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IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
Journal Prestige (SJR): 1.377  Citation Impact (citeScore): 5 Number of Followers: 16  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 0885-8969 Published by IEEE  [228 journals]
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- IEEE Power & Energy Society Information
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Pages: C2 - C2
Abstract: null
PubDate: FRI, 21 FEB 2025 09:16:58 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion Information for Authors
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Pages: C3 - C3
Abstract: null
PubDate: FRI, 21 FEB 2025 09:16:58 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- Blank Page
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Pages: C4 - C4
Abstract: null
PubDate: FRI, 21 FEB 2025 09:16:56 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- Frequency Response Analysis for Quality Assurance Testing of Hairpin
Stator Winding Insulation for Electric Vehicle Applications-
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Authors: J. Kim;S. Shin;B. Battulga;M. F. Shaikh;Y. Park;C. Lim;S. B. Lee;
Pages: 690 - 693
Abstract: With the rapid growth in electric vehicles (EV), hairpin wound stators are replacing random wound stators due to their higher power density and efficiency, and because of the ease with which manufacturing can be automated at a fast rate. Failure in the EV motor stator insulation is a major concern with increasing electrical stresses due to higher dc link voltage and wide bandgap devices. It is critical to implement a series of fast and effective quality assurance (QA) tests to screen defective units to maintain the quality and reliability, while keeping the production cost of EV motors low. Experience with EV motors showed that poor stator insulation quality is a leading cause of manufacturing defects in hairpin windings. In this work, the feasibility of applying frequency response analysis (FRA) for identifying defective hairpin stator insulation is evaluated. Test results on poorly impregnated EV motors with FRA and 6 common insulation tests show that FRA provides the most effective and reliable assessment of the insulation quality of hairpin wound stators.
PubDate: THU, 09 JAN 2025 09:19:45 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- Introducing the IEEE PES Resource Center
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Pages: 694 - 694
Abstract: null
PubDate: FRI, 21 FEB 2025 09:16:58 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- We Gave Today to Inspire a Brighter Tomorrow
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Pages: 695 - 695
Abstract: null
PubDate: FRI, 21 FEB 2025 09:16:55 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- The Power of Information
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Pages: 696 - 696
Abstract: null
PubDate: FRI, 21 FEB 2025 09:16:58 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2025)
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- Sensorless Control of Medium Voltage Induction Motor With LC Filter and
Long Cable in Oil Pump Applications-
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Authors: Lorenzo Carbone;Mario Marchesoni;Massimiliano Passalacqua;Gianluca Postiglione;Luis Vaccaro;Carlo Vitaloni;
Pages: 3 - 15
Abstract: A medium voltage induction motor drive for a submarine oil pump is considered in this paper. In the considered application, the inverter is located on the oil platform, whereas the submersible oil pump is located under the sea and it is supplied with a 20-km long cable. Moreover, an LC filter is located at the inverter output on the platform. In addition, since all the motor sensors should be maintained with submarine robots, stator voltage, stator current and rotor speed sensors are not installed on the motor for reliability reasons. In this study, a new sensorless control is developed. The proposed control integrates a voltage drop compensation and a stator voltage-current estimation into a sensorless control based on a Luenberger Observer. The effectiveness of the proposed control is proved by experimental tests on a low voltage motor, on a 6.6 kV-710 kW motor and on a 2.1 MW-10.5 kV motor.
PubDate: THU, 25 JUL 2024 09:16:30 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Main Circuit's Parametric Optimal Design Counting Inconsistent Battery
Parameters and Control of 35 kV Large-Capacity Transformer-Less BESS-
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Authors: Chang Liu;Xianqiang Shi;Rui Li;Xu Cai;
Pages: 16 - 29
Abstract: A large quantity of battery cells are required by each phase of the 35 kV large-capacity transformer-less battery energy storage system (LCTL-BESS) based on cascaded H-bridge converter (CHBC) and the parameters of battery cells are inconsistent. The inconsistencies of battery parameters should be fully considered in main circuit parameter design to improve the system's adaptability to them, thus delaying the aging rate of battery and ensuring the safety and high efficiency utilization during the whole life cycle of battery. The cascaded number of power modules in per phase is the most important main circuit parameter of system and has a significant influence on system performance, which should be optimized by considering system efficiency and safety comprehensively. Since the system efficiency and safety evaluation model are closely related to inconsistent battery parameters, it is impossible to establish them under different number of power modules based on the detailed parameters of each battery cell. Therefore, a method to establish system efficiency and safety evaluation model based on the capacity distribution of the battery cells is proposed. The massive battery cell parameter identifications and data processing are avoided. Our proposed method provides theoretical guidance for the optimization design of main circuit for LCTL-BESS. Additionally, the power and energy balancing control of 35 kV LCTL-BESS are investigated, and a novel energy balancing control strategy among modules considering the DC link voltage and state of charge (SOC) are proposed under the nearest level modulation (NLM), which can promise both the balancing effect and AC side output performance. Finally, the validity of the proposed parameter design method and the control strategy are proved through off-line simulation model.
PubDate: MON, 05 AUG 2024 09:16:55 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Influence of Flux Barrier Shape and Mechanical Constraints on
Field-Weakening Performance in Double-Layer Interior Permanent Magnet
Machines-
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Authors: Elisabet Jansson;Torbjörn Thiringer;Emma Arfa Grunditz;
Pages: 30 - 42
Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of flux barrier shape on the field-weakening performance of interior permanent magnet rotors with two layers of magnets. The field-weakening performance of four topologies, with different flux barrier shape, has been maximized using combined electromagnetic and mechanical optimization of the rotor geometry. The impact of the mechanical stress constraint on the optimization result is quantified. The rotor topologies differ in both their optimal balance between saliency and normalized magnet flux linkage, and in how severely they are affected by mechanical constraints. Including stress constraints strongly increased the differences between the rotor topologies and it was shown that careful handling of the mechanical constraints was of similar importance for the field-weakening performance as the shape of the flux barrier. Among the included topologies, the double V-shape design was found to have the highest power capability across the speed range and lowest sensitivity to mechanical constraints.
PubDate: TUE, 02 JUL 2024 09:17:50 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A Direct Continuous-Time System Identification Approach for Online
Estimation of Equivalent Circuit Model Parameters in Photovoltaic Cells-
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Authors: Thamsanqa L. Gcwensa;Edward Boje;Paul Barendse;
Pages: 43 - 54
Abstract: The AC characterization of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells typically employs electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to ascertain internal dynamic impedance. However, EIS faces limitations in real-world applications, particularly under varying environmental conditions. The standard EIS method uses perturbation-based techniques tailored for specific frequency bandwidth measurements. To mitigate these issues, this paper introduces a direct continuous-time (CT) system identification strategy based on the recursive instrumental variable approach to estimate the AC equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) parameters of the solar PV. This CT identification method outperforms the EIS frequency technique in estimating AC EEC parameters under changing environments. It exploits the DC-DC boost converter's inherent switching characteristics, eliminating the need for an external excitation signal. The focus lies on the recursive instrumental variable method implemented using the Kalman filter. Simulation and experimental results validate the analysis and demonstrate the advantages of the CT system identification method in solar PV AC characterization applications. In the simulation, the EIS procedure and the system identification algorithm were compared to ground truth values. A Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA) was utilized to benchmark the experimental results estimated using the system identification method.
