rooms) per treatment with approximately 1,100 pigs per room. The first treatment was a standard nursery diet specific to the production system. The second treatment was the same standard nursery diet with the addition of 3% O3 Trial Feed. At placement, pigs were fed a pre-starter and then fed experimental diets across 3 phases with all diets fed in pelleted form. Overall, there were no significant differences (P> 0.10) observed in growth performance between pigs fed diets containing 0 or 3% O3 Trial Feed. Pigs fed control diets had reduced (P < 0.001) total removals and mortality percentage compared to pigs fed diets containing 3% O3 Trial Feed. When evaluating medication usage, there were no significant differences (P> 0.10) observed in the total number of injections given per 1,000 pig days. However, pigs fed diets containing 3% O3 Trial Feed had a reduced (P < 0.001) number of total injections per pig placed. In summary, the increase in alpha-linolenic acid in the diet, through the inclusion of 3% O3 Trial Feed, did not impact growth performance during the duration of this trial. There was an increase in total removals and mortality in pigs fed diets containing O3 Trial Feed. However, there was a reduction in total injections given per pig placed in pigs fed diets containing O3 Trial Feed. We hypothesize that because of the high prevalence of PRRS at entry, O3 Trial Feed may not have had sufficient time to impact the immune system before the PRRS challenge.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:16 PST
- Effects of Zinc Source and Level in Low ABC-4 Diets on Nursery Pig Growth
Performance and Fecal Characteristics
Authors: Jonathan Riedmüller et al.
Abstract: A total of 360 weanling barrows (DNA 200 × 400; initially 13.0 ± 0.07 lb) were used in a 38-d study to evaluate the effects of diets containing different levels of a novel Zn source (HiZox, Animine Precision Minerals, Annecy, France) and different levels of crude protein (CP) in low acid-binding capacity at pH 4 (ABC-4) diets on growth performance and fecal characteristics. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments with 12 pens per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 10, phase 2 from d 11 to 24, and phase 3 from d 25 to 38. All diets were formulated to have low ABC-4. Treatment 1, the negative control (NC), was formulated to contain 150 ppm of Zn (HiZox) throughout the experiment (d 0 to 38). Treatment 2, the positive control (PC), was formulated to contain 3,000 ppm (phase 1) and 2,000 ppm (phase 2) of Zn (ZnO). Treatment 3 (low HiZox) contained 500 ppm (phase 1) and 300 ppm (phase 2) of Zn. Treatment 4 (low HiZox + low CP) was formulated similar to treatment 3 but contained lower CP (19.3% CP) than the NC, PC, low, and high HiZox treatments (21.3% CP). Treatment 5 (high HiZox) contained 800 ppm (phase 1) and 500 ppm (phase 2) of Zn. Treatment 6 (high HiZox + low CP) was formulated to be similar to treatment 5 but contained less CP (19.3% CP). In phase 3, all pigs were fed a common diet containing 150 ppm of Zn (HiZox) and 21.3% CP. For the experimental period (d 0 to 24), pigs fed high HiZox + low CP had poorer F/G (P < 0.05) than NC, PC, low HiZox, and high HiZox. In addition, ADG (quadratic, P = 0.007) and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.018) increased as HiZox increased, and pigs fed diets with low CP were less feed efficient (P = 0.043) than those fed the same levels of HiZox but with high CP. Overall, pigs fed low CP diets had poorer F/G (P = 0.041) than pigs fed similar levels of HiZox with high CP. For fecal characteristics, pigs fed low CP had higher (P = 0.008) dry matter (DM) and an interaction between day and CP (P = 0.040) was detected for fecal scores with low CP diets improving stool consistency to a greater extent on d 10 than on d 23. In summary, increasing levels of HiZox improved performance of nursery pigs during phases 1 and 2, and pigs fed a regimen of 800 and 500 ppm of HiZox in the first 2 phases in low ABC-4 diets had similar performance to pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO in the overall period. Finally, pigs fed low CP diets had improved fecal characteristics, but poorer F/G throughout the nursery period.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 15:46:14 PST
- Effects of Altering Dietary Acid-Binding Capacity-4 with Specialty Soy
Protein Sources or Acidifiers on Nursery Pig Performance and Fecal Dry
Matter
Authors: Ethan B. Stas et al.
