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Authors:Zengbao Sun, Xin Liu, Shengnian Tie, Changan Wang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. In this paper, carbon particles with micro- and nano-particle size were synthesized through a hydrothermal reaction of glucose, namely C-1(123.1 nm), C-2(229.2 nm), C-3(335.1 nm), C-4(456.2 nm) and C-5(534.0 nm) with distinct sizes. We utilized five size carbon particles as individual fillers into the EHS matrix materials to prepare composite eutectic phase change materials (C/EHS PCMs) by melt blending technique. The impact of carbon particle size on the dispersion stability and thermal properties of Na2SO[math]10H2O–Na2HPO[math]12H2O (EHS) phase change materials was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were done to analyze the diameters of carbon particles. The cryogenic-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) analysis indicated that the carbon particles resulted in modification in the morphology of the EHS. The results of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis showed only simple physical mixing between carbon particles and EHS. It is shown that adding 0.2 wt.% C-2 can decrease the supercooling degree of EHS to 1.5[math]C. The cyclic stability of C/EHS varies significantly depending on the size of carbon particles. The thermal conductivity of EHS increased by 42.1%, 39.9%, 14.4%, 19.5%, and 18.8% with the addition of C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5, respectively, at a mass fraction of 0.2%. The results of differential scanning calorimetry reveal that the incorporation of C-1, C-2, C-3, and C-4 into EHS leads to an enhancement of latent heat. The latent heat capacity of EHS with 0.2 wt.% C-2 is 243.4 J⋅g[math], and after undergoing 500 cycles of solid-liquid phase transition, the latent heat remained above 200 J⋅g[math]. Through the comprehensive analysis, the C-2/EHS composite phase change material holds significant potential for advancing building insulation and solar energy storage technologies. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-11-18T08:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400325
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Authors:Qingping Wang, Haifeng Luo, Zhanxiang Xu, Tian Wu Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. The utilization of pyroelectric materials to harvest waste heat from the ambient environment has gained much interest. However, pyroelectric energy harvesting technology still faces the challenge of low output voltage. In this paper, a porous pyroelectric ceramic with 0.3 wt.% poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the additive was prepared via a conventional solid-state reaction technique. Our experimental results indicated that the porous PMN–PMS–PZT:0.3PMMA ceramic had a decrease in both relative permittivity and volume heat capacity at a temperature of 44[math]C, compared to that of the dense sample. Additionally, the porous ceramic demonstrated an enhanced voltage responsivity from 0.50 to 0.52 m2/C and a higher figure of merit from 0.64 to 0.65 nm3/J for energy harvesting, compared to the dense sample. When 0.3 wt.% PMMA was added, the voltage generated by the device increased by 17.01% due to the presence of pores, which suggests a potential application in the field of waste heat harvesting and sensing. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-11-18T08:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400362
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Authors:Yongfu Cui, Jianzong Man, Leichao Meng, Wenjun Wang, Xueping Fan, Jing Yuan, Jianhong Peng Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Single-crystal nickel (Ni)-rich cathode materials (Li[Ni[math]Co[math]Mn[math]]O2, (NCMs)) of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have displayed promising application potential due to the merits of stable structure, minor side reaction, and high energy density. The Ni[math]Co[math]Mn[math](OH)2 as the precursor of single-crystal NCM faces the issues of tedious preparation process and serious pollutant emission for traditional preparation methods during the industrial preparation. Herein, an improved continuous two-step spray pyrolysis strategy is adopted to prepare the precursor of single-crystal NCM. Combining with the industrial devices, ton-scale preparation of single-crystal NCM is realized after dynamic lithiation post-treatment. This improved strategy not only shortens the preparation process, but also reduces metal segregation and sintering temperature, effectively balancing the cost control and production efficiency. The samples sintering at 850[math]C show uniform morphology with a diameter of 4.5 [math] m and delivers an initial discharge capacity of 169 mAh/g at 0.1 C after 100 cycles. This work provides a new route for the industrial preparation single-crystal NCM cathode materials of LIBs. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-11-04T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400350
