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IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
Journal Prestige (SJR): 1.377  Citation Impact (citeScore): 5 Number of Followers: 16  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 0885-8969 Published by IEEE  [228 journals]
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- IEEE Power & Energy Society Information
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Pages: C2 - C2
Abstract: null
PubDate: WED, 23 AUG 2023 10:02:45 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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Pages: C4 - C4
Abstract: null
PubDate: WED, 23 AUG 2023 10:02:44 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion Information for Authors
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Pages: C3 - C3
Abstract: null
PubDate: WED, 23 AUG 2023 10:02:43 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Cascade Control of Grid-Connected NPC Converters via Sliding Mode
Technique-
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Authors: Xiaoning Shen;Jianxing Liu;Hao Lin;Yunfei Yin;Abraham Marquez Alcaide;Jose I. Leon;
Pages: 1491 - 1500
Abstract: This paper proposes a two-stage control strategy including an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) and a nonlinear high-gain observer (HGO) for the three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter in dc microgrids. In the outer loop, an ASMC is utilized to regulate the dc-link voltage. By introducing an adapted gain, the tradeoff between the chattering and dynamic performance of the classic sliding mode control is overcome, thus the transient response of the NPC converter can be further enhanced without increasing the chattering. In addition, a nonlinear HGO is cooperated with the ASMC method to reject exogenous disturbance for the NPC converter, which not only assures a high disturbance rejection capacity but also accommodates the inevitable measurement noise in the actual applications. For the inner loop, in consideration of the parameter uncertainty, a high-gain observer-based second-order sliding mode (SOSM) control is adopted to assure the steady state performance and the robustness of the NPC converter. Finally, a set of comparative experimental results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme implemented in the NPC converter. Additionally, the robustness under parameter variation of the proposed method is also validated.
PubDate: WED, 22 FEB 2023 07:51:04 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Proposal of Torque-Correct-by-Construction Optimization Method for Axial
Flux Machines-
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Authors: Hao Zhou;Dieter Gerling;
Pages: 1511 - 1520
Abstract: We propose an innovative optimization method for axial flux machine that keeps the output torque constant in the process of weight reduction. A concept of framework is introduced that provides guidance for optimization design on how to choose and redesign the relevant parameters. Unlike the conventional algorithms that search candidates in sample space, new designs with reduced weight are directly determined by following the developed optimization strategy using two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The torque error is restricted by a maximum allowable error introduced in the framework. A single-sided axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine is used as a starting design. A total of 29 new designs are derived with gradually varying optimization variables. The optimization trend and limit are investigated with respect to the redesigned parameters as well as the resulting weights, which provide an overview for selecting optimal design. At last, the torque of every design is verified by both two-dimensional and three-dimensional FEA. The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated by the result that the weight is significantly and continuously reduced as the independent optimization variable increases while the torque error remains in a small extent.
PubDate: WED, 08 MAR 2023 10:02:06 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Flux Reversal Permanent Magnet Machines With Single-Layer Non-Overlapping
Windings-
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Authors: Hao Hua;Zi-Qiang Zhu;
Pages: 1521 - 1529
Abstract: Single-layer (SL) non-overlapping windings are applied to flux reversal permanent magnet (FPRM) machines, to extend the family of stator-PM machines. The machine topology and operating principle are introduced, and the general rules of symmetrical phase flux-linkages in machines with various slot/pole number combinations are found. The even order coil flux-linkage harmonics can be cancelled in the resultant phase waveforms due to opposite polarities of either magnets or coils. Moreover, based on finite element (FE) analysis, the FRPM machines with different rotor pole numbers, equipped with SL or double-layer (DL) windings, are comprehensively compared. The results reveal that compared to their DL counterparts, the FRPM machines with SL windings (FRPM-SL) exhibit similar torques and iron losses, as well as enhanced flux-weakening and fault-tolerant capabilities due to higher self-inductances but lower mutual-inductances. A pair of FRPM-SL prototype machines are manufactured and tested to validate the predictions.
PubDate: TUE, 17 JAN 2023 10:01:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Effects of Nonlinear MPPT Control and PV Array on Stability Analysis for a
Utility-Scale PV Energy System-
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Authors: Xiaojuan Zhu;Haidong Tao;Kai Liao;Jianwei Yang;Bo Chen;Xiang Hu;Zhengyou He;
Pages: 1530 - 1543
Abstract: Various studies have focused on the stability analysis of PV energy systems. However, the majority of these methods rely on a linearized model around an equilibrium point, which cannot exactly reveal the influence of the nonlinear power controller and PV array on the PV energy system at low frequencies. To conquer this gap, this article contributes to providing intuitive insight into stability analysis and establishing a complete system model including the PV panel, boost converter, DC line, central inverter and AC grid. The describing function (DF) of the nonlinear discontinuous element in PV and the transfer function of the linear elements in the system are derived to determine the system stability. To support the stability hypothesis based on the DF-based stability analysis method, a comparative study in contrast to existing stability analysis methods is provided. The impedance-based method may not be accurate when the division of the ‘source-load’ subsystem is different. The proposed DF method can offer further concluding remarks on MPPT control, the number of PV panels, DC/DC converter, etc. Based on a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) operation, the proposed model is explicitly validated under different constraints, and the influence of control and circuit parameters on system stability are illustrated.
PubDate: FRI, 03 FEB 2023 10:02:54 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Hybrid Controller Assisted Voltage Regulation and Power Splitting
Strategy for Battery/Supercapacitor System in Isolated DC Microgrid-
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Authors: Arunkumar C R;Udaya Bhasker Manthati;
Pages: 1544 - 1553
Abstract: The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) on a direct current (DC) microgrid aims to ensure rapid and accurate dc bus voltage control. However, the conventional control approaches are challenging to implement with minimal setting time and overshoot, which can cause significant variations in dc bus voltage. The PI controllers used in traditional techniques add an extra lag to the control loop and increase the difficulty of parameter tuning. Additionally, using a power splitting scheme based on a traditional first-order low-pass filter (LPF) delays the control loop and slows down system dynamics. To address this issue, a hybrid control strategy that employs a proportional-integral controller for dc bus voltage control and a simple prediction control for duty calculation is proposed in this work. An improved power splitting scheme is incorporated for HESS, which reduces the effect of LPF on the battery current reference calculation and enhances the dynamics of the dc microgrid. Furthermore, a voltage regulation loop is added to guarantee the charging of the SC without affecting the dc microgrid operation. The proposed method is validated through detailed simulation and experimental studies that show improved dc bus voltage control and HESS power-sharing.
PubDate: TUE, 25 APR 2023 10:02:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Impact of Voltage-Loop Feedforward Terms on the Stability of Grid-Forming
Inverters and Remedial Actions-
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Authors: Mohammad Hasan Ravanji;Dayan B. Rathnayake;Milad Zarif Mansour;Behrooz Bahrani;
Pages: 1554 - 1565
Abstract: This paper reveals the impact of voltage control loop feedforward terms on the stability of grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) connected to a grid. By deriving a mathematical model, this paper shows that unless the GFMI current control loop is fast enough, the feedforward terms in the voltage control loop may threaten the GFMI small-signal stability. To this end, a necessary and sufficient condition for GFMI stability is proposed, provided that the grid impedance at the point of connection is known. Furthermore, two easy-to-implement yet effective remedial actions are proposed to enhance stability. Aiming to preserve the control structure, the first remedial action re-tunes the voltage controller to satisfy the obtained stability condition, while the second remedial action incorporates simple gains to attenuate the feedforward terms. Moreover, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the second remedial action, the obtained necessary and sufficient stability condition is modified to include the proposed attenuation gain. Eventually, the accuracy of the stability analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed remedial actions are evaluated in simulation and experiment.
PubDate: MON, 20 FEB 2023 10:42:35 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Thrust Ripple Suppression Based on Negative Current Control for
Short-Primary Low-Speed Large LIM Under Transient Operation-
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Authors: Xingfa Sun;Jin Xu;Junjie Zhu;Wei Xu;
Pages: 1566 - 1575
Abstract: End effect of linear induction motor (LIM) leads to magnetic asymmetry and thrust ripple, which seriously restricts the performance and application of LIM. Existing methods for thrust ripple modeling and compensating have mostly focused on the steady state, which suffer from poor transient performance. Moreover, the influence of asymmetric currents on output thrust is not considered. In this paper, the thrust ripple characteristics and impact factors of a low-speed large LIM with negligible dynamic longitudinal end effect are analyzed in details, firstly. Then, a data-driven extracting and modeling method for transient thrust ripple is proposed. The non-stationary time-varying thrust ripple signal is extracted through wavelet decomposition and reconstruction, the polynomial parameters of thrust ripple model are trained off-line by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, an improved suppressing scheme for transient thrust ripple is proposed, considering the decoupling and feedback control of positive and negative currents, based on the dynamic model of six-phase LIM. Full-scale experimental results have fully demonstrated the accuracy of proposed data-driven transient thrust ripple model is more than 90%. During the high-thrust operating stage, the axial vibration acceleration level of LIM within 100 Hz is reduced by more than 12 dB, with the adoption of improved control scheme.
PubDate: TUE, 31 JAN 2023 10:05:41 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Metaheuristics Assisted Efficiency Maximizing Flexible Power Point
Tracking of a Photovoltaic Array Under the Partial Shading-
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Authors: Vinay Kumar Kolakaluri;Mohammad Nair Aalam;Vaskar Sarkar;
Pages: 1576 - 1588
Abstract: The vast installation of the photovoltaic (PV) plants has necessitated bringing more flexibility to the PV power generation instead of the simple maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Certain flexible power point tracking (FPPT) techniques have already emerged to operate the PV array not only at the maximum power point (MPP) but also below the MPP. Similarly to the MPPT, the FPPT also needs special control techniques to operate under the partial shading condition. Apart from the local peak blockage problem, there is an issue of solution multiplicity in the FPPT. As there may be multiple equilibrium points for a specific power level, a procedure is needed to dynamically select the equilibrium at the highest voltage level so that the thermal stress on semiconductor devices can be minimized by maximizing the power conversion efficiency. The present work is undertaken to meet the particular objective. A metaheuristics assisted efficiency maximizing (MAEM) control algorithm is suggested to attain the desired power regulation under partial shading. A specific implementation of the MAEM control is shown for a two-stage PV system with due consideration for the duty ratio quantization effect. The proposed MAEM-FPPT control technique is thoroughly verified via both MATLAB simulations and practical experimentation.