PubDate: THU, 18 JUL 2024 09:16:43 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Model-Switching Drive of Line-Start Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous
Motors-
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Authors: Jun Di;John E. Fletcher;Huang Chen;Mingyin Zhou;
Pages: 55 - 65
Abstract: Permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSM) have their line-start performance enhanced with a conductive ladder arrangement in the “line-start PMLSM” design. However the thrust oscillation during the synchronisation in the non-salient structure is significant. To achieve stable synchronisation in practice, this paper develops a model-switching direct thrust and flux control (model-switching DTFC) theory for the line-start PMLSM. A general model is first established, which considers the longitudinal end effect and the eddy current produced by the conductive material of the ladder arrangement during transients. Then a conventional model is simplified into during steady-state periods at synchronous speed. Importantly conditions at which switching between models occurs are determined by the differential stator voltage between the general and the conventional model, with which the model-switching DTFC is designed. The proposed theory is applied to a prototype setup. Using experimental results, the model-switching DTFC is demonstrated to improve the kinetic performance of the line-start PMLSM. Both the overshoot and the steady-state ripple in the mover velocity can be improved by a factor of 2; 80% of underdamp and 50% of the thrust error can be eliminated. Therefore, the major contribution of this paper is improved control precision during reversals for the line-start PMLSM.
PubDate: THU, 29 AUG 2024 09:16:51 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Rotor Reconstruction to Reduce Iron Losses in Partitioned Stator
Flux-Modulation Machine-
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Authors: Jinghua Ji;He Wang;Zhijian Ling;Wenxiang Zhao;Tianyu Zhang;
Pages: 66 - 79
Abstract: In this paper, a rotor reconstruction method based on the air-gap field coding is proposed to reduce iron losses of the partitioned stator flux-modulation (PSFM) machine. First, the armature and permanent magnet magnetomotive force (MMF) models are established, respectively. Considering the double air-gap modulation effect of the PSFM machine, the amplitude and rotation velocity of each harmonic are analyzed. Then, the contributions of each harmonic component in the air gap to iron losses are separated. Subsequently, an air-gap permeance model that determines the characteristics of harmonic components is established. On this basis, air-gap harmonics can be weakened by encoding the amplitude of the permeance. Simultaneously, the improved permeance harmonic components are reconstituted to guide the new rotor structure without optimizing parameters of the machine. The proposed rotor structure can effectively suppress the iron losses of the PSFM machine. Finally, a prototype of the rotor reconstructed PSFM machine is manufactured and tested to verify the effectiveness of the analytical results.
PubDate: FRI, 02 AUG 2024 09:16:59 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Maximizing Synchronous Condensers' Capability to Stabilize
Inverter-Based-Resource-Penetrated Grids-
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Authors: Li Bao;Lingling Fan;Zhixin Miao;
Pages: 93 - 105
Abstract: Synchronous condensers (SynCons) have been deployed in power grids penetrated by inverter-based resources (IBRs) worldwide to strengthen and stabilize the grids. This paper examines which machine parameters influence IBR weak grid stability and whether excitation systems also play a role. Four types of stability scenarios are examined, including transient stability, oscillations of a few Hz, oscillations near 9 Hz, and dynamic voltage stability. It is shown that the most influential machine parameter varies for the different types of stability issues. While minimization of field winding inductance (typically the major component of the machine transient reactance, $X^{\prime }_{d}$) can significantly improve transient stability, voltage stability, and low-frequency oscillatory stability, this parameter has no influence on relatively rapid oscillations. On the other hand, minimizing rotor damper winding inductance (typically the major component of the machine subtransient reactance, $X^{\prime \prime }_{d}$) improves the 9-Hz oscillation stability, but with insignificant influence on the other three types of stability. Furthermore, the excitation system characteristics show negligible influence for any of the scenarios. In addition to the simulation studies, we show how the operational reactances are associated with the machine's $dq$ impedance viewed from the terminal bus and how a SynCon reduces the equivalent grid impedance, thereby improving weak grid stability. Finally, it is concluded that minimization of both transient and subtransient direct-axis reactances should help in a range of stability scenarios, while cautions should be taken when dealing with quadrature-axis transient reactances.
PubDate: TUE, 02 JUL 2024 09:17:50 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Super-Twisting Terminal Sliding Mode Decoupling Current Control for
Sinusoidal Doubly Salient Electromagnetic Machine Drives-
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Authors: Xiaodong Yu;Bo Zhou;Wenjing Fang;Siyuan Jiang;Xingwei Zhou;Lei Xiong;
Pages: 106 - 122
Abstract: The current control is essential to achieve the high performance of the sinusoidal doubly salient electromagnetic machine (SDSEM). However, the current loop suffers from both the coupling effect and system uncertainty disturbances, which deteriorates its control performance. To address this problem, this paper proposes a super-twisting terminal sliding mode decoupling current control (STTSMD) method, which consists of a current decoupling controller and a super-twisting terminal sliding mode controller. The former can completely decouple the d- and q-axis currents on the premise of ignoring the system uncertainty disturbances, having the advantages of simple structure and easy implementation; the latter can effectively eliminate the adverse influence of the system uncertainty disturbances, having the advantages of fast convergence and chattering suppression. The proposed STTSMD method can improve the dynamic and steady-state response as well as the robustness of SDSEM current control. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment.
PubDate: MON, 08 JUL 2024 09:17:03 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Improved Hybrid Sensorless Control for IPMSM in Full Speed Range at Low
Switching Frequency-
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Authors: Shifan Dong;Minglei Zhou;Chenchen Wang;Lifeng Gou;Xiaojie You;
Pages: 123 - 135
Abstract: This paper proposes an improved hybrid sensorless control method for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in full speed range at low switching frequency. At low speed, the conventional high-frequency (HF) voltage injection method is difficult to implement at low switching frequency because of the special dual sampling rate mechanism. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved square wave voltage injection method, which separates the observation of rotor position from the injection of HF voltage and the extraction of HF current based on dual sampling rate mechanism. Then, the error caused by large PWM delay at low switching frequency is analyzed and compensated. At high speed, to avoid the influence of cross coupling due to discretization error on the estimated rotor position at low switching frequency, the cross coupling caused by modeling in continuous time domain is analyzed, then a state observer is established in discrete time domain directly. A 3 kW experimental platform is built to verify the effectiveness of proposed method.