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Authors:Wang Hongyu, Sun Hang, Mao Jizhou, Zhang Qin, Song Laidong Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Annealing plays a pivotal role in optimizing the morphology and quantity of cooling martensite within the solid solution matrix of additively manufactured Fe-based memory alloys. In this study, we utilized laser filament deposition to create Fe-17Mn-6Si-9Cr-5Ni alloy, and subsequently compared the microstructure and memory properties of the alloy following two treatments: a 900[math]C×60 min solution treatment and a solid solution + annealing treatment at various durations at 600[math]C. Our aim was to investigate how annealing time impacts the memory properties of additively manufactured Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni alloys in their solid solution state, focusing on microstructural changes during the metamorphic and revertive states. The findings reveal that after the solution treatment, the alloy contains a higher number of cooling martensite units, but their arrangement is disordered, indicating a lower degree of order. However, after a 10 min annealing treatment, the quantity of cooling martensite slightly diminishes, while their arrangement becomes more orderly. With prolonged annealing, both the quantity of cooling martensite and the grain size of the alloy decrease significantly. Consequently, after a 10-min annealing treatment, the alloy exhibits a 31% increase in shape recovery rate under a 6% pre-deformation compared to the alloy subjected solely to the solution treatment, and the recoverable strain reaches 4.59%. This demonstrates that an appropriately timed annealing process can transform the disordered cooling martensite within the solid solution structure of additive manufacturing Fe-based memory alloys into a more regular arrangement, thereby enhancing their memory performance. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-11-04T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604724510019
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Authors:Yunzi Xin Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Carbon nano-onion (CNO) (also known as onion-like carbon, OLC), exhibiting multiple enclosed fullerene shell structures, as one of the most promising nanoforms, has attracted worldwide attention during the past decades due to its exceptional chemical and physical properties such as non-toxicity, high chemical stability, large sufficient surface area with low density, and superior high electronic and thermal conductivities, visible photoluminescence, etc. Nowadays, functional CNOs have been applied in energy storage devices, supercapacitors, photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes and bio-imaging technology. Since the first observation of CNOs by transmission electron microscopy as a byproduct in the synthesis of carbon black in 1980, numerous experimental and theoretical studies including expressive practical applications of CNOs have been intensively developed in modern chemistry. With respect to synthetic techniques, the high-temperature annealing of nano diamond, detonation of high explosive molecules, arc discharge of graphite, chemical vapor deposition, laser ablation, thermal pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and microwave pyrolysis have been reported. It has been addressed that the synthesis approach plays a key role in determining the structure of CNOs and resultant properties. This paper reviewed the developments of CNOs through major synthesis methods utilized for a selected wide spectrum of applications, by covering both the past and current progress. The contents outlined in the current review will offer readers comprehensive insights into the design and development of CNO materials. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-31T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723300013
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Authors:Qichen Liang, Nana Du, Huajie Xu Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. The development of cheap, high activity and stability catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance because of its important role in energy storage technology. Herein, flower-like CoSe2-Co3O4-Ag with enhanced electrochemical performance was synthesized by simple methods. The CoSe2-Co3O4-Ag exhibits lower overpotential and higher current density, with an overpotential of 324 mV at the current density of 10 mA⋅cm[math] and a Tafel slope of 65.69 mA⋅dec[math]. From the ECSA normalized LSV curves, higher electrocatalytic activity for OER is mainly due to the increase of ESCA and conductivity, minor due to adjusting the electronic configuration. These strategies to improve electrochemical active area and conductivity have valuable reference for designing cheap, high activity and stability catalysts. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-31T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400337
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Authors:Bingsan Chen, Minghan Yang, Chenglong Fan, Xiaoyu Yan, Yongchao Xu, Chunyu Li Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. SiO2 is commonly used as an abrasive in optical devices and magnetorheological (MR) fluid. In this study, MR fluid with composite and free-state SiO2 were prepared. Composite magnetic particles of CIP@SiO2 were synthesized using the sol-gel method with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silicon source. Performance test results showed that CIP@SiO2 MR fluid exhibited superior mechanical properties compared with CIP MR fluid under zero magnetic field conditions. However, under the influence of a magnetic field, the SiO2 shell weakened the response of CIP@SiO2 MR fluid to the magnetic field, whereas CIP MR fluid demonstrated better rheological properties. The addition of free-state SiO2 to CIP MR fluid significantly improved its rheological performance. At a volume fraction of 6% SiO2, the shear stress and viscosity reached their maximum values, and further increasing the volume fraction to 8% resulted in a noticeable decrease in rheological behavior. Stability improved with an increase in magnetizable particle content. The stability of CIP MR fluid at the same concentration was superior to that of CIP@SiO2 MR fluid, while free-state SiO2 had a notable enhancing effect on stability. Therefore, when SiO2 exists as a free-state abrasive, the rheological properties and stability of the MR fluid considerable improve. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-27T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400301
