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- Study on of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Embelia ribes for Anthelmintic
Properties
Authors: Pinkey Rawal , C. Ramesh , B. A. Sowmya , C. J. Ranjitha , L. Anns Maria
Pages: 1 - 6
Abstract: Objectives: The present research study was conducted for the comparative evaluation of ethanol and aqueous extract of Embelia ribes for its in vitro anthelmintic properties. Methods: The authenticated leaves of plant Embelia ribes were dried and powdered. The powdered drug was defatted with petroleum ether and a part of marc leftover was subjected to ethanol extraction using Soxhlet apparatus. Another part was subjected aqueous extraction using chloroform water. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes was subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation. Both the extracts were evaluated for in vitro anthelmintic properties using earthworms. Results: The ethanol and aqueous extracts were revealed for the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins and phenols. The paralysis time and death time of worms were significantly reduced by the administration of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes. Conclusion: The result of the present investigation confirms the anthelmintic property of Embelia ribes.
PubDate: 2023-08-22
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4225
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Potentials of Musa acuminata Leaves Crude
Extract in Alloxan-Induced Wistar Rats
Authors: A. A. Freitas, L. O. Onyemeh, P. O. Nneji, O. M. Ola, D. A. Faloye
Pages: 7 - 15
Abstract: Context: Musa acuminata is a plant of the tropical and subtropical regions. Over the past few decades, the health benefits of Musa acuminata have received much attention. All parts of the plant, including fruits, peel, pseudo stem, corm, flowers, leaves, sap, and roots, have found their use in treating many diseases in traditional medicine. Aim: This study was conducted to appraise the protective effect of Musa acuminata extract on alloxan-induced Diabetics Mellitus in wistar rats. Settings and Design: This investigation was carried out using 24 Wistar rats, both males and females. The experimental models were divided into six groups; 4 rats per group. Materials and Methods: The experimental models were divided into six groups; 4 rats per group. Alloxan was intraperitonially injected at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight for day 1 across all groups except the positive control which is Group A together with oral administration of the aqueous extract of Musa acuminata (100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg body weight for the treatment group) and Group F was administered a standard drug. The animals were sacrificed on the 11th day under deep anesthesia with chloroform. The blood was collected by cardiac puncture and kidneys were collected for the histological profile. Statistical Analysis: Kidney oxidative stress marker Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activities Creatinine and Urea, were determined. Results: The alloxan injection indicated an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA), with a decrease in Urea and Creatinine when compared with the control. A remarkable decrease in antioxidant enzymes was also observed. Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, alloxan-induced diabetic mellitus, and histological changes in the kidneys were reduced almost to normal by the administration of Musa acuminata. Conclusion: Based on the current findings, Musa acuminata leaves at low dose (100 mg/kg body weight) in the alloxan Induced Wistar rat has some anti diabetics potential than at 200 mg/kg body weight, 300 mg/kg body weight and standard drug (Metformin).
PubDate: 2023-08-26
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4226
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Common Perioperative Concerns in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Literature Review
Authors: Wael Waheed Mohamed
Pages: 16 - 20
Abstract: There are several disorders that require children to be anesthetized. Sometimes, it is due to the non-cooperation of the children that requires them to be put under sedation for a procedure that is necessary for them, while at other times, it is because of any indicated surgical procedure that they have to go through, that they are put under anesthesia. However, unlike adults, children particularly the pediatric populations have particular demands and requirements that make them special candidates for receiving the required anesthesia. In children, nearly all parameters are different anatomically, physiologically, pharmacologically, and psychologically. According to some recent studies, it has also been noted that there are significant adverse events that are linked with the induction of anesthesia in the pediatric population, that are bound to arise if care is not taken during or after the anesthesia. These problems could arise in lieu of several factors such as the choice of anesthetic, the mode of anesthesia, airway management, and the reversal of anesthesia. In all cases, it is better to avoid the risk of complications and adverse events by making sure that only the most competent and expert of all staff are involved in the anesthesia team. With proper care and management of anesthesia, it is obvious that the risk of any critical events would be comparatively much less and that the children could be operated on easily. This review aims to deal with certain problems that arise in the background of anesthesia induction in the pediatric population. The age group that is referred to here belongs neonates to up to thirteen years of age. This review will explore the causes that result from the induction of anesthesia in such populations.