PubDate: FRI, 05 JUL 2024 09:16:13 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Quasi-Centralized Direct Model Predictive Control for Two-Level
Back-to-Back System Based on Adaptive Kalman Filter-
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Authors: Fengxiang Wang;Tinglan Ye;Dongliang Ke;Yantao Chen;Yingjie He;
Pages: 148 - 158
Abstract: In conventional cascade-free control systems for two-level back-to-back power converters with PMSGs, the control structure is complex. Separate controls are needed for the front-end rectifier and the back-end inverter, and additional parameter tuning is required under different operating conditions. To address these challenges, a quasi-centralized direct model predictive control method using an adaptive Kalman filter (AKQC-DMPC) is proposed. This approach involves direct control of the DC-link voltage by a grid-side predictive controller, enabling centralized management of both the front-end rectifier and the back-end inverter. The adaptive Kalman filter is designed to correct system model inaccuracies and parameter uncertainties, thereby eliminating steady-state tracking errors in the DC-link voltage. Furthermore, to enhance the filter's resistance to disturbances, an adaptive rate function is introduced to dynamically adjust the fixed noise covariance matrix of the traditional Kalman filter. The effectiveness of AKQC-DMPC is demonstrated through experimental results. Its advantage is also established in comparison with traditional PI and QC methods, particularly in terms of robustness and dynamic performance.
PubDate: TUE, 09 JUL 2024 09:16:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Model-Based Design for Control Architecture of Onboard Hybrid Power
Systems-
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Authors: Daeseong Park;Mehdi Zadeh;Krishna Kumar Nagalingam;
Pages: 159 - 171
Abstract: Onboard hybrid power systems (OHPS), as a key enabler for the electrification of marine transport, rely on the capabilities of emerging technologies combined with hierarchical control systems. This paper addresses the challenges associated with the control design of OHPS by proposing a practical model-based design approach and performing case studies for validation. Initially, a generic dynamic model for the OHPS is developed including multi-level controllers, such as a power management system (PMS) and low-level controllers, and power components, such as engine generators, power electronics, dc grid, and batteries. Then, the system's stability is investigated thanks to the eigenvalue-based “stability portraits”. Consequently, stability-based design boundaries are identified concerning changes in the control parameters and loading limits. This allows evaluation of the PMS and its associated parameters such as droop coefficients used for load sharing. The analytical model and the designed PMS are validated with time-domain simulations and experimental tests conducted on a laboratory-scale prototype. The results on selected operating points demonstrate good consistency. The proposed method is developed using simplified dynamic models to avoid computational complexities. Yet, it provides insight into the system physics and reduces the uncertainty of the design process allowing for more flexible-, efficient- and cost-effective control scenarios.
PubDate: TUE, 30 JUL 2024 09:17:42 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Novel Magnetization State Control Method Based on Modified Voltage
Limitation for Hybrid Magnet Memory Machine-
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Authors: Yan Jia;Z.Q. Zhu;Qiang Wei;Jianghua Feng;Shuying Guo;Yifeng Li;Liang Hu;
Pages: 172 - 184
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel magnetization state (MS) control method for a hybrid magnet memory machine (HMMM) based on modified voltage limitation. The effect of the voltage limitation on the MS manipulation is analyzed. The circumcircle of voltage vector hexagon is utilized as the modified voltage limitation instead of the inscribed circle to simplify the algorithm which can increase the voltage margin for MS manipulation under the same operating conditions. The maximum amplitude of the magnetizing current pulse under real-time voltage limitation can be calculated and utilized as the boundary for MS manipulation. Within the boundary, the target MS can be achieved. When the MS is limited, the proposed MS control method also provides a solution to achieve the target MS by calculating the optimal operating speed. The experimental validations are carried out on the HMMM control system to verify the feasibility of the proposed MS control method.
PubDate: TUE, 09 JUL 2024 09:16:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- High-Frequency Modeling for Determination of Motor Voltage Stresses in a
6.6 kV Variable Speed Drive-
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Authors: Bjørn Gustavsen;Terje Knutsen;
Pages: 197 - 207
Abstract: Variable speed drives (VSDs) cause motor overvoltage stresses to result from fast-front voltage waveforms emerging from the converter, in particular when filters are not installed at the converter output terminals. This work investigates modeling procedures for predicting the overvoltages on a 970 kW 6.6 kV induction motor that is fed from 41-m single-core cables. It is shown that frequency-dependent models for the cables and motor, developed from frequency sweep measurements, can properly simulate the motor overvoltage waveforms that result from converter side voltages with sub-microsecond voltage rise times. The models can also reproduce the damping observed in a 275 kHz oscillation in the motor voltage when the VSD system is operated at full voltage with a series inductor filter included. Usage of simplified models leads to substantial errors in the waveforms.
PubDate: FRI, 16 AUG 2024 09:16:26 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Sensorless FCS-MPCC PMSM Drives With Improved Sliding Mode Observer and
Low-Complexity Discrete Vector Selection – An Assessment-
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Authors: Mingxing Gu;Yong Yang;Yang Xiao;Mingdi Fan;Yiwang Wang;Huiqing Wen;Chee Shen Lim;Hui Yang;Jose Rodriguez;
Pages: 208 - 217
Abstract: This paper proposes a virtual voltage vector-based finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPCC) for a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. First, an adaptive sliding-mode back electromotive force observer is integrated to improve the observer accuracy, especially in terms of rotor field speed and position. Then, a simple virtual voltage vector selection algorithm is proposed to increase the input voltage vector resolution of FCS-MPCC while keeping the real-time computation burden low. The viability and performance of the proposed FCS-MPCC the sigmoid function-based sliding mode observer and the low-complexity virtual vector algorithm is assessed comparatively against the classical actual voltage vector-based FCS-MPCC with and without the improved sliding mode observer.
PubDate: TUE, 16 JUL 2024 09:16:46 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Health Prediction Model Combining
Convolutional Neural Network and Masked Multi-Head Attention Mechanism-
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Authors: Haipeng Xiao;Lijun Fu;Chengya Shang;Yaxiang Fan;Xianqiang Bao;Xinghua Xu;
Pages: 218 - 232
Abstract: The existing data-driven methods for the state of health (SOH) prediction of lithium-ion battery are limited by the data quantity, resulting in insufficient generalization performance, prediction accuracy and prediction stability. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a novel model, namely the CNN-MMHA, for SOH prediction. The CNN-MMHA incorporates mask mechanisms and multi-head attention mechanisms (MHA) to effectively capture the interdependencies within time series data (i.e. MMHA). Simultaneously, the utilization of the data conversion module and convolutional neural network (CNN) enables the capture of temporal sequences and local characteristics of battery states, accordingly enhancing the predictive ability of MMHA. In this study, This paper execute a sequence of simulation experiments on NASA and CALCE data sets, where this paper compare the performance of a variety of models: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), CNN, CNN-LSTM, MMHA, and CNN-MMHA respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed model yields optimal convergence and generalization performance. Furthermore, it has the utmost prediction accuracy and stability. Ultimately, the exceptional performance and real-world applicability of the proposed model are corroborated through its experiments on the real battery.
