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Outlook on Agriculture
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.411

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 6

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ISSN (Print) 0030-7270 - ISSN (Online) 2043-6866
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

The impact of policies on the diffusion of agricultural innovations:
Systematic review on evaluation approaches
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  Authors: Imane El Bakali, Youssef Brouziyne, Abdelkader Ait El Mekki, Nassreddine Maatala, Rachid Harbouze
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  The demand for sustainable agricultural technologies still lags behind the supply confirming the demand articulation failure of transformational innovation change agricultural policies. To understand the reasons for demand shortcomings, the evaluation of developed policies is required. In the literature, there is little evidence on this topic, henceforth, this paper conducts a systematic review of the primary methodological approaches used to assess the influence of policies on the dissemination of agricultural innovations. The results showed that there are two clusters of evaluation; the first investigates how policies affect agricultural innovation adoption, and the second studies how policies affect yields and profitability. For the first cluster, 70% of the studies analyzed adoption decisions using the Double-hurdle, Probit, or Tobit models or captured changes in adoption levels over time using the Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool and discrete-time duration models. This cluster is related to the assessment of the input and output additionalities of innovation policies. In 58% of the studies related to the second cluster, the focus was the assessment of economic and environmental implications using mathematical programming models, particularly agent-based modeling. The purpose of evaluation in this cluster is more focused on behavioral additionality. There were no experimental or quasi-experimental methods among the methods utilized in this cluster. The majority of studies do not incorporate the evaluation of economic, social, and environmental aspects together; therefore, evaluation outlooks suggest increasing interest in sustainability impact. It is suggested that models from both clusters be used in combination to explore input, output, and behavioral additionalities simultaneously. Furthermore, including white-box evaluation approaches to evaluate demand-oriented innovation policy in the agricultural sector, in addition to usual black-box approaches, is a necessity.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-11-21T05:50:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231215837
Factors affecting farmers’ acceptance and adoption of biofortified
crops: A systematic review
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  Authors: Lidya Samuel, Marcia Dutra de Barcellos, Mulugeta D Watabaji, Hans De Steur
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Biofortified crops offer a promising solutions to combat micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in developing nations. This study undertakes a systematic review of farmer-level acceptance and adoption of biofortified crops, including the key determinants, methodologies, indicators and measures, and findings related to acceptance and adoption of biofortified crops among farmers. The review identified 24 biofortification studies with farmers conducted across Africa and Asia, primarily in countries such as Nigeria, Uganda, and Tanzania. These studies focus on biofortified crops like rice, banana, cassava, and sweet potato. Notably, a majority of the reviewed studies followed a quantitative approach and employed a cross-sectional design. The key outcome indicators encompassed farmers’ willingness-to-pay, perceptions, beliefs, willingness-to-plant in the next growing season, and the actual adoption itself. These indicators were typically measured using a 5-point Likert scale or a dummy variable. The primary determinants driving farmers to cultivate biofortified crops were classified into four categories: socioeconomic, institutional, agronomic, and psychological and cognitive factors. Given the complex nature of challenges like hidden hunger, an all-encompassing approach is imperative in seeking effective solutions. Understanding the intricate interplay between these factors, which shape the acceptance and adoption of biofortified crops, becomes pivotal in formulating strategies that effectively address this multifaceted issue. To address challenges like hidden hunger, comprehensive solutions are essential. Understanding the factors shaping the adoption of biofortified crops is crucial for effective strategies.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-11-14T06:47:35Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231212924
Evolving meanings of ‘principles’ in agronomic discourse
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  Authors: James Sumberg, Ken E Giller, Dominic Glover
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  The notion of principles, and the sense that they are different from but closely linked to practices, is deeply rooted in the agronomy literature. However, these terms are currently used by different authors to mean very different things. This paper explores these various uses and meanings. We argue that an understanding of the use of apparently innocuous, everyday words like principles and practices provides a valuable insight into on-going debates, contestation and politics about the future of agriculture and food. In the case of principles, it is important to understand the forms they take, by whom they are proclaimed and for what purpose(s). We find that while most alternative agricultures define themselves through a set of principles, these do not challenge or undermine the scientific principles that underpin mainstream agronomy. Further, we argue that to articulate and proclaim principles is to seek to exercise discursive power. Specifically, proclaiming principles or defining a favoured approach to agriculture by articulating a specific set of principles, is to exert authority, bolster legitimacy and claim a place in a crowded and contested marketplace.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-11-10T07:03:38Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231213659