PubDate: 2023-08-26
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4227
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Study on Chemical Constituents of Styrax dasyanthus Perk
Authors: Zhi-Qiang Zhang , Hai-Rong Zhong , Hong-Bo Jiang , Hai-Yan Xiang
Pages: 21 - 26
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to investigate the chemical components present in the ethyl acetate extract of Styrax dasyanthus leaves. Methods: Chemical components were isolated and purified using organic solvent decolorization, extraction, preparation of the liquid phase, silica gel column chromatography, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure identification of the isolated compounds was based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and carbon spectrum matching analysis. Results: A total of six compounds were isolated from Styrax dasyanthus, which were identified as (-)-secoisolarciresinol (1), dibutylphthalate (2), dihydromyricetin (3), kaempferol-3-O-\(\beta\)-D-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol-3-rutinoside (3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) (5), and (-)-secoisolariciresinol-4-O-\(\beta\)-D-glucopyranoside (6). Conclusion: This study represents the first isolation of these six compounds from Styrax dasyanthus.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4228
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Angiographic Evaluation of Extremity
Vascular Trauma: Case Series
Authors: Krishna Kumar M. , Anil Kumar V. , Arun R. , Senthilnathan V.
Pages: 27 - 37
Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography within the evaluation of extremity trauma. Trauma could be a great public health dilemma in developing and developed countries and regularly involves teenagers. Among different kinds of trauma, vascular injuries of the extremities need special consideration because they’ll be threatening to limb and life. Vascular injury going to exsanguination and hemorrhagic shock is second to central nervous system injury; thus, imaging diagnosis is crucial for the trauma victim as early as possible from admission to the hospital. Although the speed of successful management of those injuries has been increased because of proper pre hospitalization, early referral of patients to specialized trauma centers, and proper surgical interventions, these injuries remain a challenging problem, especially in developing countries. Conclusion: With the rising trend of road traffic accidents and violence, vascular injuries have become a significant contributor of limb loss, with increased morbidity and mortality. MDCT Angiography has become the most non-invasive diagnostic imaging vascular triage tool applicable to all or any varieties of extremity trauma. Axial sections, multiplanar reconstructions and 3D volume-rendered images should aid within the detection and improve the interpretation of such vascular injuries, osseous and soft-tissue injuries which could be of immense help to the clinician planning surgical procedures.
PubDate: 2023-09-07
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4229
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts
from Dry Leaves and Ash-Dry Leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem
Cultivated in Vietnam
Authors: Panee Sirisa-Ard, Kiatisak Pholsonklam, Dinh Thi Xuyen, Dinh Thi Dieu Hang, Vu Dinh Chinh , Lê Thiên Kim, Zito Viegas; da Cruz , Pacharamon Sorncharoen, Choosak Nithikathkul
Pages: 38 - 51
Abstract: Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem was traditionally used to treat stomachaches, as antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant, particularly for atherosclerosis therapy, as a suppository to cure constipation and spleenopathy, as an anthelmintic, carminative, emmenagogue, galactagogue, and as an antiseptic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of an extract from dry leaves (LuL) compared to ash-dry leaves (LuA) of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. Our results showed the physical-chemical and phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and the metal ion content of both extracts. The comparison between the extract from dry leaves (LuL) and ash-dry leaves (LuA) of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem, showed difference in quantitative phytochemical determination of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. This finding may be related to the LuA sample being burned out incompletely into ash. Furthermore, this study showed that the activity of extracts from dry leaves (LuL) and ash-dry leaves (LuA) contained both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. The antioxidant properties observed may be related to , the flavonoids content. The presence of metal ions in both extracts, which may contribute to the known wound healing effects, deserves further study.