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Authors:Dong-Run Hu, Naoyoshi Nunotani, Nobuhito Imanaka Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. This study focuses on the development and characterization of precious-metal-free Co3O4/ZrSn[math]Fe[math]O[math] catalysts for the purpose of direct N2O decomposition. The oxygen supply from ZrSn[math]Fe[math]O[math] facilitated N2O decomposition. Among the prepared catalysts, the 19 wt.% Co3O4/ZrSn[math]Fe[math]O[math] catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity. Furthermore, N2O was completely decomposed at a relatively low temperature of 500[math]C. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-23T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723500236
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Authors:Hedong Li, Peihu Shen, Zizheng He, Yang Xu, Minjia Wang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. In this study, submicron Sn[math]-doped In2O3 hollow particles (indium-tin oxide (ITO)) with a lyrium shell-like surface were synthesized via solvothermal method. The appropriate addition of these particles into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films exhibits high visible light transmission and effective UV/IR blocking properties, surpassing those of ITO nanoparticles. This can be attributed to the reduced absorption of UV/IR radiation by the hollow ITO particles, as well as their higher diffuse reflectivity and thermal insulation. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-21T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400295
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Authors:Xiaolin Zhou, Jingxiao Zheng, Xia Zhang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Lipase-assisted catalytic esterification reactions have been concentrated on due to their green synthetic route for cinnamate acetate. In this paper, a high thermal stable Al-MOF (DUT-5) was chosen as a carrier to immobilize Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), and the resulting composites of PPL@DUT-5 were then employed in the catalytic transesterification reaction of cinnamyl alcohol and vinyl acetate. The adsorption conditions of PPL on the surface of DUT-5 were varied to optimize PPL loading uptakes, the adsorption kinetics were analyzed to explore the adsorption behavior of PPL on the DUT-5. In the catalytic transesterification reaction, the resulting PPL@DUT-5 represents the prominent enhanced catalytic stability under a varied reaction condition but with a higher catalytic activity, such as under the relative wide optimum pH value and at the increased operation temperature. And, the good reusability of the PPL@DUT-5 in cyclic catalytic processes highlights their prospect applications in the practical organic conversion reactions. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-21T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723500224
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Authors:Rui Zhou, Xin Huang, Fangfang Zhang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Mechanical metamaterials can achieve fantastic properties fabricated using artificial structural design. In this study, shape memory polymers (SMP) were combined to design variable gradient zero Poisson ratio mechanical metamaterials and 3D printing was used to fabricate complex structures. The shape memory performance of these structures was investigated by conducting simulation calculations to analyze the variations of zero Poisson’s ratio structures with different wall thicknesses, cell internal angles, and inclined wall length gradients. Through the analysis of structural dimension factors, it is concluded that the structures with smaller wall thickness and intracellular angle exhibit better shape memory performance. In order to further enhance the shape memory performance, several models with identical wall thickness and internal angles were designed to investigate the influence of inclined wall length gradients on shape memory characteristics, leading to the identification of optimal gradient structures. Finally, thermal cycling experiments were conducted on samples to validate the accuracy of the simulation results. The investigation of shape memory recovery characteristics in variable gradient zero Poisson’s ratio structures provides new insight and method for the optimization design and application of smart materials in mechanical metamaterial structures. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-21T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510232
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Authors:S. Harish, Muhammad Hamza, P. Uma Sathyakam, Annamalai Senthil Kumar Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Nanostructured thin-film electrode materials are proposed for supercapacitors due to their outstanding performance over bulk materials. In this work, we fabricated a TiO2 nanotube film over a titanium foil using a top-down approach for supercapacitor electrodes. We noticed that the fabricated nanotubes are uniform and well aligned, confirmed by FESEM; the TiO2 nanotube parameters were further simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics. Simulations show an areal capacitance of 1.19393 pF/cm2 with oxidation and reduction peak currents of 6.18921 × 10[math] A and − 6.0320 × 10[math] A, respectively, at 10 mV/s scan rate. The as-prepared nanotubes show a poor areal capacitance of 1.0193 F/cm2, which is improved to 12.8764 F/cm2 at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, that is approximately 12.63 times with oxidation and reduction peak currents of 0.129 mA/cm2 and − 0.105 mA/cm2, respectively, by performing an electrochemical etching. Further, the surface roughness of both as-prepared and etched samples is studied to comment on their surface area changes. The effect of the etched sample is studied, compared and validated with simulation, which reveals that the etched TiO2 nanotubes thin-film sample shows considerable similarity with the simulation results. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-20T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400349