Sustainable wheat production strategies in blast-affected areas of
Bangladesh
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  Authors: Md Sohel Rana, Asif R Anik, Md R Islam, Mashrat Jahan
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Bangladesh experienced widespread wheat blast infections for the first time in 2016. The outbreak of the disease has significantly affected wheat acreage and production. This study uses an ‘action theory’ framework to identify the determinants that affected wheat growers to adopt certain production practices to deal with the situation. We followed a multistage sampling procedure and interviewed 150 wheat growers from two severely blast-affected districts, Meherpur and Kustia. According to 91.3% of farmers, the most remarkable adoption strategies were ‘improved intercultural practices,’ ‘shifting variety,’ ‘shifting crops’, and ‘undertaking off-farm activities,’ of which farmers mostly followed the former. We also used multivariate probit model analysis to identify factors that shape farmers’ adaptation choices in wheat blast-affected areas. The adaptation strategies are influenced mainly by farmers’ education, primary occupation, family size, government incentives, extension services, access to Information and Communications Technology (ICT), and annual income. According to the notable similarities between the four adoption strategies, an adoption study should consider all potential factors influencing farmers’ adoption decisions. Policy implications include strengthening extension services, developing tailored adaptation strategies, and conducting relevant research.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-11-03T08:03:04Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231210589
Addressing the challenges and leveraging the opportunities of automation
and robotics technologies adoption in agriculture: The case of Ontario,
Canada
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  Authors: Charles Conteh
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  This paper seeks to advance understanding of the barriers that constrain and the drivers that promote the adoption of automation and robotics in agriculture. The paper focuses on Ontario, Canada, as the case study. The choice of the province is informed by the fact that it is generally considered one of Canada's leading agriculture powerhouses. The paper employed a mixed-methods approach consisting of survey questionnaires and in-depth focus group discussions. The article sheds light on the complex and context-specific factors determining farmers’ adoption of automation and robotics technology. Principally, adopters and non-adopters of automation robotics technology agree that government has a critical role in accelerating the adoption of automation and robotics technology. More importantly, the paper spells out the various facets of that role and the contexts within which they can be most effective and impactful. The discussion explores the significance of the results in relation to the relevant extant literature and highlights the key implications of our findings for future policy and practice. It also offers some solutions in the form of policy recommendations and suggested action steps for removing barriers and exploiting opportunities associated with adopting technology. While empirically focusing on Ontario, the findings and analysis have implications for all of Canada and other industrialized countries.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-10-12T07:04:39Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231201871
A systematic review on the factors governing precision agriculture
adoption among small-scale farmers
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  Authors: Dah John, Norhayati Hussin, Mohd Sazili Shahibi, Masitah Ahmad, Hasnah Hashim, Divine Senanu Ametefe
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  The global agricultural paradigm is witnessing a transformative shift with the advent of precision agriculture. While large-scale agricultural enterprises have been swift in their embrace of this innovation, its uptake among small-scale farmers remains nuanced and complex. This study elucidates the multi-faceted determinants that influence the adoption of precision agriculture within the small-scale farming sector. The study adopts a systematic literature review approach, meticulously selecting and analysing 29 relevant papers. Drawing upon an exhaustive literature review and empirical analyses, the research presents a composite framework weaving economic, technological, social, and environmental factors. Among these, the social dynamics emerge as the most significant factor, shaped by awareness levels, knowledge dissemination pathways, and entrenched cultural norms. These social elements often intertwine with ingrained traditional practices and perceptions, forming the most intricate layer shaping adoption attitudes. Notably, although economic factors like substantial initial investments and the calculus of Return on Investment are present, they are overshadowed by social considerations. The technological landscape is characterised by the challenges of digital literacy, infrastructural readiness, and technological interoperability. Lastly, environmental imperatives, underscored by resource scarcity, climate change resilience, and ecosystem services, offer both challenges and motivations. Together, these factors delineate the intricate roadmap guiding small-scale farmers in their journey toward precision agriculture adoption. This comprehensive exploration provides stakeholders with actionable insights, fostering informed decision-making and strategic interventions to augment precision agriculture's integration within the small-scale farming tapestry.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-10-11T08:55:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231205640