PubDate: THU, 15 AUG 2024 09:16:50 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Assessment of Induction Motor Tolerance to Supply Voltage Unbalance for
Different Dual-Winding Configurations-
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Authors: Fernando J. T. E. Ferreira;José M. Alberto;Aníbal T. de Almeida;
Pages: 233 - 245
Abstract: In this paper, an assessment of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor tolerance to supply voltage unbalance for different dual-winding configurations, focusing on the phase current unbalance rate, the maximum amplitude of phase currents, and the per-slot stator conduction losses, is presented, including theoretical deductions, simulations, and experiments. Fifteen different dual-winding configurations were tested in an induction motor with externally reconfigurable windings at different load and slip conditions under supply voltage unbalance resulting from lowering the amplitude of one line-to-neutral voltage. The dual-winding configurations experimentally tested included the star-series, delta-series, and star-delta connection modes, with different angular displacements between the two partial windings, namely, 0, 20, 40, 60, and 240 electrical degrees. The experiments that were conducted allowed for obtaining novel results and conclusions, including identifying the three dual-winding configurations that lead to the lowest per-slot per-unit conduction losses under the considered type of supply voltage unbalance. Compared to the commonly used delta-connected windings, the identified dual-winding configurations may provide more motor tolerance to supply voltage unbalance, ultimately extending the useful lifetime of the stator windings.
PubDate: TUE, 06 AUG 2024 09:16:39 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Enhanced UPQC Control Scheme for Power Quality Improvement in Wave Energy
Driven PMSG System-
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Authors: Hafiz Ahmed;Doğan Çelik;
Pages: 246 - 257
Abstract: This article focuses on enhancing power quality (PQ) in a wave energy-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) system with unbalanced and highly inductive nonlinear loads using a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). Our proposed control system improves voltage quality, compensates for reactive power, and mitigates harmonics. It ensures constant voltage amplitudes during supply voltage faults, achieving harmonic rejection, reactive power compensation, and enhanced voltage quality through the UPQC's parallel converter. Compared to previous methods, we introduce a frequency-fixed second-order generalized integrator (FFSOGI) quasi-type-1 PLL for efficient load harmonics extraction and source voltage fault detection. Additionally, a robust nonlinear proportional-integral (N-PI) controller, with a feedforward term, regulates the DC-link voltage swiftly and mitigates fluctuations. Our approach ensures compliance with IEEE standards for source current and load voltage harmonics. Comprehensive PSCAD/EMTDC results, utilizing experimental torque and power data from a wave energy converter at the Australian Maritime College model test pool, highlight the advantages of our proposed approach over conventional methods.
PubDate: WED, 10 JUL 2024 09:16:53 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A Novel Adaptive Dead-Time Control Method for GaN-Based Motor Drives
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Authors: Haihong Qin;Xiaoxue Zheng;Wenlu Wang;Qian Xun;
Pages: 258 - 269
Abstract: Compared to Si devices, Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices are more suitable for achieving high switching frequency in motor drive applications, thereby improving power density. However, increasing switching frequency can also lead to extra switching losses and poor total harmonic distortion (THD). A smaller dead-time can mitigate these issues, but conventional constant dead-time design methods struggle to ensure optimal performance across all load ranges. This paper proposes a novel adaptive dead-time control method for GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) in phase-legs to simultaneously enhance the efficiency and THD of motor drives. To achieve this, the detailed switching process of GaN HEMTs in a double-pulse test circuit is modeled and analyzed. The optimization principle of the dead-time setting is revealed, considering the tradeoff effect of dead-time on switching losses and THD. The adaptive dead-time control method dynamically adjusts the dead-time under different load conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a 1 kW GaN-based permanent magnet synchronous machine drive platform. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method can increase efficiency up to 0.85% at full load with a switching frequency of 100 kHz compared to constant dead-time. Meanwhile, THD is reduced by 1.44% under the same condition.
PubDate: MON, 22 JUL 2024 09:16:29 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- An Additional Resonance Damping Control for Grey-Box D-PMSG Wind Farm
Integrated Weak Grid-
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Authors: Tao Zhang;Songhao Yang;Zhiguo Hao;Hongyue Ma;Baohui Zhang;
Pages: 270 - 283
Abstract: Considerable efforts have been made to address the resonance issue of the Direct-drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (D-PMSG) wind farm integrated power systems. However, the D-PMSG controller structure and parameters are concealed because of commercial secrecy, thus the target system exhibits grey-box characteristics. The existing resonance damping methods are either unavailable for grey-box systems or economically infeasible, which makes resonance damping of grey-box systems extremely challenging. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Additional Resonance Damping Control (ARDC) specifically for the grey-box D-PMSG system. This strategy is achieved by incorporating an additional control loop outside the D-PMSG controller. Firstly, the external impedance characteristics are obtained by the frequency sweeping technique offline and then the key parameter of the additional control loop is determined by the Bode-diagram-based method under the worst stability scenario. Once the resonance occurs, the external impedance of the black-box D-PMSG is reshaped online to increase the magnitude stability margin of the system, thus providing effective resonance damping. The ARDC's effectiveness is finally verified in the simulation and controller-hardware-in-the-loop experiment under various operating conditions.
PubDate: WED, 10 JUL 2024 09:16:53 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Design and Evaluation of Matrix Rotor Induction Motor for High-Torque
Low-Speed Applications-
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Authors: Carlos Madariaga;César Gallardo;Nicolás Reyes;Juan A. Tapia;Werner Jara;Michele Degano;
Pages: 295 - 305
Abstract: This paper presents the design and evaluation of a new axial-flux low-speed and high-torque matrix-rotor induction machine. Iron wires embedded in a cupper matrix comprise the solid rotor structure. Specific design and sizing equations are provided focusing on key rotor parameters: the iron/copper ratio and iron wire diameter. The analysis was carried out through analytical equations and three-dimensional finite element simulations. Based on the proposed design guidelines, A 20 HP, 250 rpm prototype was built and evaluated for experimental validation. Good concordance was obtained between the different stages of the matrix-rotor induction machine design: the initial sizing recommendations, finite element simulations and experimental results. Moreover, the proposed machine is suitable for low-speed high-torque applications, although there is room for further optimization depending on specific application needs.