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Authors:Suyang Wang, Weilin Jia, Yingying Deng, Jie Shen, Jun Cao, Peng Wang, Ping Zhao, Yuanyu Wang, Qi Sun Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Type A molecular sieves have been extensively employed in various fields. It is noteworthy that the direct synthesis of type A molecular sieves from natural kaolin is a common practice among researchers. Traditional type A molecular sieves are characterized by a three-dimensional cubic lattice structure. In this study, our objective is to facilitate the transformation of type A molecular sieves into a two-dimensional layered configuration by employing a two-dimensional layered material as a templating agent. In this research, natural kaolin serves as the primary source material. To eliminate impurities including quartz, illite, and dolomite, an alkali-based solvent extraction method is employed, yielding amorphous silicon and aluminum compounds. Subsequently, a graphene-based templating agent is introduced, and a hydrothermal synthesis process is employed to fabricate two-dimensional type A molecular sieves. The method described herein yields two-dimensional layered type A molecular sieves with a crystallinity exceeding 90%, thereby resulting in a specific surface area that is approximately 11-fold greater compared to their three-dimensional type A counterparts. The applicability of this methodology can be extended to the valorization of low-grade natural mineral resources, optimizing their utility. Furthermore, the approach presented herein for the synthesis of two-dimensional molecular sieves is of a universal nature, offering valuable insights that can serve as a reference for the synthesis of various other categories of two-dimensional molecular sieves. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-20T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510244
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Authors:Z. F. Gu, Z. C. Yu, B. Hong, J. C. Xu, Y. B. Han, X. L. Peng, H. L. Ge, X. Q. Wang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Owing to the special planar structure and very high resistivity, [math]-type hexaferrites possess the high initial permeability and cut-off frequency, indicating great application potential in high-frequency devices. Strontium Co2Z hexaferrites (Sr3Co2Fe[math]O[math]) were successfully prepared by the sol–gel method and calcined at the different temperatures from 1175[math]C to 1250[math]C. The influence of the calcined temperatures on the microstructure, phase structures, magnetic properties and microwave absorption behavior of all samples was investigated in detail. All results indicated that strontium hexaferrites go through the [math]-, [math]-, [math]-, and [math]-phase transformation process from 1175[math]C to 1250[math]C, and S-1200 (calcined at 1200[math]C) is confirmed to be Co2Z-type hexaferrites. S-1200 showed the highest imaginary permeability while the imaginary permittivity of all samples is close to zero, indicating the excellent microwave adsorption behavior of strontium Co2Z hexaferrites. The reflection loss results indicate that S-1200 exhibits the best microwave absorption performance with the RL value of − 32.4 dB for 4.0 mm thickness at 4.72 GHz, according to the impedance matching and quarter-wavelength theory. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-20T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510268
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Authors:Yicheng Zhou, Li Dong, Tongtong Cao, Haoran Wang, Jiazheng Zhang, Xiaobo Zhang, Lin Liu, Zhiwei Tong Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. The guest molecule trans-[2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutylamino) ethyl]-2-[4-(4-hexanobenzazo)-phenoxy] ethyl-dimethylammonium (abbreviated as C3F7-azo[math]Br[math]) were inserted into the K4Nb6O[math] laminated by the guest–guest exchange method to synthesize C3F7-azo[math]/Nb6O[math] type-A nanocomposite with excellent electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of nanocomposite C3F7-azo[math]/Nb6O[math]. C3F7-azo[math]ions were speculated to form bilayer between the [Nb6O[math]][math]lamellar at an angle of 51.1[math] by morphology analysis and lamellar spacing calculation. This nanocomposite was used to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in N2-saturated phosphate buffered solution (0.1 M, pH = 5) demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity. The sensor achieved detection limits of 1.74 [math]M for DA and 1.57 [math]M for AA. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-19T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510256
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Authors:Shuquan Wan, Guanyu Liu, Ying Chen, Senlin Leng, Yuanyong Yao, Xinjuan Zeng, Cailong Zhou Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. In this work, we investigated the morphology and crystallinity changes of a [math]-ketoenamine COF, Tp-BD(Me)2(Tp=1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol, BD(Me)2 =3,3[math]-dimethyl-[1,1[math]-biphenyl]-4,4[math]-diamine), with different reaction time and temperatures. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra tests confirmed the synthesis of Tp-BD(Me)2 , which has a specific [math]-ketoenamine linkage and a probable eclipsed stacking mode. At a reaction temperature of 50[math]C, the morphology of Tp-BD(Me)2 underwent a progressive process of growing, extending and splitting. The band gaps of the Tp-BD(Me)2 obtained with the reaction time of 18–24 h were calculated near 2.0 eV. The BET surface areas of the Tp-BD(Me)2 were around 400–600 m2/g. It is not an optimal choice if the reaction temperature is below 50[math]C, which could cause a low crystallinity and disordered morphology. However, slightly improving the reaction temperature to 60[math]C is beneficial for generating high-crystallinity Tp-BD(Me)2 . Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-18T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723500212