A mixed-methods approach to examine farmers’ willingness to adopt
protein crops
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  Authors: Margo Degieter, Xavier Gellynck, Shashank Goyal, Matis Mattelin, Jana De Wulf, Denise Ott, Hans De Steur
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  To achieve a more sustainable food system, it is necessary to shift toward more plant-based protein sources. Europe currently imports huge amounts of protein crops each year, mainly soy, which has adverse environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, there is a need to increase local production. Despite the numerous advantages associated with the cultivation of protein crops, the farmer adoption rate in Europe remains very low. This study aims to investigate farmers’ willingness to grow protein crops and the determinants of the willingness to adopt protein crops, using a standardized survey. In addition, selected protein crop farmers are interviewed to gain a deeper understanding of their motivations to grow these crops. Results indicate that risk aversion has a negative and environmental farming goals have a positive significant impact on the intention to adopt protein crops for food. Additionally, farmers with a larger farm size are more likely to adopt protein crops. The importance of these factors is also supported by the interviewed farmers. However, the latter further highlighted the importance of knowledge, profitability, consumer perceptions, and supportive policies. This study is one of the first studies exploring farmers’ perspectives on protein crop cultivation in Europe and can therefore serve as a foundation for future research and policy recommendations.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-10-09T07:16:02Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231205924
Plant breeding is needed to meet agroecological requirements: Legume crops
as case study
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  Authors: Diego Rubiales
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Legume-based cropping systems are regaining interest due to the environmental services and the variety of food and feed uses they provide, this having special interest in agroecological systems. There are many legume crops that can be adopted but focused breeding is needed to better meet the specific requirements of each system, especially in the situation of changing climate and often stressful environments. Standard breeding methods remain valid, from classical selection, to genomic assisted-breeding, profiting from the modern biotechnological and genomic approaches which are rapidly developing for most legume crops. Rather than focusing on the tools, emphasis is needed on the breeding targets, which might be different from those of high input agriculture such as improved response to symbiosis, nutrient and water use efficiency and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses becoming priorities. Breeding for these traits requires the infusion of genetic diversity from landraces or wild relatives by pre-breeding. Prospects and constraints are discussed.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-09-20T10:50:53Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231195641
Agroecology: Can it inform disaster risk management in fragile
settings'
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  Authors: Michael Hauser
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Agroecology describes a readily shared philosophy to improve the resilience of food systems. So far, the literature focuses on applying agroecology principles in stable settings. In fragile areas affected by regular disasters, the role of agroecology is less understood. This perspective article examines the contributions of agroecology principles to manage disaster risks in areas affected by fragilities, climate emergencies and conflict. Of specific interest is the extent to which agroecology principles could assist in designing interventions that build food system resilience. This article argues that all agroecology principles are relevant for disaster risk management. However, trade-offs between immediate needs and long-term perspectives could limit its use. Integrating agroecology principles with resilience programming of humanitarian aid should be subject to further research.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-09-14T11:23:27Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231197700
The input reduction principle of agroecology is wrong when it comes to
mineral fertilizer use in sub-Saharan Africa
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  Authors: Gatien N Falconnier, Rémi Cardinael, Marc Corbeels, Frédéric Baudron, Pauline Chivenge, Antoine Couëdel, Aude Ripoche, François Affholder, Krishna Naudin, Emilie Benaillon, Leonard Rusinamhodzi, Louise Leroux, Bernard Vanlauwe, Ken E Giller