PubDate: THU, 11 JUL 2024 09:16:48 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- An Improved Grid-Forming Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Generators with
the Supercapacitor for Optimizing Primary Frequency Regulation Ability-
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Authors: Zeyu Zhang;Dan Sun;Chen Zhao;Heng Nian;
Pages: 306 - 322
Abstract: To optimize the primary frequency regulation (PFR) ability of the Type-IV wind turbine generator (WTG) system equipped with a supercapacitor energy storage system (SC-ESS), this paper proposes an expanded DC-link energy-based grid-forming (GFM) control strategy of WTG system. This strategy utilizes the energy stored in the WT rotor kinetic and the DC-link capacitance flexibly to maintain voltage stability and provide frequency support to the power grid in the grid-side converter (GSC) and SC-ESS, while the machine-side converter (MSC) can serve as the energy source. To flexibly utilize the power output ability of SC, an increased-power outer loop-based cascade control scheme of SC-ESS is designed to coordinate with GSC for unified voltage and power control. Meanwhile, a decoupling mechanism between DC-link voltage and power is designed to reduce their mutual interference. Besides, a coordinated PFR control method of WTG and SC is presented to comprehensively consider the interdependency among equipment safety, PFR ability indexes, and PFR costs. This method optimizes the depth of WTG and SC-ESS participating in PFR under different frequency stages, which can ensure the above issues. Case studies on a standard IEEE four-machine two-area system verify the superiority of the proposed control strategy.
PubDate: FRI, 16 AUG 2024 09:16:26 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Rotor Eccentricity Impact on Electromagnetic Behavior in Combined Winding
Bearingless Motors Towards Displacement Self-Sensing-
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Authors: Nathan P. Petersen;Eric L. Severson;
Pages: 323 - 336
Abstract: Levitation control of bearingless motors requires rotor displacement sensors. Recent research has explored self-sensing (sensorless) control which enables removing these sensors, but only for separated windings. Combined windings—where each coil can create torque and force—have been proven to be a critical component for realizing high performance bearingless motors for industrial applications. These applications are often cost-sensitive and require bearingless solutions with minimal overhead compared to traditional motors. Self-sensing control with combined windings removes barriers for wider adoption of bearingless technology—this paper forms the analytic basis for showing this is possible. The primary contribution is a unified modeling framework which encompasses several popular combined winding types found in the literature. For each winding type, winding functions are defined—each type with differing winding coil circuit arrangements and drive interfaces. The terminal inductance matrix and back-EMF is computed to include the effects of a non-centered rotor, and then transformed into decoupled torque and suspension force components. Through the presented transformations, all combined winding types support radial self-sensing, albeit with additional control complexity. Finite element simulations and hardware experiments validate the modeling approach. Future self-sensing research can build upon these models to design control algorithms and machines which work for any combined winding type.
PubDate: WED, 03 JUL 2024 09:16:59 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Dynamically Aggregated Small-Signal Impedance Model of Inverter-Based
Resources-
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Authors: Akshita Sharma;Pankaj D. Achlerkar;Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi;
Pages: 360 - 370
Abstract: Bulk renewable energy resources are interfaced with power systems by large-scale power plants having numerous inverter-based resources (IBRs). To alleviate the burden of simulating large networks, aggregated models are required to effectively emulate the large-signal behaviour in electromagnetic time-domain (EMT) simulations, and small-signal behaviour for analytical studies. This work develops a step-wise generic methodology for small-signal dynamic equivalencing of a renewable power plant considering realistic heterogeneity in IBRs' hardware, control parameters, control structures, and their distinct locations. Unlike many existing aggregation methods, the impact of passive elements and IBR set-points (active components) is also considered. The aggregated small-signal impedance model is verified using EMT simulations of various operating scenarios in MATLAB/Simulink.
PubDate: FRI, 19 JUL 2024 09:16:01 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A New Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Motor Using Low Cost Ferrites With
Flux Regulation Capability-
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Authors: Daohan Wang;Guangsheng Xu;Bingdong Wang;Xiaoji Wang;Zhipeng Li;Xiuhe Wang;
Pages: 382 - 393
Abstract: In this article, a new single phase flux switching motor (FSM), which using low cost ferrites instead of NdFeB to provide the main flux, called hybrid excitation FSM (HEFSM) is proposed. The HEFSM can be used in light industrial scenarios such as electric tools, household appliances, pumps and fans, etc. The field winding is placed in the vacant slot of stator, without bringing in any redundant mechanical components for hybrid excitation. To improve the flux regulation capability, an auxiliary air gap is set up inside the stator yoke so that the main flux can be adjustable via the field winding and the stator auxiliary air gap. A simplified magnetic circuit is developed to analyze the flux regulation capability of the motor. Several potential stator configurations for HEFSM are compared, studied and optimized. The dimensional parameter optimization design of the proposed motor is carried out utilizing the multi-objective optimization approach and three-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA). An 8/4 pole HEFSM with the proposed configuration is prototyped. The experimental results are conducted and compared with those of FEA simulations. Additionally, the electromagnetic vibrations and acoustic noises, which are consistently viewed as the biggest drawback of this type of motor, are also measured and estimated.
PubDate: TUE, 23 JUL 2024 09:16:49 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Impedance Shaping Method for System-Level Stabilization of
Droop-Controlled DC Microgrids-
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Authors: Yuxin Zhu;Fei Wang;Zhengyu Lin;James Fleming;Tianling Shi;Hui Guo;Haoge Xu;
Pages: 409 - 421
Abstract: DC microgrids (MGs) based on distributed energy resources (DERs) are prone to stability issues due to the negative impedance characteristics of some interface converters. Large-scale MGs need to be compatible with various operation modes and integrate the DERs with different structures, thereby increasing the difficulty of stabilization design. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel impedance shaping method to achieve system-level stabilization by designing feedback laws for the droop-controlled sources. An impedance shaping criterion is first proposed for the decoupling design of multiple droop-controlled sources. Compared with existing impedance shaping methods, the proposed criterion can be more flexibly applied to a large-scale DC MG. An efficient algorithm is further developed to design the primary droop control by combining the proposed criterion and linear matrix inequalities. The proposed method features a simpler control architecture and can be directly applied to the DERs with different interface converters. Case study based on experiment and benchmark system shows that the DC MG designed by the proposed method has a high stability margin and good transient performance.
PubDate: MON, 15 JUL 2024 09:16:51 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Multistage Variable Current Pulse Charging Strategy Based on Polarization
Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery-
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Authors: Ren-Peng Zhang;Xin-Guo Shi;De-Chong Wei;Yong-qi Wang;Wei Yin;Yong Cheng;
Pages: 422 - 436
Abstract: The rapid charging strategy of lithium-ion batteries is the basis for large-scale application of electric vehicles. This paper proposes a four-stage variable current pulse charging strategy for lithium-ion batteries. Based on the commonly used equivalent circuit model, this paper proposes a second-order RC equivalent circuit model considering the voltage hysteresis effect. The battery state of charge (SOC) is estimated using the unscented Kalman filter algorithm based on temperature and capacity correction (TQ-UKF). The pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model was used for COMSOL simulation to determine the safe charging current under different SOC. Taking the safe charging current as the threshold, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve the optimal charging current for the weights of different charging time and charging loss. Finally, the pulse charging in the high SOC stage is combined with the optimal charging current to optimize the lithium-ion battery charging process. Compared with the traditional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) charging strategy, the charging strategy proposed in this paper can improve the charging capacity and battery utilization while ensuring the charging time.