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Authors:Zhang Li, Luo Qingxia, Song Chengwen, Zhang Xiaoxing Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Co2P nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The microstructure, morphology and elemental composition were examined by XRD, SEM, TEM and XPS. The effects of synthesis temperature and reaction time on the sensing properties of Co2P nanocomposites were analyzed. The Co2P sensor at 200[math]C and 3 h reaction condition exhibited optimum sensitivity toward 100 ppm ethanol. In comparison with other gases, ethanol possesses good selective characteristics at optimal operating temperature of 160[math]C, which greatly reduce energy consumption. The above results showed that Co2P nanocomposites have the potential application as an effective sensor for ethanol detection. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-17T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400192
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Authors:Huinian Zhang, Suping Jia, Ning Li, Xiaolin Shi, Ziyuan Li Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Single-atom catalysts (SACs), especially atomically dispersed Fe–N[math]–C based SACs, hold great promise to replace Pt-based electrocatalysts for oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR). Currently, synthesizing high-activity ORR electrocatalysts with atomically dispersed Fe–N[math] site structures is still challenging due to their high surface free energy, which leads to easy migration and serious aggregation. Herein, we have designed a general graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-anchoring strategy to synthesize a single-iron-atom electrocatalyst (Fe–N-GQDs/PC) applied to ORR through calcining of N-GQDs-Fe[math] modified porous carbon (PC) and melamine. Experiments demonstrate the N-GQDs consist of abundant oxygenated groups, which could lead to complexing metal ions and thus facilitating the formation of SACs. Furthermore, the Fe–N-GQDs/PC electrocatalyst exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic ORR activity in 0.1 M KOH media with half-wave potentials of 0.84 versus 0.85 V for Pt/C. This strategy has opened up new feasible ideas to produce SACs for electrochemical energy devices. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-17T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400313
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Authors:Cong-Cong Jiang, Dong-Xin Xu, Pei-Xin Bai, Yong-Xiang Wang, Cheng Zhang, Jun Wang, Shi-Xin Sun Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. A new three-dimensional Zn(II) complex named [Zn(1,3-BMIB)(TBIP)⋅2H2O]n (1) (containning 1,3-BMIB 1,3-bis(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene, H2TBIP=5-tert-butyl isophthalic acid) had been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Systematic structural characterization, especially the single crystal X-ray diffraction method, discreetly reveal the complex 1 exhibits three-dimensional (3D) framework with CdSO4 topology. The 3D crystrals 1 display solid-state fluorescence behavior at room temperature, indicating the potential of the candidate materials for absorbing and using visible light. The photocatalytic properties of compound 1 were estimated through the model photodecomposition dye pollutants using methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-17T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723500200
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Authors:Fatemeh Mollaamin, Majid Monajjemi Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Al–Ga surface doped with chromium (Cr) is theoretically studied using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) at the CAM-B3LYP/EPR-III, LANL2DZ, 6-31+G(d,p) level of theory to explore the chemical adsorption and corrosion inhibition of organic carbenes through coating process. Crystal structure of Cr–(Al–Ga) surface was coated by S–&N–heterocyclic carbenes of benzotriazole (BTA), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2MBT), 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (ATR). The NMR spectroscopy of the adsorption of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR on the Cr-doped Al–Ga nanoalloy surface represents that this surface can be employed as the magnetic S–&N–heterocyclic carbene sensors. In fact, Cr site in Cr–(Al–Ga) nanoalloy surface has bigger interaction energy amount from Van der Waals’ forces with BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR that might cause them large stable towards coating data on the nanosurface. It has been estimated that the criterion for choosing the surface linkage of S and N atoms in BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR in adsorption sites can be impacted by the existence of close atoms of aluminum and gallium in the Cr–(Al–Ga) surface. The fluctuation of NQR has estimated the inhibiting role of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR for Cr -doped Al–Ga alloy nanosheet due to S and N atoms in the benzene cycle of heterocyclic carbenes being near the monolayer surface of ternary Cr–(Al–Ga) nanoalloy. Moreover, IR spectroscopy has exhibited that Cr-doped Al–Ga alloy nanosheet with the fluctuation in the frequency of intra-atomic interaction leads us to the most considerable influence in the vicinage elements generated due to inter-atomic interaction. Comparison to [math]G[math][math] amounts versus dipole moment has illustrated a proper accord among measured parameters based on the rightness of the chosen isotherm for the adsorption steps of the formation of BTA @ Cr–(Al–Ga), 2MBT @ Cr–(Al–Ga), 8HQ @ Cr–(Al–Ga), and ATR @ Cr–(Al–Ga) complexes. Thus, the