PubDate: FRI, 10 MAR 2023 10:01:36 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Magnetizing Current Injection Based Push-Pull Dual Active Bridge Converter
With Optimized Control to Achieve Full Load Range ZVS for the Distributed
Generation System-
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Authors: Guo Xu;Yaohui Qu;Liting Li;Wenjing Xiong;Ziqing Xia;Yao Sun;Mei Su;
Pages: 1589 - 1601
Abstract: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the distributed generation system is an approach worth investigating. With fewer switches, the push-pull circuits are suited for low-voltage and high-current applications, such as the distributed generation system. In this paper, a modified push-pull dual active bridge (PPDAB) dc-dc converter and its optimized control are proposed to achieve full load range zero voltage switching (ZVS). Considering the switch junction capacitors, the added current is injected by the magnetizing inductance to achieve full load range ZVS. Based on the RMS value of transformer current, the optimized control strategy is proposed to enhance the system efficiency with the precondition of achieving full load range ZVS of all switches. The working principles, ZVS region analysis, and design of key parameters are discussed in detail. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method for the PPDAB converter is verified by the results of a laboratory prototype.
PubDate: TUE, 14 MAR 2023 10:02:19 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Voltage Detection-Based Selective Harmonic Current Compensation Strategies
for Photovoltaic Inverters-
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Authors: João Marcus S. Callegari;André L. P. de Oliveira;Lucas S. Xavier;Allan F. Cupertino;Danilo I. Brandao;Heverton A. Pereira;
Pages: 1602 - 1613
Abstract: Voltage and current detection-based harmonic current compensation (VDB-HCC and CDB-HCC, respectively) strategies allow the use of photovoltaic (PV) inverters to enhance the grid power quality. CDB-HCC strategies require converter hardware retrofit by inserting an extra current sensor to measure load or downstream grid currents. On the other hand, VDB-HCC strategies are straightforward solutions employing only embedded measurements used for protection, control, and synchronization purposes. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of three VDB-HCC strategies: VDB-HCC based on a single current loop (SCL); VDB-HCC based on dual parallel current control loops (DCL); and VDB-HCC based on parallel voltage and current control loops (VCL). The comparison includes the requirement of harmonic detection algorithms, PV array maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance, stability over grid impedance variations and inverter power rating, steady-state harmonic compensation, enabling transient response, and computational burden. Experimental results using a 1.5-kW commercial PV inverter are conducted. Based on distributed HCC applications by PV systems, VCL has shown the best performance in terms of voltage distortion reduction under weak grids.
PubDate: FRI, 20 JAN 2023 10:01:37 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Driving Cycle Design Optimization of Less-Rare-Earth PM Motor Using
Dimension Reduction Method-
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Authors: Deyang Fan;Xiaoyong Zhu;Li Quan;Peng Han;Zixuan Xiang;Jiqi Wu;
Pages: 1614 - 1625
Abstract: In this paper, a driving cycle design optimization approach using the dimension reduction method is proposed for a less-rare-earth permanent magnet (LRE-PM) motor. In order to improve the efficiency of driving cycle optimization, the k-means clustering method, sensitivity analysis, and principal component analysis are utilized to reduce the dimensions of operating points, design parameters, and optimization objectives respectively. Furthermore, based on multi-objective genetic algorithm, improved motor performances of the whole driving cycle can be realized, including relatively high output torque, low torque ripple, low motor loss, and high demagnetization withstand capability. In addition, motor performances over the driving cycle before and after optimization are compared in detail. Finally, a prototype motor is built and tested. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that motor performances can be improved efficiently and comprehensively, which provides a potential research path for high-efficiency driving cycle optimization.
PubDate: FRI, 24 MAR 2023 10:01:56 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Effects of Price Range Variation on Optimal Sizing and Energy Management
Performance of a Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicle-
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Authors: Alvaro Macias Fernandez;Mohsen Kandidayeni;Loïc Boulon;João P. Trovão;
Pages: 1626 - 1638
Abstract: The usage of multi-objective cost functions (MOCFs) in sizing and energy management strategy (EMS) of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) has expanded due to the participation of multiple technological and economic disciplines. To better understand the impact of price fluctuation on the component size and EMS of an FCHEV, this article proposed a sensitivity analysis methodology. First, a two-step optimization approach that considers hydrogen consumption, system degradation, and trip cost is used to minimize a MOCF of the Can-Am Spyder electric motorcycle simulator. Then, an effect analysis is carried out for the cost-optimal results under two driving profiles to understand the link between cost variation and system performance. These simulations indicate that each might result in different system sizes and EMS compromise. After that, an online optimization EMS based on sequential quadratic programming is used on a reduced-scale hardware-in-the-loop configuration to evaluate the simulation results with varied weights. Experimental results indicate that when an adequate size is used for each pair of weights, the EMS results in a 6% decrease in the trip cost.
PubDate: TUE, 31 JAN 2023 10:05:41 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Dynamic Interaction Analysis and Damping Control Strategy of Hybrid System
With Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Control Modes-
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Authors: Peng Sun;Hao Xu;Jun Yao;Yongning Chi;Sen Huang;Junying Cao;
Pages: 1639 - 1649
Abstract: The dynamic behavior of converters with different synchronous control modes is significantly different. Therefore, the renewable energy grid-connected system cannot be equivalent as the same type of power electronics equipment. There are dynamic interactions among the multiple time scale controllers of each equipment, which may lead to the small signal instability of the hybrid system. In this paper, a hybrid grid-connected system with phase-locked loop (PLL) controlled doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and virtual synchronous generator (VSG) controlled converter is studied. On the basis of the open-loop modal resonance theory, the mechanism of small signal instability of hybrid system is revealed from the perspective of mode interaction. Furthermore, a design method of additional damping controller is proposed based on normal matrix, which can achieve the minimum eigenvalue sensitivity of the hybrid system and avoid the interaction between different control loops. Finally, a hybrid system including a grid-forming VSG system and a grid-following DFIG wind farm is investigated in this paper. The correctness and effectiveness of interaction analysis and damping control strategy are confirmed by the results of modal analysis and simulation.
PubDate: MON, 27 FEB 2023 10:10:56 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Design of a High–Efficient IPT System for Battery Charging Under
CP-CV Charging Scenarios-
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Authors: Sina Bajelvand;Ali Yazdian Varjani;Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh;Amir Babaki;
Pages: 1650 - 1658
Abstract: Maintaining high efficiency and controlling output voltage with variable load is challenging for inductive power transfer (IPT) based battery charging systems. In addition, choosing the proper charging scenarios simultaneously with the battery's equivalent load variation significantly improves the charging rate. This paper proposes a semi-active rectifier (SAR) battery charging system on the basis of a series-series resonant IPT system using constant-power (CP) and constant-voltage (CV) charging modes. A novel control approach based on the adaptive selection of the operating frequency of IPT and the conduction angle of the SAR is used to achieve high efficiency in CP-CV modes. The inverter and the SAR are both capable of soft switching. Furthermore, considering the same maximum power in CP and constant-current (CC) modes, the CP mode offers more charging rate with less destructive effects. The proposed control strategy has been simulated, and a prototype system is implemented to show the high-efficiency performance of the system during CP-CV modes.
PubDate: WED, 25 JAN 2023 10:01:25 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Electromagnetic Characteristics Analysis and Torque Ripple Reduction for
Doubly Salient PM Machine-
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Authors: He Cheng;Jizhen Cui;Cheng Peng;Jinlong Chu;Jianping Zhou;Zongbin Ye;
Pages: 1659 - 1668
Abstract: In this paper, the air-gap field modulation analysis and torque ripple reduction method for doubly salient permanent magnet motor (DSPMM) are presented. Based on the flux linkage distributions in the motor, the equivalent magnetic circuit models for permanent magnet (PM) and armature winding excitations are built, respectively. The air-gap magnetomotive forces (MMFs) caused by PM MMF and armature MMF can be obtained by combining the air-gap permeance and equivalent magnetic circuit models. The electromagnetic properties of the DSPMM are investigated from the perspective of air-gap field modulation principle. It is revealed that multiple field harmonics contribute to torque generation, and the torque ripples of the DSPMM are mainly caused by the cogging torque. To reduce the torque ripples, the 5th or 7th harmonic currents can be injected into the armature winding to compensate the cogging torque, and their analytical formulas will also be given. The finite element simulations and experiments are carried out to verify the results of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
PubDate: THU, 26 JAN 2023 10:02:43 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Exact THD Calculations Applied to Minimize Space Harmonic Content of
Winding and Rotor Magnetic Fields-
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Authors: Nanjun Tang;Ian P. Brown;
Pages: 1669 - 1678
Abstract: As a metric for measuring the combined space harmonic content of electric machine winding magnetomotive force (MMF), the winding total harmonic distortion (THD) is defined with an infinite series. Without truncation, the exact THD can be evaluated via a “family grouping” facilitated by a “family sum” over the fewest possible winding factors. Uniformly applicable to distributed windings and fractional-slot concentrated windings (FSCWs), this procedure also explains the inherent difference in harmonic content between both winding categories. Furthermore, the minimal THD (mTHD) that can be achieved by optimizing a winding is revealed with a closed-form expression. While intended for windings, the mTHD concept also benefits the design of low harmonic content rotor magnetic fields. Examples of both winding and rotor mTHD designs are provided.
PubDate: TUE, 14 MAR 2023 10:02:19 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Current Fault Tolerance Control Strategy for 3-Phase Switched Reluctance
Motor Combined With Position Signal Reconstruction-
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Authors: Xiaodong Sun;Yiliang Zhu;Yingfeng Cai;Yefei Xiong;Ming Yao;Chaochun Yuan;
Pages: 1679 - 1690
Abstract: In this paper, a fault-tolerant control method for switched reluctance motors is proposed for the faults of power converters that occur during the operation of switched reluctance motors. The method combines position reconstruction strategies based on fault tolerant control. The fault detection scheme can accurately determine the faults component and faults type, and then and then maintain the motor drive through the current reconstruction. The position reconstruction scheme improves the traditional inductance detection method, which can improve the situation that the position signal fault leads to the current reconstruction fault. In addition, this paper sets constraints on the reconstruction of position signals to enhance the stability and robustness of position signals. Finally, the stability of the proposed method is verified by experiments.