PubDate: TUE, 20 AUG 2024 09:16:43 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- Low-Dimensional Equivalent Models and Multithreading-Based Parallel EMT
Simulation Method for Multi-Converter Systems-
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Authors: Mingwang Xu;Wei Gu;Yang Cao;Shuaixian Chen;Fei Zhang;Wei Liu;
Pages: 437 - 452
Abstract: As the proportion of renewable energy generation in the grid increases, the number of voltage source converters (VSCs) has grown significantly. It is therefore of great importance to study the multi-VSC systems using electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation. This paper presents a novel approach to modeling multi-VSC circuits, comprising EMT low-dimensional equivalent models and a multithreading-based parallel simulation method. The decoupling between the VSC from the AC grid is initially achieved through the adoption of semi-implicit hybrid integration. This is followed by the synthesis of the equivalent circuit for each phase, which results in the derivation of low-dimensional equivalent models of multi-VSC circuits. In addition, a parallel simulation algorithm for the VSC is proposed, which enables parallel solution and the update of internal/external node voltages and historical current sources. Subsequently, the design and implementation of the parallel algorithm is achieved by means of an OpenMP-based simulation framework. Furthermore, a physical experimental platform is established. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of achieving more than 80 times acceleration in serial mode due to the decoupling and low-dimension when applied in a grid-connected 100-megawatt photovoltaic power station (PVPS), and can obtain 2-3 times secondary acceleration in parallel mode with almost uncompromising accuracy.
PubDate: THU, 04 JUL 2024 09:16:11 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A Flexible Bidirectional Multiport Converter for Battery-Ultracapacitor
Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electrified Vehicles-
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Authors: Pratim Bhattacharyya;Siddheswar Sen;Santu Kumar Giri;Soumitra Ghorai;
Pages: 453 - 464
Abstract: To augment the power management among battery and ultracapacitor (UC) in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for electrified vehicles (EVs), a multiport converter having flexibility in power transfer is desirable. With this objective, a bidirectional dual input single output multiport converter is proposed, which can achieve dynamic flexibility of power flow by employing only two high frequency (HF) switches. The converter comprises a pair of dedicated current flow paths to process high and low level of currents. The current flow paths can be flexibly re-allocated with the desired energy storage depending upon the dynamic load power scenarios of an EV. This enables in maneuvering the flow of power between the three ports according to the nature of variations in an EV load profile. Furthermore, the converter ensures single stage power processing in every possible power flow direction while providing independent control over each power flow path. All these features are obtained by utilizing only two HF switches, thereby demonstrating judicious sharing of components with simplified gate driving and control. The performance of the proposed multiport converter corresponding to dynamic EV load profiles is validated through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and experimentation on a 1 kW laboratory scale hardware prototype.
PubDate: WED, 10 JUL 2024 09:16:53 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Eliminating Common Mode Voltage and Suppressing Conducted EMI Based on
Discontinuous PWM for General Two-Unit PMSMs-
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Authors: Yongxiang Xu;Haiyang Gao;Wentao Zhang;Shaobin Li;Jibin Zou;
Pages: 465 - 477
Abstract: In high-power motor drive systems, the two-unit permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system driven by parallel inverters controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) will generate significant common mode voltage (CMV) and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI), which will have adverse effects on the system. In order to minimize this adverse effect, this paper proposes a modulation strategy based on discontinuous PWM (DPWM) that can completely eliminate the CMV of the two-unit PMSM to ground. This strategy selects only one zero vector within each carrier cycle and makes the switching states of the parallel inverters three “1” states and three “0” states at any time, significantly suppressing conducted EMI. The PWM waveforms within each carrier cycle are symmetrical, which significantly reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the motor phase current compared to asymmetric PWM waveforms. The principle of the proposed strategy is introduced and the resulting switching loss of inverters is analyzed. The impact of deadtime is discussed, and the edges of PWM signals are improved to eliminate the CMV spikes caused by deadtime. The experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
PubDate: FRI, 02 AUG 2024 09:16:59 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- Mitigating Converter Thermal Stress in PMSG Wind Turbines Using Enhanced
Control Strategy and Reduced Order Modeling-
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Authors: Arsim Ahmedi;Mike Barnes;Chong Ng;Paul McKeever;Agustí Egea-Àlvarez;
Pages: 478 - 489
Abstract: Frequent failures of converters in individual wind turbines (WTs) of modern wind farms (WFs) means sub-optimal operation, loss of generation, as well as increased operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Improving sub-system and component reliability, including that of converters, is a key element in maintaining technical confidence and consequently minimizing losses for operators and energy cost for consumers. In this paper one dominating cause of failures in WT converters is studied: the thermo-mechanical stress of IGBT modules. Using a lifetime and stress evaluation methodology, the reliability of different subcomponents of a converter module is evaluated. The torque control of the generator, as well as the control of real and reactive power transfer to the grid, are considered. A detail sensitivity analysis and model order reduction of the whole methodology is undertaken. This addresses the need to maximize computational efficiency if such models are to be applied practically, for example in WT digital twins. A novel current control strategy that reduces the IGBT thermal stress without impacting the torque control of the PMSG WT is suggested and successfully applied to a test case.
PubDate: FRI, 23 AUG 2024 09:16:02 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- Modeling and Remedies for Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Demagnetization
Effects in Hybrid Permanent Magnet Variable Flux Motors-
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Authors: Bassam S. Abdel-Mageed;Akrem M. Aljehaimi;Pragasen Pillay;
Pages: 490 - 504
Abstract: Variable-flux motors (VFMs) with hybrid permanent magnets (PMs) can limit the utilization of rare-earth PMs and reduce the high-speed losses of traction motors. These motors are often characterized by two main magnetization states (MS), i.e., the maximum and minimum. The flux variation is achieved by applying current pulses. This can be multiples of the rated current and changes the rare-earth PM operating point so that a minimum flux is produced by the low-coercive force PM (LCFPM). This paper presents a detailed study of the modeling and analysis of rare-earth PM demagnetization in hybrid PM VFMs. An iterative simulation procedure is proposed for predicting rare-earth PM demagnetization while driving the LCFPM to minimum MS. Two plausible causes of demagnetized rare-earth PM operations are investigated. Then, a series-hybrid PM VFM with partially demagnetized rare-earth PMs is tested experimentally to validate the proposed simulation procedure, and a reasonable match is found between the simulation and experimental results. Finally, some design remarks are presented, and two remedial design modifications are proposed, allowing minimal changes in rotor geometrical constraints. Results reveal that for hybrid PM VFMs, it is crucial to model the irreversible demagnetization behavior of rare-earth PM while predicting the re/demagnetization performance.