Abstract: A total of 300 pigs (241 × 600 DNA; initially 13.2 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of altering the dietary acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) with specialty soy protein sources or acidifiers on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with phase 1 fed from d 0 to 10 post-weaning followed by phase 2 from d 10 to 24. Diets were formulated with increasing ABC-4. A single low ABC-4 diet was formulated to 200 and 250 meq/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The low ABC-4 diet utilized 0.38% fumaric acid, 0.36% formic acid, and specialty soybean meal (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Newport Beach, CA) at 9.38 and 7.50% of the diet in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Two medium ABC-4 diets were formulated utilizing two different strategies. In the first medium ABC-4 diet, specialty soybean meal was replaced with enzymatically treated soybean meal on an SID Lys-basis and resulted in an ABC-4 level of 290 and 322 meq/ kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively. In the second medium ABC-4 diet, acidifiers were removed resulting in an ABC-4 level of 271 and 321 meq/kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively. In the high ABC-4 diet, specialty soybean meal was replaced with enzymatically treated soybean meal and the acidifiers were removed, resulting in ABC-4 values of 362 and 394 meq/kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, the high ABC-4 diet, but with added pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO served as a control diet. Following phase 2, all pigs were fed a common diet until d 38 of the study. Increasing ABC-4 levels tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.062) the ADG during the experimental period. Pigs fed increasing ABC-4 diets had poorer (linear, P ≤ 0.043) F/G during the experimental period (d 0 to 24) and overall (d 0 to 38). Increasing ABC-4 levels also decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.005) fecal DM on d 10 and 24. Pigs fed diets containing pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO had improved (P ≤ 0.047) BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G during the experimental period (d 0 to 24) but poorer (P = 0.005) ADG and F/G during the common period (d 24 to 38), compared to pigs fed diets not containing ZnO. Ultimately, this resulted in no benefit from ZnO for the overall study (d 0 to 38). There were no differences between the two medium ABC-4 levels for the growth performance. However, pigs fed the medium ABC-4 diet based on specialty soy protein replacement had increased (P = 0.003) fecal DM on d 10 compared to the medium ABC-4 diet where acidifiers were removed. In conclusion, as dietary ABC-4 increased from 200 to 362 meq/kg in phase 1 and 250 to 294 meq/kg in phase 2, pigs had linearly decreased growth performance and fecal DM. The results of this study suggest a low ABC-4 diet can be utilized to improve growth performance and fecal consistency in diets without pharmacological Zn. Additionally, there were no differences between the medium ABC-4 diets for growth performance, suggesting the decreased performance was due to an increase in ABC-4 level and not a change in ingredients.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 11:03:25 PST
- Dietary Acid-Binding Capacity-4 Influences Nursery Pig Performance and
Fecal Dry Matter
Authors: Ethan B. Stas et al.