PubDate: WED, 25 JAN 2023 10:01:25 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Comparative Investigation on Peak Current Solution Methods for
Lithium-Ion Battery Peak Power Capability Prediction-
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Authors: Xiaodong Sun;Yunfei Cao;Linfeng Zheng;Jufeng Yang;Naixi Xu;Qi Chen;
Pages: 1691 - 1700
Abstract: Accurate battery peak power capability prediction plays an essential role in improving the safety and efficiency of battery operations. The end of battery charge or discharge is caused by depleted or saturated surface lithium-ion concentrations of electrode solid particles to avoid damaging side reactions. Precise battery peak power capability prediction necessitates a high-fidelity electrochemical model (EM) that accurately depicts dynamic changes of lithium-ion concentrations inside a battery. One of the critical challenges to apply battery EMs for peak power prediction is how to accurately solve the peak charge and discharge currents from a set of complex model equations. To address the issue, this paper mainly investigates four different peak current solution algorithms, including bisection method, genetic algorithm method, particle swarm optimization method, and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) method for battery EM-based peak power prediction. The dependences of the prediction results using different current solution methods on the predictive time horizon and ambient temperature are validated. Their performance in terms of prediction accuracy, computational speed, complexity, convergence rate, and random-access memory are also evaluated. Among these peak current solution methods, the GWO method is proven to have a better performance in convergence rate and computing time while maintaining high prediction accuracy.
PubDate: WED, 15 MAR 2023 10:01:29 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Motor Integrated Rotating Permanent Magnet Based Electrodynamic Suspension
Device: Part I— Concept and Comparison-
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Authors: Amarkumar Kushwaha;Naveen Endla;B. G. Fernandes;
Pages: 1701 - 1714
Abstract: In this article, an integrated motor concept is proposed for a cylindrical Halbach array based electrodynamic suspension (EDS) device, also referred as electrodynamic wheel (EDW) in literature. Conventionally, the EDW is rotated using a separate drive motor. In this article, it is proposed to integrate the driving motor into the EDW and also utilize its magnets for the field of the motor. This proposed design is termed as coupled topology because same magnets are used for EDS as well as motoring purpose. Design modifications are proposed in the existing EDW arrangement to realize the integration. This integration results in a device with two electromagnetic interactions in two airgaps. These interactions are affected to different degree by the 3D edge-effects, and are incorporated during design. A design framework, based on multi-objective optimization, is proposed to carry out a fair comparison between the proposed coupled topology and the decoupled topology, where separate magnets are used for EDS and motoring. The use of proposed approach results in a compact design with improved magnet utilization, and also offers better energy conversion efficiency in comparison to decoupled topology.
PubDate: TUE, 25 APR 2023 10:02:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Motor Integrated Rotating Permanent Magnet Based Electrodynamic Suspension
Device: Part II— Investigation of Coupled Topology-
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Authors: Amarkumar Kushwaha;Naveen Endla;B. G. Fernandes;
Pages: 1715 - 1726
Abstract: This article discusses the operational aspects of a 12-slot/10-pole, coupled motor integrated electrodynamic wheel (MIEDW), proposed in Part-I of the two companion articles. MIEDW is a compact arrangement for realizing contact-less force/torque transmission using principle of electrodynamic suspension (EDS). In this machine, the EDS and the integrated motor components are magnetically coupled. Due to this, EDS conditions affect the motor operating conditions. The motor airgap field distribution becomes asymmetric. This results in unbalanced flux-linkages among the phases of the motor. This unbalance is investigated in detail using 2D finite element analysis, and its effect on the terminal quantities is presented. A brief discussion on practical realization of the MIEDW is provided, corroborated with structure simulations. It is found that the rotor having cage structure to retain the magnets is electromagnetically and structurally superior to the rotor with shell type structure, for the same physical clearance. Using cage rotor structure with block-shaped magnets, a proof-of-concept prototype is developed to verify the operation of the proposed topology and validate the finite element analysis simulation models used in both the articles. Additionally, the experimental verification of the asymmetric airgap field distribution in the presence of plate is also provided.
PubDate: TUE, 25 APR 2023 10:02:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- An Open-Circuit Fault Detection Method of PMSM Fed by Dual Inverter With
High Robustness-
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Authors: Chunyang Jiang;Hongchen Liu;Patrick Wheeler;Fengjiang Wu;Ju Huo;
Pages: 1727 - 1737
Abstract: Power semiconductor is one of the most fragile components in the drive system of electric vehicles. In order to diagnose the failure timely, this paper proposes a diagnosis method of the open-circuit fault for open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) fed by dual inverter with a single dc source. The OEW- PMSM can improve the speed range and tolerance capacity of driving systems. However, the open-circuit fault diagnosis methods for Y-connected PMSMs cannot judge the faulty switch because of the symmetry of the dual inverter structure. The first step of the proposed method is to detect the faulty switch combinations by the error of normalized average value and average value of the zero-sequence reference voltage. The next step is to judge the faulty switch from a certain fault combination. The experimental results show that the open-circuit fault can be diagnosed accurately.
PubDate: THU, 30 MAR 2023 10:01:47 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Performance Analysis of Outer Rotor Multi-Tooth Biased Flux Permanent
Magnet Motors-
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Authors: Mohammad Amirkhani;Mohammad Ali Ghanbari;Mohammad Amin Jalali Kondelaji;Mojtaba Mirsalim;Amir Khorsandi;
Pages: 1738 - 1752
Abstract: This paper proposes two biased flux permanent magnet (BFPM) motors in which the torque ripple issue of conventional doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) motor, as its predecessor, is greatly suppressed and the torque density of the BFPM structures has been improved. The permanent magnets (PMs) are positioned where they are easily accessible for an even better temperature management compared to other stator-PM structures. The second structure utilizes the available space between stator poles in which two sets of PMs are embedded between stator modules. This increases the torque density even more. The operation principles of these two structures are deeply discussed by identifying working harmonics of each flux source and then evaluated by the finite element method (FEM). An analytical procedure by deriving sizing equations of the structures is introduced and the effect of different design parameters on the electromagnetic performance is comprehensively studied. The performances of the structures are analysed by FEM. To better evaluate the superiority of the proposed structures, a demagnetization analysis is conducted and it is shown that even in high temperatures, the performance degradation of the proposed structures is much lower compared to other stator-PM structures. Finally, the proposed structures are prototyped to verify the simulation results.
PubDate: MON, 30 JAN 2023 10:11:53 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of a Field-Modulated Permanent Magnet
Motor Using Improved Hybrid Subdomain Method-
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Authors: Jinpeng Liu;Xianglin Li;Bo Yan;Wei Hua;Xiuhe Wang;
Pages: 1753 - 1766
Abstract: The hybrid subdomain method (HSDM) combining conventional SDM with equivalent magnetic network has been proved to be a qualified approach to field prediction. However, this method still suffers two issues: first, the saturation effect of stator core is considered but that of rotor core is ignored, thus causing no-accuracy calculation; second, the mathematical complexity is inevitable due to adoption of virtual line-current density as extra interface conditions. This work is to develop an improved HSDM (IHSDM) for accurately and efficiently predicting the electromagnetic performance of a field-modulated permanent-magnet motor. The key of the proposed IHSDM is to fully consider magnetic saturation inside both stator and rotor cores. More importantly, the replacement of virtual-line current density by virtual-surface magnetization and current density makes interface conditions as simple as the SDM. The quantitative comparisons with conventional HSDM and FEA are conducted and the prototyping tests are also performed. It shows that the proposed IHSDM has lower time consumption and occupied memory, and electromagnetic quantities have about two times more accuracy than conventional HSDM. Additionally, a dynamic calculation is achieved by the IHSDM and verified by FEA.
PubDate: TUE, 07 MAR 2023 10:12:27 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Simultaneous Identification of Inverter and Machine Nonlinearities for
Self-Commissioning of Electrical Synchronous Machine Drives-
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Authors: Simon Wiedemann;Christoph Michael Hackl;
Pages: 1767 - 1780
Abstract: The proposed identification method allows for a simultaneous estimation of nonlinear output voltage deviations in voltage source inverters (VSIs) and nonlinear synchronous machine models. Based on the identified characteristics with the help of physically inspired structured artificial neural networks (ANNs), an efficient tuning of the current control system can be performed and the nonlinear voltage deviations caused by parasitic effects and dead-time distortions can be accurately compensated for. The identification is performed without position sensor while the rotor is mechanically locked by utilising measured phase currents and reference machine voltages only. Experiments for an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) and a reluctance synchronous machine (RSM) show that the proposed method is capable of identifying the current dependent self-axis and cross-axis flux linkages, differential inductances and the nonlinear VSI voltage deviations as well as the phase resistance at the same time. The proposed method is fast and generic. Besides the rated machine current, voltage and frequency, no prior system knowledge is required making it applicable for the self-commissioning of any electrical synchronous machine drive.
PubDate: THU, 30 MAR 2023 10:01:47 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Development and Optimization of a Mechanically Robust Novel Rotor Topology
for Very-High-Speed IPMSMs-
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Authors: Guoyu Chu;Rukmi Dutta;Dan Xiao;John E. Fletcher;Muhammed F. Rahman;
Pages: 1781 - 1792
Abstract: Due to the trade-off between rotor mechanical strength and magnetic leakage, the high-speed capability of interior permanent magnet machines (IPMSM) is severely limited. This paper proposes a novel rotor topology capable of delivering 5 kW at 100,000 rpm using commercialized electrical steel laminations. By implementing the mechanical analysis in an iterative evolution process, two promising new topologies were developed. The first topology uses smooth compound curves (CC) to minimize the stress concentration and will be referred to as CC-type; the second topology is developed based on the CC-type with the aim to strengthen the structure further using the concept of a double-tied arch bridge (DAB) and referred as the DAB-type henceforward. After comparing the designs obtained from a detailed multiphysics optimization process, the DAB-type design was found to outperform the CC-type in all aspects, especially the mechanical robustness. This design was selected for experimental verification and a prototype was constructed. The mechanical and electromagnetic performances of the design were fully verified experimentally. The DAB-type prototype has achieved 2.31 × 105 rpm√kW, which is 1.5 times higher than other laminated rotor high-speed IPMSM designs found in the literature.