PubDate: TUE, 06 AUG 2024 09:16:39 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- A Fully Analytical Model for the Performance Prediction of Radial
Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Couplers-
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Authors: Jun Luo;Lei Hou;Huayan Pu;Chunlin Zhang;Yi Qin;Fei Wu;Shujin Yuan;
Pages: 505 - 514
Abstract: Permanent magnet eddy current couplers (PMECCs) have been widely used in industrial equipment due to their non-contact speed regulation function. However, temperature rises limit their performances. A fully analytical electromagnetic-thermal coupling analysis model is established. In the electromagnetic section of this model, the magnetic equivalent circuit model, which takes into account the 3-D edge effect and flux path bending effect, especially the asymmetric state of a radial PMECC, is adopted. In the temperature section of this model, the thermal network method, which takes into account the conduction thermal resistance, convection thermal resistance, equivalent air gap conduction thermal resistance, and equivalent contact thermal resistance, is implemented. The fully analytical model is solved using the iterative method and experimentally verified. The maximum relative errors of temperature and torque in the symmetrical state are 4.13$\%$ and 3.57$\%$, respectively. In the asymmetric state, they are 4.9$\%$ and 3.95$\%$, respectively. This research helps improve the design and speed control accuracy of magnetic transmission systems.
PubDate: WED, 03 JUL 2024 09:16:59 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- Stable Stochastic MPC for Uncertain Wind Energy Conversion System Over
Whole Operating Regions-
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Authors: Xiangjie Liu;Shifan Guo;Lele Ma;Xiaobing Kong;Kwang Y. Lee;
Pages: 515 - 528
Abstract: The stochastic uncertainty of wind speed presents a great challenge for achieving reliable power control in wind energy conversion system (WECS). Due to the excellence in handling the uncertainties based on probabilistic descriptions, stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) has been regarded as a promising strategy for WECS. However, owing to fluctuation characteristic of wind speed, operating points commonly change in WECS. Thus, an important limitation of applying SMPC to WECS stems from the fact that feasibility and stability of the traditional SMPC can only be ensured at one single predesigned operating point. Regarding this issue, a stable SMPC strategy for uncertain WECS is proposed in this paper to ensure the feasibility and stability of WECS under changing operating points over the whole operating regions. A Luenberger observer is employed to estimate model-plant mismatch introduced by linearization process, while a tube-based control framework is deployed to cope with stochastic wind speed disturbance. The feasibility of SMPC is ensured by incorporating artificial steady targets as optimization variables, while the stability of WECS is guaranteed by modifying the cost function and extending the terminal constraint. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated through simulations and experiments under different scenarios.
PubDate: TUE, 30 JUL 2024 09:17:42 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- A Mathematical and Dynamical Model for Analyzing H-Shaped PM Vernier Motor
for Electric Motorcycle Mid-Drive Applications-
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Authors: Mehrage Ghods;Jawad Faiz;Mohammad Amin Bazrafshan;Hamed Gorginpour;Mohammad Sedigh Toulabi;
Pages: 529 - 543
Abstract: The permanent magnet (PM) Vernier machines enhance torque density and decrease cogging torque compared to conventional permanent magnet synchronous motor. This paper presents a novel fractional-slot H-shaped PM Vernier machines, which incorporates unique design for the PM housing and rotor core construction. These designs are specifically optimized for the small-scale electric vehicles application. The choice of the PM arrangement is based on the combination of V-shaped and spoke-array PM topologies. The aim is to achieve a higher torque density than V-shaped PM machines, while reducing cogging torque compared to spoke-array PM machines. By using this methodology, leakage fluxes in the terminal region of the PMs reduce, resulting in an augmentation of both flux-linkage and power factor. A prototype 680 W motor was fabricated with 12 slots and 8 poles to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model. Mathematical model and dynamical analysis are proposed for the analytical prediction of machine performance. Due to the unique shape feature of the machine, the conformal mapping approach is applied to design the rotor core. To validate the model, the predicted performance of the motor was compared with those obtained by finite element analysis and experiments.
PubDate: TUE, 13 AUG 2024 09:16:36 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- General Design Rules for Space Harmonic Cancellation in Multiphase
Machines With Multiple Converters and Star-Polygonal Windings-
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Authors: I. A. Rudden;G. J. Li;Z. Q. Zhu;A. Duke;R. Clark;A. Thomas;
Pages: 544 - 556
Abstract: This paper presents a general rule for the design of m-phase machines supplied by n-converters that employ a hybrid star-polygonal winding in each m-phase set. This rule shows that for any m-phase machine supplied by n-converters, there exists a set of feasible slot-pole numbers in conjunction with the star-polygonal connection that allows for optimum winding MMF harmonic performance. This also allows for tables of feasible solutions to be generated, including coil pitch and calculated winding factors. From this, the star of slots method is used to obtain the winding layout of any feasible machine for comparison of its winding MMF harmonic performance. An example 3-phase machine is investigated and a number of trends for all m-phase n-converter machines can be identified. In machines with a coil pitch of 1, excellent harmonic elimination is observed for all non-torque producing harmonics and machine performance is all-round enhanced. A prototype machine has been manufactured and EMF and static torque measurements validate the predictions.
PubDate: WED, 03 JUL 2024 09:17:02 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- Reactive Current Response of Grid-Forming Converters During
Low-Voltage-Ride-Through: Analysis of Test Method Impact-
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Authors: Ziqian Zhang;Robert Schuerhuber;Lothar Fickert;Guochu Chen;
Pages: 602 - 614
Abstract: This paper presents an examination of grid-forming converters (GFM) under low-voltage-ride-through (LVRT) conditions. It emphasizes the influence of inner loop control strategies, and grid topologies on GFM performance. The study introduces a versatile equivalent modeling methodology suitable for different inner loop control strategies. Additionally, it evaluates three LVRT testing devices: the shunt impedance based voltage sag generator (SIVSG), programmable voltage source with impedance (PVS), and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) system, highlighting their differences in simulating grid fault characteristics. The results indicate that SIVSG and PVS have limitations in mimicking actual grid fault scenarios, potentially leading to GFMs erroneously passing LVRT tests. Conversely, HIL-based testing methods more accurately replicate grid faults, offering a more reliable assessment of GFM performance.
PubDate: WED, 10 JUL 2024 09:16:53 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
-
- Motor Castellation for Enhancing the Passive Stiffness of Bearingless
Slice Motors-
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Authors: Krishan Kant;David L. Trumper;
Pages: 615 - 622
Abstract: In bearingless slice motors, the passive axial and tilt stiffnesses acting on the rotor are important for constraining rotor motions. This paper presents a novel approach to increasing these stiffnesses by using axial castellation. In this approach, the stator and rotor surfaces facing the working airgap are formed with teeth (castellation) in the axial direction. This tooth structure enhances magnetic energy variation with respect to axial and tilt motions, and consequently raises the stiffness in these degrees of freedom. The paper also shows that a further increase in these stiffnesses can be achieved by including small radially magnetized inter-tooth permanent magnets located in the slots between the teeth. To support this new design, a reluctance-based circuit model is created to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to enhanced passive stiffness. Finite element simulations are then used for the detailed motor design, and to optimized the passive stiffness via parametric studies. A representative design has been constructed to allow experimental measurement of the axial and tilt stiffnesses. These experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in the passive stiffness for bearingless motors with the castellation, and with the use of inter-tooth magnets. This paper also discusses alternate motor modifications to enhance the passive stiffnesses.