Abstract: A total of 360 pigs (200 × 400 DNA; initially 12.9 lb) were used to evaluate the impact of increasing the acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) of the diet on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with phase 1 being from d 0 to 10 post-weaning followed by phase 2 from d 10 to 23. Diets were formulated with increasing ABC-4 levels ranging from 150 meq/kg (diet 1, low ABC-4) to 312 meq/kg (diet 5, high ABC-4) in phase 1 and 200 meq/kg (diet 1, low ABC-4) to 343 meq/kg (diet 5, high ABC-4) in phase 2. For diet 1, the low ABC-4 diets were formulated using specialty soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Newport Beach, CA) at 12.50 and 10.00% of the diet in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The low ABC-4 diet also utilized fumaric acid and formic acid at 0.50 and 0.48% of the diet, respectively for both phase 1 and 2. For diets 2 (medium low), 3 (medium), 4 (medium high), and 5 (high), increasing ABC-4 of the diet was achieved by progressively decreasing the level of acidifiers and replacing specialty soy protein concentrate with enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) on an SID Lys basis. Diets 1 through 5 were formulated without the inclusion of ZnO. For diet 6, a positive control diet was utilized which had the same formulation as the highest ABC-4 diet but with the addition of pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO. Following phase 2, all pigs were placed on a common diet until d 38 of the study. In the experimental period (d 0 to 23) and overall (d 0 to 38), a quadratic response was observed (P ≤ 0.030) where BW and ADG were highest for pigs fed the medium low and medium ABC-4 diets. During the experimental period (d 0 to 23), pigs fed increasing ABC-4 levels had poorer (linear, P = 0.002) F/G. For overall F/G, a quadratic response was observed (P = 0.023) where F/G was most improved for pigs fed the medium low and medium ABC-4 levels. Pigs fed diets with ZnO had increased (P ≤ 0.038) ADG compared to pigs fed diets without ZnO during the experimental period and overall. In summary, pharmacological levels of Zn improved nursery pig performance as expected. The medium low and medium ABC-4 levels improved performance compared to higher ABC-4 levels, suggesting an optimal ABC-4 level of the diet for this study would be at or below 256 and 295 meq/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 11:03:24 PST
- Evaluation of Specialty Soybean Products and Organic Acids to Alter
Nursery Dietary Acid-Binding Capacity-4 on Pig Performance and Fecal Dry
Matter
Authors: Ethan B. Stas et al.
Abstract: A total of 300 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 12.4 lb) were used to evaluate specialty soybean products and organic acids to alter the acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) level of the diet on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. Diet 1 was formulated with 12.0% specialty soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Plainfield, IN), 1.06% citric acid, and 0.5% fumaric acid to achieve an ABC-4 of 223 meq/kg. Diets 2 and 3 were the same as diet 1 except citric and fumaric acid were reduced by 50 and 100% to achieve an ABC-4 of 280 or 338 meq/kg, respectively. Diets 4 and 5 were formulated with 50 and 100% replacement of specialty soy protein concentrate with enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) on a SID Lys basis with 1.06% citric acid and 0.5% fumaric acid to achieve 280 and 338 meq/kg, respectively. Diet 6 was a positive control with the same formulation as diet 5 except for the addition of 2,500 ppm of Zn from ZnO to achieve a diet ABC-4 of 410 meq/kg. The dietary treatment structure facilitated the comparison of an increase in the ABC-4 level (223 to 338 meq/kg), and the method achieve the change (decreasing acidifier vs. specialty soy protein concentrate replacement diets) as well as their interactions. Pigs were fed the experimental diet for 24 d postweaning (d 0 to 24) followed by a common diet for an additional 18 d. There were no significant (P> 0.05) ABC-4 method × level interactions through the duration of the study. From d 0 to 10, pigs fed increasing ABC-4 had poorer (linear, P = 0.046) F/G. Pigs fed the decreasing acidifier diets had increased (P = 0.038) fecal percentage DM on d 17 than pigs fed the soy source replacement diets. During the experimental period (d 0 to 24), pigs fed the diet with ZnO had improved (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared to pigs fed diets without ZnO. In summary, ZnO was able to improve nursery pig performance when experimental diets were fed. Increasing the ABC-4 level and the method to do so had minimal effects on nursery pig performance. However, further investigation is warranted to determine if a lower ABC-4 level would provide more benefit.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 11:03:23 PST
- Evaluation of Precision Feeding Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine to
Meet the Lactating Sow’s Requirement and Maximize Piglet Growth
Performance
Authors: Mikayla S. Spinler et al.