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Can farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) boost crop yields and improve food availability without using more mineral fertilizer' This question has been at the center of lively debates among the civil society, policy-makers, and in academic editorials. Proponents of the “yes” answer have put forward the “input reduction” principle of agroecology, i.e. by relying on agrobiodiversity, recycling and better efficiency, agroecological practices such as the use of legumes and manure can increase crop productivity without the need for more mineral fertilizer. We reviewed decades of scientific literature on nutrient balances in SSA, biological nitrogen fixation of tropical legumes, manure production and use in smallholder farming systems, and the environmental impact of mineral fertilizer. Our analyses show that more mineral fertilizer is needed in SSA for five reasons: (i) the starting point in SSA is that agricultural production is “agroecological” by default, that is, very low mineral fertilizer use, widespread mixed crop-livestock systems and large crop diversity including legumes, but leading to poor soil fertility as a result of widespread soil nutrient mining, (ii) the nitrogen needs of crops cannot be adequately met solely through biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and recycling of animal manure, (iii) other nutrients like phosphorus and potassium need to be replaced continuously, (iv) mineral fertilizers, if used appropriately, cause little harm to the environment, and (v) reducing the use of mineral fertilizers would hamper productivity gains and contribute indirectly to agricultural expansion and to deforestation. Yet, the agroecological principles directly related to soil fertility—recycling, efficiency, diversity—remain key in improving soil health and nutrient-use efficiency, and are critical to sustaining crop productivity in the long run. We argue for a nuanced position that acknowledges the critical need for more mineral fertilizers in SSA, in combination with the use of agroecological practices and adequate policy support.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-09-13T07:40:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231199795
Current agricultural diversification strategies are already agroecological
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  Authors: Jillian Lenné
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Modern agriculture, especially monocultures, is increasingly blamed by proponents of agroecology for loss of biodiversity in agroecosystems through loss of natural vegetation and crop genetic diversity. However, loss of natural vegetation to agriculture has slowed in recent years, and the claim for 75% loss of crop genetic diversity due to the widespread use of improved crop varieties lacks evidence. The main objective of this perspective paper is to identify and analyze the kinds of diversity already developed by agricultural research in the context of their function, need and relevance to particular agroecological elements and principles related to biodiversity. The paper shows that biodiversity is already incorporated into agroecosystems in a multitude of ways such as improved crop varieties with functional traits; crop mixtures and dual-purpose crops in monocultures; inter-crops, strip crops or relay crops; cover crops; crop rotations; field margins; landscape diversification; crop-livestock systems; and agroforestry. Emphasis is also given to crop-associated biodiversity above ground and soil biodiversity. The paper highlights that more research is needed to (a) breed crops for multi-cropping systems; (b) improve understanding of how components of diversity interact within or across systems and scales; (c) understand the role of soil biodiversity in soil function; and (d) successfully use crop-associated biodiversity to manage pests and beneficial organisms. In the future, the promotion of agroecological principles should incorporate inputs from crop breeders, agronomists, ecologists and crop protectionists for the benefit of farmers, or such principles will remain aspirational.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-09-08T06:36:22Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231199796
Editorial: Why agroecology'
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  Authors: Jillian Lenné
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-09-06T08:40:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231200299
Applying circular economy principles to intensification of livestock
production in Sub-Saharan Africa
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  Authors: Alan John Duncan, Augustine Ayantunde, Michael Blummel, Tunde Amole, Varijakshapanicker Padmakumar, Dominic Moran
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  In the context of sustainable agricultural development, much has been made of the need to apply agroecology or regenerative principles to improve rural livelihoods and to align the sector with critical planetary health boundaries. This movement is a reaction to the perceived private and social costs arising from both production and consumption associated with industrialised agriculture, mostly in upper-income countries, with several default assumptions being apparent about applicability elsewhere. The notion of circularity, or the circular economy, is frequently conflated with agro ecological rhetoric, often overlooking a longer tradition of circular resource use efficiency in traditional mixed crop–livestock farming in low-income settings. This paper examines the concept and origins of circularity and reviews some examples of historic circular economy research within the international agricultural research system as applied to smallholder agriculture. These include (i) studies focusing on the impact of crop residue retention, (ii) work on residue incorporation and/or mulching and their effects on crop yields and soil fertility, (iii) research on the effects of manure use on crop yields and soil fertility and (iv) work on the feeding of crop residues to livestock. We consider some promising innovations or practices adhering to circular economy principles. Candidate innovations focus on the improvement of livestock feeding practices including the breeding of dual-purpose crops to enhance livestock nutrition, conversion of cereal straw residues to high-quality feed, use of cassava waste as livestock feed and use of insects as livestock feed. We conclude by considering how circular bio-economy principles might be maintained in the future evolution of food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-09-04T06:29:04Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231199116
