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Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 0189-1731
Published by African Journals Online

[260 journals]

Evaluation of Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Genotypes for their
Reaction to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Infection in Kebbi State, Nigeria
- Authors: I U. Mohammed, M.D. Magaji, A. Abdulazeez, I.J. Yusuf, J. Dasa, A. Musa
  Pages: 1 - 8
  Abstract: Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is among the most devastating viral diseases of tomato worldwide and it can cause yield losses of up to 40%. One of the effective managements of plant viral diseases is the use of resistant genotypes. This research was conducted to determine the reaction of tomato genotypes to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) infection. The experiment consists of five tomato genotypes which were evaluated for resistance to ToMV infection under screen-house conditions using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. The treatments were Dantaya, Danwarai, Dan-Niko, Dan-Heka, and Hybrid Platinum, which are the five most preferred farmers varieties in Kebbi State. Prior to mechanical inoculation, ToMV-infected leaf samples used as source of inoculum were tested ToMV positive using Direct Antibody Coating-Enzyme Linked Immunoassay (DAC-ELISA). Thirty-six (36) seedlings of each genotype were transplanted into plastic pots containing compost and seedlings recovery were recorded two weeks after transplanting (WAT) before inoculation. Hybrid Platinum has low establishment percentage (72.22%), compared to DanHeka and Dan-Niko with both 100%. All the genotypes evaluated were infected when inoculated with ToMV but with significant variation (P = 0.05) in their reaction to ToMV infection. Dantaya recorded the highest percent disease incidence of 50.00% while, Platinum recorded the lowest percent disease incidence of 31.94%. Three genotypes were susceptible to ToMV while, two were resistant to ToMV. The high incidence of ToMV found on farmers preferred tomato genotypes in Kebbi State is of great management concern. Also, this has implication for tomato productivity and yield in the state.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.1
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury: Protective Effect of Laportea aestuans
Aqueous Leaf Extract in Experimental Mice Model
- Authors: A.I. Ganiyu, H.O.B. Oloyede, M.O. Salawu, A.O. Amuzat, J.O. Akolade
  Pages: 9 - 18
  Abstract: Acetaminophen commonly referred to as paracetamol is an analgesic and antipyretic drug commonly available as over the counter medications. Indiscriminate use of acetaminophen for management of pain and fever causes liver damage. The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of the Laportea aestuans aqueous leaf extract in acetaminophen-treated mice. Group 1: control, Group 2: APAP treated, Group 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 received 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw of the extract for 7 days and then treated with 300 mg/kg bw APAP respectively, Group 8: silymarin group. Biochemical parameters were analyzed. Activities of liver function marker enzymes (gamma- glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate and glutamate dehydrogenases, aspartate, and alanine aminotransferases) were significantly (p< 0.05) lower in the serum of acetaminophen-treated mice pre-administered with the Laportea aestuans aqueous leaf extract extract when compared to the acetaminophen-treated control mice. Activities of antioxidant enzymes significantly (p<0.05) increased in groups pre-administered with the extract or silymarin. Histological micrographs also showed that the hepatic architectures of the preadministered mice were maintained following treatment with APAP. Pre-administration of 100 mg/kg bw of Laportea aestuans aqueous leaf extract gave the best protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Findings from this study showed that L. aestuans leaf extract evidently protects mice against acetaminophen-induced liver injury, exhibiting antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. This study supports the ethnobotanical use of L. aestuans for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.2
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Bio-treatment capabilities of powdered Moringa oleifera seeds and a
consortium of some bacterial isolates in cassava mill effluent (CME)
- Authors: K.E. Enerijiofi, A.O. Addeh, F.O. Ekhaise
  Pages: 19 - 28