PubDate: FRI, 17 MAR 2023 10:01:51 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- An Adaptive Delay Compensated Position Sensorless PMBLDC Motor Drive With
Regenerative Braking for LEV Application-
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Authors: Biswajit Saha;Bhim Singh;
Pages: 1793 - 1802
Abstract: This paper deals with a new terminal voltage-based rotor position sensorless algorithm of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor with adaptive phase angle compensation along with regenerative braking technique for light electric vehicle (LEV) application. Removal of Hall-Effect sensors from PMBLDC motor reduces the circuit complexity and makes the motor drive system robust and compact. Back EMF based position estimation of PMBLDC motor suffers poor accuracy at low speed. In this paper, position sensorless operation is achieved at very low speed below 100rpm. Position estimation of PMBLDC motor suffers with commutation error due to several factors like non-ideal back EMF, lowpass filter used, unbalanced DC bus voltage etc. An adaptive phase angle compensation strategy is developed to mitigate this issue, considering a generalized nonideal commutation case. This method is suitable for compensation of commutation error during variable speeds over a wide speed range, which is required for EV application. Moreover, the compensation method works with motor parameters variation as well. The proposed drive topology extends the vehicle's driving range with solar PV integration and energy regeneration algorithm. The system is simulated and experimentally validated in real case scenarios.
PubDate: THU, 20 APR 2023 10:06:28 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Efficiency Optimization and Resilience Improvement in Wireless Motor
System With Flexible DC-Link Voltage Regulation-
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Authors: Yu Chen;Chun Gan;Haochen Shi;Kai Ni;Ronghai Qu;
Pages: 1803 - 1814
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel dc-link voltage regulation (DCVR) strategy for the series-series compensated wireless motor (SSWM) system. The steady-state voltage control is presented to optimize the system efficiency and the feedforward voltage boost control is proposed to improve system resilience. The rated capacity identification (RCI) scheme is proposed to design proper parameters for the SSWM system. To achieve steady-state voltage control, the system efficiency characteristic is analyzed in detail and the efficiency optimization can be achieved without an auxiliary dc/dc converter. The influence of impedance matching, the power capacity of the system, and overmodulation of the motor drive are all investigated. Then, the dynamic model of the system is established to analyze the stability of dc-link voltage. In the proposed feedforward voltage boost control, the dc-link voltage is boosted according to the motor operation state to increase the instantaneous power capacity. The dc-link voltage stability is improved and the system resilience is enhanced against power disturbance. Besides, at the end of the acceleration process, the dc-link voltage is smoothly adjusted to the optimal dc-link voltage. The effectiveness of the proposed RCI scheme and DCVR strategy is verified by experiments on a three-phase wireless permanent magnet synchronous motor platform.
PubDate: TUE, 28 FEB 2023 10:04:33 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- 3D Hybrid Segmented Layer Modeling of On-Load Magnetic Fields and Torques
for Coreless Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor-
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Authors: Jae Hyun Kim;Yoon Sik Kwon;Sangmin Lee;Bo Min Kang;Jeong Min Park;Jong Min Sung;Jun Young Yoon;
Pages: 1815 - 1826
Abstract: This paper presents a novel 3-dimensional hybrid segmented layer model (3D HSLM) for coreless axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous motors (AFPMSMs). In the proposed 3D HSLM, the magnetic field sources are divided into the PM array and current-driven electro-magnets, which are captured by the combination of the magnetic scalar potential and vector potential models. This paper proposes a geometry function and cylindrical harmonic index modulation functions in order to correctly capture the curvature effect by the PMs and coils with arbitrary shapes and also the radial edge effect from the finite lengths of the rotor and the stator. The proposed modeling method also enables accurate estimation of the motor characteristics on the on-load conditions using the magnetic vector potential model. The fidelity of the proposed 3D HSLM is validated against the equivalent FEM models for various cases with different PM and coil shapes, in terms of the airgap magnetic fields, motor torque, and flux linkage. The comparison results show that the proposed 3D HSLM yields a modeling accuracy of more than 98 % while significantly reducing the calculation time by two orders of magnitude as compared to the FEM models.
PubDate: FRI, 27 JAN 2023 10:03:27 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Modified Vector Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model for the Design of
Hysteresis Devices-
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Authors: Jinqiao Chen;Huidong Shang;Dong Xia;Shuang Wang;Tao Peng;Chunyan Zang;
Pages: 1827 - 1835
Abstract: In this paper, a modified vector Jiles-Atherton (JA) model is proposed to simulate permanent magnet materials. Two correction coefficients related to the maximum magnetic flux density are introduced to improve the accuracy of the vector JA model in the simulation of the minor hysteresis loops. Hook-Jeeves direct search algorithm is used to identify the correction coefficients in the modified vector JA model. The hysteresis curves of an isotropic FeCrCo are measured, which show that the simulation accuracy of the modified approach is greatly improved. FEM A single-side axial permanent magnet hysteresis damper is modeled by the finite element method (FEM) and is designed to verify the reliability of the modified model. The results of the experiment and simulation agree well, which means that the modified vector JA model has better accuracy than the basic approach in the analysis and design of hysteresis devices.
PubDate: TUE, 07 FEB 2023 10:04:49 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
-
- Storage System Design for Improved Primary Frequency Control From
Hydropower Units-
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Authors: Danilo Laban;Per Norrlund;Urban Lundin;
Pages: 1836 - 1844
Abstract: The upcoming modifications to the criteria for providing Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) in the Nordic synchronous area present severe challenges for some hydropower units. By quantifying the difference between the required FCR power response and the actual response provided by the unit, an additional power response from an energy storage system can be specified to augment the hydropower unit, thus securing its participation in FCR in the future. A practical method to control the storage system, by applying a band-pass filter on the negative frequency deviation, is presented in this paper. The method is verified using a set of field measurements from Swedish hydropower units currently providing FCR. It is found that all tested units are able to satisfy the upcoming criteria with the specified storage systems. The optimality of the method is discussed by comparing the storage system power and energy ratings to the theoretical minimum. Obtained power ratings between 3% and 24% of the FCR power, combined with a short storage system duration of up to 2.5 minutes, indicate that the method presents a possible application for high-power and low-energy storage technologies.
PubDate: MON, 24 APR 2023 10:10:19 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
-
- Non-Intrusive Efficiency Estimation of Inverter-Fed Induction Motors
-
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Authors: Mathews Chirindo;John Mushenya;Mohamed A. Khan;Paul S. Barendse;
Pages: 1845 - 1854
Abstract: The use of inverter supplies over sinusoidal supplies for induction motors is growing considerably. Inverter supplies enable effective and robust control of induction motors in many automated systems. However, this benefit features at the expense of additional harmonic motor losses due to pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltages and currents produced by inverter supplies. The quantification of these additional harmonic losses and the estimation of efficiency in a non-intrusive manner can be quite challenging. This paper proposes a non-intrusive efficiency estimation technique for inverter–fed induction motors that is based on harmonic regression analysis, harmonic equivalent circuit parameter estimation and harmonic loss analysis using limited measured data. The efficiency results from the proposed technique are comparable to those obtained using the IEC 60034-2-3 Standard up to 1% accuracy when tested on three different inverter-fed motors at different loads
PubDate: FRI, 03 FEB 2023 10:02:54 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
-
- Capturing Energy From Power Transmission Lines Galloping and Self-Powered
Sensing of Galloping State Through a Rotary Structural Electromagnetic
Energy Harvester-
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Authors: Sihang Gao;Xisong Zeng;Jiajun Li;Shaoxuan Feng;Yiduo Chen;
Pages: 1855 - 1867
Abstract: This paper was characterized of capturing vibration energy from transmission lines galloping based on electromagnetic generator (EMG) and the joint utilization thereof to assessment of galloping state. An EMG based on the rotary structure of stator and rotor was proposed oriented to the structural features of transmission lines, and the design parameters were optimized to enhance the output through finite element simulation. The output performance of EMG was conducted on the linear motor testing platform, the output of EMG under the conductor galloping conditions reached 0.16 to 3.01 V and 0.96 to 14.46 mA, respectively, the maximum power of EMG through power management circuit reached 0.12 to 12.81 mW from the vibration frequency of 0.5 to 2.5 Hz. The feasibility of EMG was well validated on the conductor galloping testing platform, the maximum power through power management circuit reached 1.47 to 13.51 mW from the vibration frequency of 0.7 to 2.8 Hz, and the conductor galloping state can be preliminarily judged according to the proposed peak value analysis, validating that the proposed EMG has great potential application for energy harvesting of conductor galloping for low-power electronic appliances and the evaluation of conductor galloping state.
PubDate: FRI, 17 FEB 2023 10:04:48 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
-
- Decentralized and Coordinated V-f Control for Islanded Microgrids
Considering DER Inadequacy and Demand Control-
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Authors: Buxin She;Fangxing Li;Hantao Cui;Jinning Wang;Liang Min;Oroghene Oboreh-Snapps;Rui Bo;
Pages: 1868 - 1880
Abstract: This paper proposes a decentralized and coordinated voltage and frequency (V-f) control framework for islanded microgrids, with full consideration of the limited capacity of distributed energy resources (DERs) and V-f dependent load. First, the concept of DER inadequacy is illustrated with the challenges it poses. Then, a decentralized and coordinated control framework is proposed to regulate the output of inverter-based generations and reallocate limited DER capacity for V-f control. The control framework is composed of a power regulator and a V-f regulator, which generates the supplementary signals for the primary controller. The power regulator regulates the output of grid-forming inverters according to the real-time capacity constraints of DERs, while the V-f regulator improves the V-f deviation by leveraging the load sensitivity to V-f. Next, the static feasibility and small signal stability of the proposed method are rigorously proven through mathematical formulation and eigenvalue analysis. Finally, a MATLAB-Simulink simulation demonstrates the functionalities of the control framework. A few goals are fulfilled within the decentralized and coordinated framework, such as making the best use of limited DERs’ capacity, enhancing the DC side stability of inverter-based generations, and reducing involuntary load shedding.