PubDate: 2023-09-15
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4230
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Evaluation of In-vitro Antimicrobial, Anti-arthritis and In-vivo Analgesic
and Neuropharmacological Investigation of the Bark Extract of Solanum
americanum Milli
Authors: Mariya Alam Ayshi , Tajmim Jahan Ritu
Pages: 52 - 63
Abstract: Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methanol-prepared bark extract of Solanum americanum Milli. Bark on several in vitro activities, including antimicrobial and anti-arthritis effects. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the analgesic and neuropharmacological properties of the extracts in an animal model. Place and Duration of Study: The research study was carried out from March 2023 to July 2023 at the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) and the Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, as well as the Laboratory of Microbiology at Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka. Methodology: The methodology involved various doses of methanolic bark extract of Solanum americanum Milli (MESAB), and employed techniques such as the Disk Diffusion Method for antimicrobial test and the Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay for anti-arthritic test. The analgesic efficacy was assessed by the hot plate test and administration of acetic acid induced writhing responses in Swiss albino mice. The mechanism test is conducted through the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) test. The neuropharmacological inquiry included the measurement of locomotor activity through the utilization of open field and hole cross tests. Results: The Disk Diffusion Test of MESAB yielded findings indicating its antimicrobial properties against all strains used in this research. The findings from the study examining the anti-arthritis properties indicate that MESAB exhibits a significant efficacy of 94.59% in inhibiting arthritis at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. This level of efficacy is comparable to that of diclofenac sodium, which also has a similar efficacy of 98.19% at the same concentration. The findings of the present study demonstrated that MESAB displayed analgesic properties in both analgesic models, suggesting the involvement of both central and peripheral pathways. Based on the results of the study, it was observed that the administration of MESAB at a dosage of 400 mg/kg had a significant analgesic effect. The application of MB before to treatment resulted in a further enhancement of this effect, leading to an increase in the percentage of inhibition from 66.75% to 79.70%, respectively. The consideration of the involvement of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor in neuropharmacological activity holds significant importance. In the Open Field and Hole Cross Tests, it was shown that the extract exhibited significant result compared to Diazepam in terms of increasing motor coordination. Conclusion: In the future, plant-derived pharmacological compounds may offer potential benefits for various clinical disorders, such as neurodegenerative illnesses. These substances possess neuropharmacological properties, antibacterial effects, and anti-arthritic activity, which could potentially serve as alternatives to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
PubDate: 2023-09-20
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4231
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Review of the Epilepsy, Including Its Causes, Symptoms, Biomarkers, and
Management
Authors: Yash Srivastav , Akhandnath Prajapati , Prachi Agrahari , Madhaw Kumar
Pages: 64 - 84
Abstract: Epilepsy is a long-term medical disorder that frequently causes unpredictable, unprovoked repeated seizures that have an impact on both physical and mental abilities. It is among the most prevalent neurological conditions. Greek term epilambanein, which is the root of the English word epilepsy, means "to be seized." Both the sickness and the one-time attack were meant by this. The word refers to the magical beliefs of the time, which led to the stigma associated with epilepsy because people with epilepsy were seen to be dirty or bad. A recent study found that nearly 90% of the 70 million epileptics worldwide live in developing countries. Genetic testing has expanded the possibility of figuring out the aetiology of different types of epilepsies. It needs some prior clinical application knowledge to complete this challenging endeavour. Genetic testing techniques include chromosome microarray analysis, karyotyping, single-gene testing, gene panel testing, whole exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. The allegedly first documented account of epilepsy, as it was then perceived and understood, may be found in one of the earliest Babylonian medical manuals, Sakikku (English translation: "All Diseases"), which dates from around 1050 BC. The pathogenesis, aetiology, treatment, biomarkers, and risk factors for epilepsy are reviewed in this review article.
PubDate: 2023-10-06
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4232
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Development of Phyto-cosmetic Herbal Sindoor from Rosa indica L. and Its
Characterization
Authors: Akanksha Singh , Meenu Verma , Vaishali Mishra , K. J. Singh , S. K. Tewari, Mahesh Pal
Pages: 85 - 93
Abstract: Aim: The objective of this research study was to develop a liquid herbal sindoor containing flower petal extract of Rosa indica L., and to evaluate the stability, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the developed formulation. Place and Duration of Study: The formulation was prepared in the Phytochemistry Division of CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute. The duration of the study period was 90 days. Methodology: The crude ethanolic extract of R. indica flowers was incorporated into a base for the preparation of liquid herbal sindoor. The antioxidant activity of this herbal product was evaluated according to the DPPH radical scavenging method, and the stability study of the formulation was evaluated for 90 days. The antibacterial activity was performed on those strains of bacteria, which are responsible for several skin infections using Disc Diffusion Assay.The HPLC- DAD analysis identified the anthocyanins cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside in R. indica, flower extract. Results and Discussion: The formulation showed antioxidant activity and its stability was assessed in terms of pH values and color stability of the flower extract. It was observed that both these properties did not show any significant changes. Conclusion: The prepared herbal liquid sindoor was found safe to use having a potential to substitute the toxic lead tetraoxide (Pb3O4) containing sindoor available in the market.
