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Authors:Muktar Abba Zarami, Isaac Jato, Yagana Abubakar Musti, Habibu Abubakar Waniyo, Abdusalam Baba Hassan Pages: 12 - 22 Abstract: The research in question was meticulously conducted within the premises of the Nigerian Liquefied Gas (NLG) Engineering laboratory, situated at the esteemed University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. This study focuses on the development and characterization of a composite material derived from neem leaves (NL) and Moringa seed husk (MSH) to adsorb methylene blue (MB) dye effluent. The synthesis process involved pyrolyzing MSH and NL at 400°C to produce MSH and NL biochar. These biochars were further treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activating agents, each separately. The physicochemical properties of NL and MSH were thoroughly examined through analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These analyses were conducted to gain comprehensive insights into the properties of the resulting adsorbent material. To optimize the adsorption process, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal operating conditions, thereby maximizing the adsorption capacity. Various factors including pH, contact time, temperature, concentration, and dosage were systematically investigated for their impact on the adsorption properties of methylene blue Dye Effluent. Experimental results indicated that the activated carbon produced by impregnating with KOH outperformed the one impregnated with NaOH. Specifically, the most favorable results were achieved at an initial MB concentration of 400 mg/l, utilizing 0.7 g of residue, and agitating at a rate of 250 rpm for one hour, yielding an efficiency of up to 95%. The study further delved into the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of methylene blue dye on this composite activated carbon at a temperature of 30°C. The adsorption isotherm for methylene blue was effectively correlated with the Isotherms model, the Langmuir model, suggesting a monolayer coverage of adsorbate on a homogeneous adsorbent surface. Additionally, the kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, implying that the rate-limiting step is chemisorption. PubDate: 2024-04-08 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
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Authors:Dibya Jyoti Mohanty, Dr. Jajnaseni Rout Pages: 12 - 17 Abstract: Most of the environ-climatic issues are caused by the over-burning of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. Our over-dependency on non-renewable resources has led us to over-exploitation of fossil Fuels. Sustainable development has become one of the causes of the growing demand for clean energy. With the current development of new technology, the efficiency of solar panels has increased severalfold. So, identifying the energy resources properly is the most immediate need and geospatial technology provides the proper medium for it. In this study, a genuine effort has been made to devise a very simple but effective high-resolution solar energy downscaling model using satellite imagery and GIS technology. The model downscales the low-resolution Solar Irradiation satellite product(4km) to the resolution of the DEM(50m), by using the basic principles of Sunlight interaction with the Slope and Aspect of the ground. The downscaling process involves the use of a simple geostatistical approach where the model is calibrated by building a relationship between solar radiation and slope/aspect of physiography. The model uses various free satellite datasets and previous research reports to calculate the Global solar irradiation. The model outputs can be used for various studies related to renewable energy and site selection analysis. The solar model is highly valuable for the Islands of the world as it provides the output with high cell resolution Odisha, one of the 28 states of India, has been taken as a case study to run the model. PubDate: 2024-03-13 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
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Authors:Vismaya Vinod Nair Pages: 23 - 29 Abstract: The Indian Ocean is one of the world’s most important oceans, covering about a fifth of the globe’s total ocean area. It is also home to some of the world’s most valuable fisheries, as well as a wealth of other marine life. However, this development is coming at the cost of the delicate marine environment. Numerous studies have shown that the increased shipping traffic, coastal construction, and pollution are harming the Ocean’s health. This is not only a concern for the environment, but also for the long-term sustainability of the Indian economy. Pollution is another significant hazard to the marine ecosystem. Industrial effluent, sewage, and plastic trash pollute the seas and endanger marine life. Mangrove forests, which act as nature's barrier against coastal erosion and support diverse marine life, are quickly vanishing because of land conversion for commercial purposes. Similarly, coral reefs, the brilliant undersea cities of the sea, are subjected to bleaching events exacerbated by climate change and human activity. Non-traditional challenges include maritime terrorism, natural catastrophes, climate change, illicit fishing, marine pollution, maritime safety, and drug, arms, and people smuggling. This progress comes at the expense of the delicate marine ecosystem. Numerous studies have found that rising shipping traffic, coastal building, and pollution are all negatively impacting the health of the ocean. In this article, it will explore the threats to India’s marine ecosystems, as well as the possible solutions to these problems. It is hoped that raising awareness of these issues can help to protect the vital ocean for future generations. PubDate: 2024-04-10 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