PubDate: TUE, 21 MAR 2023 10:03:05 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Emulation of IEEE STD 421.5/Industrial Excitation Systems Using a
Micro-Alternator's Exciter-
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Authors: Tanmay Mishra;Gurunath Gurrala;
Pages: 1881 - 1892
Abstract: Micro-alternators, having similar parameters as turbo-alternators, play a significant role in the experimental evaluation of power system dynamics. Early thyristor excitation systems of micro-alternators have limited re-configurable options. Three possible control structures, two closed-loop control structures proposed in the literature and one open-loop control structure proposed in this paper, including a time constant regulator to mimic large machine time constants, are evaluated to emulate any IEEE 421.5 standard excitation system model or interface an industrial excitation system controller hardware in the loop (CHIL). It is shown that the communication delay introduced in CHIL does not impact the closed-loop stability within the bandwidth requirements of the excitation systems. One of the closed-loop structures, which is more generalized, and the open-loop structure performances are compared for emulating IEEE AC4C, DC1C, and ST1C excitation systems on a laboratory micro-machine based single machine infinite bus test system with buck exciter and H-bridge chopper (HBC) exciter using EMTP simulations under small and large disturbances. HBC exciter is used in the experimental validation with both the closed-loop and the open-loop control structures. The proposed open-loop structure is easy to implement and performs better than the closed-loop structure.
PubDate: MON, 03 APR 2023 10:04:47 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Analysis and Experimental Verification of the Tangential Force Effect on
Electromagnetic Vibration of PM Motor-
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Authors: Jianfeng Hong;Lin Gui;Junci Cao;
Pages: 1893 - 1902
Abstract: In traditional analysis, several studies have discussed the vibration behavior of electric machines from the point of view of radial force. With the increasingly strict vibroacoustic index, the tangential force effects on the vibration are analyzed and investigated, and it shows the contribution of tangential force on electromagnetic vibration cannot be ignored. However, these studies are based mainly on finite element multi-physics models, and experiments are not conducted. Furthermore, the mechanism of tangential force is not clearly explained. In this paper, a special motor stator structure is proposed to explore the effect of tangential force on vibration. First, the analytical calculation of the tangential force and the tangential effect on motor vibration are described. Next, the Theorem of Translation of A Force is introduced to convert the effective tangential tooth force to a radial force couple acting on the stator yoke. Then, a novel motor stator is proposed to investigate the vibration characteristics caused only by tangential force, and the simulation is analyzed. Finally, a vibration test of the prototype is conducted and the result shows the tangential force can induce the radial vibration with corresponding order.
PubDate: TUE, 31 JAN 2023 10:05:41 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Stator Internal Short-Circuit Fault Protection Method for
Turbo-Generator Based on Instantaneous Power Oscillation Ratio-
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Authors: Jian Qiao;Xianggen Yin;Yikai Wang;Qinghui Lu;Liming Tan;Lingjin Zhu;
Pages: 1903 - 1912
Abstract: For large turbo-generators, the longitudinal differential protection can only reflect the stator internal inter-phase short-circuit fault, and cannot reflect the inter-turn short-circuit fault. The protection methods for inter-turn short-circuit faults have the problem of low sensitivity, such as the longitudinal zero-sequence voltage protection and the negative sequence component-based protection. Therefore, a stator internal short-circuit fault protection method for turbo-generator based on instantaneous power oscillation ratio (IPOR) is proposed in this paper. The instantaneous power variation of the generator before and after the fault is analyzed, and the IPOR is calculated by using the balanced power component and the oscillatory power component. Then, the method to judge whether the generator has an internal short-circuit fault based on the amplitude and phase of IPOR is proposed. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed protection method, which has a high sensitivity to the inter-turn short-circuit faults with a small turn difference. The protection is stable and does not malfunction during the system oscillation. In addition, the action time of the protection method does not exceed 1.5 power frequency cycles under various working conditions, which can meet the speed requirements of generator protection.
PubDate: MON, 16 JAN 2023 10:05:07 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Multi-Segment State of Health Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries
Considering Short Partial Charging-
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Authors: Zhan Meng;Kofi Afrifa Agyeman;Xiaoyu Wang;
Pages: 1913 - 1923
Abstract: State of health (SOH) is a critical state parameter of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Health indicators (HIs), which are derived from the measured features of LIBs, are used in the current data-driven SOH estimation techniques to determine SOH. However, the common partial charging and discharging make it challenging to derive reliable HIs. In this paper, a SOH estimation approach considering short partial charging is proposed. Unlike other techniques, the constant current charging stage is divided into short segments, the HI, based on the charging capacity and actual initial charging voltage, is extracted within each short segment, and a kernel ridge regression-based estimator is created to characterize the SOH mapping relationship. Subsequently, an estimator fusion frame is established to merge the estimates of the eligible segments, which is decided based on the actual start and end charging voltages of the partial charging. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated with two well-known LIBs aging datasets containing real partial charging cycles. The results are satisfactory in terms of accuracy, robustness to partial charging, and good generality to different types of LIBs. Effective SOH value can be deduced whenever the charging voltage range covers at least one short estimation segment.
PubDate: MON, 06 FEB 2023 10:04:28 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Participation Factors Weak Robustness Analysis and Mitigation of
Direct-Drive Wind Farms Connected to the Parallel-Compensated Grid-
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Authors: Bingbing Shao;Zilong Miao;Liyuan Wang;Wei Ma;Xiaoxiao Meng;Qi Xiao;Zhe Chen;Frede Blaabjerg;
Pages: 1924 - 1936
Abstract: Reactive power compensation requirement and large parasitic shunt-capacitor in offshore wind power generation systems form the parallel-compensated grid. However, the direct-drive wind farms connected to the parallel-compensated grid faces the risk of oscillations. This article presents a unique phenomenon that the participation factors (PFs) of close oscillation modes in direct-drive wind farms connected to the parallel-compensated grid are sensitive to parameter perturbations. The phenomenon is defined as PFs weak robustness (PFWR) and its necessary conditions are revealed. To deepen the understanding of PFWR, the PFs transfer characteristics of close oscillation modes are analyzed under parameter perturbations. Then, the hazards of PFWR are discussed, and mitigation methods are proposed. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations of a multi-machine system are performed to verify the theoretical analysis.
PubDate: FRI, 07 APR 2023 10:02:31 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Adaptive Temporary Frequency Support for DFIG-Based Wind Turbines
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Authors: Yini Zhou;Donghai Zhu;Xudong Zou;Chuyao He;Jiabing Hu;Yong Kang;
Pages: 1937 - 1949
Abstract: For a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine (WT), the temporary frequency support (TFS) is a cost-effective strategy to achieve the system frequency regulation capability. However, there is no coupling relationship between the power increment and the system frequency in the existing TFS strategies, which limits the frequency support capability of WTs and even deteriorates the system frequency. To cope with it, this paper analyzes the adaptability of two representative TFS strategies under different load disturbance scenarios, and proposes some design guidelines for the power trajectory. Subsequently, an adaptive temporary frequency support (ATFS) strategy is proposed to improve the frequency stability when faced with different load disturbances. In the method, the initial power reference varies with the initial rate of change of frequency, and the power reference is reduced along the upward parabola and semicircle in the frequency support stage and rotor speed recovery stage, respectively. Furthermore, the ATFS strategy can improve the frequency nadir adaptively while well balancing the secondary frequency dip (SFD) and the speed recovery in different scenarios. Finally, the ATFS strategy is verified by hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulations.
PubDate: WED, 22 FEB 2023 07:51:04 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Topology Optimization of Synchronous Reluctance Motors Considering the
Optimal Current Reference in the Field-Weakening and
Maximum-Torque-Per-Voltage Regions-
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Authors: Changwoo Lee;In Gwun Jang;
Pages: 1950 - 1961
Abstract: The torque performance of the synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) is primarily determined by the geometric design and current control. The motor structure needs to be designed to yield the maximum output torque under the given current and voltage limitations. The current reference supplied to the stator coils also needs to be determined to maximize the output torque while suppressing the back electromotive force (EMF) to protect a power supply system. However, in the field of design optimization, it has been challenging to simultaneously consider the geometric design and current control due to their complicated relationships. To solve the aforementioned issue, this study proposes a new topology optimization that can cover the maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA), field weakening (FW), and maximum-torque-per-voltage (MTPV) controls under both the current and voltage limitations, thereby maximizing the output torque in an entire rotational speed range. To effectively investigate the coupling effects between the geometric design and current reference, this study proposes the design parameterization for the FW and MTPV operation by performing the electromagnetic finite element (FE) analysis and then expresses the optimal current reference in terms of design variables. At every iteration, the structural FE analysis is also performed under the design-dependent loads to obtain a structurally meaningful design. By doing so, both the optimal design and the corresponding optimal current reference can be simultaneously determined. The optimized SynRM is manufactured and experimentally validated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework.
PubDate: MON, 20 MAR 2023 10:06:25 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Electromagnetic-Thermal Analysis of a Hybrid-Excited Flux Switching
Permanent Magnet Generator for Wind Turbine Application-
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Authors: Mohammad Farahzadi;Karim Abbaszadeh;Seyedarmin Mirnikjoo;
Pages: 1962 - 1973
Abstract: An accurate thermal analysis needs to be performed on the machines with new structures to ensure that their electromagnetic performance is not negatively affected. In this regard, this paper details an investigation into the electromagnetic-thermal analysis of an outer rotor hybrid-excited flux switching permanent magnet generator that gains from ferrite PMs in stator yoke and neodymium PMs in rotor segments. Incorporating ferrite PMs and barriers in the stator core enhances the power density of the proposed generator compared to the basic topology. Also, the temperature of the stator and windings of the HEFSG decreases due to the presence of barriers. As a result, the HEFSG can be a potential candidate for DDWT applications. In this study, the thermal modeling started with a 3-D FEM electromagnetic analysis to calculate the losses as heat sources. Afterward, an accurate thermal network was plotted to elucidate the thermal behaviors between various parts of the generator, where the heat sources, heat transfer coefficients, thermal resistances, and heat capacitances form the thermal characteristics of the network, which was then followed by the 3-D FEM thermal analysis. Finally, the experimental test results from the prototyped generator confirmed the accuracy of the simulation results.