PubDate: 2023-10-14
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4233
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Multi Detector Computed Tomography and Ultrasound Evaluation of Neck
Masses with Pathological Correlation
Authors: Kumar Ashok Charan , Shyam S., Parthasarathy K. R., Vaishnavi R. S., Prerana A. T., Shahab Qadir B., Ajay Kumar, Sachin T. D., Preetham Gowda
Pages: 94 - 103
Abstract: Introduction: Neck imaging has always been a diagnostic challenge. High-resolution sonography being inexpensive and safe has become the initial investigation of choice for neck pathologies; it provides information regarding the origin and extent of the lesion. Computed tomography (CT) has a unique capacity for displaying soft tissue, bone and airway details and provides critical anatomical information about lesions involving the neck. This study aims to determine the role of USG and CT in neck masses for pre-operative characterization based on location, extent, morphological characteristics and enhancement pattern and to compare USG and CT findings with histopathological diagnosis. Material and Methods: A total number of 60 adult patients with suspected neck masses were studied in the department of Radiodiagnosis, SSIMS&RC, Davanagere and inputs from Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru over a period of 24 months. Ultrasound was done using GE Voluson E6 machine & Contrast enhanced CT was done using GE Revolution Multidetector CT scan machine. Post processing techniques (like volume rendered techniques) were applied wherever useful. Results: The findings on USG and CT were conclusive in nearly 90% of cases. Enhancement patterns and presence/absence of bony invasion were found to be more specific in differentiating benign/malignant nature. Conclusion: High-resolution sonography can be used as the first-line modality for evaluating cervical soft tissue masses, it helps the clinicians to characterize the lesion. Multi-detector computed tomography is a sensitive diagnostic tool for diagnosing neck masses and differentiating between benign and malignant lesions with high accuracy. The extent of pathology with local/ contiguous spread predicted by CT examination was conclusive. The overall findings suggest that MDCT and Ultrasound, when used in conjunction with pathological correlation, can be effective tools for accurately characterizing and diagnosing the neck masses.
PubDate: 2023-10-17
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4234
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- The Push and Pull Factors in the Retention of Health Workers in a District
in Ghana
Authors: Augustine Adomah-Afari , Ebenezer Arkoh Ameyaw
Pages: 104 - 121
Abstract: Aim: To assess the push and pull factors associated with the retention of health workers in a district in Ghana. Study Design: This study was an analytical cross-sectional study using quantitative methods in the collection of data. Place and Duration of Study: Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem District of the Central Region of Ghana in October 2022. Methodology: A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data from 282 health workers who were consecutively selected from various health facilities in the study. The data collected was cleaned and analyzed using the statistical software STATA version 15. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and graphs. A Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. The significance of association was set at P<0.05 at a 95% confidence interval. Results: Overall, 22.0% of the health workers intended to stay at their current organization. Logistic regression analysis predicted that age more than 35 years (AOR: 3.4, CI: 1.025 -11.283, P = .046) and sex - females (AOR: 0.56, CI: 0.016 - 0.223, P = .001) were significantly associated with retention. Institutional factors like lack of supervision of work (AOR: 0.508, CI: 0.176 – 1.472, P = .021), lack of in-service training (AOR:0.045, CI: 0.010 - 0.193, P = .001), inadequate management support (AOR: 0.288, CI: 0.109 – 0.764, P = .012), and poor career progression (AOR: 0.472, CI: 0.019 - 1.873, P = .028) significantly reduced the likelihood of staying. Community factors like the absence of family (AOR: 0.138, CI: 0.051 – 0.376, P = .001) and the absence of alternative jobs (AOR: 0.051, CI: 0.006 – 0.459, P = .008) also negatively predicted retention. Conclusion: Only a small proportion of health workers in the district intended to stay. Factors related to retention were predominantly organizational like career progression, management support, and incentives.