  Abstract: Access to portable water supply is a serious challenge worldwide. Therefore, the development of sustainable, environmentally friendly wastewater management and recycling methods have become essential. This study evaluated the ability of powdered Moringa oleifera seeds and a consortium of Bacillus and Pseudomonas species to treat cassava mill effluent (CME) by monitoring the physicochemical parameters using standard methods. The bacterial counts revealed total coliform and total viable counts of 5±0.17 x 105 cfu/ml and 4.8±0.32 x 105 cfu/ml respectively. At the end of the 7-day bio-treatment of cassava mill effluent by Moringa oleifera seeds, the turbidity reduced by 79.45%. The total organic carbon had a reduction of 92.99% using Moringa oleifera seeds while the consortium gave 69.17%; the biochemical oxygen demand reduced by 99.30% using Moringa oleifera while the consortium was by 72.41%. Chemical oxygen demand had a reduction of 94.25% using Moringa oleifera seeds, while the consortium of bacterial isolates gave 83.34%. The pH reported was within the acidic range, while the temperature slightly decreased with increasing days of bio-treatment. Biodegradation indices showed a strong positive correlation between BOD and COD in both CME treatments. This study reports the efficacy of Moringa powdered seeds and a consortium of Bacillus and Pseudomonas species in the treatment of cassava mill effluent.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.3
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Biochemical Assessment of Solid-State Fermented Elephant Grass and its
Potential Incorporation in Broiler's Diets
- Authors: E.P. Eghaghaa , E.O. Egbune, T. Ezedom, O.C. Orororo, N.J. Anigboroa, N.J. Tonukari
  Pages: 29 - 42
  Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine if incorporating pre-treated ensiled elephant grass into broiler feed could help meet the rising demand for animal protein. The elephant grass underwent solid-state fermentation for seven days and ensiling in airtight nylon bags for 21 days. Compared to the control, pre-treated ensiled elephant grass exhibited a significant increase in soluble protein concentration (p<0.05) during fermentation. However, the glucose concentration was significantly lower (p>0.05) in the pre-treated ensiled elephant grass after fermentation than in the control. Elephant grass that was solid-state fermented and ensiled with Rhizopus oligosporus demonstrated the highest percentage inhibition (22.4±0.5%). The pre-treated ensiled elephant grass had significantly higher mannanase activity (p<0.05) than the control. In terms of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, there were no significant differences between the control group and the experimental group fed with diets composed of ensiled elephant grass, ensiled elephant grass fermented with R. oligosporus, or solid-state fermented and ensiled elephant grass with R. oligosporus and urea in a 25% maize replacement. In conclusion, ensiled elephant grass can replace 25% maize in broiler starter feed, and the animal feed industry could benefit from the mannanase identified in this study.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.4
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Plasmid-Borne Mobile Colistin Resistant Gene (Mcr-1) Detection and
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Some Abattoir Environments in
Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
- Authors: I.M. Omoruyi, P.P. Ovia, Z. Ahmad-Dirisu, E. Osemwowa, Y.I. Ibitoye
  Pages: 43 - 55
  Abstract: Antibiotics resistance is an increasing public health challenge globally, and very recently, global attention has focused on colistin, which is termed “last resort antibiotics”. This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistant and multidrug resistant bacteria from 6 major abattoirs located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples from fresh water, wastewater, utensils, and handlers were obtained over a 6-months period. Mean mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) were determined by pour plate method, while the indoor air of the abattoirs was sampled using passive sedimentation technique. Bacterial isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis. Phenotypic detection of colistin-resistance as well as multi-drug resistant profile of all isolates was done by the modified Kirky Bauer method. The presence and/or absence of colistin-resistance gene (mcr-1 to mcr-8) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. The MAB ranged from 0.3 ± 0.0 cfu/m3 in indoor air from both Holy Ghost B and Bob Izua abattoir to 2.6 ± 0.3 cfu/ml in wash water from Holy Ghost A abattoir, while the TCB ranged from 0.0 ± 0.0 cfu/ml in wastewater from Lawal and Sons abattoir to 0.6 ± 0.1 cfu/ml in wash water from Osazee abattoir. A total of 149 bacterial isolates, belonging to 6 different species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Enterobacter ludwigii EN-119, Providencia stuartii PRV00010, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strain KqPF26, Enterococcus saccharolyticus ATCC 43076 and Provincia rettgeri strain AR_0082) were obtained with the majority (>90%) being multidrug resistant. Seven (4.7%) of the isolates were phenotypically resistant to colistin, while only 3 harbored the mcr-1 gene. This result shows that plasmid-borne colistinresistant and multidrug resistant bacteria are prevalent in abattoir environment located in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. This is an indication that abattoir facilities could be a source of human exposure to colistin resistant bacteria, and efforts must be made at reducing the high dependence of antibiotics in farm animals.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.5