Smallholder farmers’ perception and adoption of digital agricultural
technologies: An empirical evidence from Vietnam
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  Authors: Hung Gia Hoang, Hoa Dang Tran
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  This study examines smallholder farmers’ perception of digital agricultural technology and factors that shape the smallholders’ adoption of it in South Central Vietnam. A sample size of 202 smallholder farmers was randomly chosen from a total population of 407 smallholder farmers. Descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The results show that the internet and connectivity/wireless, mobile applications and digital platforms are the common digital technologies used by smallholder farmers and these are also the most effective digital technologies for dealing with agricultural production and marketing issues. It can be concluded that younger smallholder farmers who had higher education levels, who interacted with scientists and possessed large farms are in a better position to adopt digital technologies of the internet and connectivity/wireless, mobile applications and digital platforms than older smallholder farmers who had lower education levels, did not interact with scientists and owned small farms. Smallholder farmers who participated in training programs, was member of community-based organisations and contacted with extension workers tend to be digital technology users of the internet and connectivity/wireless and mobile applications. Smallholder farmers who live far from local markets tend to be digital technology users of digital platforms compared to those who live close to one. The provision of training courses on the use of digital technologies in agriculture that consider demographic, socio-economic and institutional characteristics of smallholders when designing and delivering, is a proper agricultural extension strategy which can foster the smallholder farmers to adopt digital technologies for managing agricultural production and marketing systems.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-31T06:47:13Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231197825
Measuring agroecology and its performance: An overview and critical
discussion of existing tools and approaches
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  Authors: Matthias S Geck, Mary Crossland, Christine Lamanna
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Agricultural and food systems (AFSs) are inherently multifunctional, representing a major driver for global crises but at the same time representing a huge potential for addressing multiple challenges simultaneously and contributing systemically to the achievement of sustainable development goals. Current performance metrics for AFS often fail to take this multifunctionality into account, focusing disproportionately on productivity and profitability, thereby excluding “externalities,” that is, key environmental and social values created by AFS. Agroecology is increasingly being recognized as a promising approach for AFS sustainability, due to its holistic and transformative nature. This growing interest in and commitment to agroecology by diverse actors implies a need for harmonized approaches to determine when a practice, project, investment, or policy can be considered agroecological, as well as approaches that ensure the multiple economic, environmental, and social values created by AFS are appropriately captured, hence creating a level playing field for comparing agroecology to alternatives. In this contribution to the special issue on agroecology, we present an overview of existing tools and frameworks for defining and measuring agroecology and its performance and critically discuss their limitations. We identify several deficiencies, including a shortage of approaches that allow for measuring agroecology and its performance on landscape and food system scale, and the use of standardized indicators for measuring agroecology integration, despite its context-specificity. These insights highlight the need for assessments focused on these overlooked scales and research on how best to reconcile the need for globally comparable approaches with assessing agroecology in a locally relevant manner. Lastly, we outline ongoing initiatives on behalf of the Agroecology Transformative Partnership that aim to overcome these shortcomings and offer a promising avenue for working toward harmonization of approaches. All readers are invited to contribute to these collaborative efforts in line with the agroecology principle of participation and co-creation of knowledge.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-30T07:07:12Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231196309
Legume integration for biological control deserves a firmer scientific
base
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  Authors: Kris AG Wyckhuys, M Gonzalez-Chang, B Lavandero, Y GC, BAR Hadi