PubDate: 2023-11-03
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4235
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Reduction of Salmonella enterica & Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm
Development on Glass Tube by Plant Extracts
Authors: Md. Sultan Mahmud , Md. Ashiqur Rahman , Md. Nazmul Islam , Sadia Islam , Sajib Kumar Saha , Md. Taijul Islam , Anny Khatun , Silva Adhikari
Pages: 122 - 138
Abstract: The objective of the present study is to evaluate anti-biofilm effect of the water soluble plant extracts such Coccinia grandis, Terminalia arjuna, Centella asiatica against Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Crude water soluble extracts of respective plants with different concentration was evaluated against biofilm adopting glass tube. Then washed with crystal violet dye and PBS buffer for observing the ring formation. Biofilm inhibition study revealed water soluble plant extracts inhibited biofilm formation. In our experiment we found that the plant extracts Coccinia grandis, Terminalia arjuna & Centella asiatica gave excellent result for the reduction of biofilm of Salmonella enteric & Staphylococcus aureus. Water soluble Coccinia grandis extract is very effective for biofilm reduction than alcoholic C. grandis extracts. We measured the antiplantonic effect of these extracts by including the extracts into the nutrient agar media that containing respective organism by creating the hole into the plate then observed the result after 24-hour incubation. We also measured minimum inhibition concentration of these extracts through spectrophotometer with the help of the nutrient broth media. Bacterial motality was tested in petri plates with semi-solid medium (LB+0.4% agar) containing plant extracts and culture were inoculated in the center of the plate. This research will be very beneficial for us to reduce the pathogenic S, aureus & S. enterica biofilm by natural source especially plant extracts.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4236
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Treatment Regimen for Acute Viral Rhinitis in Patients with a History of
Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Authors: Denis Mak Chi
Pages: 139 - 144
Abstract: Aims: The aim of this research is to study the efficacy of intranasal administration of 0.9% saline solution in patients with acute viral rhinitis and a history of Rhinitis medicamentosa. Materials and Methods: The study included 96 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of acute viral rhinitis and a history of Rhinitis medicamentosa. All patients were equally randomized to two groups. In both groups, patients were treated according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps with nasal decongestants (oxymetazoline), but in Group 2, the treatment regimen was supplemented with topical use of 0.9% saline solution. Local TNF-α and IL-1β levels were determined in all patients on Days 1, 5, and 10. In addition, on the next day after oxymetazoline withdrawal, a Nasal airway resistance was measured in all patients using active posterior rhinomanometry. Results: The duration of rhinorrhea and nasal congestion and, respectively, the duration of oxymetazoline administration significantly differed between the groups (p<0.001) and was 7.9±1.1 days for Group 1 and 4.7±0.9 days for Group 2. In general, the dynamics of changes in local TNF-α and IL-1β levels in both groups was similar. Throughout the study, there was a progressive decrease in both inflammatory mediators, with faster changes occurring in Group 2. A strong positive correlation (rs=0.89; p<0.001) between TNF-α and IL-1β levels was established. According to the results of active posterior rhinomanometry on the day following oxymetazoline withdrawal, Nasal airway resistance was significantly higher in Group 1 (p<0.001), which indicates the presence of difficulty breathing in patients of this group. In addition, patient examination showed that manifestations of Rhinitis medicamentosa occurred in 3 (6.25%) patients of Group 1 and in 17 (35.42%) patients of Group 2. Differences between the groups were significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The use of topical nasal decongestants, in particular oxymetazoline, in patients with acute viral rhinitis and a history of Rhinitis medicamentosa for more than 7 days has a potential risk of development of a recurrence of Rhinitis medicamentosa. Supplementing the treatment regimen for acute viral rhinitis with the topical use of 0.9% saline solution reduces the duration of treatment and the use of topical decongestants, and therefore prevents the recurrence of Rhinitis medicamentosa.