PubDate: WED, 26 APR 2023 10:06:15 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Design and Analysis of a Five-phase Flux-Intensifying Fault-Tolerant
Permanent-Magnet Motor With Active Sensorless Strategy Under Multimode
Operation-
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Authors: Li Zhang;Dong Shen;Xiaoyong Zhu;Sisi Deng;Lei Xu;Wen-Hua Chen;
Pages: 1974 - 1985
Abstract: In this paper, a new flux-intensifying fault-tolerant permanent magnet synchronous motor (FI-FTPMSM) is proposed to improve sensorless operating capacity under multimode operation including fault conditions. Most previous studies regarding fault-tolerant motors aim to improve fault-tolerant capability but suffer the saliency characteristic problem, which is unfavorable for sensorless control. In this study, an active sensorless strategy is developed by considering the sensorless operating capability under multimode operation in the motor design stage. Based on this novel idea, a new FI-FTPMSM with a high inverse saliency ratio is designed. By carefully choosing slot-pole combination, subtly setting q-axis magnetic barrier shape, and improving air gap waveform, the superior inverse saliency characteristic is obtained, which effectively improves the dynamic and steady-state sensorless operating performance. Through simulation analysis and experimental tests, the rationality and validity of the proposed strategy are verified.
PubDate: TUE, 31 JAN 2023 10:05:41 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- An Online-Optimization-Based High-Frequency Link Control of an MMC-Driven
Power Electronic Transformer for Wind-Energy Systems-
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Authors: Vishnu Narayan Vipin;D. Venkatramanan;Ned Mohan;
Pages: 1986 - 1998
Abstract: Wide-scale grid integration of wind-energy renewable systems at the utility scale has sparked interest in novel power-electronic architectures for the interface at medium-voltage (MV) grid. A recent effort in this direction involves a Power Electronic Transformer (PET) comprising back-to-back connected Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs); here, one MMC interfaces with the MV grid, and the other so-called High-Frequency MMC (HF-MMC) interacts with the wind-energy system via an HF transformer and a low-voltage (LV) 2 L voltage-source converter (VSC). In this paper, a novel control architecture for operating the PET is presented, that achieves superior power transfer characteristics across the HF transformer. On the HF-MMC end, an online optimization-based modulation scheme is developed that ensures unity displacement power factor (DPF) operation and current harmonics minimization; while at the 2 L VSC end, the voltage phase angle is controlled to maintain the LV dc-bus. To achieve these and the desired performance improvements, two actions are performed: (a) the target control variables—voltage magnitude of HF-MMC and phase angle of 2L-VSC voltage—are enforced via appropriate control loops, and (b) the switching instances of the HF MMC sub-modules are engineered by solving an optimization problem online using the coordinate-gradient-descent method. Detailed simulation results on analysis and control are presented in MATLAB-SIMULINK. Furthermore, verification of LV dc-bus regulation, unity DPF operation during power transfer, and minimization of HF-link current harmonics are carried out in OPAL-RT-based hardware-in-loop (HIL) real-time simulations and experimental results on a scaled hardware prototype.
PubDate: FRI, 28 APR 2023 10:08:57 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Multi-Mode High-Efficiency Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Machine
-
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Authors: Qian Chen;Haoran Wang;Zhimin Sang;Wei Qian;Guohai Liu;Gaohong Xu;Zhengmeng Liu;
Pages: 1999 - 2010
Abstract: This article proposes a new multi-mode high-efficiency fault-tolerant permanent magnet machine with an inner stator to place AC field windings. The q-axis current in the field windings enables the proposed machine to be driven individually or together with the armature windings. On the other hand, the flux can be regulated by applying the d-axis current to the field windings. As a result, multiple operation modes are realized. The proposed machine can run in different modes at different torque and speed operating conditions, implementing the multi-zone high-efficiency operation. Meanwhile, a new fault-tolerant control method can be applied in the proposed machine by combining the mode switching and compensation current in the healthy windings, thus improving the efficiency under fault-tolerant operation. Moreover, the multi-zone high-efficiency regions of the proposed and conventional machines are investigated. The proposed and traditional fault-tolerant methods for the proposed machine are compared. The results reveal that the proposed machine offers a larger high-efficiency region and is capable of stronger fault tolerance. Furthermore, since the double stators in the proposed machine need to operate individually, a swallow-shaped rotor with auxiliary salient poles is adopted to reduce outer torque ripple and inner torque ripple. Finally, the experiments are performed to verify the predicted performances.
PubDate: FRI, 07 APR 2023 10:01:59 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Heat Pipe Bending Effect on Cooling Effectiveness in Electrical Machines
-
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Authors: Han Zhao;Xiaochen Zhang;Jing Li;Huanran Wang;Fengyu Zhang;He Zhang;Xiaorui Zhu;David Gerada;
Pages: 2011 - 2021
Abstract: Heat pipes (HPs) are being extensively explored in motor cooling scenarios for enhanced cooling capacity. HPs are commonly bent to adapt to the compact structure of electrical machines, whereas the bending effect on motor cooling effectiveness still requires further investigation. This article analytically and experimentally studies the effect of the bending process, including bending angle and bending radius, on HP thermal properties. Cooling density is defined and derived to analyze the tradeoff between HP thermal performance and additional volume due to HP installation. Practical guidelines for feasible HP bending solutions under different space constraints are provided to achieve a higher cooling density. Finally, the HP bending effect on motor cooling effectiveness under various cooling methods is quantitatively evaluated through a validated thermal model based on a stator-winding assembly. The bending process can degrade the HP equivalent thermal conductivity by up to 76%, thus leading to a temperature difference of 4.8 K under liquid cooling conditions.
PubDate: MON, 27 FEB 2023 10:10:56 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Saturable Voltage-Behind-Reactance Models of Induction Machines Including
Air-Gap Flux Harmonics-
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Authors: Navid Amiri;Seyyedmilad Ebrahimi;Juri Jatskevich;
Pages: 2022 - 2033
Abstract: Accurate and numerically efficient models of induction machines are of critical importance for reliable analysis and simulation of large-scale power systems. Specifically, modeling magnetic saturation that causes air-gap flux harmonics, which can significantly affect machine dynamics, has been the focus of many research efforts. In this paper, two voltage-behind-reactance (VBR) models are proposed for induction machines which formulate the air-gap flux harmonics caused by the main flux saturation. Specifically, the proposed constant-parameter VBR (CPVBR) model can be conveniently interfaced with the external network using constant RL branches and controlled voltage sources. The numerical performance of the two proposed VBR models is validated and benchmarked against the state-of-the-art models of induction machines with saturation and air-gap flux harmonics. It is shown that the proposed models offer superior numerical performance (i.e., higher accuracy and simulation speed) compared to the existing models, which would be beneficial for offline and/or real-time simulations of power systems.
PubDate: MON, 20 MAR 2023 10:06:25 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Adaptive Grid-Supportive Control for Solar-Power Integrated
Electric-Vehicle Fast Charging Station-
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Authors: Jaydeep Saha;Nishant Kumar;Sanjib Kumar Panda;
Pages: 2034 - 2044
Abstract: Though the Medium-voltage (MV) grid-connected solid-state-transformer (SST) based plug-in electric-vehicle fast-charging station (PEV-FCS) solutions provide a reduction in grid side current-stress, integration of solar-power in such SST-based PEV-FCS (which can potentially reduce grid side current-stress further) and its implementation with grid-compliant control is not explored in literature. In this paper, an adaptive automatic generation control supportive maximum power point tracking (AGCS-MPPT) technique for solar-power integration is proposed and experimentally validated for a bidirectional SST-based PEV-FCS while following the EN 50530 standard's testing sequence. Respective European and Californian MPPT efficiencies ($\xi _{Euro}$, $\xi _{CEC}$) of 99.50%, 99.55% and 99.49%, 99.55% are observed for solar-power integration through AGCS-MPPT technique during G2V and V2G functional modes of the PEV-FCS, which are better compared to those of state-of-the-art technique (SoAT) and improved perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithms. Unlike the SoAT and P&O, the AGCS-MPPT algorithm assists the PEV-FCS in adhering to the utility grid's power ramp-rate constraint while integrating intermittent solar-power, both during $\xi _{Euro}$-test and $\xi _{CEC}$-test sequences. The AGCS-MPPT also displays excellent MPPT efficiency ($\sim$99.2%) and solar-power integration performance during the dynamic-test sequence as per EN 50530 standard. Grid side current's THD $< $2.2% and near unity power-factor (UPF) at grid side are observed during the experimentation of PEV-FCS under various solar-power penetrations.
PubDate: WED, 22 MAR 2023 10:02:20 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Fast Magnetic Field Prediction Based on Hybrid Subdomain Method and
Multiobjective Optimization Design for Interior Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machines-
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Authors: Feng Liu;Xiuhe Wang;Hongye Wei;
Pages: 2045 - 2060
Abstract: Benefiting from the prosperity of new energy industry, interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) have ushered in unprecedented development opportunities. To further suppress defects and enhance engineering practicality, fast magnetic field prediction based on hybrid subdomain method and multiobjective optimization design for IPMSM are studied. First, fast no-load magnetic field prediction model based on hybrid subdomain method for IPMSM is innovatively proposed. By combining master/slave subdomain division method and lumped parameter magnetic equivalent circuit, complex rotor structure and saturation effects of magnetic bridges and cores can be comprehensively considered. Prediction model has extremely high calculation accuracy and speed. After that, based on the proposed prediction model, a multiobjective optimization model combining Taguchi method and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is implemented. Model optimization efficiency has been greatly improved scientifically and effectively. Finally, the efficiency, advancement, innovation, and engineering practicability of studied prediction and optimization models are well verified through a series of finite element analysis (FEA) and prototype experiments. In addition, the generality and universality of this study are verified for other types of IPMSM.