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Diversification measures are widely recognized for their potential to enhance the resilience of agri-food production systems under global change. Nitrogen-fixing legumes commonly feature in diversification schemes, where they exert positive impacts on soil structure, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration or fertilizer reduction. Though legumes are premier tools for conservation agriculture, their impacts on (invertebrate, microbial) biological control are far less clear. As legumes secrete copious amounts of energy-rich (floral, extra-floral) nectar and provide alternative host or prey items for resident natural enemies, their deployment is expected to benefit biological control. Yet, its mechanistic basis is poorly understood and scientific underpinnings weak. In this Perspective piece, we collate data from the published literature and open-access databases on the extent to which different natural enemy guilds interact with 25 legume species that are commonly used as intercrops in the (sub)tropics. Our work unveils how natural enemies regularly forage on legumes, but the portrayal of those interaction linkages –or “biostructure” data- is profoundly incomplete and their ensuing implications for biological control are under-investigated. For instance, merely 4 (out of 167) parasitoids of the globally invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda have been recorded in association with legumes. We hope that this Perspective piece will stimulate further thought, drive a new wave of biodiversity x ecosystem function research, and ultimately result in the design and implementation (or preservation) of more resilient, resource-frugal and pest-suppressive farming systems.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-22T06:32:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231194086
Why current agroecology rhetoric stands to protract farmer poverty in the
developing world
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  Authors: Joshua R Muhumuza
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Like in the rest of the world, the vision for the future of agriculture in the developing world is highly contested. At the centre of this oft-polarized debate, a growing constituency of advocates suggests a large-scale shift to agroecology as the key to transforming Africa's agriculture. Yet, this rhetoric is not only quixotic in its vision for an African agricultural revolution but also profoundly dissociated from the realities of African agriculture. If the aim is to revolutionize African agriculture, rigid philosophical fixations on an idealized farming system are not the answer. For resource-poor farmers looking to lift themselves out of poverty in Africa and the rest of the developing world, such a narrative will only protract the status quo. Most crucially, it represents a pathway that stands to drive them deeper into poverty. Agricultural transformation in the developing world requires a pragmatic outlook, one that leverages the best of agroecology and modern agricultural solutions for smallholder farmers.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-16T06:46:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231195381
Economic evaluation of increased nitrogen fertiliser prices on
risk-efficient fertiliser applications
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  Authors: Nicolette Matthews, Bennie Grové
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  World market prices for food and fertiliser have increased significantly, leading to concerns about the impact of high food prices on food security. Therefore, the article investigates the effect of increased nitrogen fertiliser prices on optimal fertiliser use decisions for maize under irrigation, considering the uncertainty regarding maize crop yield response to nitrogen fertiliser application in different production years. The results showed that as the fertiliser price increases from 5 to 19 ZAR/kg, the amount of fertiliser applied decreases from the maximum of 220 kg/ha to around 100 kg/ha. Increased N fertiliser prices would decrease the amount of fertiliser applied, although the response is determined by the combination of fertiliser price, soil used, fertiliser application method and risk behaviour. The expected yields estimated for the optimal nitrogen fertiliser levels showed flat yield responses to decreased fertiliser application levels. The reduction in crop yields due to reduced fertiliser use is never more than 300 kg/ha. The results suggest that the soil used for production does not greatly impact the crop response since the optimal fertiliser decision is adjusted to ensure the maximum possible expected yield. However, the decision to use a single or split application does impact the optimal fertiliser use decision with higher application levels for a split application and a slightly lower crop yield response. The main conclusion is that increased nitrogen fertiliser prices would decrease the amount of fertiliser applied; however, the effect on expected crop yield would be minimal.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-14T05:50:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231194080
Gender dynamics in the biofortified bean value chain in Burundi
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  Authors: Eileen Nchanji, Eric Nduwarugira, Blaise Ndabashinze, Nepomuscene Ntukamazina, Johnworker Toywa, Lutomia Cosmas
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Biofortified beans are being promoted in Burundi to solve malnutrition issues among rural households. The study was conducted in Muyinga and Gasorwe communes, where biofortified bean varieties were disseminated. This study aims to understand gender roles and practices in households and farms and how these roles and practices influence participation and uptake of biofortified beans. Lastly, it looks at the role of extension in increasing the uptake of agricultural technologies like biofortified bean varieties. Data were collected using a mixed-method approach—focus group discussions, key informant interviews and questionnaires and analyzed using content analysis, descriptive statistics, and a probit model on STATA software. Descriptive results indicated increasing joint farm management and decision-making on bean production, with men taking the lead in markets and income accrued from the sale of crops. Despite the promotion of various improved bean varieties, only two biofortified bean varieties, MAC44 and RWR2245, were adopted by smallholder farmers. The probit results indicated that utilization of hired labor, the source of biofortified improved bean seed, total cultivated land area, decision-maker on land use, years after the first adoption, and the type of extension services sought were significant factors that influenced farmers’ use of biofortified beans varieties. Based on the study's findings, more effort is required to promote access to inclusive extension services, market and decision-making on income accrued from the sale of farm produce.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-11T06:34:01Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231193049