PubDate: 2023-11-17
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4237
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous and
Hydroethanolic Extracts of Cola lateritia Fruit Parts
Authors: Ferdinand Lanvin Edoun Ebouel , Kevin Fabrice Paul Mandeng , Evrard Medjo Kouopestchop , Joelle Ornella Tseno Tchuenkam , Foura Woumdi , Françoise Ntentie , Ann-Mary Mbong , Mélanie Ngondam , Jean Marie Gabriel Medoua
Pages: 145 - 155
Abstract: Generalities: Cola lateritia (C. lateritia) is an under-valorized (neglected and unutilized) plant traditionally used in certain Cameroonian villages as medicine to manage certain diseases. The present work aimed to assess the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant potential of different parts of C. lateritia fruits. Methods: The fresh fruits of C. lateritia were purchased in October 2022 at Mfoundi-Market (Yaoundé 5, Centre Region of Cameroon), washed, sliced, dried, and powdered before being extracted with distilled water for the aqueous extract (AE) and ethanol/distilled water (70:30, v/v) for the hydro ethanolic extract (HEE). The bioactive compounds (polyphenols, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids) of the different extracts of fruit were quantified using standard methods. The Antioxidant potential of the different extracts was assessed using various methods [scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)]. Results: The results indicated that the different extracts of C. lateritia fruit contain phytochemicals [polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids]. The AE of the skin (AE-sCLf) presented the highest contents (590.33 µg CaE/g DM, 191.73 µg QE/g DM and 945.33 µg SaE/g DM) for polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins respectively while, the AE of pulp (AE-PCLf) showed the highest content in alkaloids (121.59 µg QiE/g DM). The lowest tannin content was also reported in the AE of pulp (2.02 µg CaE/g DM). The extracts of C. lateritia exhibited a good radical scavenging activity of DPPH (with an inhibition percentage of 74.084 and 69.40% respectively for HEE-SCLf and AE-sCLf at 4 mg/mL). It’s reducing power towards molybdate and iron was concentration-dependent with values ranging from 0.116 to 2.393 μg AAE/g DM for TAC and from 0.0015 to 0.0032 μg AAE/g DM for FRAP, respectively. The highest iron-reducing activity of 941.410 µg AAE/g DM was observed with AE-sCLf at 4 mg/mL. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed a strong positive correlation between Bioactive and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The C. lateritia fruit extracts (AE and HEE) contain various bioactive compounds, which exhibit good antioxidant activities through different mechanisms. It suggests C. lateritia as a potential nutritious food as well as functional food useful for the prevention of management of cardiometabolic diseases.
PubDate: 2023-11-17
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4238
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
- Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Evaluation of the Ethanolic Extract of
Coula edulis B., (Olacaceae) Stem Bark
Authors: Eric Beyegue, Janvier Fotso Youovop , Guy Roussel Takuissu , Nadine Essola Ndoue , Florine Essouman Mbappe , Ferdinand Edou, Boris Gabin Kingue Azantsa , Judith Laure Ngondi , Julius Enyong Oben
Pages: 156 - 172
Abstract: Aims: Coula edulis Baill., (Olacaceae) is a non-lignified forest product not well known and widely used in sub-Saharan Africa as a phytomedicine or food additive. However, the toxicity of this plant remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the safety of the ethanolic extract of C. edulis stem bark (CEE). Study Design: Pharmacological study. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Nutrition and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde 1 (Cameroon), between June 2018 and July 2022. Methodology: Studies on the assessment of acute and subchronic toxicity were carried out by guidelines 423 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Subacute toxicity of the sample was assessed over 28 days using repeated doses by OECD Guideline 407. Results: No cases of death and clinical signs of toxicity were observed in the treated rats, suggesting that the LD50 of C. edulis ethanolic extract is greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. Regarding the subacute toxicity study, the administration of CEE also did not result in any changes in the course of body weight. Only a significant decrease in the relative weight of the ovaries in females at the highest dose of 600 mg/kg was observed. In males and females, CEE did not affect lipid profile markers or transaminase levels (AST, ALT). In addition, a small but non-significant (p> 0.05) increase in creatinine was observed without kidney dysfunction. In males, CEE induced an increase in mean corpuscular volume number at 600 mg/kg, while at the same time, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased at the 300 mg/kg dose. In females, a significant increase in the number of monocytes, red blood cells, and hemoglobin level were observed. No difference in the levels of urea, glucose, and lipid markers was observed nor histological changes in the organs studied. Conclusion: As would be expected, exposure to CEE did not cause significant toxic effects in treated rats. Therefore, this plant extract can be safely recommended for therapeutic use.
PubDate: 2023-12-05
DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2023/v12i4239
Issue No: Vol. 12, No. 4 (2023)
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