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Authors:Suresh D Mane, Gaikwad Kedar L Pages: 30 - 41 Abstract: With dwindling fossil fuel reserves and rising energy demands, the need for renewable alternatives is more critical than ever. This study explores the potential of Karanja biodiesel, a fuel derived from Karanja oil, as a sustainable replacement for diesel in RCCI engines. Karanja biodiesel offers several advantages. It's renewable, reduces dependence on fossil fuels, and produces lower emissions compared to traditional diesel. This research investigates how Karanja biodiesel blends impact the performance and emissions of an RCCI engine compared to pure diesel. The study converted Karanja oil into biodiesel using a transesterification process with a catalyst and alcohol. Researchers then analyzed engine performance factors like fuel efficiency (brake thermal efficiency or BTE) and fuel consumption (brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC) under varying conditions. This included different compression ratios (16:1, 17:1, and 18:1) and various load levels. An important aspect of the RCCI setup involved injecting gasoline into the intake port of a standard diesel engine. The amount and timing of this gasoline injection were adjusted (3 ms to 5 ms) while using B20 biodiesel for direct injection in a single-cylinder engine. Readings like engine performance and emissions data were collected using a computer interface, a smoke meter, and a 5-gas analyzer. The key finding is that RCCI engines fueled with Karanja biodiesel blends generate significantly lower NOx emissions compared to pure diesel. This translates to cleaner engine operation. However, the most exciting outcome is the substantial improvement in BTE, signifying greater fuel efficiency. BTE for the RCCI engine increased from 31% at a compression ratio of 16:1 to a peak of 35.9% at 18:1 with 5 ms gasoline injection. Additionally, Karanja biodiesel blends showed lower SFC values at maximum load, indicating reduced fuel consumption. These findings strongly suggest that Karanja biodiesel is a highly promising sustainable alternative to diesel fuel for RCCI engines. Its potential for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions makes it a viable candidate for a cleaner transportation future. PubDate: 2024-04-08 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
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Authors:Aftab Ahmed Ansari, Anwar Ahmed Ansari Pages: 40 - 48 Abstract: The escalating global energy crisis, coupled with growing apprehensions about fuel depletion, electricity scarcities, and the escalating threat of global warming, underscores the urgency of seeking sustainable solutions. Clean and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power offer potential remedies through distributed generators. Microgrids, positioned as crucial interfaces linking power generated by distributed generators based on renewable energy resources to the broader power system, have emerged as a focal point in contemporary research. Recent studies in microgrid research emphasize the incorporation of microgrid technology at the load level. Conventional power grids are gradually becoming obsolete due to the intricate challenges associated with protecting and controlling multiple interconnected distributed generators. Microgrids present viable alternatives to traditional grids, serving as integrated platforms for micro resources-based distributed generators, storage equipment, loads, and voltage source converters in a condensed footprint. Microgrids can be configured to operate in grid-connected or standalone modes, contingent on factors such as generation, integration potential with the main grid, and consumer requirements. The integration of microgrids, based on distributed energy resources, into conventional power systems, is paving the way for a new power paradigm. However, concerns persist regarding the control, protection, operational stability, and reliability of grids. Real-time implementation and commercialization of microgrids remain elusive, necessitating effective solutions. This review comprehensively delineates concerns related to the technical and economic aspects of microgrids, encompassing challenges, the role of microgrids in smart grid development, identified flaws, and potential future trajectories. PubDate: 2024-05-06 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
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Authors:Carlos Armenta-Deu, Lucía Carmona, Cristina Rincón Pages: 27 - 47 Abstract: This paper analyzes and evaluates the carbon footprint of electric vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHEV), and Electric Vehicle (EV). A complete survey of the transformation process of fossil fuels like petrol, gas, or carbon into electricity for the batteries of electric vehicles represents the goal of this work, following the well-known methodology “from well to wheel”. A comparative analysis of urban cars powered by internal combustion engines (ICE) and electric vehicles leads to determining the global emission level of every vehicle for specific urban routes. This paper provides a complete panorama of the carbon footprint, considering all the steps involved in vehicle powering. The analysis covers the different driving patterns applied to standard daily routes. As a result of the analysis, practical recommendations addressed to minimize Green House Gas Emissions (GHG emissions) in urban areas and to improve the air quality in the city environment. The methodological process uses a simulation based on specifically developed algorithms for the study. The simulation runs on urban and general scenarios, considering the GHG emissions due to only urban transportation and the global situation where GHG emissions to generate electricity apply. The comparative analysis of the two scenarios leads to somewhat astonishing conclusions in specific conditions, vehicles powered by ICE pollute less than electric vehicles in urban traffic mode. On the other hand, the study concludes that considering the global scenario, electric vehicles improve air quality because of lower pollution levels. The results of the present study may help politicians, urban designers, and city traffic planners to adopt adequate decisions to reduce GHG levels in urban areas and optimize vehicle use. PubDate: 2024-02-21 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
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