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Positioning Biotechnology for Nigeria's Industrialization
- Authors: N.J. Tonukari
  Pages: 56 - 59
  Abstract: Most of the activities concerning biotechnology in Nigeria are still in the laboratory research stage. More pragmatic effort is now needed to translate the results of biotechnological research into commercial products and processes as well as general economic development. Also, concerted effort to create companies for specific products and services using industrial biotechnology is required in Nigeria.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.6
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Assessment of Clinical Chemistry Parameters and Viral Load of Hepatitis C
Virus among Patients Infected with Hepatitis B Virus Attending Alex
Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital (AE-FETHA), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State,
Nigeria
- Authors: E.A. Adesola, A.N. Chidiebube, I.E. Edwin, N.A. Filicita, I.E. Ikechukwu
  Pages: 60 - 67
  Abstract: Hepatitis A and B are the most common causes of chronic hepatitis infections globally. This study aims at evaluating the clinical chemistry parameters of Hepatitis C virus among individuals infected with Hepatitis B virus attending Federal Teaching Hospital (FETHA), Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data such as demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected from the hospital. Blood samples were also collected from 480 consented individuals for the screening and the presence of HBsAg was detected. Some chemistry analyses were performed to unveil the level of their immune responses using laboratory standard procedures. Of a total 480 consented patients screened, 101 individuals were reactive to hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Data obtained in our study showed an overall percentage prevalence of 45 (male patients, 24.8, and female patients 75.2). In analysis of HCV-IgM, the higher percentage was noticed among the male individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (20 %) and female subjects with 13.2 %. The IgG was higher among male subjects with 16 % and female patients with 14.5 % while patients of 52-62 years of ages had high percentage of 50 each for both IgM and IgG. Occupation was also considered as a demographic factor and farmers presented higher percentage among the occupations observed, there was a significant difference between the parameters observed in respect to their occupations (p < 0.05). Results of chemical analyses of patients positive for HCV showed higher viral load among the male counterparts and alanine aminotransferase level is higher for patients between the ages of 19-29 years. Meanwhile, increase in creatinine level was noticed among the businessmen. Conclusively, hepatitis B and C viruses are global challenges and require immediate attention.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.7
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and preliminary phytochemical constituents of
fermented seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum
- Authors: M.B. Falana, M.A. Dikwa, Q.O. Nurudeen
  Pages: 68 - 76
  Abstract: Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) is among the earliest plants used as spices and medicine worldwide. This study determined the antioxidant activities of the fermented seeds of T. foenum-graecum by methods, ABTS 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
  acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The phytochemical compounds, pH, and in vitro agar well (antimicrobial) assay of the sample was tested at three concentrations (100%, 50%, and 25%) against the selected pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli) by agar well diffusion method. There was a pH decline from 5.6 (on day 1) to 3.53 (on day 7) and finally 3.38 (on day 14). The antioxidant property of the 14th-day fermented T. foenum-graecum revealed a free radical scavenging potential in correspondence with the tested concentrations. Flavonoids, phenol, phytosterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins were detected in the samples fermented for 7 and 14 days, respectively. The zones of inhibition (in diameter) were in tune with the tested concentrations, and this ranged between 6mm – 15mm on day 7 and 6mm-17mm on day 14 against the test pathogens. Hence, this study validates the antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of fermented seeds of T. foenumgraecum and supports its use as an herbal therapeutic agent against diseases associated with the test pathogen.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.8
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Response of Mungbean (Vigna radiataL Wilczek) Genotypes to Different
Spacing Types in Derived Savannah Agroecology of Southeast Nigeria
- Authors: U.N. Ukwu, A.C. Agbirionwu, N. Dauda, S.O. Adewuyi, V.O. Osadebe , C.C. Anozie
  Pages: 77 - 85