Agroecology: Searching in the wrong place
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  Authors: David Wood
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  This paper presents a defence of ecologically based monodominance. The promotion of ‘agroecology’ has been validated by the belief that natural vegetation forms a multi-species ‘balance’ under pest pressure. Agroecologists consider monoculture crops as an artificial construct unknown in nature. To achieve this ecological balance crop fields should be re-diversified to species-diverse ‘polycultures’, as mimics of natural vegetation. This simple view of herbivorous insects forcing vegetation diversity held sway with various authors until around 1970. Post-1970 there was an increasing recognition of, and focus on, natural monodominant vegetation. The driving force behind natural plant monodominance, especially in herbaceous species, seemed to be seasonal ecological stress, including fire, flood, silt formation and soil nutrient deficiency. These abiotic stresses were capable both of winnowing out less adapted species, but also encouraging the evolution of adaptations to the stress (as seen, for example, in the distinctive features of monodominant mangroves and sea-grasses). The result was plant species with the ability to grow as monodominants, but, importantly, the evolved ability to resist any extra biotic pressure from herbivores – both features invaluable for monoculture agriculture. Agroecology never considered the possibility of adaptative evolution to biotic stress to allow monodominance (the ‘fight’ stratagem of plant species). In addition, agroecology only recognizes the ‘flight’ stratagem for short-distance escape (plant species ‘hiding’ in mixed-species vegetation). This ignores a major feature of modern agriculture, which heavily relies on long-distant crop introduction, through trans-oceanic crop introduction: the ultimate ‘flight’ mechanism to remove susceptible species from co-evolved herbivorous insects and disease by long-distant dispersal. In failing to understand the evolution of monodominance, current agroecological principles are without a solid scientific basis ecologically. There is still an opportunity to revise the current thinking to develop a more ecologically-based form of agroecology.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-08T06:26:57Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231191809
Is agroecology a solution or an agenda'
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  Authors: David Zaruk
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Agroecology is beginning to dominate agricultural policy debates with advocates arguing from within international organisations like the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization and the European Commission that its holistic approach provides the necessary solutions to the challenges facing agriculture today. This paper will analyse agroecology as a concept, a science, a series of farming practices and as a social movement relying on a recent Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy document as a theoretical benchmark. It will ask whether agroecology is a much needed global solution for our food system crisis or a political agenda being imposed on the most vulnerable farming communities. It will conclude with ten points that will argue in favour of the latter.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-08-04T05:49:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231191807
Problems in the linkage among agricultural research, rural extension and
farmers: An international literature review
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  Authors: Fernando Landini, Santiago Conti, Ana Villalba
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  The linkage among agricultural research, rural extension and farmers is key to promoting innovation and development processes. In general, works addressing problems in this linkage usually do so tangentially or from specific case studies. A systematic literature review of articles written in English, Spanish and Portuguese was conducted with the aim of identifying and organising the problems affecting the research-extension-farmer linkage. The identified problems were classified into central problems, and problems related to the institutional and management environments, the resources and staff, the epistemological-ideological structure organising the relationship, and attitudinal and subjective factors. The detected problems make up a complex causal network and cannot be addressed independently. Moreover, since they implicitly shape the interaction among research, extension and farmers, the problems related to formal and informal institutional structures, to the incentive systems and to the ways of understanding innovation have a strong incidence in the dynamics of the different linkages.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-06-14T06:45:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231180900
Native grasses’ potential of providing ecological weed suppression in
rangeland and natural areas: A scoping review
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  Authors: Zhenglin Zhang, Liberty Galvin