interval between sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR during interaction with transition metal of Cr in Cr–(Al–Ga) nanoalloy, (N[math] Cr, O[math] Cr, S[math] Cr), has been estimated with relation coefficient of [math] = 0.9509. Thus, this paper exhibits the influence of Cr doped on the “Al–Ga” surface for adsorption of S–&N–heterocyclic carbenes of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR by using theoretical methods. Furthermore, the partial electron density or PDOS has estimated a certain charge assembly between Cr–(Al–Ga) and S–&N–heterocycles of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR which can remark that the complex dominant of metallic features and an exact degree of covalent traits can describe the augmenting of the sensitivity of Cr–(Al–Ga) surface as a potent sensor for adsorption of BTA, 2MBT, 8HQ, and ATR heterocycles. This work investigates the characteristics, band structure, and projected density of state (PDOS) of Al–Ga nanoalloy doped with Cr element for increasing the corrosion inhibition of the surface through adsorption of organic molecules of carbenes in the surface coatings process. This paper can be helpful in a range of applications which uses Al–Ga alloy for the study of energy storage and adsorption of air pollution or water contamination. Many different approaches such as surface coatings, alloying, and doping can be adopted to protect the surface. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-16T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400283
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Authors:Xuefei Wang, Weixia Wang, Rongrong Jiang, Jianmin Guan, Jianhai Zhi, Yonggang Zhang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Pre-oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were chemically modified by sulfuric acid. In the process, conjugated imine sequences were retained and amide groups were transformed from unreacted nitrile groups. The adsorption experiments of Cu(II) ions by modified PAN fibers indicated that the adsorption capacities were significantly improved by increasing initial concentrations of metal ions, reaction time and temperature. The adsorption equilibriums followed Langmuir isotherm with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. Kinetics analysis demonstrated that the adsorption of copper ions on the modified fiber was fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetics equation. Indicated by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, channels for metal ions diffusing from the surface to the inner of the fiber were generated by the strong etching of sulfuric acid. The active sites of conjugated imine sequences and amides in the whole modified fiber can thus be easily accessed by the metal ions. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-10-09T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510220
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Authors:Zhenyan Xu, Xianfeng Zhao, Xiao Xu Yan, Huidan Lu, Yongping Liu Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. The development of semiconductor photoanodes with improved photoelectrochemical (PEC) efficiency and stability for the purpose of realizing solar water splitting is a crucial challenge that carries substantial practical implications. In this study, GQDs/WO3 composite porous photoanodes were fabricated using a pulsed anodization method in an aqueous electrolyte containing hydroxyl GQDs. The morphology and crystal structure of the as-prepared GQDs/WO3 porous films were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectra, and FTIR. The successful embedding of GQDs into the WO3 walls to form tightly bound heterojunctions was confirmed. It was investigated how the GQD content influenced the photoelectrochemical properties of the GQDs/WO3 heterojunctions. The optimal photocurrent densities observed in the GQDs/WO3 samples (10-WO3) were found to be three times higher compared to those obtained from pure WO3 porous films. This significant enhancement clearly indicates the positive impact of GQDs on the PEC performance. The boosted PEC activity of the GQDs/WO3 heterojunction photoanode was attributed to the fact that the introduction of GQDs promotes more efficient light absorption, charge separation, and transport processes within the heterojunction structure. Moreover, the GQDs/WO3 composites photoelectrodes exhibited excellent PEC stability, predicting its enormous potential for practical applications. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-09-13T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400246
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Authors:Dmitrii Andreevich Bauman, Dmitrii Iurevich Panov, Vladislav Alekseevich Spiridonov, Arina Valerievna Kremleva, Alexey Evgenievich Romanov Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Bulk crystals of [math]-Ga2O3 were successfully grown by the EFG (Stepanov) method. Analysis of the material using an X-ray diffraction showed the high crystalline quality of the obtained crystals. However, when determining the elemental composition by the Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) method, a deviation of the crystal composition from a stoichiometric one was found and a lack of oxygen was detected. Indirectly, this indicates the non-optimal composition of the atmosphere in the growth zone. The origin of this deviation of the composition can be oxygen vacancies in the bulk of the crystal. However, the absorption spectrum does not contain peaks characteristic for oxygen vacancies in gallium oxide. An analysis of the optical transmission spectra made it possible to estimate the optical bandgap of the grown gallium oxide samples, which was 4.7 eV. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-09-13T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S179360472340026X