Abstract: A total of 56 mixed parity sows (DNA 241, Columbus, NE) and litters (DNA 241 × 600) were used across two batch farrowing groups to evaluate the effects of precision feeding SID Lys during lactation. Sows were blocked by parity and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments on day 2 of lactation (the day after the start of farrowing). The first treatment was a control treatment where sows were provided a 1.10% SID Lys diet throughout lactation. The second and third treatments included sows fed either a static blend curve or a dynamic blend curve. Both blend curve treatments utilized the Gestal Quattro Opti Feeder (Jyga Technologies, St-Lambert-de-Lauzon, Quebec, Canada) to blend a low and high Lys diet to target a specific SID g/d of Lys intake for each day of lactation. The only difference between the static blend curve and dynamic blend curve was that the dynamic blend curve of the low and high Lys diet was adjusted every 2 days based on a rolling average of Lys intake to more closely reach target g/d of Lys intake while the static blend curve was not adjusted throughout lactation. Lysine intake curves were based on the NRC (2012) model estimates, but targets were increased by 20% to reach an average Lys intake of approximately 60 g/d across parities. Dietary treatments for sows on the blend curve treatments were formed by blending a low Lys diet (0.40% SID Lys) and the control high Lys diet (1.10% SID Lys). Actual SID Lys intake was 97% of the targeted g/d for sows fed the static blend curve and 96% of targeted g/d for sows fed the dynamic blend curve. Sows fed the control treatment had greater Lys intake (g/day; P < 0.05) compared to sows fed either of the blend curve treatments, with no differences between the two blend curve treatments (P> 0.05). No differences in sow ADFI or sow body weight, backfat, or loin depth at entry or weaning were observed among treatments (P> 0.05). There were no differences among treatments observed in litter size, piglet weight at birth or weaning, ADG, and litter weight or ADG (P> 0.05). Because sows fed either blend curve had a numerically greater ADFI, no differences in sow feed cost were observed (P> 0.05). Sows fed the control treatment excreted more N and had a higher serum urea N concentration compared to sows fed either blend curve treatment (P> 0.05). Based on the results of the study, blending a low and high Lys diet can be used during lactation to decrease N excretion and achieve similar piglet growth performance compared to results for piglets from sows fed only a high Lys diet throughout lactation. Furthermore, these data would suggest that 60 g/d of SID Lys is sufficient to maximize litter weight gain for litter sizes of 13.5 weaned piglets.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 08:47:48 PST
- Evaluation of Precision Feeding SID Lysine to Lactating Sows on Sow and
Litter Performance, Nitrogen Level, and Feed Cost
Authors: Mikayla S. Spinler et al.
Abstract: A total of 95 mixed parity sows (DNA 241) and litters (DNA 241 × 600) were used across four batch farrowing groups to evaluate the effects of precision feeding Lys during lactation. Sows were blocked by parity and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments on day 2 (the day after farrowing) of lactation. Dietary treatments were formed by using 2 diets: a low Lys diet (0.25% SID Lys) and a high Lys diet (1.10% SID Lys). Treatments included a control, NRC (2012), or INRA (2009) treatment curve. Sows on the NRC or INRA treatment curves received a blend of the low and high diet using the Gestal Quattro Opti Feeder (Jyga Technologies, St-Lambert-de-Lauzon, Quebec, Canada) to target a specific SID g/d of Lys intake for each day of lactation based on the NRC and INRA models for each sow parity and litter size combination. Sows on the control treatment received only the high Lys diet with no diet blending or specific g/d of Lys target. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed throughout lactation. Lysine intake was 102% of targeted average g/d of Lys intake during lactation for sows fed the NRC treatment curve and 98% of targeted average g/d for sows fed the INRA treatment curves. Sows fed only the high Lys diet (control) had greater (P < 0.05) average g/d of Lys intake compared to sows fed either the NRC or INRA treatment curves. No differences (P> 0.05) in sow weight, backfat, caliper score, or loin depth change were observed among treatments. However, litters from sows fed the control treatment had greater (P < 0.05) litter weight on d 9 and weaning compared to litters from sows fed either the NRC or INRA treatment curves. Pigs from sows fed the control treatment had greater (P < 0.05) BW at weaning and preweaning ADG compared to pigs from sows fed