PubDate: TUE, 21 MAR 2023 10:03:05 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Data-Driven-Based Vector Space Decomposition Modeling of Multiphase
Induction Machines-
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Authors: Mohamed A. Abu-Seif;Mohamed Ahmed;Mohamed Y. Metwly;Ayman S. Abdel-Khalik;Mostafa S. Hamad;Shehab Ahmed;Noha Elmalhy;
Pages: 2061 - 2074
Abstract: For contemporary variable-speed electric drives, the accuracy of the machine's mathematical model is critical for optimal control performance. Basically, phase variables of multiphase machines are preferably decomposed into multiple orthogonal subspaces based on vector space decomposition (VSD). In the available literature, identifying the correlation between states governed by the dynamic equations and the parameter estimate of different subspaces of multiphase IM remains scarce, especially under unbalanced conditions, where the effect of secondary subspaces sounds influential. Most available literature has relied on simple RL circuit representation to model these secondary subspaces. To this end, this paper presents an effective data-driven-based space harmonic model for n-phase IMs using sparsity-promoting techniques and machine learning with nonlinear dynamical systems to discover the IM governing equations. Moreover, the proposed approach is computationally efficient, and it precisely identifies both the electrical and mechanical dynamics of all subspaces of an IM using a single transient startup run. Additionally, the derived model can be reformulated into the standard canonical form of the induction machine model to easily extract the parameters of all subspaces based on online measurements. Eventually, the proposed modeling approach is experimentally validated using a 1.5 Hp asymmetrical six-phase induction machine.
PubDate: MON, 13 MAR 2023 10:03:42 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Coordinated Control for Seamless Integration of Wind Energy Conversion
System With Small Hydrogenerator Through Modified Notch Filters-
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Authors: Shalvi Tyagi;Souvik Das;Bhim Singh;
Pages: 2075 - 2084
Abstract: This paper deals with the seamless integration of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) with local grid constituted by a permanent magnet based small hydrogenerator (PMHG). The seamless integration is carried out using a solid state static transfer switch (SSSTS). The WECS-PMHG system is operated using a coordinated control strategy based on modified notch filters. The modified notch filters are adopted for the computation of (a) sensorless speed and position of the DFIG rotor, (b) fundamental constituents of unbalanced/nonlinear load current and (c) filtered DFIG stator voltages and phase angle. Moreover, the notch filters are also used for mitigating the effects of unbalance/nonlinearity in load currents on the stator and rotor currents of DFIG as well as PMHG currents. Additionally, the control methodology ensures no power interaction between the WECS and the PMHG during the synchronization process. This enables transient-free WECS and PMHG currents. Further, the coordinated control regulates the amplitude and frequency of system voltages even amidst wide variations in wind speed and load. The DFIG stator and wind currents are injected at unity power factor with the system voltages, while the excitation requirement of the DFIG is met by its machine side converter. The validness of the control is demonstrated experimentally through a developed laboratory-scale test bench.
PubDate: FRI, 21 APR 2023 10:04:45 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Magneto-Mechanical Design of an Electromagnetically Actuated Coaxial
Magnet Coupling for Fault Protection-
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Authors: Y. Akcay;O. R. Tweedy;P. Giangrande;M. Galea;
Pages: 2085 - 2095
Abstract: This paper presents the design process for an electromagnetically actuated coupling disconnection system relying on contactless torque transfer. The device can replace existing mechanical and electromagnetic clutches to provide enhanced protection against over torque conditions resulting from faults in the coupled machines. The novel disconnection system contains a coaxial magnetic coupling (CMC) that can be fully disengaged via an electromagnetic actuator. This system configuration improves the fault performance of magnetic couplings and reduces the losses and maintenance requirements associated with other clutch designs. The end result is a more reliable and versatile coupling solution that can be used in a broad range of machine applications. The design and optimization process builds upon existing knowledge of CMC design to produce a practical device that can transmit a maximum torque of 100 Nm and rotate at a maximum speed of 20,000 RPM. The electromagnetic actuator is tested to ensure the system is capable of disengaging the coupling. An investigation is made into the axial forces present in a CMC when the magnets are separated. It is concluded that decoupling a CMC is practical and achievable with the presented electromagnetic actuator design.
PubDate: TUE, 25 APR 2023 10:02:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Effects of PLL Frequency Limiters on Synchronization Stability of Grid
Connected VSC and Strategy to Realize Global Stability-
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Authors: Guangzheng Xing;Lei Chen;Yong Min;Yong Tang;Yalou Li;Shiyun Xu;
Pages: 2096 - 2107
Abstract: This paper investigates the synchronization stability of voltage source converter (VSC) connected to infinite bus system with frequency limiter of phase-locked loop (PLL). First, three different types of PLL frequency limiters are modelled based on piecewise-smooth dynamical system (PSDS). Then the effects of different frequency limiters and frequency limit values on the region of attraction (ROA) of the system are studied and the properties of the PSDSs are analyzed. It is found that PLL with anti-windup limiter with back calculation can achieve global stability with appropriate limit value, and the principle of setting limit value based on a specific ROA estimation is proposed. Based on ROA estimation with Lyapunov function, a method of setting frequency limit value which guarantees global stability is proposed. The validity of the proposed strategy is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulation.
PubDate: MON, 13 FEB 2023 10:07:00 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Robust Exploration Based Finite Control Set Predictive Current Control for
SPMSM Drives Under Influence of Measurement Error-
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Authors: Xinhong Yu;Dongliang Ke;Zhenbin Zhang;Fengxiang Wang;José Rodríguez;
Pages: 2108 - 2117
Abstract: To improve the performance and the robustness of finite control set predictive current control (PCC) under the influence of current measurement error in the actual system, robust exploration based finite control set predictive current control (RE-PCC) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, to analyze directly transient and steady state of system operation, a voltage cost function without weighting factor is designed based on predicted voltage error vector, reference voltage vector and evaluated voltage vector. Secondly, the robust exploration is designed to overcome the influence of measurement error by combing the amplitude and phase attribute between the predicted voltage error vector and the ideal reference voltage vector. Thirdly, based on the robust exploration, the desired sector and the prior vector set is derived for cost function evaluation. It is great benefit to computational burden and switching losses by reducing the seven vectors to three. Finally, the RE-PCC method is experimentally compared with an improved PCC method in terms of robustness, current quality, torque ripple, dynamic characteristics and efficiency. The experimental results verify the high robustness and superior control performance of RE-PCC method in surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drives.
PubDate: MON, 27 FEB 2023 10:10:56 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Improvement Undesirable Characteristics of the Switched Reluctance Motor
With Triangular Rotor Structure-
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Authors: Alireza Sohrabzadeh;Hossein Torkaman;Aydin Yousefi Javid;
Pages: 2118 - 2125
Abstract: The conventional switched reluctance motors (CSRMs) confront two key challenges, including torque ripple (TR) and radial force (RF), which are the foundations of creating noise, vibration, and tension that limits the applications of the motor. In order to reduce inappropriate inherent effects of the CSRMs, optimizing via motor structure will be more comfortable and less costly than control methods. Due to its simplicity and being without coils in the rotor, this part will be a suitable candidate for improvement destinations. In this paper, a novel structure of the rotor is presented in order to reduce the TR and RF of this motor. The proposed structure is derived from the conventional one with a triangular shape in the middle of rotor, known as a Triangular Rotor Switched Reluctance Motor (TRSRM). Finding the best geometric of the proposed model fulfilled by sensitivity analysis (SA) alongside 3-D finite element analysis (3D-FEA) and the best configuration for comparison to the CSRM selected. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that TRSRM diminishes RF and TR compared to the CRSRM while keeping the weight and volume fixed and also has a low cost and simple manufacturing.
PubDate: MON, 10 APR 2023 05:53:43 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Novel Field and Armature Synchronous Pulse Injection Method for
Sensorless Drive Control of 12/10 DC Vernier Reluctance Machine-
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Authors: Weiyu Wang;Shuangxia Niu;Xing Zhao;
Pages: 2126 - 2135
Abstract: DC-excited Vernier reluctance machine (DC-VRM) exhibits the advantages of small torque ripple and high reliability, which has good potential to be applied as an aerospace starter generator. Combined with a sensorless drive, system reliability can be further guaranteed. However, the inherent self-inductance saliency is canceled out by winding connections in 12/10 DC-VRM, thus limiting the application of the self-inductance-based sensorless drive method in such machines. By revealing the saliency annihilation effect in self-inductance and the saliency enhancement effect in mutual inductance, a novel field and armature synchronous pulse injection method is proposed based on machine mutual inductance characteristics. The key is to inject detection pulses into both field and armature windings with the same sequence and pulse width to detect the mutual inductance between them. Then, an optimized virtual inductance-based position estimation method is presented to estimate the position and strengthen the fault-tolerant ability. Moreover, the potential magnetic saturation influence on position estimation caused by superimposed detection currents is avoided with the reverse pulse injection in the field winding. Consequently, the field current density can be decreased during the detection pulse injection stage. The proposed method is easy to be implemented and verified by experimental results.
PubDate: WED, 19 APR 2023 10:04:40 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Design and Analysis of a Rotor Air-Cooling Enhanced Method for Axial Flux
Permanent Magnet Machine With Housing-Cooling-
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Authors: Wei Le;Mingyao Lin;Keman Lin;Lun Jia;Anchen Yang;
Pages: 2136 - 2145
Abstract: The temperature of axial flux motor components directly affects the performance of machine. The cooling design for the rotor is obviously difficult because of its inherent rotation characteristic. A rotor air-cooling enhanced method for axial flux machines with housing-cooling is proposed in this article. In order to improve the air-cooling performance of the rotor, tile-shaped fins are mounted to the inner wall of the housing taking into account the fluid flow characteristics of axial flux motors in a cavity. The impact of the key parameters on the thermal performance are investigated by the theoretical analysis and computational fluid dynamics. In addition, the thermal model of the tile-shaped fin is derived, and the thermal network of the rotor is constructed accordingly. Finally, two prototype motors are manufactured to evaluate the viability of the proposed approach. The results of theoretical and experimental studies show good agreement.
PubDate: MON, 17 APR 2023 10:03:33 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Robust Damping Control for Virtual Synchronous Generators Based on
Energy Reshaping-
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Authors: Mengling Yang;Yang Wang;Xianyong Xiao;Yunwei Li;
Pages: 2146 - 2159
Abstract: Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) have been proved to be important means to provide the inertia for future power systems. However, it suffers the issue of active power oscillation under various disturbances. In this paper, a robust damping control is proposed to mitigate the active power oscillation by reshaping the oscillation energy of VSGs. The paper first represents the power-angle dynamics of VSGs as an equivalent circuit and thus enables the understanding of oscillations from the circuit energy. It is revealed that the active power oscillation can be comprehended as an LC resonance and the damping provided by the traditional VSG is commonly insufficient. To tackle this issue, a robust damping method is proposed using interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC). The theory of IDA-PBC is established based on the concept of energy reshaping, which guarantees the state tracking via its intrinsic energy dissipation characteristics. The IDA-PBC, when applied to VSGs, is a combination of the disturbance compensation via feedforward channels and the deviations regulation through feedback paths. Noticeably, the disturbance compensation is achieved with the support of an extended state observer (ESO), which can accurately estimate the lumped disturbance including the grid frequency variation and the model uncertainties. A guideline on the parameter selection is also provided through Bode-plot analysis. Finally, the effectiveness and merits of the proposed method is verified by hardware in the loop-based experiments with the comparison to the state of art work.