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Authors:Jhon W. González, Sanber Vizcaya, Eric Suárez Morell Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. MXenes are a family of two-dimensional materials that could be attractive for use as electrodes in lithium batteries due to their high specific capacity. For this purpose, it is necessary to evaluate magnitudes such as the lithium adsorption energy and the magnitude of the open-circuit voltage for different lithium concentrations. In this paper, we show through first-principles calculations that in a V2C monolayer, we must consider the high correlation between the electrons belonging to vanadium to obtain correct results of these quantities. We include this correlation employing the Hubbard coupling parameter obtained by a linear response method. We found that the system is antiferromagnetic and that the quantities studied depend on the magnetic phase considered. Indirectly, experimental results could validate the theoretical value of the Hubbard parameter. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-09-07T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400234
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Authors:Chunlan Han, Xiaoxiao Zhu, Xinping Wang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. This paper reports a highly active and stable Ni@silicalite-1 catalyst for dry reforming of methane. In the reaction conducted at 800[math]C, CH4/CO2 =1/1 and GHSV=100,000 mL⋅ g[math] h[math] for 100 h, the Ni@silicalite-1 delivered CH4conversions of 93% without deactivation. This superior property of the catalyst comes from the special structure that large amounts of Ni (13.7 wt.%) are embedded in the silicalite-1 zeolite crystals as small particles ([math]4.7 nm), with the zeolite channels transferring molecules while with the zeolite framework resisting the Ni particle migration. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-09-05T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400258
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Authors:Sudesh Kumari, Rameez Ahmad Mir, Sanjay Upadhyay, O. P. Pandey, Anup Thakur Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Rapid technological advancements in recent years have necessitated the creation of energy-related devices. Due to their unique properties, including an exceptional cycling life, safe operation, low processing cost, and a higher power density than batteries, supercapacitors (SCs) have been identified as one of the most promising candidates to meet the demands of human sustainability. To increase the energy density of SCs, several advanced electrode materials and cell designs have been researched during the past few years. Utilizing the Faradaic charge storage process of transition metal cations, transition metal compounds have recently received attention as prospective electrode materials for SCs with high energy densities. In this work, the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) films deposited via thermal evaporation technique and annealed at various temperatures were systematically investigated in order to examine the potential use of MoO3 for supercapacitors. Electrochemical analysis confirmed the pseudocapacitance characteristics of the synthesized films. The annealing temperature affects the oxidation and reduction observed in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) plots. Areal capacitance of thin films annealed at 150[math]C was found to be maximum and this could be attributed to the formation of hollow tube-like nanostructures which provided more active sites, than films annealed at higher temperatures. This also influences the charge storage ability of the synthesized films. It would be logical to assume that additional research in this area will result in more interesting discoveries and, eventually, the vi-ability of those promising Mo-based compounds in high-tech energy storage systems. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-08-22T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400180
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Authors:Fukai Du, Fangfang Wu, Lu Ma, Jinxiu Feng, Xinyu Yin, Yuxi Wang, Xiaojing Dai, Wenxian Liu, Wenhui Shi, Xiehong Cao Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage devices due to the advantages of low cost, high safety, environmental friendliness and high energy density. However, the low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and short cycle life of AZIBs caused by dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction and corrosion of Zn anode, are limited the development and application of AZIBs in the future. To solve these problems, many works focused on the modification of Zn anode and electrolyte optimization have been widely reported. The separator–electrolyte interface and the separator–anode interface play a significant part in the behavior of zinc ions. Owing to the importance of separators for batteries, this paper reviews the requirements and optimization strategies of separators for AZIBs. It is mainly based on the surface modification of conventional separators (e.g. glass fiber, cellulose separators), the introduction of an intermediate membrane in the interlayer of the separator and anode, and the preparation of new-type separators to replace the conventional separators. In addition, this review proposes a further outlook on the future development of separators for AZIBs. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-07-27T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400179