the INRA treatment curve, with pigs from sows fed the NRC treatment curve intermediate. Sows fed the NRC treatment curve had a greater (P < 0.05) feed cost per lb of litter gain compared to sows fed the control treatment, with sows fed the INRA treatment curve intermediate. This was unexpected because sows fed the NRC treatment curves had a blend of the low and high Lys diets which had a decreased feed cost per lb compared to the control diet. However, this was the result of higher feed intake of sows fed the NRC treatment curve. Sows fed the control treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) N excretion and sows fed the INRA treatment curve the lowest, with sows fed the NRC treatment curve intermediate. Sows fed the control treatment had greater (P < 0.05) serum urea nitrogen concentration on d 9 and at weaning compared to sows fed the NRC and INRA treatment curves. In summary, pigs from sows fed a single diet (control) that did not utilize feed blending had increased pig growth performance during lactation compared to pigs from sows fed the NRC or INRA treatment curves. This is likely because the NRC and INRA estimated Lys requirements are too low to maximize litter growth performance and not because they were on a feed blending curve. Future research should be aimed at examining the effects of blending high and low Lys diets, while providing daily Lys intakes with greater dietary SID Lys concentrations, to achieve similar litter growth performance compared to conventional feeding of a high Lys diet.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 08:47:47 PST
- The Effect of Live Yeast Probiotics in Lactation Diets with and without a
Yeast Prebiotic in Nursery Diets on Lifetime Growth Performance, Antibody
Titers, and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Abigail K. Jenkins et al.
Abstract: A total of 28 mixed parity sows (Line 241 DNA) and their offspring were used in a farrow-to-finish study to evaluate the effect of live yeast supplementation during lactation with or without yeast extract supplementation during the nursery period on sow and litter performance and lifetime growth performance, serum antibody titers, and carcass characteristics. Sows were blocked by parity and BW on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments which consisted of a standard corn-soybean meal lactation diet with or without yeast-based probiotics (0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Following weaning, a total of 350 pigs (241 × 600 DNA; initially 13.5 ± 0.05 lb) were randomly assigned within sow treatment to 1 of 2 nursery diets which consisted of a control diet or a diet that contained yeast prebiotics (0.10% MS309; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) for 42 d after weaning (d 59 of age). After this time, two nursery pens of the same treatment were combined into one finishing pen and pigs were fed common diets until market. There were no significant effects of live yeast supplementation on lactation performance (P> 0.079). A sow × nursery diet interaction (P = 0.024) was observed during the nursery period where pigs from sows fed Actisaf had improved ADG when fed the control nursery diet compared to pigs from control sows that were fed the control nursery diet. Pigs fed MS309 in the nursery from either sow treatment were intermediate. Pigs from Actisaf sows tended to be heavier at marketing (P = 0.067) with heavier HCW (P = 0.101) but there were no differences in overall finishing growth performance with the inclusion of live yeast in lactation diets or yeast prebiotics in nursery diets (P> 0.100). Subsets of pigs were bled on d 22, 38, 50, 66, 78, 101, and 162 of age to determine porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibody sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios and on d 50, 66, 78, 101, and 162 of age to determine the percent inhibition of Lawsonia intracellularis. An S/P ratio is representative of antibodies present in the blood for that specific pathogen. There was a tendency for a sow diet × day interaction for the PCV2 S/P ratio (P = 0.097) where offspring from sows fed live yeast had higher PCV2 S/P ratios at 101 d of age compared to offspring from control sows (P = 0.046). There was a nursery diet × day interaction for the PCV2 S/P ratio (P = 0.036) where pigs fed MS309 during the nursery period had reduced PCV2 S/P ratios at 66, 78, and 162 d of age (P < 0.022). In conclusion, feeding a yeast prebiotic in the nursery did not affect performance or immune parameters. Conversely, feeding a live yeast probiotic during lactation resulted in a tendency to improve ADG during the nursery period, final BW, and numerically improve HCW.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Nov 2023 08:47:46 PST