PubDate: TUE, 09 JUL 2024 09:16:24 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A Comprehensive Study of a Universal Non-Parametric Mesh Magnetic
Reluctance Network Model for Radial Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Machines-
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Authors: Chong Di;Rongze Li;Junhao Wang;Xiaohua Bao;
Pages: 623 - 641
Abstract: In this paper a universal non-parametric mesh magnetic reluctance network (MRN) model has been proposed for the modelling of radial interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). The main idea of the proposed MRN is to generate the mesh directly by filling the geometry with two-flux-path sector elements automatically in the whole physical region. Then, the circuit topology, excitation vector, and incidence matrix are also formed automatically based on the non-parametric mesh, which are prerequisites for the following circuit analysis solved by nodal analysis. The proposed MRN model can accurately take the nonlinear material property, rotor movement, and period or anti-period boundaries into consideration. Electromagnetic performances and even the magnetic flux density distribution can be solved thoroughly by the proposed MRN model, which are as accurate as the results solved by finite element analysis (FEA). In addition, the non-parametric mesh MRN model is also proven to have powerful parallel computing potentials, and the convergence has been further strengthened by introducing a damping search algorithm and setting proper initial conditions in time-stepping analysis. Finally, the proposed MRN model has been verified by comparisons to both the experimental and FEA results. All these properties of the proposed universal MRN model make it a potential substitution for the FEA model.
PubDate: TUE, 16 JUL 2024 09:16:46 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Detection of Inter-Turn Short Circuit in Stator Windings of Electric
Machines Using Magnetic Symmetry Index and Machine Learning Methods-
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Authors: Vahid Rafiei;Mahshid Khoshlessan;Carlos Caicedo-Narvaez;Babak Fahimi;
Pages: 642 - 652
Abstract: Electric machines have been in the spotlight as the transportation industry, along with many other high-impact industries, undergo the electrification process. While researchers debate whether one geometry or configuration has a higher power density, higher efficiency, or easier manufacturability, it is agreeable that nearly all the competing electric machines are symmetric. Symmetry can be used to develop a health index, whereas asymmetric signatures point to anomalies that stem from manufacturing imperfections, problems related to rotor faults, or inter-turn short circuits in the stator winding. This study takes a Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) and an Induction Motor (IM) and analyzes their polar magnetic symmetry to introduce a stator health index. Moreover, this symmetry index in conjunction with a discriminative classifier is used to determine and classify the fault severity. Finally, this study presents a viable method to determine the health (in terms of inter-turn stator short circuit faults) of the motor and shows that support vector machine (SVM) and XGBoost can successfully classify the severity of an inter-turn short circuit fault for IM and SRM, respectively.
PubDate: FRI, 26 JUL 2024 09:17:30 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Isolation, Detection and Estimation of Current Sensors Faults in PMSM
Drives Based on Current Signature Modeling-
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Authors: Ciro Attaianese;Matilde D'Arpino;Mauro Di Monaco;Luigi Pio Di Noia;
Pages: 653 - 664
Abstract: In the paper, an algorithm for field oriented controlled permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives is carried out, which allows for isolating, detecting and estimating both the scaling gain and the offset faults, affecting separately or simultaneously one or more phase current sensors. In previous papers, the authors proposed an analytical model able to determine the currents in a PMSM drive affected by offset and scaling gain faults. Its analytical solution required the solution of an overdetermined system of equations, performed by means of a new methodology developed by the authors. In this paper that model is analytically inverted to carry out an algorithm for detection, isolation, and estimation (FDIE) of scaling gain and offset faults affecting current sensors of PMSM current signature. The output of the proposed FDIE algorithm is represented by the estimated values of scaling gains and offsets of the three current sensors of the drive. To the best of knowledge of the authors, a similar algorithm does not exist in the literature, and this justifies the innovative contribution of this paper. Eventually, an extensive experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of the proposed FDIE algorithm.
PubDate: FRI, 23 AUG 2024 09:16:02 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- Windings Reconfigured Fault-Tolerant Control for Five-Phase PMSMs With
Reduced Torque Ripple-
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Authors: Jinghua Ji;Zongwang Li;Xiaopeng Zhao;Yanjun Yu;Wenxiang Zhao;
Pages: 665 - 676
Abstract: This paper proposes a winding reconfigured fault-tolerant control strategy for five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors with an open circuit fault. First, a new decoupling matrix is derived from the referenced fault-tolerant currents, which effectively decouples the phase currents into the fundamental subspace and dual-zero-sequence subspace. In order to mitigate the harmonic current, a novel winding connection topology is proposed in which the harmonic plane current can be eliminated without closed-loop control. Thereby, the pulsating term in the torque equation can be eliminated. Moreover, the post-fault four-phase motor can operate in the two-phase mode. As a result, only the currents of two phases are required for coordinate transformation, and the coordinate transformation process can be greatly simplified. The analysis of voltage utilization shows that the elimination of the harmonic subspace can improve the voltage utilization rate. Experimental results verify that the proposed strategy can achieve lower torque ripples, lower system loss and less computation time compared with the existing fault-tolerant strategy.
PubDate: FRI, 30 AUG 2024 09:18:18 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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- A Generic Single-Objective Machine Design Framework Utilizing Gaussian
Process Regression and Bayesian Optimization-
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Authors: Johannes Rossmann;Maarten J. Kamper;Christoph M. Hackl;
Pages: 677 - 689
Abstract: Due to the complex rotor design of reluctance synchronous machines, a finite element analysis is essential for the accurate calculation of machine relevant performance objectives, like mean torque and torque ripple. This necessitates a large number of simulation steps, resulting in a high computational burden and a long simulation time per design evaluation. Therefore, an efficient optimization algorithm is required. This paper proposes a novel and generic framework for single-objective machine design optimization using Gaussian process regression (GPR) and Bayesian optimization (BO). Different kernel functions (squared exponential, Matérn, rational quadratic) and hyperparameter configurations are assessed to evaluate the regression accuracy of three optimization (performance) objectives: mean torque, torque ripple, and power factor. Bayesian optimization with the infill criterion Expected Improvement is finally applied to perform optimal machine design for a machine with 18 design variables. It outperforms the classical methods such as genetic or particle swarm algorithms as it results in (much) faster optimization results with better machine designs; even for such a high number of design variables.
PubDate: MON, 02 SEP 2024 09:17:36 -04
Issue No: Vol. 40, No. 1 (2024)
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