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Authors:Tao Zhang, Danyi Zhang, Pei-an Wang, Caixia Cui Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. In this study, Yb[math]/Ho[math], Yb[math]/Tb[math] co-doped, and Yb[math]/Ho[math]/Tb[math] tri-doped phosphate glasses have been prepared by the high-temperature melting method using P2O5 as the base material, and these phosphate glasses are characterized as non-crystalline structures by X-ray diffraction. Under 980 nm excitation, highly efficient blue (489 nm), green (545 nm), and red (661 nm) upconversion luminescences can be observed in this glass system, which are attributed to Tb[math]: 5D[math]F6, Tb[math]: 5D4 [math]7F5, and Ho[math]: 5F5 [math]5I8 radiative transitions, respectively. The upconversion emission intensity and excitation power dependence analysis reveal that the blue and green light emissions are three-photon processes, while red light emission is a two-photon process. White light emission can be achieved by adjusting the doping concentration of rare-earth ions in the Yb[math]/Ho[math]/Tb[math] tri-doped phosphate glasses. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of 2Yb[math]/0.1Ho[math]/0.4Tb[math] tri-doped phosphate glass (0.39, 0.39) under 980 nm excitation are relatively close to those of the standard light source (0.33, 0.33), indicating the potential application of this material in the field of illumination, such as emissive displays, fluorescent lamps and fiber lasers. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-07-17T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400209
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Authors:Huiya Li, Yaoyao Li, Xiaomeng Wang, Zicheng Zhang, Dejia Liu, Haiyun Ma, Hongqiang Qu, Jianzhong Xu, Yuanyuan Han, Liyong Wang Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Green-emitting Mn[math]-doped zinc silicate nanophosphor was synthesized by solvothermal method with the assistance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The structure, morphology and optical properties of phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL). Also, the application of Mn[math]-doped zinc silicate phosphor in electronic devices was studied. Furthermore, Zn2SiO4: Mn[math] phosphor was used to be a fluorescent sensor for the first time to detect inorganic ions and small molecules. The results indicated that pure [math]-Zn2SiO4 phase nanoparticles with spherical morphology were obtained. The results also showed that the phosphor has excellent selectivity and sensitivity for detecting Cr[math] ions, Cr2O7[math] ions and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with low detection limits (Cr[math] ions: 1.34 [math]M, Cr2O7[math] ions: 5.86[math] M, 4-NP: 2.38 [math]M). Thus, Mn[math]-doped zinc silicate manganese phosphor has potential applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and fluorescent sensors. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-07-17T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723400222
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Authors:Ying Ge, Dong Liu, Haifeng Zhang, Shuhao Yan, Bo Shi, Junjie Hao Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Dielectric materials with excellent energy storage performance are crucial to the development of renewable energy. In this work, we prepared 0.95NaNbO3–0.05Bi(Zn[math]Zr[math])O3 (0.95NN–0.05BZZ) ceramics using solid state sintering and investigated the effect of sintering temperature on phase structure. We find that the phase transformation of ceramics occurs with the change of sintering temperature. The cubic phase (Pm -3[math]) and the antiferroelectric phase (Pbma) coexist at 1150[math]C, the ferroelectric phase ([math]21ma) appears at 1200[math]C and its phase proportion decreases with the sintering temperature increasing from 1200[math]C to 1280[math]C. Finally, we achieve the high recoverable energy storage density ([math]) 0.74 J/cm3 and efficiency ([math]) 71% (at 140 kV/cm) at 1150[math]C. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-07-06T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723500157
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Authors:Yong Liu, Xian Zhang, Ke Zhang, Zifeng Wang, Guang Li Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Nanoflower-like hollow carbon sphere (CS) materials with two different heteroatoms doping (N, P) were prepared by a simple synthetic method (NPCS). The specific surface area of NPCS can reach a high value of 396 m2/g. The NPCS has a high degree of hollowness and the self-assembled nanosheet of NPCS forms a fast electron transport channel, and also increases active area in contact with electrolyte. The doping of heteroatoms increases the defect level of the carbon-based nanomaterials and changes the local electron state of the material, thus forming storage sites on the surface of the material, which can be used as a station for ions collecting and distributing. The material was studied as an active material for supercapacitors, and the specific capacitance reached 274.9 F/g. After the 4000th cycle stability test, it still maintained 95.2% of the specific capacitance, indicating that the material has excellent properties of supercapacitor materials. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-06-22T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510104
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Authors:Weixing Qian, Hao Liang, Xuhang Zhu, Jihai Cheng Abstract: Functional Materials Letters, Ahead of Print. Bismuth oxide-based electrolyte materials co-doped with yttrium and erbium were synthesized by nitrate combustion method. The crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The data on electrical conductivity were carried out using AC impedance spectroscopy. The results suggested that all of the co-doped bismuth oxide samples obtained [math]-phase with cubic fluorite structure. The conductivity of (YO[math])[math](MoO3)[math](ErO[math])[math](BiO[math])[math]ceramic electrolyte sintered at 925[math]C for 10 h reached 12.26 × 10[math] S cm[math] at 700[math]C. It has good thermal stability and is a promising electrolyte material for SOFC. Citation: Functional Materials Letters PubDate: 2023-06-05T07:00:00Z DOI: 10.1142/S1793604723510074
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