PubDate: WED, 22 MAR 2023 10:02:20 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Estimating the Health Status of Li-ion NMC Batteries From Energy
Characteristics for EV Applications-
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Authors: Abdelilah Hammou;Raffaele Petrone;Demba Diallo;Hamid Gualous;
Pages: 2160 - 2168
Abstract: Capacity and Direct Current Internal Resistance are good health indicators for Li-ion batteries. But they cannot be measured. This work proposes to estimate these indicators from already available current and voltage measurements. The estimators are based on third-order polynomials and energy features extracted during partial discharge and different depths of discharge under a dynamic profile (World harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles). The estimations are validated with experimental measurements obtained from cycling three Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide/Graphite cells at a controlled temperature. The mean relative error for the Direct Current Internal Resistance estimation is less than 5% when the depth of discharge lies between 25% and 40%. It is lower than 2% for the capacity estimation. The method is simple and suitable for embedded battery monitoring as it uses already available voltage and current measurements.
PubDate: TUE, 21 MAR 2023 10:03:05 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Detection of Rotor Field Winding, Damper Bar, and Eccentricity Faults in
Salient Pole Synchronous Machines With the Pole Drop Test-
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Authors: Thotahage Sumadhurie Hansika;Muhammad Faizan Shaikh;Han-ju Kim;Sang Bin Lee;Marcos Orviz;Carlos A. Platero;
Pages: 2169 - 2178
Abstract: The pole drop test is the most widely applied means of detecting shorted turns in the rotor field winding of salient pole wound field synchronous machines (WFSM). It is a simple off-line test that relies on detecting the asymmetry between the voltage drop in the windings of each pole with ac voltage applied to the field winding terminals. Although it can provide sensitive detection of shorted field turns, it is also influenced by asymmetries in the motor produced by defects or imperfections in the rotor poles or damper bars. In this work, the feasibility of using the pole drop test for detecting damper bar and eccentricity faults in addition to shorted field windings is investigated for the first time. The change in the impedance of each pole under the fault conditions is analyzed from the electrical equivalent circuit and finite element (FE) simulation. Based on the analysis, it is shown that the 3 faults can be detected and classified from the impedance or voltage distribution with the pole drop test. Experimental tests performed on 4 pole, 30 kVA and 6 pole, 5.5 kVA salient pole WFSMs confirm that the 3 faults can be identified as claimed.
PubDate: MON, 10 APR 2023 05:54:10 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Research on the Vibration Characteristics of Pumped Storage Unit Stator
Core Based on Fiber Optic Sensing-
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Authors: Peng Qi;Yonggang Li;Minghan Ma;Yucai Wu;Weifu Lu;
Pages: 2179 - 2190
Abstract: Stator core vibration (SCV) response of pumped storage units (PSU) can effectively reflect its operation status and provide reference for excitation winding inter-turn short circuit (ITSC) fault diagnosis. Considering that traditional piezoelectric acceleration sensors (PAS) are difficult to be installed on the stator core surface, this study proposes an online monitoring method based on fiber optic vibration sensing (FOVS). Firstly, this study derives the SCV response equations for the normal and ITSC states of the excitation winding, and obtains the vibration characteristic harmonics corresponding to each state. Secondly, a three-dimensional finite element simulation model of PSU with a generating capacity of 278 MVA is built, and the acceleration amplitude and characteristic frequency harmonics of the stator core are calculated to provide a reference for fiber optic vibration detection. Thirdly, this study focuses on the principle of modulation and demodulation of optical phase, builds an optical frequency-domain reflectometer (OFDR) - based FOVS system, and calibrates its sensitivity, amplitude and frequency characteristics as well as the lower detection limit. Finally, FOVS probes are installed on the surface of synchronous generator stator core to capture the vibration signals under different degrees of ITSC, and compared with the collected signals of PAS. The experimental results prove that the proposed method has obvious advantages in vibration monitoring in the low frequency band below 100 Hz.
PubDate: THU, 20 APR 2023 10:06:23 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- A Static FEA Framework for Fast Analysis of HTS Armature Windings in AC
Superconducting SMPM Machines-
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Authors: Christian Hartmann;Runar Mellerud;Jonas Kristiansen Nøland;Robert Nilssen;
Pages: 2191 - 2201
Abstract: Macroscopic superconductivity models have improved significantly over the last decades. Formulations and methods have been developed to faster solve problems involving high-temperature superconductors (HTS). Despite these developments, finite element analysis (FEA) of AC superconducting machines (SCMs) with HTS coils still remains time-consuming. The combined burden from the HTS models and the moving mesh makes the models complex and slow. To deal with this challenge, a new framework for FEA of AC SCMs with surface-mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) rotors and HTS armature windings is proposed in this article. In this approach, the rotating rotor geometry is emulated with a stationary array of small PM segments excited with time-varying boundary sources. The major benefit of this approach is that the models can be realized without moving meshes, which increases the computation speed by more than one order of magnitude. In our dedicated case study of a complete SCM design, the speedup factors are 17.0x and 37.9x for the mixed H-A and T-A formulations, respectively. Over a large parametric space of 22 design permutations, the highest relative error in calculated HTS loss was 4.12 percent. As a result, this work enables the designer to perform much more comprehensive performance studies of SCMs.
PubDate: THU, 27 APR 2023 10:08:35 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Design and Analysis of a New Separated Type Permanent Magnet Machine Based
on Bidirectional Field Modulation Effect-
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Authors: Haitao Wang;Chao He;Wei Xu;Heng Zhu;Jianfei Yang;
Pages: 2202 - 2210
Abstract: This article proposes a new separated type permanent magnet (ST-PM) excitation machine (STPMM) based on bidirectional field modulation effect, which has the merits of high quality output torque and high power density. ST-PM can be designed by separating rotor surface-mounted PM into one piece radially excited outer PM and two pieces circumferentially excited inner PMs. This design takes advantage of high airgap flux density, which can be achieved by extending the length and adjusting the rotating angle of inner PMs. The operating principle and design method of the proposed STPMM are provided including the key design parameters. The analytical modeling considering rotating angle of inner PMs in STPMM and bidirectional field modulation effect is presented. The electromagnetic performances of the proposed STPMM are evaluated using finite-element analysis (FEA) and compared with the conventional designs. The FEA-predicted results show that the proposed STPMM exhibits high quality electromagnetic performances. The prototype of the proposed STPMM is manufactured and tested, then, the experimental result confirms the advantages of the new machine topology.
PubDate: TUE, 25 APR 2023 10:02:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Enhanced Fault Tolerance of Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Motor With
Three-Redundancy Control-
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Authors: Linsen Huang;Wenxiang Zhao;Jinghua Ji;Tao Tao;Yuxuan Du;Qiang Zhang;
Pages: 2211 - 2222
Abstract: This article proposes a novel three-redundancy control for the dual three-phase permanent magnet (DTP-PM) motor to enhance the open-phase fault tolerance. Three redundancies can be operated individually or synergistically. Hence, the faulty redundancy can be disconnected from the system to address the open-phase fault. The fault tolerance can be significantly enhanced. Primarily, the structure of the DTP-PM motor is analyzed. Six phases of the DTP-PM motor are separated into three sets of orthogonal phases and considered three two-phase motors. Therefore, three redundancies can be established. Since orthogonal phases provide a balanced structure, the magnetomotive force of each redundancy can be well controlled. Then, a DTP-PM motor control system with three redundancies is established, and a potential topology for the proposed strategy is also illustrated. Furthermore, the basic voltage vectors for each redundancy are investigated. The reference voltage vectors can be modulated expediently. Finally, some simulations and experiments are carried out, validating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
PubDate: MON, 17 APR 2023 10:03:33 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Generalized Circuit Representation for a Synchronous Machine
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Authors: Zhixin Miao;Lingling Fan;
Pages: 2235 - 2238
Abstract: In this letter, a generalized circuit representation for a synchronous machine is presented. This circuit represents voltage and current relationship and can be used for dynamic and harmonic analysis. A distinct feature of the circuit is the use of Laplace transform variable $s$, which simplifies both calculus and frame conversion. Two derivation approaches are presented. The first approach starts from a steady-state circuit representation, while the second approach starts from the dq-frame dynamic model of a synchronous generator. Both arrive at the same representation.
PubDate: MON, 30 JAN 2023 10:11:53 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Current Based Restarting Method for Rotating Sensorless Induction Motor
Drive-
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Authors: Yalla Tirumala Rao;
Pages: 2239 - 2242
Abstract: Variable frequency industrial drives are tuned to start from a standstill. However, in most of industrial applications, IM may spin due to external force offered by wind, load, etc. Apart from this, due to short power interrupts, the drive may trip, and bringing the motor to a standstill may require several hours due to its high inertia. In these scenarios, restarting the IM may draw a huge inrush current (which causes electric/mechanical shock to the system) if the speed is not known. A simple current based restarting (i.e., flying start) algorithm has been proposed in this letter for induction motor drives used for high inertia loads. In this algorithm, speed of the motor is estimated, by searching the minimum stator current during the input frequency sweep (from rated frequency to zero frequency) of the IM. The proposed algorithm is simple, and easy to implement since there were no controllers involved. Moreover, this algorithm is independent of the parameters of the motor. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified using rapid control prototyping in the form of real-time results using Typhoon HIL platform and performance is found to be satisfactory.
PubDate: FRI, 23 JUN 2023 10:01:38 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- Introducing the IEEE PES Resource Center
-
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Pages: 2243 - 2243
Abstract: null
PubDate: WED, 23 AUG 2023 10:02:43 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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- We Gave Today to Inspire a Brighter Tomorrow
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Pages: 2244 - 2244
Abstract: null
PubDate: WED, 23 AUG 2023 10:02:44 -04
Issue No: Vol. 38, No. 3 (2023)
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