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Weedy species invasions are a huge problem in rangeland and natural areas as they degrade the quality and quantity of forage for livestock and reduce biodiversity. Weed suppression using native grasses is an ecologically driven method of weed management, representing an opportunity for low-input and management over long temporal scales if these systems can be successfully established. A systemic literature review was conducted to explore the interactions between native grasses and weeds, and revealed the potential of native grasses to provide a reduction in weed presence through interactions with other biological communities. We proposed the merging of agronomic and breeding techniques with restoration efforts such as using specialized seeding techniques to establish native grasses in these systems. A generalized planning framework for land managers is also presented, emphasizing the consideration of functional traits for competitive advantage against weeds and germplasm availability as the main considerations for species selection. Management strategies that provide advantages to native grasses such as land clearance and strategic disturbances were also discussed. Suppression can occur through a variety of mechanisms including direct competition with weeds, indirect interactions through trophic levels of arthropods and grazers, and human-induced disturbances. From our results, we believe that native grasses can potentially play an important role in efficacious weed suppression if utilized tactfully.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-06-13T06:56:26Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231180902
Concepts of trait diversity – the key to effective IPM for
resilience in arable systems'
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  Authors: Adrian C Newton, Alison J Karley
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  Modern agriculture is perceived to be unsustainable having pursued a high productivity, reductionist approach for many decades. The solution proposed for restoring ‘sustainability’ is often encapsulated in the term ‘diversity’ but this is frequently as ill-defined and open to wide interpretation as the word sustainable. Key to determining whether diversity is ‘the answer’ is defining what diversity means in practice in the field. We attempt to describe the concepts and components of diversity and, crucially, how they might combine and interact in agricultural systems. The key concepts are: (1) complexity, (2) variation, and (3) spatio-temporal interaction, with the latter comprising (a) heterogeneity, (b) spatial connectivity, and (c) temporal connectivity. We suggest that this might lead to new strategies of diversity deployment and an index of resilience, a key ingredient of sustainability. These measures of diversity are explored in the context of crop resistance to pests and pathogens and the potential to maximise the benefits for integrated pest management in arable crops.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-06-13T06:56:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231179749
Use of “demonstration farm” videos to affect attitude change toward
animal welfare on beef, egg, and fish farms in China
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  Authors: Yifei Yang, Tianxu Liu, Danielle Nilsson, Kate Hartcher, Hao-Yu Shih, Zhong-Hong Wu, Zhong-Ying Liu, Michelle Sinclair, Xochitl Samayoa, Kate Henning, Kris Descovich
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  “Demonstration farms” can disseminate knowledge on farming practices and help to promote animal welfare. When on-farm visits are impractical, remote demonstrations are a feasible alternative. This study used videos of higher welfare beef, fish and free-range egg farms in China. It aimed to determine whether the videos affected attitudes and intentions toward animal welfare and whether such videos are useful training tools. Participants indicated a high acceptability of demonstration farm videos for learning about their industry and the needs of animals. Videos shifted participant attitudes toward animal welfare, but only when actively engaged in rating the farm on specific characteristics. Attitude changes suggested participants gained a greater understanding of animal welfare, a greater intention to improve on-farm welfare, and more confidence in peer support for welfare innovations after viewing the video. The findings indicate videos of demonstration farms are useful for remote training but passive viewing may be insufficient to create change, and outcomes should be monitored for success.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-05-19T07:21:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231173137
An innovation systems approach to understanding forage adoption intensity
in the dairy systems of Kenya and Ethiopia
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  Authors: Rosie Morrison, Nils Teufel, Alan Duncan, Andrew Barnes
  Abstract: Outlook on Agriculture, Ahead of Print.
  The adoption of cultivated forages in smallholder dairy systems offers a cost-effective way to increase the productivity of livestock. The Kenyan and Ethiopian governments have both stated an ambition to increase the use of forages in their dairy sectors; however, policies have failed to produce widespread results. Existing research tends to focus on local barriers to forage adoption and not the wider innovation environment. To fill this literature gap, this study uses a Tobit model to analyse village-level data from Kenya and Ethiopia in 2015. A potentially important relationship between milk buyers and forage intensity in Ethiopia, which has not previously been addressed in the literature, is identified. As the Ethiopian government dominates the forage sector, the results of this study indicate that private milk buyers may offer an alternative source of information. In the Kenyan context, this paper finds that informal institutions and farmer-to-farmer information transmission are important in adoption decisions and should be considered when designing extension strategies.
  Citation: Outlook on Agriculture
  PubDate: 2023-05-08T05:51:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/00307270231171712