  Abstract: Population density is an important determinant of crop yield. For optimum crop production, the best spacing requirement must be adopted. Although the recommended spacing requirement of mungbean is abundant in literature globally, there is no such information on studies conducted within derived savannah agroecological zone of southeast Nigeria, despite the crop’s usefulness as food, green manure, and nitrogen fixer. We hypothesized that the spacing requirement of mungbean may vary with genotype. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the response of three mungbean genotypes to four spacing types in derived savannah agroecology. The experiment was a split-plot design with genotype (Tvr18, Tvr65, and Tvr83) as the main plot treatment and plant spacing (30x10, 40x10, 30x15, and 40x15 cm) as the sub-plot treatment. Data were collected on 19 agronomic traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that plant spacing of 30x10 cm influenced significantly higher (p<0.05) values in most agronomic traits measured while Tvr18 was higher in pod and seed attributes with higher seed-yield (0.80 t/ha) compared to Tvr83 (0.52 t/ha) which was the least. The interaction effect of Tvr18 by 30x10 cm gave a higher seed yield of (1.37) t/ha compared to Tvr83 by 30x10 cm (0.62 t/ha) which was the least. GGE biplot analysis showed a higher seed yield of the genotype-Tvr83 with wider spacing 40x15 compared to 30x10 cm.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.9
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Effect of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl on severity of Fusarium wilt and fruit
yield of two tomato cultivars
- Authors: J.E. Imonmion, A R Popoola, C.G. Afolabi, G.A. Sikiru, I.P. Uzoemeka, J. George
  Pages: 86 - 91
  Abstract: Tomato wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) is one of the limiting factors to tomato production in the whole world because of its negative effect on the fruit yield of tomato. The study investigated the application of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM), a plant activator that stimulates plants’ defence mechanisms, at different concentrations (0, 25, 35 and 45 mg/L) on two tomato genotypes (Delila and Kerewa) using drenching method. Factorial experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and completely randomized design in both field and the screenhouse, respectively. Results showed that the application of ASM significantly reduced (p≤0.05) disease severity. At 9 weeks after transplanting Delila recorded severity scores of 3.00 and 3.33(screenhouse) and 0.33 (field) while Kerewa had severity scores of 1.33 and 1.50 (screenhouse) and 0.33 (field) when ASM was apllied at 35 and 45 mg/L concentrations, respectively. These values were significantly lower (p≤0.05) than those recorded in untreated plots. Delila yielded 151.23 and 151.73 kg/ha (screenhouse), and 754.70 and 795.8 kg/ha (field) while Kerewa yielded 109.60 and 124.03 kg/ha (screenhouse) and 601.10 and 279.8 kg/ha (field) when ASM was apllied at 35 and 45 mg/l concentrations, respectively. Yields in both screenhouse and the field were significantly higher (p≤0.05) than yields in the untreated control plots. The study concluded that application of ASM at 35 and 45 mg/L to tomato could enhance its resistance which would translate to fruit yield increase.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.10
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)
Toxicological Status of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Piliostigma
thonningii Leaves in Female Wistar Rats
- Authors: Q.O. Nurudeen, Z.M. Yusuf, S.S. Salimon, M.B. Falana, M.R. Asinmi, A.O. Elemosho, M.A. Dikwa
  Pages: 92 - 99
  Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the toxicological impact of Piliostigma thonningii leaves on liver and renal function in rats and the plant extract was screened for heavy metals. Rats were divided into four groups, comprising five animals each, with the control group receiving distilled water orally and the other groups receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses of the plant extract, orally, for seven days. On the eighth day, animals were sacrificed, and liver and kidney function parameters were assessed. Heavy metal screening revealed the absence of chromium and nickel, while trace amounts of lead and cadmium were detected. The liver bodyweight ratio significantly increased (p<0.05) in rats treated with the plant extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Liver functioning tests showed no significant (p>0.05) changes in total protein and albumin levels, suggesting no major adverse effects on protein metabolism or liver function. However, the significant (p<0.05) changes in Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) may be detrimental. Renal function tests revealed some variations, with significant (p<0.05) alterations in uric acid, creatinine, and urea levels which may affect renal function. The significant (p<0.05) decrease in phosphate ion and potassium ion levels further suggested potential side effects on renal functions.
  PubDate: 2023-07-18
  DOI: 10.4314/njb.v40i1.11
  Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2023)